No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Responses of young children to separation from their mothers
... The study of social separation from objects of attachment has received widespread attention since early reports of the potentially devastating consequences that such separations can have for young children (e.g., Bowlby, 1960Bowlby, , 1973Robertson & Bowlby, 1952;Spitz, 1946). Extensive research efforts have followed these initial studies, employing a variety of species. ...
... The early work of Spitz (1946), Robertson and Bowlby (1952), and Bowlby (1960) indicated that young human children often display a biphasic response to prolonged physical separation from their mothers. Immediately after the act of separation the children tended to be highly agitated and distressed, a phase that Bowlby termed protest. ...
... Generally speaking, Bowlby's (1969Bowlby's ( , 1973 theoretical views seem quite consistent with a large part of the primate separation data discussed earlier. First, the biphasic protest-despair response to separation that Robertson and Bowlby (1952) proposed long ago has been observed in many of the primate species studied. The detachment component of the separation reaction, however, does not appear to occur regularly, if at all, in nonhuman primates. ...
Reviews phenomena associated with social separation from attachment objects in nonhuman primates. A biphasic protest–despair reaction to social separation is often seen in monkeys, as in human children. However, upon reunion there is generally a temporary increase in attachment behaviors rather than a temporary phase of detachment, as has been reported in the human literature. Gross factors such as age and sex do not appear to influence the responses to separation or reunion substantially. Rather, behavioral repertoires prior to separation and the nature of the separation and reunion environments appear to be more important determinants of the severity of separation reactions. These findings are consistent with the human literature. Possible long-term consequences of early separations are also discussed. Four theoretical treatments of separation phenomena are presented and evaluated: J. Bowlby's attachment-object-loss theory, I. C. Kaufman's conservation–withdrawal theory, M. E. P. Seligman's learned helplessness theory, and R. L. Solomon and J. D. Corbit's opponent-process theory. (95 ref)
... The significance of this sanctuary becomes increasingly apparent as it functions as a launching pad for infants and subsequently children, providing them with invaluable opportunities for constructive stimulation that encompasses physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. As highlighted by Baker-Henningham and Boo (2010), the provision of stimuli during the initial three years of life plays a crucial role in averting structural distortions in brain development and the emergence of neurological 3 Mary Ainsworth was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of attachment theory. Her pioneering research and experimental observations led to the identification and characterization of attachment patterns. ...
... This attachment style significantly shapes an individual's personality and profoundly influences their capacity to form healthy bonds and reach their potential. Alternatively, it can perpetuate a cycle of deprivation, as described by Bowlby, wherein the child, now a parent, manifests the same detrimental patterns of deprivation to which they were once subjected (Bowlby & Robertson, 1952). ...
... However, Bowlby (1952) also offers hope by suggesting that this cycle can be broken through concerted efforts on social, economic, and psychological fronts. By implementing systematic interventions, there is a possibility of fostering a future characterized by the well-being and mental health of individuals and the cultivation of harmonious relationships. ...
In the last few decades, the attachment theory has shed light on the study of psychology and the personality of individuals at every stage of their lives. The theory of attachment and the related research have demonstrated the impact of the quality of the caregiver-infant/child relationship on the development of the child's personality throughout infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, as well as the relationships they form during their lives. This paper explores the role of the relationship between infants and their caregiver and the type of attachment that develops between them over the course of the individual's life, specifically during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each of these life stages is studied separately, analyzing the conclusions regarding to the behavior and the ability to form stable relationships with peers, as well as the overall character of the individual. Consequently, it becomes evident why the theory of attachment, developed by John Bowlby, has been a crucial landmark in exploring human behavior in all aspects and stages of life.
... En parallèle des dérives constatées du « monstre A.S.E. » qui enlève arbitrairement les enfants des familles (Noël & Soulé, 2004), la découverte scientifique des premières recherches sur l'hospitalisme (Spitz, 1947) et les effets des séparations et carences maternelles précoces (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952) ont participé à remettre profondément en question cette politique du tout placement, avec notamment le travail conséquent réalisé par John Bowlby sur une revue de littérature détaillée réalisée entre 1935 et 1950 (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952 ;David, 2004b). ...
... En parallèle des dérives constatées du « monstre A.S.E. » qui enlève arbitrairement les enfants des familles (Noël & Soulé, 2004), la découverte scientifique des premières recherches sur l'hospitalisme (Spitz, 1947) et les effets des séparations et carences maternelles précoces (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952) ont participé à remettre profondément en question cette politique du tout placement, avec notamment le travail conséquent réalisé par John Bowlby sur une revue de littérature détaillée réalisée entre 1935 et 1950 (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952 ;David, 2004b). ...
... S'en est suivi un nombre considérable de projets de recherches et de développements de pratiques cliniques innovantes autour de la question des effets de la séparation de l'enfant qui ont participé à l'évolution de politique publique du placement (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952 ;Robertson, 1971 ;Goran & al., 1982 ;Berger, 1999Berger, , 2002Berger, , 2003Berger, , 2004Berger, , 2006Berger, , 2012Berger & Bonneville, 2007 ;David, 2004aDavid, , 2004b, 2004b, 2004d. Cette évolution profonde de la pratique du placement a permis de faire émerger progressivement un travail d'accompagnement élaboré du côté de l'enfant, du côté des parents, mais aussi des lieux de vie des enfants et autour du développement des pratiques interdisciplinaires au service de ces problématiques cliniques (Bowlby, 1951 ;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952 ;Robertson, 1971 ;Goran & al., 1982 ;Berger, 1999Berger, , 2002Berger, , 2003Berger, , 2004Berger, , 2006Berger, , 2012Berger & Bonneville, 2007 ;David, 2004aDavid, , 2004b, 2004b, 2004d. ...
Cette recherche étudie la dynamique des liens institutionnels et familiaux de l’enfant placé en famille d’accueil avec une approche complémentariste articulant la théorie de l’attachement et la perspective psychodynamique. METHODOLOGIE. A travers uneméthodologie mixte (quantitative et qualitative) et longitudinale (un an) la recherche a été menée auprès de dix enfants (N=10) qui viennent d’arriver pour la première fois en famille d’accueil et des professionnels (N=17) qui les entourent. Les outils utilisés ont été le CCH, le RQ, le Ca-mir, l’Edicode (pour l’attachement), les épreuves projectives des dessins ainsi que des entretiens cliniques semi-structurés de recherche (pour les investissements transférentiels et contre-transférentiels). RESULTATS. Les résultats montrent que les enfants qui viennent d’arriver en famille d’accueil manifestent un attachement désorganisé et des investissements- transférentiels négatifs ou neutres à l’égard des professionnels. Un an plus tard, les modalités d’attachement sont davantage sécurisées avec des investissements transférentiels positifs. Du côté des professionnels, les résultats indiquent un attachement de type sécure sur leurs relations interpersonnelles d’attachement actuelles et majoritairement insécures sur leur attachement filial et parental. Ils manifestent des expressions de pré-contre-transfert à l’arrivée de l’enfant, qui diminuent pendant l’année de placement. ANALYSE. Les enfants vivent l’intensité des traumatismes passés en les actualisant dans la relation avec les professionnels. La relation est vécue comme menaçante et source potentielle de danger. Du côté des professionnels, l’analyse clinique des entretiens et la différence dans les résultats, montrent qu’ils manifestent un pré-contre-transfert intense à l’égard de l’enfant (dès son arrivée en famille d’accueil). DISCUSSION. L’évolution positive des résultats des enfants serait liée au travail d’intériorisation de la figure d’attachement alternative qui a des effets de réaménagements sur la conflictualité de la base de sécurité de l’enfant par compensation avec les figures d’attachement insécurisantes des parents de naissances préalablement introjectés, laissant en demeure la manifestation de conflits psychiques latents inhérents à la problématique de placement familial. En ce qui concerne les professionnels, la réparation de l’enfant semble sécuriser leur attachement actuel dans leur relation, sans pour autant résoudre les traumatismes de leurs premiers liens. Cette base de sécurité partagée est animée par une recherche de réparation normale d’allure créatrice, qui pourrait se retrouver dans tous les métiers de la relation d’aide. Dans ce cadre, en plus de la mise en évidence des enjeux thérapeutiques, des pistes concrètes sont proposées en termes de recherche-action, du côté de l’enfant, des professionnels et de l’institution.
... (Suomi et al., 2008: 359) Bowlby's interpretation of the monkeys' stereotypic behaviour was that they were deprived of sensitive responses to their proximity-seeking behaviours, such as smiling or crying in humans, which serve the function of creating a bond between the infant and one unique adult individual, notably the mother. In fact, the monkeys' behaviour reminded Bowlby of his and Robertson's observations of the behaviour of quite normal children who had been separated from their mothers for prolonged hospital treatment (Robertson and Bowlby, 1952). ...
... As we have shown elsewhere (Van der Horst et al., 2008), Harlow was for some time significantly influenced by Bowlby's thinking (Vicedo, 2010) and tried to design his rhesus work to support Bowlby's new theoretical framework of infant-mother attachment. In two experiments on mother-infant separation, Harlow modelled his work on the human separation syndrome described by Robertson and Bowlby (1952). Harlow showed that monkeys also go through several phases after separation, most notably the phases that Robertson and Bowlby named 'protest' and 'despair'. ...
Harry Harlow, famous for his experiments with rhesus monkeys and cloth and wire mothers, was visited by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby and by child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim in 1958. They made similar observations of Harlow’s monkeys, yet their interpretations were strikingly different. Bettelheim saw Harlow’s wire mother as a perfect example of the ‘refrigerator mother’, causing autism in her child, while Bowlby saw Harlow’s results as an explanation of how socio-emotional development was dependent on responsiveness of the mother to the child’s biological needs. Bettelheim’s solution was to remove the mother, while Bowlby specifically wanted to involve her in treatment. Harlow was very critical of Bettelheim, but evaluated Bowlby’s work positively.
... среда, която не предоставя заместител на майчини грижи), то обикновено прогресира през три фази на емоционален отговор, които ние описваме като "протест", "отчаяние" и "отхвърляне" (Robertson, 1953: 383). Те (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952) описват фазите на скръб, през които преминават малките деца при раздяла с майката за по-дълго от кратък период. Първоначално трите фази са дефинирани като "протест", "отчаяние" или "скръб" ("безнадеждност", от англ. ...
... This fact can be understood in light of the intersubjective nature of all medical procedures. The degree of ultimate effi cacy and of everyone's happiness is reduced when proper relationships are somehow harmed and are not established [33]. Since only then can we address them and strive to overcome them with a methodical solution that takes into account all involved parties, it is crucial to understand the causes of unfavorable attitudes toward including family members in the healthcare process. ...
Introduction: Family-Centered Care (FCC) in neonatal healthcare emphasizes collaborative efforts between medical staff and families. This approach, rooted in mutual respect and active family participation, aims to enhance infant care outcomes. However, understanding the underlying forces behind FCC interventions remains challenging due to the diverse methods employed in healthcare practices. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in June 2023. We searched Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), PubMed, and PsycINFO. Inclusion criteria encompassed English language studies on Family-centered care and related factors, without date or geographic restrictions. Results: Fifteen pertinent studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Five pivotal components of modern FCC emerged: effective communication, active patient and family involvement, robust family support systems, organizational considerations, and the nurturing attitude of nurses. Discussion: Family-centered care emerges as a comprehensive healthcare approach focusing on the interdependence of patients, healthcare professionals, and families. By recognizing this interconnection, FCC seeks to ensure the satisfaction and well-being of all stakeholders. Implementing FCC strategies presents challenges, emphasizing the need for continuous exploration and refinement. Conclusion: Embracing family-centered care principles enriches patient-centered healthcare by involving families as active partners in the care process. Acknowledging the integral role of families enhances care quality and contributes to improved patient outcomes. Ongoing research and dialogue are essential for refining FCC models, ensuring successful implementation, and fostering patient-centered healthcare environments.
... A partir das observações empíricas e de filmagens, Bowlby e Robertson escreveram influentes artigos, nos quais descreveram que a resposta da criança à separação da mãe passava por três fases previsíveis: protesto, desespero e negação (posteriormente, esta última teve seu nome modificado por Bowlby para desapego) (Bowlby, 1990(Bowlby, , 1997Robertson & Bowlby, 1952), conforme apresentado no Quadro 1.1. ...
First Chapter of Brazilian Book about Attachment Theory (chapter in portuguese)
Primeiro Capítulo do livro A Clínica do Apego, da Editora Sinopsys
... He turned his focus to emotional instability and parents who lacked the ability to attune in adequate ways to the psychic-emotional needs of their children (Holmes, 2014). It was the psyche that needed to be fixed in order to overcome the troubles of war and to develop a better and more peaceful society (Bowlby, 1952; see also Vicedo, 2014). ...
This Element explores multifaceted linkages between feeding
and relationship formation based on ethnographic case studies in
Morocco, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Costa Rica. Research
demonstrates that there are many culturally valued ways of feeding
children, contradicting the idea of a single universally optimal feeding standard. It demonstrates further that, in many parts of the world, feeding plays a central role in bonding and relationship formation, something largely overlooked in current developmental theories. Analysis shows that feeding contributes to relationship formation through what we call proximal, transactional, and distal dimensions. This Element argues that feeding practices can lead to qualitatively distinct forms of relationships. It has important theoretical and practical implications, calling for the expansion of attachment theory to include feeding and body-centered caregiving and significant changes to global interventions currently based on “responsive feeding.” This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
... Harlow suggests that attachment provides animals with emotional, and survival needs. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) observed patterns of emotional attachment in human children who exhibited a predictable pattern of distress, anger, and anguish when separated from their mothers. ...
... Niet alleen was het werk van Harlow belangrijk voor Bowlby, ook Bowlby's ideeën hebben Harlow sterk beïnvloed. In enkele experimenten waarbij resusapen direct na de geboorte werden gescheiden van de moeder, vond Harlow dezelfde reacties die Bowlby eerder samen met Robertson bij jonge kinderen die van hun moeder waren gescheiden had gevonden: de fasen van protest, wanhoop en onthechting (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952). ...
... In the psychiatric literature, such problems are known as "developmental trauma" in children or "complex trauma" arising from attachment problems in early life (van der Kolk, 2005). It is well established that the attachment relationship that develops between the infant and his primary caregiver is very important in shaping subsequent personality and behavior (Ainsworth, 1985;Bowlby, 1968;Harlow, 1974;Main & Hesse, 1992;Porges, 2006;Reite & Field, 1985;Robertson & Bowlby, 1952;Schore, 2001). Emotionally neglectful caregivers are often traumatized women suffering from the effects of domestic violence, and can be unresponsive or even violent in relation to their infant (Holta, Buchleyb, & Whelan, 2008). ...
... Early psychological studies examined attachment by investigating the effects of physically separating children from their attachment figures, such as their mothers. These studies indicated that the children exhibited several distinct stages of detachment (Robertson and Bowlby 1952;Bowlby 1960). ...
Seafarers work in nomadic isolated work settings and are more likely to suffer from stress and fatigue in the workplace. Their work has thus been argued to have detrimental effects on their partner relationships. This paper forwards the idea that work conditions of seafarers may lead to social detachment from their close social relations (e.g. family) and that these specifically cause seafarers to exhibit a different behaviour in terms of one of the most important decisions they make when coming ashore — residential location choice. Our empirical analysis of former Danish seafarers and a sample of matched traditional workers suggests that individuals who until recently worked as seafarer to a lesser extent rely on family-based social relations than traditional workers when making residential location choices. They chose to locate close to their former peers, suggesting a shift in social attachments. The isolated lifestyles of seafarers influence social attachment. Geographic distances and social contexts are shown to interact and affect their choice of residential location. This has implications for our understanding of the well-being of seafarers and may offer new aspects on the recent development of the work conditions of seafarers.
... Emotional responses to the loss of an attachment figure theory of infantemother attachment and loss [2]. Early ethological observations [6] revealed that infants, finding themselves without an attentive caregiver, cry, thrash, attempt to reestablish contact with the absent figure by calling and searching, and they angrily resist other people's soothing efforts. If the separation is prolonged (e.g., by the mother's extended stay in a hospital or, at worst, by her death), infants grieve disconsolately, and anxiety and anger gradually give way to despair and resignation. ...
Attachment theory provides a useful framework for understanding emotional reactions to separation and loss and the process of adapting to these painful events. In this paper, we review adult attachment studies that have examined emotional reactions and adjustment to separation and loss in romantic and marital relationships. We begin with a brief account of attachment theory. Next, we review studies examining the emotional consequences of losing a relationship partner and the coping responses that can help a person adjust to this loss. Throughout the paper, we also summarize research documenting attachment-related individual differences in responses to separation and loss. (99 words)
... Dès 1948, Bowlby s'engage avec James Robertson dans une étude des effets de la séparation des jeunes enfants. Bowlby pense en effet qu'il serait difficile de démontrer les effets de l'environnement sur la relation parents-enfant, en s'attachant à des aspects seulement qualitatifs [14]. En 1951, l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) lui demande un rapport sur les enfants orphelins, un problème de grande ampleur dans l'Europe de l'après-guerre [3]. ...
RESUME
Ce travail explore le début du diagnostic de l’hospitalisme et de ses causes, dans la littérature médicale, en Angleterre et en Allemagne, au début du XXe siècle, puis aux Etats-Unis et en France. Il retrace la lente reconnaissance des effets psychologiques et sur le développement du séjour prolongé de jeunes enfants en pouponnière depuis le début du siècle dernier jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À Vienne, dans l’entre-deux guerres, le concept est reformulé par un groupe de psychologues et de psychanalystes s’intéressant au développement de l’enfant, avec l’apparition des premiers ‘Baby tests’ et de l’observation du jeune enfant. Aux Etats-Unis, les films de Spitz sur l’hospitalisme et sur la dépression anaclitique ont un grand retentissement. En Angleterre, John Bowlby et les Robertson observent les effets dévastateurs de la séparation précoce entre les jeunes enfants et leur famille, et montrent la nécessité de respecter les besoins d’attachement des jeunes enfants. Leur film « John, neuf jours à la nurserie » va révolutionner l’attitude des hôpitaux et des professionnels vis-à-vis de la séparation des jeunes enfants de leurs parents. Dans les années 70-80, la question de l’impacts des facteurs relationnels dans le bien être des jeunes enfants se déplace sur la question des causes du retard de croissance, qu’il soit ou non de cause organique, dans les pays développés, mais aussi dans les pays en voie de développement. La reconnaissance de la place de l’attachement dans le développement précoce conduit à des changements de pratiques quant aux séjours prolongés de jeunes enfants en institution, à la présence des parents auprès de leurs enfants dans les services hospitaliers, et au suivi des enfants placés en familles d’accueil bien que ces changements aient pris place en France plus tardivement qu’ailleurs.
... In the 20th century research, which visually documented the detrimental effects of hospitalization on children, was highly influential (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952;Robertson & Robertson, 1968). This research changed policies related to the care of hospitalized children in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and European nations and gave rise to a raft of reports, which made wide-ranging recommendations, including the need for children to be cared for by nurses (and doctors) trained specifically in the care of children (Bradley, 2003). ...
Background
Simulation is increasingly being used to train health care professionals; however, there is limited knowledge on how pediatric simulation is being used to train undergraduate nurses. This article systematically scopes the literature on the types of undergraduate pediatric nursing simulations taking place, their value, the research methods used, and areas of research focused on.
Methods
A systematic scoping literature review, combined descriptive synthesis, and textual narrative synthesis were conducted.
Results
A total of 139 articles were identified by the search strategy. Of these, 32 articles were included for appraisal and synthesis. Seventeen articles were quantitative, five articles were qualitative, and eight articles were mixed-methods. The research took place in six different geographical locations. The total participant sample was 2,039. Articles were categorized according to their aims and objectives and simulation types.
Conclusions
This review revealed the heterogeneity of studies on this subject. Ultimately, studies were small and confined to single institutions or geographical locations. Studies that described or explored simulation as an intervention provided more interesting insights than those that evaluated or tested effectiveness. The variety of simulation types was wide, and the fidelity of the simulations being described was frequently noted; however, no reference was made as to how this was determined. Future studies would benefit from detailing the low, medium, or high technological, psychological, or environmental aspects of simulation.
... This modification took place due to the growing awareness that for optimizing child care, parents should be part of the healthcare process and that children should not be left alone in the hospitals. In this regard, the researches of James Robertson and John Bowlby were pivotal (Bowlby 1944a;Bowlby 1944b; Robertson & Bowlby 1952;Robertson 1970). The importance of familycentered care was gradually acknowledged in all fields of healthcare deliverance. ...
Research Question (RQ): How is family-centered care perceived in scientific literature?
Purpose: To provide a scoping review of the literature about family-centred care.
Method: In databases we searched for the articles using the following searching terms: ‘familycentered care,’ ‘family centeredness,’ ‘family nursing,’ and ‘partnering with families.’ We
gradually excluded the articles that did not meet our conditions. The articles that met our
conditions were thematically analysed.
Results: We identified five core characteristics of family-centered care: the importance of
communication, involvement of patients and family members, support to family members,
organisational aspects, and the importance of nurses’ attitudes. We stressed that family-centered
care proposes a systematic solution which strives to optimize the level of satisfaction of all
included parties, because it perceives healthcare process as an intersubjective reality in which all
of the involved parties mutually depend on each other.
Organization: The results of this study might be applied and taken into account in designing a
program of healthcare.
Society: The results of this study propose a systematic solution for delivering health care that
would improve wellbeing of all included parties.
Originality: The article offers a thematical analysis of the literature and at the same time
synthetizes the main characteristic of family-centered care.
Limitations / further research: Only articles published in English language were included. We
did not differentiate between different types of healthcare environment.
... A fourth defining characteristic of an attachment bond is that the real or expected disappearance of an attachment figure evokes strong separation distress; that is, people react with intense distress to actual or potential separations from, or losses of, attachment figures. Bowlby's (1982) ideas about separation distress as a defining feature of an attachment figure were inspired by observations made by Robertson and Bowlby (1952), who noticed that infants and young children who are separated from primary caregivers for extended periods pass through a predictable series of states: separation protest (including crying, clinging, calling, yearning), despair (including depressed mood, decreased appetite, and disturbed sleep), and detachment (emotional withdrawal or anger mixed with excessive vigilance and anxious clinging). According to Bowlby (1982), this sequence of responses is not targeted to every close relationship partner but only to those viewed as attachment figures. ...
... Bowlby was struck by the fact that these children showed a very predictable pattern in response to this separation. Even though they were adequately cared for physically, children displayed psychological and physical symptoms (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952). Their first response to the separation was protest; they cried, expressed distress and anger, and searched for their parents. ...
... Not only his, but from others as well. Attachment theory posits that attachment behaviors are adaptive responses to perceived threats that begin in infancy and that detachmenta defense mechanism -represents the final phase of separation response (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952). This is a psychological response to ego demands that are beyond the power of a person to satisfy: in effect, the person "gives up" and reconstructs the personality to ignore them as the inability to satisfy them causes great psychological distress. ...
This article is a follow-up to a decade's worth of interaction with business leaders, as well as two studies (Byrd, et al., 2015; Luthy, et al., 2014) that identified humility as one of the essential traits of authentic leadership. Previous research has linked an organization's performance to the presence of level five leadership, the apex in a hierarchy with the distinguishing trait of humility (Collins, 2001) and an essential component of trust-formation (Sendjaya & Pekerti, 2010) that has a mediating effect on perceptions of authentic leadership among followers (Ilies, et al., 2005). This study uses a life-stories approach using the writings of Thomas Merton, which business leaders have described as meaningful to them in developing new insights into their own leadership styles. This approach suggests (1) humility is the distinguishing characteristic of authentic leadership, (2) emerges subsequent to the development of external awareness, internal awareness and intuitive knowledge and (3) is marked by the elevation of vulnerability above the other foundational components of humility. Implications for future business research are discussed.
... As a young psychiatrist I worked with psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic and Institute (the 'Tavi') where, over 14 years, we undertook innovative studies that gave rise to attachment theory. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) described the phases of grief of children separated from parents and we subsequently found similar phases in the grief of many adults after the death of a spouse (Bowlby & Parkes, 1970). While these early studies now seem simplistic, they identified grief as a process rather than a state and triggered the flood of research that followed. ...
In this article Cruse Life President Colin Murray Parkes describes the early days of Cruse and how pioneers brought about the science of the care of the dying and bereaved, tracing the development of grief counselling and the body of Cruse volunteers who provide today’s invaluable work.
According to the Book of Common Prayer, “In the midst of life we are in death” - a fact which was literally true in the seventeenth century when nearly a third of children died in infancy and few people survived beyond the age of 50. In one sense, of course, nothing has changed - life can still be said to be a terminal illness with 100 per cent mortality! But in modern times death has become a much more unfamiliar event with huge connotations of failure on the part of the medical profession, which has encouraged the view that a diagnosis of terminal illness means that nothing more can be done. However, as the Hospice movement has demonstrated so clearly, this is far from the truth and although it may not be possible to provide a cure, it is possible to relieve pain, anxiety and unnecessary suffering and thereby help the patient to live the remainder of his or her life as fully as possible.
This chapter presents important points regarding early traumatic experiences. The pioneers of trauma research and their approach to searching for childhood burdens and their consequences are briefly mentioned. Furthermore, specific questionnaires and the first large epidemiological studies are named. Depending on the time point of the child’s exposure, different functions of the brain and the body periphery are sustainably influenced. The frequency of child abuse is shown. Compensatory positive factors against trauma experiences are illuminated from different perspectives (resilience, parallel benevolent experiences, sensitivity of the affected person, genetic and epigenetic variables, “steeling factors”). The influence of early traumatic experiences can be passed on from generation to generation (transmission). Finally, the chapter presents some findings from evolutionary psychology, which embed the complex of early traumatic experiences in a larger whole. The chapter is the preparation for Chap. 3 and 4 in order to be able to better classify the multiple trauma consequences presented there.
Being betrayed by someone close to you can provoke emotions of fear, disappointment (or disillusionment), shame or humiliation, isolation, and a shattering of "the self". In sociological terms, shame is the major social emotion, based on the threat of the inter-personal bond being jeopardised. In betrayal, this threat becomes a reality, and the interpersonal bond no longer exists. The psalmist (in Psalms 41 and 55) describes his experience of being betrayed by a close companion. His emotional responses are compared with those typical in cases of betrayal, according to Betrayal Trauma Theory. It becomes clear that he does not show the negative impact on his "self" as is often the case. This seems to arise from his strong relationship with God (with both covenantal and patron/client benefits) which determines the meaning he places on the traumatic experiences. The structure of these two lament-poems in Hebrew helps us understand how the psalmist managed to deal with his upset emotional state. Laments are an important way burdened persons can bring their pain, frustration, anger, fear, and disillusionment to God, in faith that God can (and will, eventually) do something about it. This brings relief to the psalmist in Pss 41 and 55. However, when YHWH seems to be the "betrayer" (as in Pss 44 and 88), the hope that the psalmist has in Pss 41 and 55 is not yet realized, although he still depends on the covenant for any resolution.
Although many studies have explored the negative effects of left-behind experience on children, the theory of resilience indicates the negative effects may not necessarily happen. Based on attachment theory and resilience theory, we tried to determine the real reasons for the negative effects of the left-behind experience in the case of China’s migration. We empirically studied the impact of the left-behind experience on objective income and subjective well-being in adulthood, and further examined how the effects varied by the initial left-behind period. Results show that the left-behind experience in childhood had a continuous effect into adulthood. However, we observed that the left-behind experience was positively related to income but had a negative relationship with subjective well-being. Our results are different than many existing empirical studies but can be explained by attachment and resilience theory. Additionally, we found that the duration of the left-behind experience is not as important as the age at the onset of the left-behind experience. Our findings increase empirical support for the theory of psychological development and have implications for family decisions regarding whether to leave their children behind and for policymakers in making related policies.
This study aimed to test a serial mediation model proposing that prematurity would be related to changes in maternal emotional distress, which in turn would be related to the mother–child (M-C) interaction, which would ultimately be related to infant social withdrawal. Bedouin mothers and their preterm (n = 48) and full-term (n = 57) infants participated in this study. Mothers’ mean age was 27.67 years. In addition, 39.4% of the mothers were primiparas and 60.6% were multiparas. Infants and their mothers were recruited shortly after birth (T1) in the maternity ward or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Soroka Medical Center and were followed up at ages 6 months (T2) and 12 months (T3). Findings indicated that HIGHER levels of maternal emotional distress during the second half of the first year postpartum and LOWER levels of mother–child interaction, were associated with HIGHER levels of infant social withdrawal at T3. Furthermore, the overall indirect effect suggested that HIGHER levels of maternal nonhostility was a main variable mediating the link between prematurity and LOW levels of infant social withdrawal. Our findings provide evidence that changes in maternal emotional distress during the first year are related to lower infant social withdrawal. Moreover, mothers of premature infants showed higher levels of nonhostility when interacting with their premature infants. These findings highlight the importance of gaining a better understanding of maternal behaviors. Specifically, our study provides important information for researchers and clinicians on a possible mechanism leading to early socioemotional difficulties of premature infants.
Emotion, both positive and negative, is one of the markers of intimate relationships. Attachment theory is one of the primary conceptual frameworks for understanding emotion regulation. There is a well‐established link in the literature between secure romantic attachment style and emotional intelligence (EI) in scientific studies. The underlying processes of this link among couples are notably less explored in the Indian context. As an attempt to bridge the gap, the present study analyzed the influence of attachment styles and EI interplay on marital satisfaction among Indian couples. The study considered 304 respondents (152 females, 152 males, ranged from -25 to 65+ years old) with a marriage duration greater than three years. To assess participants' attachment styles, EI, and marital satisfaction, Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; Collins, 1996), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue; Petrides, 2009), and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS; Fowers & Olson, 1993) were used respectively. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The result revealed that there is a significant interaction between attachment styles and global EI on marital satisfaction. Psychotherapists and counselors in general, and couple therapists in particular, will benefit from the current research. Considering the limitation of the study, further investigation is recommended.
KEYWORDS: Emotional Intelligence; Attachment Style; Marital Satisfaction; Intimate Relationship; Emotion Regulation, Indian Couples.
Bu bölümde bağlanma teorisi açıklanarak, bağlanma stilleri, bağlanma ve
duygu düzenleme arasındaki ilişki, bağlanma ve psikopatoloji, bağlanma için risk faktörleri ve bağlanma odaklı destek-müdahale programlarına değinilecektir.
The “house of psychopath” is constructed on a foundation of no attachment, underarousal, and minimal anxiety. These appear to be necessary, related, but insufficient characteristics that provide certain biological predispositions for the development of the psychopathic character. In psychopathy, incorporative failures predict subsequent problems with two kinds of internalizations: identifications and introjections. Central to psychopathy is a variation of the grandiose self‐structure which has three condensed components: a real self, an ideal self, and an ideal object. The only vestiges of conscience in the psychopathic character were best described by Jacobson as sadistic superego precursors, which she defined as projected aspects of early persecutory objects, attributed to others to deny aggression in the midst of frustration. Psychopathic individuals do not struggle with tensions of ego‐dystonic aggression, because the impulse to aggress is either immediately acted out, or remains a source of aggressive fueling of the grandiose self‐structure without conflict or ambivalence.
There are an estimated 32,000 incident cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children globally each year. Extended hospitalisation is often required to ensure optimal adherence to the complex multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimen. Hospitalisation usually results in caregiver–child separation which is known to cause psychological difficulties in children. We explored caregivers’ and health workers’ perceptions of the effects of caregiver–child separation during hospitalisation for tuberculosis in the Western Cape. We conducted semi-structured interviews with health workers ( n = 7) and caregivers ( n = 14) of children who were receiving multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated. We used thematic analysis to organise and interpret the data. We identified three themes: (1) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment was a distressing experience for children, caregivers, and health workers; (2) children’s behavioural states during and post-hospitalisation (e.g., crying, aggression, hyperactivity, and withdrawal) were suggestive of their distress; and (3) caregivers and health workers used strategies, such as deception, threat, and the prioritisation of biomedical health over psychological health as a means to manage their own as well as the children’s distress. This article presents novel research on the dynamics involved in caregiver–child separation as a result of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in South Africa. We highlight that the challenges of caregiver–child separation intersected with predisposing factors related to the social adversity that families affected by childhood tuberculosis experience. Delivery models that facilitate outpatient community-based care should be prioritised and a more structured form of psychological support should be implemented for those who still require hospitalisation.
Background Infant social withdrawal, recognizable from two months onwards as assessed by the Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB), provides a further measure of infant well-being. It has been widely used studying normal infants and those subjected to major adverse psychosocial environments. An overview is presented together with its use to evaluate infants with underlying organic illness and to understand the importance of the psychosocial well-being of the parents.
This article analyzes A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, a documentary film made by James Robertson in 1952. The film records the 8-day hospitalization of 2.5-year-old Laura as she goes through the phases of protest, despair, and detachment (Robertson and Bowlby 1952, Bowlby 1960) from her mother, who is only allowed to visit her briefly once a day. A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital forms part of Robertson’s decades-long campaign to promote changes in hospital regulations concerning parental presence in pediatric wards. During that time, it was commonly believed that such visits were unnecessary and disruptive, alleviating excessive maternal anxiety rather than serving the needs of the child. Robertson, who strongly opposed this belief, decided to use a visual medium rather than advance academic arguments, convinced that “visual communication pierces defenses as the spoken word cannot do.” This article argues that A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, even though it follows a conventional documentary format, employs a set of formal devices which are geared to appeal to the viewers’ empathic abilities, arising from their common experience of early childhood.
Resumen
Objetivos
Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (1) evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo de retraimiento en las relaciones socials (retraimiento social) en niños de 14-18 meses que asistían a un centro de salud pública en París, (2) para comprobar algunos factores de riesgo relacionados con el retraimiento social en esta población.
Métodos
Se realizó un estudio transversal en niños de 14-18 meses que asistieron a un centro de cribado de la salud infantil durante el año 2005.
Resultados
Participaron en el estudio 640 niños, el 13% de los cuales [n=83, IC 95% (10,4%; 15,6%)] tenía una puntuación ADBB de 5 o más. Se observó una relación clara entre el retraimiento social y las dificultades psicológicas descritas por los padres, y entre el retraimiento social y el retraso en el desarrollo. El retraimiento social también se asoció significativamente con ser varón, con vivir en condiciones de riesgo (por ejemplo, custodia compartida o vivir con una familia adoptiva), con ser adoptado o con ser gemelo. Los niños más retraídos no acudían a guarderías.
Conclusión
El retraimiento social prolongado se relacionó con trastornos del desarrollo y con la psicopatología y no con la situación socioeconómica (SES), el origen étnico o el orden de nacimiento. La escala podría usarse para el cribado psicopatológico precoz en niños de 2-24 años.
Wie wirkt sich die Trennung der Eltern auf die Bindung des Kindes aus? In diesem Buch werden die Grundlagen der Bindungstheorie, Familien- und Scheidungsforschung erläutert und zur Beantwortung dieser zentralen Fragestellung herangezogen. Eine Analyse des Forschungsstands ergibt interessante Resultate. Vor allem Veränderungen im Fürsorgeverhalten der Eltern bewirken Veränderungen in der Bindungsorganisation des Kindes. Die Trennung wirkt sich zudem meist destabilisierend auf das Arbeitsmodell von Bindung aus. Das ist im Einzelfall abhängig vom Alter bzw. Entwicklungsstand des Kindes, von den sozioökonomischen Bedingungen, den Konflikteigenschaften und der psychischen Beeinträchtigung der Mutter bzw. des Vaters.
El ser humano nace en un estado de profundo desvalimiento y ello implica una profunda dependencia de otro ser humano para poder sobrevivir. Específicamente, el ser humano depende, durante un período muy prolongado de la madre, o de quien desempeñe la fun-ción maternante. Durante estas primeras etapas la alimentación es el punto de encuentro más importante con el otro, implica un lugar de soporte inicial indispensable. El estado de desvalimiento es una condición innata en los seres humanos producto de la profunda dependencia. Sus manifestaciones se evidencian a través de diversos estados emocionales arcaicos absolutamente necesarios para poder comunicar al otro ese estado de desvalimien-to y lograr su auxilio. Los niños cuando se sienten desvalidos, están angustiados, suelen expresarlo través del llanto, que implica una señal de auxilio para la madre. Si ella no acude en su ayuda oportunamente, el niño cae en un estado de desilusión que se manifiesta por una caída del tono emocional. Como veremos en otro capítulo de este libro, Margaret Malher denominó a esta modalidad de respuesta "bajada del tono" y se caracteriza porque los niños experimentan una pérdida de interés en el ambiente, una disminución de la movilidad y de la gestualidad; a su vez, también presentan una preocupación concentrada en su interioridad, su estado pareciera como si evocaran imágenes (Mahler, M.; Pine, F.; Bergman, A. 1975). La caída del tono emocional es un paso más en el reclamo de atención, va más allá de la angustia, implica que el niño ha estado angustiado por un tiempo considerable, hasta que ha caído en la cuenta de que el otro no acude en su auxilio. Sin embargo, si la madre acude en su auxilio la "bajada de tono" desaparece; si en lugar de la madre acude otro en su auxilio el niño llora. Si el niño continúa en soledad, implica que él/ella ha permanecido un tiempo prolongado sin el soporte o auxilio del otro; ha emitido una señal de auxilio y la misma no ha sido interpretada o satisfecha adecuadamente, ya sea porque el agente de cuidado no es-taba disponible o porque no responde con la suficiente empatía para satisfacer las necesida-des del niño. En consecuencia, si el niño/a expresa su disgusto y no recibe respuesta frente a su demanda de auxilio experimentará tristeza.
Après avoir rappelé comment les professionnels sont passés du concept de nourrisson à celui de bébé, l’auteur aborde ensuite la problématique de la « situation anthropologique fondamentale » développée par J. Laplanche et qui correspond à la composante psychique de la néoténie humaine. Trois questions sont ensuite posées aux anthropologues, en guise d’ouverture conclusive, quant au traitement culturel de la néoténie, quant à la socialisation et quant à la place du sexuel dans le développement.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.