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Effect of water stress induced at different growth stages on Grapevine cv. Chardonnay on production and wine quality
Abstract
During growing seasons 1998/1999, 1999/2001 and 2000/2001 a field trial on irrigated grape vines cv. Chardonnay was carried out. The main objective was the evaluation of the effects of water stress on yield, wine quality, plant water status and nutritional reserves on roots. The following treatments were applied: T1, 100% of water evapotranspiration (Etc) all over the season; T2, 40% of Etc all over the season; T3, no irrigation since bud burst to veraison and irrigation at a 100% of Etc the rest of the season, until harvest; T4, irrigation of 100% of Etc since bud burst to veraison and no irrigation from then on up to harvest. Water shortage significantly decreased shoot growth and berry size. As a result yield reduction was observed. The growing period from bud burst to veraison showed the largest reduction in yield total acidity, global wine quality and phenols measured on the wine did not change with water stress, a different behavior as compared to red wines. Stem water potential (SWP), measured at noon, of plants under no water stress showed a higher SWP of - 0.8 Mpa as compared to those plants under water stress that showed -1.2 Mpa.. Finally, the water deficit induced a reduction of carbohydrate reserves of the root system.
... These modifications affect underground or above-ground parts: reduction of Leaf Area (LA) and rolling up of leaves (Slama et al., 2005). Vegetative development is very disturbed under conditions of water starvation (Ferryra et al., 2004). Several studies reported significant depressive effect of water stress on the number of leaves per plant and leaf area (Nwagbara et al., 2021, Molaaldoila et al., 2016, Samson and Helmut 2007, and AbdouRazakou et al., 2013. ...
... In addition, Albouchi et al. (2003) found that a water deficit causes a reduction in the height of plants, which will show a certain dwarfism with a shortening of the stem. Vegetative development under water deficit conditions is severely disrupted (Ferryra et al. 2004). There is mainly a significant decrease in the size and surface of the leaves, a reduction in the height and diameter of the stem and a shortening of the internodes. ...
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... Indeed, these authors showed that the number and surface In addition, Albouchi et al. (2003) found that a water deficit causes a reduction in the height of plants, which will show a certain dwarfism with a shortening of the stem. Vegetative development under water deficit conditions is severely disrupted (Ferryra et al. 2004). There is mainly a significant decrease in the size and surface of the leaves, a reduction in the height and diameter of the stem and a shortening of the internodes. ...
... [12] stated that one of the first reactions of plants to water deficit is to reduce leaf area and the number of functional leaves. Our results also confirm those of [13], who demonstrated that vegetative development under conditions of limited water supply is strongly disturbed, mainly by a significant decrease in the number of functional leaves and leaf area. This decrease in vegetative development is one of the responses of plants to dehydration, in order to conserve water resources and allow the survival of the plant [12]. ...
... Under water deficit, the depressive effect of the biomass produced by plants indicates that they adjust their sizes according to the amount of water available in the habitat. This is a major trait adapted by plants to reduce the need for water when the latter is insufficient (Ferryra et al., 2004;Lebon et al., 2006;Locke and Ort, 2014). The significant positive correlation between leaf area trained and aboveground biomass indicates that the plants in order to reduce their water requirements adopt a reduction in the evaporative surface of their leaves (Bouchabke et al., 2006). ...
In arid and semi-arid areas, low soil fertility and water deficit considerably limit crop production. The use of sewage sludge as an organic amendment could contribute to the improvement of soil fertility and hence the agronomic production. The study aims to highlight the behaviour of durum wheat to the application of sewage sludge associated with water stress. The assessment focused on morphophysiological parameters of the wheat plant and yield. Under greenhouse conditions, the variety Mohamed Ben Bachir was treated by four water stress levels (100 %, 80 %, 50 % and 30 %). Each stress level comprised five fertilizer treatments: 20, 50 and 100 t/ha of dry sludge, 35 kg/ha of urea, and a control with no fertilization. Results revealed a significant loss in water content and chlorophyll a in leaves. Water stress negatively affected the development of wheat plants by reducing significantly seed yield, leaf area and biomass produced. Plant’s responses to water stress manifested by an accumulation of proline and a decrease in total phosphorus. However, the increasing doses of sewage sludge limited the effect of water stress. Our findings showed an increase in the amount of chlorophyll pigments, leaf area, total phosphorus, biomass and yield. In addition, excessive accumulation of proline (1.11 ± 1.03 μg/g DM) was recorded as a result of the high concentration of sludge (100 t/ha DM). The application of sewage sludge is beneficial for the wheat crop, but the high accumulation of proline in plants treated with high dose of sludge suggests to properly consider this fact. The application of sludge should be used with caution in soils where water is limited. Because the combined effect of these two factors could result in a fatal osmotic stress to crop development.
... Chez C. cajan, par rapport à T0, la teneur en protéines solubles totales accumulées augmente significativement (p < 0, (Ferryra et al., 2004). ...
This study is conducted in a semi controlled environment in order to determine the early indicators of water stress resistance or tolerance of four leguminous species. Cajanus cajan, Phaseolus lunatus, Tephrosia vogelii and Vigna subterranea are rich sources of proteins. They play a major role in increasing the agricultural production in Cameroon, where water shortage and irregular rainfall constitute the essential limiting factors of production. In this sense, we studied various growth, physiological and biochemical parameters under four irrigation levels [90 % (T0), 60 % (T1), 30 % (T2) and 15 % (T3) of field capacity]. The application of irrigation levels is done at third leaf stage.
The results show that water stress caused a reduction of growth parameters (leaf area, leaves number, plant dry biomass, specific leaf weight) and physiological parameters (leaves relative water content, plants water content, water stress resistance index, leaves hydration degree, water use and water-use efficiency). A leaves number is significantly reduce by water stress (on T3) at 15th day among of 30.00 % at C. cajan, 49.05 % at P. lunatus, 50.33 % at V. subterranea and 29.44 % at T. vogelii. On T3, a plant water content decrease significantly at 15th day of water stress among of 54.78 % at P. lunatus, 39.13 % at V. subterranea, 48.73 % at C. cajan and 31.63 % at T. vogelii. Similarly an accumulation of biochemical parameters (rate of proline and total soluble sugar) is recorded. The proline rate increase at T3, at 15th day of water stress of 15.00 % at P. lunatus, 275.00 % at C. cajan, 356.52 % at V. subterranea and 524.44 % at T. vogelii. These parameters could be interesting early indicators of water stress resistance revealed by this work. The results obtained show that C. cajan and T. vogelii were more resistant to drought than V. subterranea and P. lunatus.
Key words. Legume, water stress, early indicators, resistance, field capacity.
... Under water deficit, the depressive effect of the biomass produced by plants indicates that they adjust their sizes according to the amount of water available in the habitat. This is a major trait adapted by plants to reduce the need for water when the latter is insufficient (Ferryra et al., 2004;Lebon et al., 2006;Locke and Ort, 2014). The significant positive correlation between leaf area trained and aboveground biomass indicates that the plants in order to reduce their water requirements adopt a reduction in the evaporative surface of their leaves (Bouchabke et al., 2006). ...
BACKGROUND: In arid and semi-arid areas, low soil fertility and water deficit limit crop production. The use of sewage sludge as an organic amendment could contribute to the improvement of soil fertility. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to highlight the behavior of durum wheat to the application of sewage sludge associated with water stress. The assessment focused on morphophysiological parameters of the wheat plant and yield. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Under greenhouse conditions, the variety Mohamed Ben Bachir was treated by four water stress levels (100%, 80%, 50% and 30%). Each stress level comprised five fertilizer treatments: 20, 50 and 100 t/ha of dry sludge, 35 kg/ha of urea, and a control with no fertilizer. RESULTS: Water stress negatively affected the development of wheat plants by reducing significantly seed yield, leaf area and biomass produced. Results also denoted a significant loss in water content and chlorophyll a in leaves. Plant response to water stress manifested by an accumulation of proline and a decrease in total phosphorus. However, the increasing doses of sewage sludge limited the effect of water stress. Our findings showed an increase in the amount of chlorophyll pigments, leaf area, total phosphorus, biomass and yield. Also, excessive accumulation of proline (1.11 ± 1.03 μg/g DM) was recorded as a result of the high concentration of sludge (100 t/ha DM). CONCLUSION: The application of sewage sludge is beneficial for the wheat crop, but the high accumulation of proline in plants treated with high dose of sludge suggests properly considering this fact. The application of sludge should be used with caution in soils where water is limited. Because the combined effect of these two factors could result in a fatal osmotic stress to crop development.
... Indicators that permit to evaluate the nature (water or nitrogen), intensity and period of stress have to be determined. Several authors gave evidence that water or nitrogen stresses lead to different reactions, depending on the crop stage on which they occur (Candolfi-Vasconcelos et al., 1994;dos Santos et al., 2003;Ferreyra et al., 2004;Hardie and Considine, 1976;Hilbert, 2002;Ojeda et al., 2002;Pellegrino et al., 2006;Rodriguez-Lovelle and Gaudillère, 2002). By comparing the growth of a bare soil vineyard and a cover cropped one, the growth reduction in the latter may occur early (Celette et al., 2005). ...
Cover cropping is developing in vineyards as it may induce numerous ecosystem services. However, soil cover also competes with grapevine for soil resources. This work aimed at evaluating both the period and intensity of the resulting water and nitrogen stress experienced by grapevine by comparing treatments with bare soil, permanent and non-permanent soil cover. The adopted stress indices were the Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water (FTSW) and the Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI).Cover cropping improved winter soil water refilling, but the grass transpiration during spring later led to similar water stress of grapevine among treatments. In dry years, summer water stress was not higher with non-permanent cover than with bare soil. The building of a critical nitrogen content curve for grapevine enabled to diagnose an early nitrogen stress, from budbreak to flowering, in cover cropped treatments. NNI dropped then in dry years, particularly in cover cropped treatments.The early growth limitation of grapevine observed in cover cropped treatments was the consequence of mild early nitrogen stress, which suggests that perennial nitrogen reserves were reduced because of an earlier competition with cover crop. After grapevine flowering, water appeared to be the most limiting factor for both grapevine growth and nitrogen availability.In water limited environment, nitrogen stress is highly dependant on water constraints. However, this work reveals the partial uncoupling of the dynamics of water and nitrogen stress during the grapevine cycle in water-limited cropping systems, which highlights the relevance of a co-ordinated management of water and nitrogen.
... The value of w stem was adopted to set the date of irrigation start according to previous works that recommended the stem water potential as the most reliable indicator of the water status of the irrigated vineyard (Choné et al. 2001;Naor 2000). The threshold of w stem for irrigation start was taken -1.0 MPa in 2006 and 2007 following previous works (Cifre et al. 2005;Ferreyra et al. 2003;Williams and Araujo 2002); from the year 2008 on, it was changed to a more conservative value of -0.6 MPa according to Williams and Baeza (2007) and Williams and Trout (2005). Irrigation was carried out during the night, when ET c is very low or absent, so that the weight increment could be eliminated without affecting the calculation of daily totals of ET c . ...
This paper describes the assessment of the crop coefficient of an irrigated Tempranillo vineyard measured in a weighing lysimeter during 5 years in south-western Spain. During the first year of the study (2006), young vines displayed a different canopy growth compared to the subsequent years. From 2007 to 2010, vines experienced 2 years with no restriction in water supply, and two other years with short periods of crop water stress. Basal crop coefficient (K
cb) started from 0.2 at bud-break until 1.0 at full development in every year, being this maximum management-dependent. K
cb showed a good correlation with canopy size indices, which allows to interpolate these results to a wide range of commercial vine systems that are usually managed with lower vegetation size. Moreover, a simple linear model of crop evapotranspiration reduction with relative water content is presented, allowing the estimation of consumptive water use under deficit irrigation conditions.
... The physiological role of transitory carbohydrate storage, particularly medium-term storage in non-leaf tissues, has received much attention in the case of cereals (HoffmannThoma et al. 1996, Blum 2004 ). Such storage must be distinguished from short-term storage in leaf blades, which functions mainly to buffer diurnal and sub-diurnal fluctuations in assimilation rate (Sicher et al. 1984, Kozlowski 1992 ). Generally , it is assumed that medium-term, transitory reserves are used during periods of increased internal demand (e.g., grain or fruit filling: Oliveira and Priestley 1988, Loescher et al. 1990, Kozlowski 1992) or low assimilation rate (e.g., during a drought; Volaire 1995, Karsten and MacAdam 2001, Ferreyra et al. 2004). It has been proposed that changing soluble sugar concentrations in plant tissues constitute a feedback signal adjustments in organogenetic and morphogenetic processes to current resource availability (Dingkuhn et al. 2005 ). ...
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial tropical monocotyledon that produces fruit continuously. The physiological function of the large amounts of sucrose stored in coconut stems is unknown. To test the hypothesis that reserve storage and mobilization enable the crop to adjust to variable sink-source relationships at the scale of the whole plant, we investigated the dynamics of dry matter production, yield and yield components, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in a coconut plantation on Vanuatu Island in the South Pacific. Two treatments were implemented continuously over 29 months (April 2002 to August 2004): 50% leaf pruning (to reduce the source) and 100% fruit and inflorescence pruning (to reduce the sink). The pruning treatments had little effect on carbohydrate reserves because they affected only petioles, not the main reserve pool in the stem. Both pruning treatments greatly reduced dry matter production of the reproductive compartment, but vegetative growth and development were negligibly affected by treatment and season. Leaf pruning increased radiation-use efficiency (RUE) initially, and fruit pruning greatly reduced RUE throughout the experiment. Changes in RUE were negatively correlated with leaflet soluble sugar concentration, indicating feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. We conclude that vegetative development and growth of coconut show little phenotypic plasticity, assimilate demand for growth being largely independent of a fluctuating assimilate supply. The resulting sink-source imbalances were partly compensated for by transitory reserves and, more importantly, by variable RUE in the short term, and by adjustment of fruit load in the long term. Possible physiological mechanisms are discussed, as well as modeling concepts that may be applied to coconut and similar tree crops.
Important wine quality traits such as sensory profile and color are the product of complex interactions between the soil, grapevine, the environment, management, and winemaking practices. Artificial intelligence (AI) and specifically machine learning (ML) could offer powerful tools to assess these complex interactions and their patterns through seasons to predict quality traits to winegrowers close to harvest and before winemaking. This study considered nine vintages (2008–2016) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) of wines and corresponding weather and management information as inputs for artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of sensory profiles (Models 1 and 2 respectively). Furthermore, weather and management data were used as inputs to predict the color of wines (Model 3). Results showed high accuracy in the prediction of sensory profiles of vertical wine vintages using NIR (Model 1; R = 0.92; slope = 0.85), while better models were obtained using weather/management data for the prediction of sensory profiles (Model 2; R = 0.98; slope = 0.93) and wine color (Model 3; R = 0.99; slope = 0.98). For all models, there was no indication of overfitting as per ANN specific tests. These models may be used as powerful tools to winegrowers and winemakers close to harvest and before the winemaking process to maintain a determined wine style with high quality and acceptability by consumers.
Adoption of water-saving irrigation strategies is necessary especially for grapevine that has the highest acreage of any fruit crop in the world. We applied deficit irrigation to Chardonnay wine grape at the following phenological stages: anthesis to fruit set, fruit set to veraison, and veraison to harvest. Four irrigation levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 % of crop evapotranspiration, ET
c
) were applied in 2009. Vines grown in large containers were used to enable imposition of water stress early in the growing season. The following parameters were measured: midday leaf water potential, vine growth, yield, and quality of must and wine. The same parameters were measured in 2010 although all vines were fully irrigated. The 0 and 25 % treatments caused defoliation and had negative impacts on yield and wine quality in both 2009 and 2010. Chardonnay was most sensitive to water stress in post-veraison in terms of productivity and wine quality.
Eu égard aux changements climatiques, la vigne est de plus en plus soumise à des conditions de sècheresse estivale prononcée, provoquant un stress hydrique important. Cette étude a porté sur les cinq principaux cépages du vignoble midi pyrénéen : Cot, Négrette, Tannat, Fer Servadou et Duras en situation de stress hydrique. Les études ont été réalisées en culture hydroponique sous serre en conditions contrôlées. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé l’état hydrique et le comportement écophysiologique (photosynthèse et fluorescence) de trois cépages Cot, Négrette et Fer Servadou en conditions de cultures normales et sous stress hydrique. Les résultats obtenus montrent un comportement différent des cépages vis-à-vis de la limitation de la photosynthèse. Soumis à une concentration élevée de CO2, l’activité photosynthétique du Fer Servadou est rétablie, confirmant que la limitation est essentiellement stomatique et que celle-ci est étroitement liée à la conductibilité hydraulique du cépage. Ces limitation stomatique et non-stomatique sont non seulement liées à la sensibilité du cépage après installation de la contrainte, mais aussi à ses propriétés hydrauliques. Dans un deuxième temps nous nous sommes intéressés d’une part aux conséquences de limitation de l’assimilation de carbone à l’échelle saisonnière sous contrainte hydrique, et d’autre part aux processus de maturité phénolique de la baie de raisin. Les effets de l’alimentation hydrique sur les caractères morphologiques de la baie ainsi que sur les teneurs en composés phénoliques ont été mis en relation avec le poids frais de la baie. Les résultats obtenus montrent une différence du comportement du cépage par rapport à l’évolution des anthocyanes et des tanins au cours de la période de maturité. La variation la plus importante de ses paramètres est essentiellement due aux variations du poids frais de la baie. Des travaux ont été menés pour caractériser certains effets de l’application d’un produit, limitant les stress hydrique, à l’échelle de la plante entière en situation de contrainte hydrique (Vitis vinifera L.) et celle au niveau cellulaire (Arabidopsis thaliana et Nicotiana plumbaginifolia). L’application du produit sur le cépage Cot stimule l’activité photosynthétique en augmentant la conductance stomatique. L’efficience photosynthétique de l’utilisation de l’eau est améliorée car l’assimilation du CO2 est plus importante que la transpiration. Les résultats obtenus sur les suspensions cellulaires montrent que le produit provoque une augmentation de calcium dans le cytosol, induit un efflux d’anions, une alcalinisation du milieu et une production d’espèces actives de l’oxygène. Ceci suggère une action de type éliciteur. Les effets sont dose-dépendants. ABSTRACT : Versus actual climate change, grapevine is subjected to a more and more stressful conditions especially water stress during summer. We studied five widespread grape cultivars from the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France, Cot, Négrette, Tannat, Fer Servadou and Duras under water stress. These studies were carried out under controlled conditions in greenhouse. First, we characterized the water status and ecophysiological behaviour under water stress conditions (photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence) of three grape cultivars Cot, Négrette and Fer Servadou. The obtained results showed a specific behaviour for photosynthesis depending on the grape cultivar and the drought treatment. When subjected to elevated CO2 concentration, Fer Servadou grape cultivar restored its photosynthetic activity, confirming that the limitation level of the net photosynthesis assimilation for this grape cultivar is mainly stomatal; this behaviour was related to the leaf specific hydraulic conductance. The stomatal on non stomatal limitation are not only dependent on the cultivar sensitivity to water stress, but also to its hydraulic properties. Second, we were interested on the consequences water availability on the limitation of the net photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 on a seasonal pattern, and then the effects of water stress on grape maturity during ripening period especially on phenolic maturity. Water stress effects on the morphological berry components and phenolic compounds were deeply analyzed on berry fresh weight basis. The obtained results showed specific behaviour of the grape cultivar on tannins and anthocyanins accumulation during ripening period and at maturity. The main factor which can explain these variations is berry fresh weight; and thereafter the water stress level. We carried out an experiment to explain the effect of processed calcite particles on gas exchange parameters at plant level with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under water stress conditions and its cellular signalling process at cellular level (Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia). The application of this processed calcite particles on Cot stimulates photosynthetic activity and this via increasing stomatal conductance. The photosynthetic of water use efficiency is improved because the assimilation of CO2 is more important than transpiration. Our results on cellular culture suspensions show that the processed calcite particles increased cytosolic calcium, induced an efflux of anions, medium alkalinization and production of reactive oxygen species. This suggests that this product acts as an elicitor. The effects are dose-dependent.
The responses of growth, components of leaf water potential, and mechanical properties of leaves to ontogeny and soil water deficits were investigated in wine grape Vitis vinifera L. Vines were cultured in soil in controlled environments, and water deficits were imposed by withholding water. Osmotic adjustment of several hundred kilopascals maintained turgor at or above that of controls, but growth was completely inhibited. The bulk modulus of elasticity increased almost twofold, from 8.1 MPa for a rapidly expanding leaf to 14.7 MPa for several days, and continued to increase to 20.3 MPa 2 d after growth had ceased (.)
Accurate measurement of leaf xylem pressure potential (Ψx exp) is needed to interpret plant water deficit effects in the field. Recent work has shown that values of Ψx exp obtained from exposed leaves differ markedly from leaves enclosed immediately prior to excision. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of using values from exposed (Ψx exp) and enclosed (Ψx enc) leaves in the calculation of the soil-induced component of plant water stress. The pressure chamber technique was modified by using a sealing compound around the petiole and a laminated aluminium foil and polyethylene envelope to enclose a leaf beginning a few seconds prior to excision until the reading was completed one or two minutes later. The data showed that, as the air vapor pressure deficit (AVPD) increased, the absolute difference between Ψx exp and Ψx enc increased. When AVPD = 4 kPa, this difference was 0.8 MPa. The soil-induced component of the leaf pressure potential of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can be underestimated in absolute magnitude by up to 44% if Ψx exp values are used in the calculation. Removing this error by using Ψx enc values subsequently improves both the discriminating ability of the plant water stress index proposed by Idso et al. (1982) and the accuracy of the estimate of the soil-induced component of leaf xylem pressure potential.