No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Play that one again: The effect of music tempo on consumer behaviour in a restaurant
... Research on music tempo in consumer behavior shows that fast music increases purchase intentions more than slow music [35]. Tempo also affects time perception [31,36,37], such that a slow tempo leads patrons to underestimate time spent in the restaurant. From a healthy lifestyle perspective, slower music tempo extended eating duration, which led to consuming less food [38]. ...
... Since tempo is the element of music most commonly found to influence customer behavior, previous research in restaurants has focused on that. Slow music led customers to spend more time in the restaurant [36,37,39] and to spend more money on alcohol [37]. Caldwell and Hibbert [36,39] also found that it led to more spending on food and beverages. ...
... Slow music led customers to spend more time in the restaurant [36,37,39] and to spend more money on alcohol [37]. Caldwell and Hibbert [36,39] also found that it led to more spending on food and beverages. ...
Influences from external factors can affect decision-makers, preventing them from making decisions in a fully rational manner. Music may serve as one such influential factor in this context. Music is part of our daily lives, and we are exposed to music in numerous places. We designed a field experiment to study the influence of background music on patrons’ behavior in restaurants. Specifically, we examine the effect of the music’s tempo (slow or fast) on time spent in the restaurant, the bill amount, and the tip size. The results show that patrons in the slow tempo group spent the most time in the restaurant, those in the control group followed next, and the patrons in the fast tempo group were the quickest to leave. However, there are no differences between the groups in bill size. The tips in the fast tempo group were higher than in the control group when controlling for several independent variables. The findings have practical implications for restaurant owners and managers. In busy periods, the restaurant can use fast-tempo music to increase the turnover of tables, because then tables become available for new diners more quickly, contributing more to the restaurant’s income compared to tables that occupy the space for a longer duration.
... Previous studies examining the effects of instrumental, nonclassical music on eating behavior have confirmed the hypothesis that fast tempo music (122 ± 19.6 mean beats per minute [bpm]) results in increased eating speed (mean 4.40 ± 1.57 bites/min; Roballey et al., 1985) and, likewise, fast music played on a piano (132 bpm) decreased drinking time (McElrea & Standing, 1992). In a different study, it was reported that when slow-tempo music was played, customers stayed at a restaurant longer than when fast music was played (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). On the contrary, a recent study reported that slow music (65 bpm) played in a quasi-naturalistic cafeteria setting prolonged meal duration in comparison to fast music (165 bpm) but did not result in increased food intake (Mathiesen et al., 2022). ...
... Caldwell and Hibbert (2002) concluded that music preference, which was measured by asking participants how much they liked the music being played, was a better determinant of actual time spent dining in comparison with music tempo. In accordance with Caldwell and Hibbert's (1999) finding, a recent study showed that eating duration was longer with slowtempo music and that the presence of music increased eating duration in comparison with eating in silence regardless of music tempo (Mathiesen et al., 2020). ...
... It was emphasized that more experimental studies are required within this context due to the lack of sufficiently explored relationship between music and food intake (Cui et al., 2021). Furthermore, most of the studies in the literature have primarily focused on eating patterns in public places like restaurants or bars (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;Guéguen et al., 2008), with the impact of music on food consumption not being adequately examined through randomized controlled trials. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of both background music volume and genre on energy intake during an open buffet meal. ...
This study was designed to investigate whether background music genre and volume can alter energy intake, short-term satiety, and mood states in women with normal body weight. Participants ( N = 35) were tested using a randomized, crossover design consisting of five conditions: the control day on which no music was playing (CON), 60-dB Western classical (60 dB C), 80-dB Western classical (80 dB C), 60-dB rock (60 dB R), and 80-dB rock (80 dB R) music. The four music conditions were from 15 min before lunch and during an ad libitum lunch until the end of the meal. The participants were first asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes, lunch was served, and the energy intake of the individuals and their profile of mood states (POMS) were measured. Overall, mean VAS scores were similar between the groups on all of the test days ( p > .05). Listening to different music genres and volumes did not exert a significant effect on energy intake ( p > .05). The only mood state that differed significantly was confusion-bewilderment ( p = .017). Neither music genre nor volume influence short-term energy intake and satiety-related VAS outcomes.
... Previous studies examining the effects of instrumental, nonclassical music on eating behavior have confirmed the hypothesis that fast tempo music (122 ± 19.6 mean beats per minute [bpm]) results in increased eating speed (mean 4.40 ± 1.57 bites/min; Roballey et al., 1985) and, likewise, fast music played on a piano (132 bpm) decreased drinking time (McElrea & Standing, 1992). In a different study, it was reported that when slow-tempo music was played, customers stayed at a restaurant longer than when fast music was played (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). On the contrary, a recent study reported that slow music (65 bpm) played in a quasi-naturalistic cafeteria setting prolonged meal duration in comparison to fast music (165 bpm) but did not result in increased food intake (Mathiesen et al., 2022). ...
... Caldwell and Hibbert (2002) concluded that music preference, which was measured by asking participants how much they liked the music being played, was a better determinant of actual time spent dining in comparison with music tempo. In accordance with Caldwell and Hibbert's (1999) finding, a recent study showed that eating duration was longer with slowtempo music and that the presence of music increased eating duration in comparison with eating in silence regardless of music tempo (Mathiesen et al., 2020). ...
... It was emphasized that more experimental studies are required within this context due to the lack of sufficiently explored relationship between music and food intake (Cui et al., 2021). Furthermore, most of the studies in the literature have primarily focused on eating patterns in public places like restaurants or bars (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;Guéguen et al., 2008), with the impact of music on food consumption not being adequately examined through randomized controlled trials. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of both background music volume and genre on energy intake during an open buffet meal. ...
This study was designed to investigate whether background music genre and volume can alter energy intake, short-term satiety, and mood states in women with normal body weight. Participants (N = 35) were tested using a randomized, crossover design consisting of five conditions: the control day on which no music was playing (CON), 60-dB Western classical (60 dB C), 80-dB Western classical (80 dB C), 60-dB rock (60 dB R), and 80-dB rock (80 dB R) music. The four music conditions were from 15 min before lunch and during an ad libitum lunch until the end of the meal. The participants were first asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes, lunch was served, and the energy intake of the individuals and their profile of mood states (POMS) were measured. Overall, mean VAS scores were similar between the groups on all of the test days (p > .05). Listening to different music genres and volumes did not exert a significant effect on energy intake (p > .05). The only mood state that differed significantly was confusion-bewilderment (p = .017). Neither music genre nor volume influence short-term energy intake and satiety-related VAS outcomes.
... Similar to the volume, the tempo of background music also influences customers' experience. As indicated by Caldwell & Hibbert (1999), the tempo of music played in a restaurant has an effect on the amount of time customers spend in the restaurant. According to Mattila & Wirtz (2001), customers spent less time in a dining experience when the restaurant played fast-tempo music in the dining The Influence of Background Sounds, Physical Sounds, and Managers' Proactive Customer Service Regarding Situational Sounds... room; however, customers were willing to spend more time enjoying their meals listening to slow-tempo music. ...
... ρ=0.023). Caldwell & Hibbert (1999) found that background sounds influence customer satisfaction. Background music can also influence the customer's experience and affects the amount of time they spend in a restaurant. ...
... The results of this study reveal important insights for restaurant managers. Importantly, the results were consistent with previous studies (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;Mikolon et al., 2015;Shin et al., 2017), but also extended understanding. By controlling for and comparing different sound situations, the authors' found that the way managers handled situational sound problems has the greatest impact and physical sounds have the least impact on customer satisfaction. ...
Noise complaints in restaurants have been accelerating and unpleasant sounds erode customer satisfaction. Restaurant ambient noise, such as background and physical sounds influence customer satisfaction and effectively controlling the sound environment in restaurants is challenging, particularly situational sounds generated by customers. Situational sounds address how customers are influenced by other customers dining in the same restaurant and highlight a type of sound that cannot be easily managed by employees. Situational sounds can be loud conversation among fellow customers or misbehaving children. Concerns with situational sounds are less about how they impact customer satisfaction, and more about the way in which managers handle them. Thus, managers find a proactive service approach to be most effective when handling situational sounds in a restaurant. For example, strategically placing a large noisy group in a separate room or further away from other customers in the restaurant can mitigate the negative impact to other diners. The results of this study confirmed that background sounds, physical sounds, and managers’ proactive customer service regarding situational sounds impact customer satisfaction. However, the interactive effects of background sounds, physical sounds, and managers’ proactive customer service regarding situational sounds do not influence customer satisfaction. Based on the results, recommendations for restaurant managers are provided to decrease controllable unpleasant noises caused by background and physical sounds as well as strategies for effectively executing proactive customer service to handle situational sounds.
... Likewise, McElrea and Standing reported that subjects listening to faster music spent less time drinking a can of soda than subjects listening to slower music (McElrea & Standing, 1992). More recently, Caldwell and Hibbert (1999) investigated the extent to which background music's tempo influenced actual and perceived time spent dining in a restaurant. Much in line with the existing research, they found that consumers spent more time dining when slower music was playing in the background than when faster music was playing. ...
... The first objective is to develop a robust and implicit methodology for measuring eating speed, where participants eat identical foods in identical sound conditions, obscuring that eating time is recorded. Combining the results of the literature reported above, the present study seeks to replicate the findings by Roballey et al. (1985), Caldwell and Hibbert (1999), and McElrea and Standing (1992) that musical tempo influences eating speed. ...
... We take the results of this experiment as evidence that certain musical features do exert an influence on our eating behaviour, specifically, the results indicate that listening to the slow + legato music leads to significantly longer eating duration, supporting our hypothesis. This finding is in line with previous observations that musical tempo influences a range of temporal activities or behaviours such as time spent in a shopping environment or in a restaurant setting (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;McElrea & Standing, 1992;Milliman, 1986;North et al., 1999;Roballey et al., 1985). However, it is unclear to what extent differences in articulation contributed to the difference in observed eating duration. ...
Recent research has shown that eating behaviour is not only influenced by factors associated with the individual alone (e.g. psychological/physiological states) but also by the external factors determining the surrounding environment in which one eats (e.g. lighting, colour, temperature, or music). The present research examines the extent to which specific musical properties, namely tempo and articulation, influence eating duration. Two experiments were conducted in which participants tasted and evaluated pieces of chocolate under the influence of different sound conditions. The participants were not aware that they were being timed while eating. For Experiment 1, two versions of the same composition were created with contrasting tempo and articulation. The results showed that eating time was significantly longer in the slow + legato music condition, compared to the fast + staccato music condition. In Experiment 2, we extended the scope of the research question to investigate the relative influence of tempo and articulation, and thus included three additional sound conditions: silence, slow + staccato, and fast + legato music. Overall results revealed a significant main effect of tempo on eating duration as well as an interaction effect between music tempo and articulation. Eating duration was longer with slower tempo, and legato articulation further increased eating time but only when the music had slower tempo. In addition, the presence of music, regardless of style, significantly increased participants’ eating duration compared to eating in silence. Combined, the results from these experiments confirm that music could be employed as a contextual cue to modulate eating speed contributing to healthier eating behaviours such as eating more slowly and consuming less food.
... Music's impact on human behaviour, encompassing mood, actions, and perceptions, has been widely acknowledged [3], [7], [31]. Research shows that video games can influence player behaviour, affect performance and immersion, and change risk-taking behaviour [9], [14], [15], [24]. ...
... Research shows that video games can influence player behaviour, affect performance and immersion, and change risk-taking behaviour [9], [14], [15], [24]. However, previous work has largely focused on specific musical properties, such as tempo, or has varied musical properties systematically with different emotional content [7], [14], [19], [24]. ...
... There are also studies claiming that slow-tempo music increases not only the amount of money spent on beverages but also the amount of money spent on food. According to another study, people spent an average of 13 minutes 56 seconds more in slowtempo music compared to fast-tempo music (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). In a study conducted by Stafford & Dodd (2013), the beverage consumption of female participants between the ages of 18-28 was evaluated in slow-tempo, fast-tempo, and no-music conditions. ...
... No music Slow-tempo Fast-tempo Şahin, E. JOTAGS, 2022, 10(1) 35 on total consumption and length of stay. Although Caldwell & Hibbert (1999;2002) stated that more time was spent in the restaurant under the slow-tempo music condition, it was not stated whether the participants ate a predetermined meal or made their own selection from the menu. Therefore, the general sitting time was calculated, but the time spent solely on eating was not calculated. ...
The effect of musical tempo on eating and drinking behavior is a controversial subject. In this study, the effects of musical tempo on eating time under different conditions (with no-music, fasttempo music, and slow-tempo music) have been studied. The same menu (including meat, rice, and garnish) has been served to 30 participants selected with the snowball sampling model, and their eating times have been measured under three different conditions. At the same time, their emotional engagement, memory, cognitive load, and attention levels have been measured with the data obtained from EEG and GSR devices. The results have shown that the musical tempo has no significant effect on the participants' eating time and neurometric parameters.
... With regards to background music, faster tempo is believed to increase arousal, resulting in activities being carried out more quickly (Smith & Curnow, 1966). Evidence supporting this hypothesis has been found in several studies where fast music consistently has been associated with faster eating and drinking, while slower music has been linked to more time spent eating and longer mealtimes (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999, 2002Mathiesen et al., 2020;McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). A recent study demonstrated that subjects spent more time eating small pieces of chocolate when slow music was playing, compared to fast music (Mathiesen et al., 2020). ...
... Existing research has established a positive relationship between the presence of music and food intake (Kaiser et al., 2016;Stroebele & De Castro, 2004;Stroebele & de Castro, 2006), and between music tempo and consumption speed (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999, 2002McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). However, what has not yet been examined is whether differences in music tempo or the presence of any type of sound is the more plausible explanation for longer meal duration and potential intake. ...
The interplay between external auditory cues in the eating environment and cognitive processes, such as distraction, may influence food intake, but how and the degree to which they do is unclear. We report an experiment designed to investigate the effects of different sonic atmospheres on meal duration, food intake and evaluations, and responses to the sonic eating environment. In a quasi-naturalistic cafeteria setting, participants (N = 248) were eating a lunch meal whilst being in one of four conditions: slow music, fast music, cafeteria noise, and silence. The results revealed that participants eating their lunch while exposed to some kind of background sound spent more time on their meal than those eating in silence. In terms of music tempo, slow music prolonged meal duration compared to fast music, but did not lead to increased intake. The appropriateness and liking of the sonic atmosphere were positively correlated with the overall pleasantness of the eating experience and liking of the food. The findings provide support for existing evidence documenting the importance of ambient sound in relation to food experiences and provide further insights into how individuals perceive and respond to sonic meal environments. Results are discussed in terms of recommendations for future design of eating environments in different contexts.
... To begin with, the musical structure complexity has been found to increase the time estimation (Bueno et al., 2002); on the contrary, the results on tempo are not consistent; if North and colleagues (1998) found no evidence, other works proposed that slow tempo seems to lead to shorter time estimations (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;Kellaris & Kent, 1991;Oakes, 2003). Coherently, Oakes (2003) found temporal perception (perceived minus actual wait duration) to be a positive function of musical tempo. ...
... 3.1). Liked vs. disliked music underestimation Areni & Grantham, 2009 Fast musical tempo overestimation Hammerschmidt & Wöllner, 2020;Wang & Shi, 2019 Slow musical tempo underestimation Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;Kellaris & Kent, 1991;Oakes, 2003 Volume overestimation Kellaris & Altsech, 1992 Pitch and metrical variations overestimation Boltz, 1998 Musical structure complexity overestimation Bueno et al., 2002 Stimulus complexity overestimation Ornstein, 1969 Locrian mode (vs. Ionian and Aeolian) overestimation Bueno & Ramos, 2007 Major mode overestimation Kellaris & Kent, 1992 Minor mode underestimation Kellaris & Kent, 1992 As the interest is in the time estimation of an audiovisual, the focus of this experiment is on two basic parameters, namely valence and arousal of the emotions conveyed by music, for two reasons: ...
In the last decades, an increasing number of psychological studies tackled numerous phenomena related to the influence that film music exerts on the perception of audiovisuals. Soundtracks proved to be effective in shaping the viewers' interpretations, attitude toward the characters, plot anticipations, recall of the scenes, and other processes. However, the most recent review on the issue (Herget, 2019) indicates a few criticalities: First, due to the lack of an interconnected research discourse, several of the existent studies stand side by side rather than building on each other. Secondly, in most cases, established instruments were not used for the assessments, thus jeopardizing the external validity. As a third key point, the number of ecologically valid studies is limited and needs to be increased. Lastly, the methodological necessity exists to decrease the complexity of certain experimental paradigms and encourage between-subjects designs that could avoid the risk of automatically drawing attention to musical manipulation. In the present research, four studies are presented on a variety of psychological constructs, processes, and mechanisms that are influenced by film music: impressions of the characters’ personality, plot anticipations, and environment perception (Study 1a-1b); gaze direction, gaze dispersion, and pupillometry (Study 1b); empathy toward the filmed characters (Study 1a-1b-2); affective state attributed to on-screen characters, affective state of the viewers (Study 2); time perception (Study 3); and recall (Study 4).
An effort was made to employ validated measurement tools whenever possible, together with easily digestible and entertaining experimental tasks, without compromising on experimental control and data quality. Aiming at a high ecological validity, all the studies (except Study 1b) implicated an online administration; in doing so, the viewers watched the videos directly from home, through their smartphones, tablets, and laptops, as if they were watching everyday YouTube videos or Netflix series.
The general finding is that the influence of music is truly pervasive; namely, virtually every analyzed variable was affected by it predictably. Thanks to the music’s tonal and expressive cues, the viewers manage to create a network of coherent and interconnected inferences, which end up constituting their interpretation of the scene.
The results are discussed in terms of diverse theoretical frameworks depending on the constructs at hand. Particular attention is lastly given to the future paths that the research could go down to fill a wide number of unsolved theoretical gaps.
In conclusion, a coda about the ethical relevance of such research is provided.
... 313. Blass, E. M., Anderson, D. R., Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A., Price, I., & Koleini, M. F. (2006). On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods. Physiology & Behavior,88(4-5), 597-604.. Using signs, artwork, and music to promote stair use in a public building. American Journal of PublicHealth, 91(12), 2004. Caldwell, C., & Hibbert, S. A. (1999. Play that one again: The effect of music tempo on consumer behaviour in a restaurant European Advances in ConsumerResearch, 4, 58-62. Caldwell, C., & Hibbert, S. A. (2002). The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior.Psychology and Marketing, 19(11), 895-917.Cardon, G., Labarque, V., Smits, D., & ...
... dietary restraint and environmental factors on meal size in normal-weight women. A laboratory study. Appetite, 53(3), 309-313. Blass, E. M., Anderson, D. R., Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A., Price, I., & Koleini, M. F. (2006). On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods. Physiology & Behavior,88(4-5), 597-604.Caldwell, C., & Hibbert, S. A. (1999). Play that one again: The effect of music tempo on consumer behaviour in a restaurant European Advances in ConsumerResearch, 4, 58-62. Caldwell, C., & Hibbert, S. A. (2002). The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior. Psychology andMarketing, 19(11), 895-917.. Is food marketing making us fat? A m ...
Background The idea that behaviour can be influenced at population level by altering the environments within which people make choices (choice architecture) has gained traction in policy circles. However, empirical evidence to support this idea is limited, especially its application to changing health behaviour. We propose an evidence-based definition and typology of choice architecture interventions that have been implemented within small-scale micro-environments and evaluated for their effects on four key sets of health behaviours: diet, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use. Discussion We argue that the limitations of the evidence base are due not simply to an absence of evidence, but also to a prior lack of definitional and conceptual clarity concerning applications of choice architecture to public health intervention. This has hampered the potential for systematic assessment of existing evidence. By seeking to address this issue, we demonstrate how our definition and typology have enabled systematic identification and preliminary mapping of a large body of available evidence for the effects of choice architecture interventions. We discuss key implications for further primary research, evidence synthesis and conceptual development to support the design and evaluation of such interventions. Summary This conceptual groundwork provides a foundation for future research to investigate the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions within micro-environments for changing health behaviour. The approach we used may also serve as a template for mapping other under-explored fields of enquiry.
... how much the customers enjoyed the music they were listening to while dining) had an even better correlation to the time they spent at the restaurant than the tempo. Finally, time spent in the restaurant was the best predictor of money spent on the meal [Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999]. Despite the plethora of relevant studies, the relationship between music and food consumption remains a hotly debated research topic that would greatly benefit from more experimental studies exploring the effects of music on eating behaviour. ...
This paper studies how music affects restaurant customers' perceptions and choices when ordering. Music is a factor that affects the operation of the human brain. The human brain has a memory system that uses the amygdala to rate experiences as positive or negative and their capacity. These memories lead humans to reconsider each experience as repeatable or non-repeatable. When evoked under specific conditions resembling a past situation, certain feelings and emotions can dredge up memories and affect behaviours accordingly. Music is a factor that relates to specific experiences more often, providing the stimulation that the brain needs. The study explores the influence of music's tempo, genre, and loudness as part of the restaurant ambience as a stimulus that guides the perception based on memory, not reality. Music develops specific feelings and emotions based on one's previous experiences. Those feelings and emotions affect one's perception and can lead to a different decision than when the influence of music is absent. The research scrutinises the role of music in affecting the emotional environment and, thus, the customer's overall perception of their needs and desires. The alternation of their perception leads to decisions depending on the specific conditions. The study's outcome is that music can affect how we perceive a situation, leading us to a different behaviour regarding menu selection.
... Still, no interaction between these three was found, pointing to all aspects being independent. Customers approve managers' handling of situational sounds, accept kitchen sounds as necessary, find background noise dissatisfying, and stay longer in restaurants playing background music [12]. The influence of gender and the type of retail store also correlates with the effect of background music [3]. ...
A labyrinth metamaterial wall with glass coverage is measured in a reverberating chamber and after its installation in a restaurant. Glass is used to meet two aims, namely acoustic absorption and visual design demands. The wall consists of five multiple labyrinth elements of 1.83 m each. Glass was taken to make the wall act as a room lightning device where a translucent cover material is needed. Absorption measurements show about four times improved absorption compared to typical glass. Due to the metamaterial behavior, absorption is high in the low-frequency range below 300 Hz where damping is problematic with traditional materials. Especially in this range, the glass metamaterial wall is an excellent compromise between room acoustic and visual design demands, as loud low-frequencies make visitors speak louder and experience less intimacy with additionally reduced speech intelligibility. For mid-frequencies, absorption is shown less effective and improvements are discussed.
... In the second condition, the background music starts with high tempo and decreases ("Decreasing Music"). In the third condition, participants play the game with a constant music tempo [5] ("Constant Music") and no background music is being played in the fourth condition ("No Music"). Consequently, whether and how background music is being played is our independent variable. ...
... A synthesis of existing studies shows that a fast tempo is associated with attention focus, rational, less hedonic and more cognitively oriented atmosphere (Caldwell and Hibbert, 1999;Centala et al., 2020;Day et al., 2009). And making a sustainable, long-term decision, which is more difficult and requires more cognitive power (Pereira et al., 2019). ...
User interfaces are increasingly multimodal in nature. Their design is moving beyond just primarily considering visuality-related aspects to considering the rich and complex effects of other facets of user interfaces interacting with different senses of users. Music and other atmosphere-altering facets of interfaces are increasingly considered to hold potential to affect users’ actions and decision-making. While music is associated with both more impulsive and less impulsive decision-making in general, it may also affect the sustainability of consumption choices. Therefore, in this study we investigate the supporting/distracting effects of musical atmosphere as a facet of user interface on sustainable decision-making in the context of eCommerce. We conducted four online experiments (11 groups, 462 valid samples) and one focus group interview-discussion. The results show that fast music tempo (compared to no music or slow music tempo) had a positive effect on willingness to purchase healthy food as mediated by its reduction of negative emotion and consequent increase in positive attitude. People had more positive attitude towards unhealthy food options in the slow music tempo condition. The findings provide novel insights on using non-traditional facets of user interfaces for rational and sustainable decision-making.
... Additionally, sitting crowd density decreases with an increasing distance from the source [28,33]. Moreover, music can increase the crowd dwelling time in locations, like pavilions, garden paths, and park plazas, with the music genre also potentially affecting results [34,35]. Thermal environments likewise influence action behaviors, with people exhibiting different evaluations and actions under varying park temperatures [36]. ...
As urbanization accelerates, parks, as vital urban public open spaces, and their acoustic and thermal ambience directly impact visitors’ comfort and the sustainability of parks. Selecting Xihu Park in Fuzhou, China located in the subtropical region as a typical example, this study utilizes covert observational experiments with different typical sounds (grass cutting, music, and no sound source) across temperature levels to examine the influence of thermal–acoustic interactions on crowd behaviors in the park. The findings are as follows: (1) melodious music can attract more tourists, while strong stimulating grass cutting noises under high temperatures reduce crowd flow. Excluding unpleasant audio sources, park soundscapes across temperatures have a relatively limited influence on attractiveness to people flow. (2) High temperatures diminish tourists’ interest in landscape experiences and persons staying, especially when the soundscape quality is poorer. Under non-high temperatures, audio environments have a minor impact on the staying time. (3) The soundscape quality plays a role by affecting people’s path choices of approaching or avoiding sound sources, where grass cutting noise has the most negative influence. Music, grass cutting sounds, and natural sounds demonstrate conspicuous differences in their effects under varied temperatures. (4) Comfortable acoustic environments can draw larger crowds and decrease the walking pace. High temperatures make crowds take slower steps. Different sound types have significant influences on crowd movement velocity under three typical temperature levels. This study comprehensively investigates the mechanisms of typical thermal–acoustic environments’ impacts on park crowd behaviors, providing important references for optimizing the acoustic and thermal environments of urban parks, while also enriching related research on landscape design and environmental psychology. Future studies can conduct in-depth explorations by creating more abundant thermal–acoustic combinations and probe differences across diverse populations.
... Se realiza una investigación sobre 62 personas, dando como resultado que el tiempo transcurrido en el restaurante en minutos es afectado por el ritmo, ya que las personas que escuchan música más lenta transcurren un 17% de tiempo más en el local (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). ...
El estudio de la motivación de la utilización de los sistemas de control avanzado de música ambiental y el hecho de crear un buen ambiente, una buena experiencia de cara al cliente que entra en un local a realizar una compra debido al atractivo generado por la música es el objetivo de esta investigación. El estudio de las emociones que se derivan de la utilización de la música en locales comerciales y la repercusión que tiene en el comportamiento de compra del consumidor serán analizados con el estudio de varios casos de éxito sobre esta cuestión.
... Studies have also shown that differences in music tempo can affect food intake. Slow-tempo music has been shown to increase eating time and help control food intake (Caldwell and Hibbert, 1999;Matheisen et al., 2020), while faster-tempo music has been shown to increase the volume of water consumption (McElrea and Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). Many of these studies have reported decreased food consumption in eating-out settings, such as fast-food joints and restaurants. ...
Background
The effects of the different tempos of background music (BGM) on food intake and eating speed have not been fully studied.
Aim
The study aimed to investigate the influence of changing the tempo of BGM during meals on food intake and to explore strategies to support appropriate eating behavior.
Methods
Twenty-six healthy young adult women participated in this study. In the experimental phase, each participant ate a meal under three separate conditions: fast (120% speed), moderate (original, 100% speed), and slow (80% speed) BGM. The same music was used for each condition, and appetite before and after eating, the amount of food consumed, and eating speed were recorded.
Results
The results showed that food intake (g, mean ± standard error (SE)) was slow: 317.9 ± 22.2, moderate: 400.7 ± 16.0, and fast: 342.9 ± 22.0. Eating speed (g/s, mean ± SE) was slow: 28.1 ± 2.8, moderate: 34.2 ± 2.7, and fast: 27.2 ± 2.4. The analysis showed that the moderate condition showed greater speed than the fast and slow conditions (slow–fast: p = .008; moderate–slow: p = .012; moderate–fast: p = .004). Moreover, the food intake in the moderate condition was significantly higher than that in the slow and fast conditions (moderate–slow: p < .001; moderate–fast: p < .001), and there was no significant difference between the slow and fast conditions in this regard (p = .077).
Conclusion
These results suggest that original tempo BGM led to higher food intake compared to the faster and slower tempo conditions. These findings suggest that listening to music at an original tempo during meals may support appropriate eating behavior.
... The music that is played in stores encourages customers to behave in a certain way, but also reflects the brand image and complements the atmosphere of the place. The impact of music on consumer behaviour in retail establishments has been the subject of research by several researchers (Milliman, 1982;Areni and Kim, 1993;Yalch and Spangenberg, 1993;Caldwell and Hibbert, 1999;Husain et al., 2002;Guéguen et al., 2007;Yeoh, 2010). Some studies concerned the impact of music on the actual time spent shopping (Milliam 1982;Kellaris and Kent, 1992;Yalch and Spangenberg, 2000;Soh et al., 2015). ...
... The music that is played in stores encourages customers to behave in a certain way, but also reflects the brand image and complements the atmosphere of the place. The impact of music on consumer behaviour in retail establishments has been the subject of research by several researchers (Milliman, 1982;Areni and Kim, 1993;Yalch and Spangenberg, 1993;Caldwell and Hibbert, 1999;Husain et al., 2002;Guéguen et al., 2007;Yeoh, 2010). Some studies concerned the impact of music on the actual time spent shopping (Milliam 1982;Kellaris and Kent, 1992;Yalch and Spangenberg, 2000;Soh et al., 2015). ...
The aim of this study was to define the main mistakes made during the implementation of CRM/ERP systems in SMEs in Poland and suggest some solutions.
... Evidence has long been indicating that background sound can influence the way we eat and how the food tastes [87]. For example, specially designed soundtracks can modify taste evaluation [88] and eating speed [89][90][91][92]. While this has predominantly been investigated in healthy, young populations, there are reasons to believe that effects, such as these could be found in hospital settings as well. ...
Eating-related challenges and discomforts arising from moderately acquired brain injuries (ABI)—including physiological and cognitive difficulties—can interfere with patients’ eating experience and impede the recovery process. At the same time, external environmental factors have been proven to be influential in our mealtime experience. This experimental pilot study investigates whether redesigning the sonic environment in hospital dining areas can positively influence ABI patients’ (n = 17) nutritional state and mealtime experience. Using a three-phase between-subjects interventional design, we investigate the effects of installing sound proofing materials and playing music during the lunch meals at a specialised ABI hospital unit. Comprising both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and data acquisition methods, this project provides multidisciplinary and holistic insights into the importance of attending to sound in hospital surroundings. Our results demonstrate that improved acoustics and music playback during lunch meals might improve the mealtime atmosphere, the patient well-being, and social interaction, which potentially supports patient food intake and nutritional state. The results are discussed in terms of potential future implications for the healthcare sector.
... To begin with, the musical structure complexity has been found to increase the time estimation [47]; on the contrary, the results on tempo are not consistent; if [44] found no evidence, other works proposed that a slower tempo seems to lead to time underestimations [37,48,49]. Coherently, [37] found temporal perception (perceived minus actual wait duration) to be a positive function of musical tempo. ...
One of the most tangible effects of music is its ability to alter our perception of time. Research on waiting times and time estimation of musical excerpts has attested its veritable effects. Nevertheless, there exist contrasting results regarding several musical features’ influence on time perception. When considering emotional valence and arousal, there is some evidence that positive affect music fosters time underestimation, whereas negative affect music leads to overestimation. Instead, contrasting results exist with regard to arousal. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic investigation has not yet been conducted within the audiovisual domain, wherein music might improve the interaction between the user and the audiovisual media by shaping the recipients’ time perception. Through the current between-subjects online experiment (n = 565), we sought to analyze the influence that four soundtracks (happy, relaxing, sad, scary), differing in valence and arousal, exerted on the time estimation of a short movie, as compared to a no-music condition. The results reveal that (1) the mere presence of music led to time overestimation as opposed to the absence of music, (2) the soundtracks that were perceived as more arousing (i.e., happy and scary) led to time overestimation. The findings are discussed in terms of psychological and phenomenological models of time perception.
... Music and sound are used for many purposes; for example, Caldwell et al.'s (1999) research show that music can be used to influence people to spend more time at a restaurant, Cutshall et al.'s (2011) research show that recorded music and nature sounds may provide means of relaxation for anxiety patients, Benfield et al.'s (2014) research show that natural soundscapes can provide restorative benefits, Koelsch's (2014) research shows the positive effects of music in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders, and Zentner et al.'s (2008) research on music-induced emotions. The Long Range Acoustic Device (2020d) used for crowd control, SWAT operations, and traffic control shows how sound can be used for other purposes. ...
This project develops a low-cost computer-based interactive system that generates a sense of deep engagement in the user, similar to that experienced when engaging with an artwork. It is based on the Buddhist concept of ‘Sati’; being relaxed, focused, aware, and paying attention to the present moment: which is understood as having a sense of deep engagement. Sati Interactive System integrates elements of an artwork; colour, sound, and body movement to create this sense.
Research has shown that the independent use of colour, sound, and body movement can provide benefits such as: generating positive emotions, achieving a relaxed state, and improvements in psychological and physical health. This project integrates colour, sound, and movement in a low-cost computer-based interactive system to create a sense of deep engagement. Literature on colour, sound, movement, computer-based interactivity, philosophies of technology, human-computer interaction, aspects of grounded theory, and the arts, form the basis and methodology for the development and testing of the system.
An evaluation of the system was based on data collected from 30 participants. 71 percent of participants provided positive responses to using the system, indicating that the Sati Interactive System was effective in creating a relaxed, focused state, and not feeling the time passing while using the system and afterwards. From this information we understood that a sense of ‘Sati’, or deep engagement had been generated.
This project includes the application “Sati Interactive”, that can be downloaded and used on a computer with a Windows or Macintosh operating system. Max and QuickTime software should be installed before running the Sati Interactive application. Instructions and links can be found in the Instructions.pdf in the Sati Interactive folder. The computer should have a webcam, speakers, and a screen. The minimum system specifications are: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 3 2.7 Ghz processor, 8GB ram, and 1.5GB video graphics card to run on a laptop or a desktop computer without audio-video lags.
... For instance, the purchase amount was significantly larger when the slow tempo music was played (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;. ...
Background music has been used to improve customer behavior by improving emotional and behavioral characteristics. The present research examines the effects of music tempo of two language songs on customer shopping behavior. A survey was conducted at Arpico Super Center Kandy comprising with five experimental treatment viz no music, high tempo English song, low tempo English song, high tempo Sinhala song, and low tempo Sinhala song. The response of 30 randomly selected customers were evaluated for each type of treatments and in total 150 customers was interviewed. Overall, the study reveals that significant variations on customer behavior were found among the music tempo particularly English and Sinhala songs (p < 0.05). Lower tempo music of both languages had positively affected customer behavior resulted in the highest level of pleasure, arousal, and satisfaction after purchase. On the other hand, a considerable number of customers neither attracted by the tempo nor the language of music. Thus this study suggests to maintaining a lower level of music tempo will encourage the majority of the customer behaviors thereby could be used as a strategy to improve sales volume.
... Furthermore, music as well as its type can increase the amount of time people spend at a location, including restaurants, tunnels, and city squares [27,30,31]. The odour environment also has an impact on behaviour, and people's evaluations and behaviours are different in shopping malls with and without an odour [32]. ...
Few studies have investigated the integrated effects of sound and odour on people with the purpose of improving the use of urban spaces. Therefore, this study aimed to provide further insight into such effects from the perspective of crowd behaviour. A covert behavioural observation experiment was conducted in a typical urban commercial pedestrian street, using the smell of a bakery as the odour source, while reproducing typical urban sound sources of music and fan sound (along with a condition where no sound was played) with and without odour. The present results show that for crowd path, in the no-odour condition, playing music significantly attracted the crowd, while fan sound tended to make the crowd path farther away from the sensory sources. With the bakery odour, individuals approached the sensory sources closer when playing the sound, whether it was music or fan sound. With regard to crowd speed, music significantly reduced it and the greater the proximity to the sound source, the slower the crowd speed. Fan sound increased the crowd speed, which was significantly higher in the presence rather than absence of bakery odour, and the average speed decreased gradually as proximity to the sensory sources increased. Finally, with regard to the duration time of the crowd, it increased with music and decreased with fan sound. The bakery odour also significantly increased the duration time. However, the interaction effect between sound and odour on crowd speed and duration time was not significant.
... Similarly, a more rapid musical tempo has been found to result in quicker in-store traffic flow patterns (Milliman, 1982(Milliman, , 1986. More recently, Caldwell and Hibbert (1999) showed that musical tempo had an effect on restaurant and other retailer purchase amounts. ...
In this paper, we utilize three exploratory studies to examine the effects of musical melody on accompanying numerical information used in an advertisement. We find that when melody (i.e., in the form of melodic “contour”) corresponds to—or is congruent with—the numerical information in an ad, consumers will have greater recall and more favorable predispositions toward that information. These favorable predispositions, in turn, may impact such downstream variables such as purchase intentions. We posit that “contour” effects occur because individuals process the scalar steps between musical notes in a manner similar to the way they process the differences between numbers in common numerical stimuli such as customer service numbers, prices, purchase amounts, and so forth. This expectation implies that there is cognitive consistency in terms of the spatial representation of number and the spatial depiction of pitch. Thus the latter may impact the former by facilitating ease of processing, thereby leading to a number familiarity effect.
... Factorial Design of the ExperimentMusic tempo was measured by beats per minute (BPM).Milliman (1982) classified 120 BPM as fast, and 72 BPM as slow, which has been followed by subsequent researchersBramley et al. (2014);Caldwell & Hibbert (1999); Dixon, Trigg, and Griffiths ...
... This purposeful, directed action may come from producers who wish to influence participants by manipulating the sonic environment. Retail stores and restaurants, for example, may play music that encourages consumers to linger and (hopefully) spend more money (Eroglu et al. 2005 andCaldwell andHerbert 2006, respectively), and music has been tested in the workplace as a way of boosting workers' moods (Lesiuk 2005). An analogue to this in Christian worship is the 'block service' format used for many contemporary evangelical Protestant worship services, used by Worship leaders and production teams to manipulate the worship environment in ways that afford worshippers the opportunity for a religious experience. ...
The second edition of The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music provides an updated, state-of-the-art analysis of the most important themes and concepts in the field, combining research in religious studies, theology, critical musicology and sociology.
It comprises 33 updated essays, a replacement of one of the chapters (on Buddhism), and six new chapters on the following areas:
· Popular Music, Religion, and Performance
· Musicological Perspectives
· Popular Music and Religious Syncretism
· Atheism and Popular Music
· Industrial Music and Noise
· K-pop
The Handbook continues to provide a guide to methodology, key genres, and popular music subcultures, as well as an extensive updated bibliography. It remains the essential tool for anyone with an interest in popular culture generally and religion and popular music in particular.
... 712-718.27 Caldwell, C. and Hibbert, S.A. (1999) Play That One Again: the Effect of Music Tempo on Consumer Behaviour in a Restaurant. European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 4: Association for Consumer Research, pp. ...
... [7,24]). For example music affects our behaviour in restaurants in terms of the amount of money we spend and how much time we spend there [8,35]. Music can also affect gambling behaviour, with the presence of music, and particularly faster music effecting faster bets-however it did not impact the amount of money that was bet [14,52]. ...
Music affects our emotions and behaviour in real life, yet despite its prevalence in games, we have a limited understanding of its potential as a tool to explicitly influence player experience and behaviour in games. In this work, we investigate whether we can affect players' risk-taking behaviour through the presence and attributes of background music. We built a game that operationalizes risk behaviour by repeatedly giving players the choice between a safe but less rewarding course, and a risky but potentially more rewarding course. In a mixed-design user study (N=60), we explored the impact of music presence, tempo, and affective inflection on players' in-game risk behaviour and overall player experience. We found an effect of music presence on risk behaviour in the first playthrough, i.e., in the absence of other prior knowledge about the game. Further, music affect and tempo affected player immersion, as well as experienced mastery and challenge. Based on these findings, we discuss implications for game design and future research directions.
... In addition, customers also lengthen the duration of stay in restaurants and increase their expenses as well (Milliman, 1986;Sullivan, 2002;Akrin, 2013). On the same note, there are an abundance of studies on consumer acceptance regarding music (Milliman, 1986;Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999;North, Shilcock & Hargreaves, 2003;Akrin, 2013;Soh, Jayaraman, Choo & Kiumarsi, 2015). However, there are few studies that focus on music and the duration of stay in café restaurants specifically in Malaysia. ...
Food service in Malaysia has grown positively and to a certain extent is being labelled as 'sophisticated'. The atmosphere in restaurants such as the colours, scents, temperature and music have become some of the essential elements that influence customers' behaviour. Previous studies have shown that music genre, rhythm and tempo were able to arouse the emotion of customers, thus affecting the patrons' consumption and duration of stay. Therefore, this study aims at reporting the empirical investigation of background music, emotions and duration of customers' stay in cafés and restaurants. The findings of this study revealed the relationship of the background music managed to arouse the emotion of patrons which led to lengthening the duration of customers' stay and increasing their consumption. The positive response among the customers indicated that the use of music in restaurants plays an integral part. As such, it is important for restaurateurs to choose suitable music to create pleasant atmosphere as it influences customers' emotion.
... Some research has examined the effects of these dimensions individually. For instance, research has examined how tempo influences willingness to make price comparisons (Feng et al. 2014), wait time perceptions (Oakes and North 2008), and time/money spent in a restaurant (Caldwell and Hibbert 1999). Research on effects of music volume is relatively sparse. ...
Ambient sound, which includes both ambient music and noise, is present in nearly all retail stores and restaurants. Yet, there is great variation in the volume of this ambient sound. Specifically, some restaurants have very high levels of sound and others have very low levels of sound. This research examines how the volume of ambient music and noise influences consumers’ food choices. A series of field and laboratory studies show that low (vs. high)-volume ambient music and noise lead to healthier food choices. Process evidence suggests that the effects of ambient sound on food choices are driven by greater relaxation induced with low-volume ambient sound. The findings of this research suggest that restaurant, cafeteria, and supermarket managers wanting to nudge healthier food choices might simply need to adjust the volume on ambient sound systems.
... According to the previous classification criteria of background music rhythm, music with speeds of 94 beats per minute or above is fast music rhythm and music with speeds of 72 beats per minute and below is slow music rhythm [19]. Meanwhile, in order to eliminate alternative explanations, instrumental music and foreign vocal music were selected in this study, the final official experiments includes: 13 fast instrumental music, 12 fast foreign vocal music, 14 slow instrumental music, 13 slow foreign vocal music. ...
... Caldwell and Hibbert made important contributions to the literature on influence of musical tempo on restaurant customers with their two studies in 1999 and 2002. Caldwell and Hibbert (1999), examined the effect of music tempos on consumer behavior in an Italian restaurant. In the study which employed observation and questionnaires for data collection, effects of music tempo on time spent for meal, perceived time and money spent were researched. ...
This study aimed to provide some general information concerning the culinary
cultures of Hittite and Phrygian Civilizations. For that reason, a literature review was
carried out. In this scope, secondary sources were made use of. As a result of that, it
was noticed that the Hittite cuisine contained especially meat dishes, various soup,
pastries and especially baking bread took a special place in it. It was displayed that it
was a type of kitchen where simple cooking techniques were used. On the other hand,
the culinary culture of the Phrygians, another civilization that left significant traces in
the history, has been examined. It was found out that food culture also occurs at
funerals and it was determined that the most important food that stands out was the last
supper of King Midas.
Restaurant owners and indeed all the personnel need to create a pleasant servicescape and provide service quality excellence in all their encounters with their customers. Servicescape is the physical environment of a service business where service is delivered to paying or non-paying customers. Servicescape has a very strong effect on all consumption experiences where service is delivered. In India the service sector contributes nearly half of the GDP. Restaurant owners, managers and all the personnel need to be servicescape oriented in order to increase a restaurant's performance and improve its sustainability prospects. Servicescape is thus the physical facility and services which are considered to enhance customer satisfaction and sustain business. The purpose of the present study was to establish the relationship between Servicescape and customer's loyalty towards fine dine restaurants in Jaipur. A total of 436 subjects who visited fine dining restaurant of Jaipur, age from 21 to 60 years of age, were selected for the study. To measure the servicescape parameters, a scale established by Mehrabian and Russell (1974) was adopted. To find out the relation between servicescape and customers' loyalty, the Pearson product minute correlation was used. To develop a model for customers' loyalty, linear regression was employed. Results revealed that there was a strong relationship between servicescape and customer's loyalty and this allowed a significant model for customer's loyalty to be developed. Hence, it is concluded that the loyalty of the customers can be predicted by using the proposed model.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the cues that exist in a retail environment and expands the current knowledge of sensory marketing and its multifaceted nature. Different types of cues are introduced, including ambient, design, social, haptic, merchandise-related and pricing-related cues. While ambient, design and social cues are primarily related to the general atmosphere of the store, haptic, merchandise-related and pricing-related cues are linked more directly to the moment of choice. The chapter sheds light on these various cues and their effects through analysis of an extensive range of academic research. Taken together, the chapter demonstrates that the store environment can be seen as a bundle of cues that has a capacity to affect our daily choices.
Hızla değişen tüketim davranışlarına ayak uydurmaya çalışan perakende sektörü açısından mağaza atmosferi ve mağaza içi müzik kavramları giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Çünkü, yapılan araştırmalar her iki kavramın da tüketici satın alma davranışlarını etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, mağaza içi atmosfer ile arka plan müzik hizmetlerinin tüketici davranışlarına yönelik etkilerine ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mağaza içi müzik hizmetlerinin tür, ritim, tempo ve vokal bakımından tüketiciler üzerindeki etkileri kapsamlı olarak incelendiğinde, müziğin tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarına yönelik olumlu etkilerinin bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ABSTRACT The concepts of store atmosphere and in-store music are becoming increasingly important for the retail sector that is trying to keep up with the rapidly changing consumption behaviors. Because, researches highlight that both concepts affect purchase behaviors of the consumers. In this study, a comprehensive literature review on the effects of in-store atmosphere and background music services on consumer behavior has been conducted. As the effects of in-store music services on consumers in terms of genre, rhythm, tempo and vocals are examined in details, it is concluded that music has positive effects on purchasing behavior of consumers.
Günümüzde hizmet işletmelerinde ve tüketici davranışlarında hızlı değişimler yaşanmaktadır. Bu değişim sonucunda özellikle hizmet işletmelerinin rakip firmalara karşı varlıklarını devam ettirebilmeleri müşterilere rahat ve mutlu hissedecekleri bir iç mekân tasarlamakla mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın başlıca amacı, iç mekân estetiği ile satın alma niyeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Rize ilinde faaliyet gösteren bir kafenin 390 müşterisinden elde edilen anket verileri analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler ile tanımlayıcı istatistikler, güvenirlik analizleri, açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. İç mekân estetik unsurlarından müzik, koku ve malzemenin satın alma niyeti üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Users often need to wait for computer systems to perform some task, and these delays can have adverse effects on user experience. One way to ease the problem is to use stimuli that reduce perceived wait time. We conducted a study investigating how audio effects influence users perceived wait time across three interaction contexts - passive waiting with no visual feedback, passive waiting with visual feedback (watching a progress bar), and playing a simple game. We tested three different types of audio effects: a series of beeps that changed in tempo (increasing, decreasing, or constant tempo), a series of beeps that changed in pitch (rising, falling, or constant), and variants of a polyphonic Shepard tone (an auditory illusion that seems to rise or fall in pitch continuously); a silent condition was included as a baseline. In the first stage of the experiment, participants experienced a 10.1 second wait period, indicated with a progress bar, accompanied by an audio effect. They then estimated the duration of the wait, making a retrospective assessment of the experience. In the second stage, participants experienced a series of conditions that compared two 10.1 second wait periods accompanied by different effects and selected which one (if either) felt longer, making a prospective assessment (i.e., they were aware that the two durations would be compared before experiencing them). Results from the first stage showed that perceived duration differed across different audio conditions. Results from the second stage supported prior findings that increasing-tempo beeps can shorten perceived duration and generalised the findings to interactions that include visual feedback (e.g., watching a progress bar) and those involving direct interaction (e.g., playing a simple game).
Vielfach wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Ohr im „Orchester der Sinne“ eine besondere, integrierende Funktion einnimmt. Die Verarbeitung und Speicherung von akustischen Reizen ist noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Daher verwundert es nicht, dass neurophysiologische Grundlagen der Wahrnehmung von Musik als komplexem akustischem Reiz bisher nur ansatzweise aufgeklärt sind. Grundsätzlich können akustische Reize sowohl emotionale als auch kognitive (Marken)Informationen vermitteln, wobei dies vor allem für Musik im Zusammenhang mit dem Auslösen von Emotionen nachgewiesen werden konnte. Akustische Reize, insbesondere Musik, können Bedeutungen in zwei unterschiedlichen Richtungen transportieren. Zum einen können akustische Stimuli den Sinnesgehalt von konkreten Sounds (u. a. Vogelgezwitscher) vermitteln. Zum anderen eignen sich akustische Elemente, um abstrakte Klänge (u. a. Sound Logo) zu kommunizieren.
Store atmospheres are inherently multisensory and constitute an important driver of consumer behaviour. The research suggests that background music (as one element of the multisensory atmosphere) can influence consumer preference and choice. However, the findings have been inconsistent as far as how background music influences people’s preferences for healthy vs. indulgent foods is concerned. By considering different music genres, food types, and tastes/flavours, we aimed to disentangle the mixed results that have been reported previously. Across two experiments (including one pre-registered replication), the participants rated their preferences for each of several options (healthy savoury, indulgent savoury, healthy sweet, indulgent sweet) while listening to one of four music genres (Jazz, Classical, Rock/Metal, and Hip-hop). The results of the two experiments consistently demonstrated that the effects of background music on food preferences were dependent on the interaction between music genre, food type (healthy vs. indulgent), and taste/flavour (sweet vs. savoury). Crucially, listening to Jazz and Classical music increased people’s preferences for healthy savoury foods (e.g., vegetable sandwich) as compared with Rock/Metal music. Listening to Rock/Metal, Hip-hop, and Jazz music increased people’s preferences for indulgent savoury foods (e.g., a beef sandwich) as compared with Classical music. Additionally, listening to Classical music increased people’s preferences for both healthier (e.g., low-fat milk) and indulgent (e.g., milk chocolate) sweet foods as compared with the other musical genres. The mediating role of emotions was also documented in these experiments. Specifically, positive valence mediated the relationship between music genre and sweet as well as healthier savoury foods, while the feeling of arousal mediated the relationship between music genre and indulgent savoury foods. These findings suggest that auditory atmospherics may influence consumers’ food preferences. Practical implications for store managers concerning when to select and use specific types of background music are made.
This article is a report of results of three studies investigating effects of fast versus slow background musical tempo on physiology, cognition, and emotions. Two pilot studies first measure consumer perceptions of tempo. In Studies 1 and 2, participants view a short video restaurant advertisement featuring fast or slow background music along with illustrations of food items. Results indicate that fast music is more effective than slow music for evoking positive taste expectations and purchase intentions. Study 3 shows that the effects observed in Studies 1 and 2 occur because fast music enhances self-reported arousal levels that then lead to enhanced moods, taste expectations, and purchase intentions. Theoretical implications regarding effects of music on emotional responses are discussed, as are practical managerial implications for using fast music as a persuasive technique.
Este trabajo trata del marketing auditivo, una de las estrategias comerciales más utilizadas en la disciplina del merchandising. La sección teórica del trabajo comienza con el desarrollo de cada una de las variables musicales objeto de estudio y como pueden afectar teóricamente (de una forma y en un grado u otro) a las distintas características y cualidades de los consumidores. Finalmente, se ha realizado un planteamiento general para poder abordarse en futuras líneas de investigación.
Se as emoções são fenómenos sociais e culturais e se se encontram intimamente ligadas à forma como pensamos e sentimos, a retórica, enquanto condutora da alma ou psicagogia – devem contemplar a possibilidade persuasiva das emoções, não enquanto meros recursos complementares da argumentação e do raciocínio lógico, mas como recursos fundamentais que se autonomizaram no processo de persuasão. Definimos a retórica afetiva como o uso dos meios afetivos de persuasão visando induzir a cooperação em seres que, pela sua natureza, respondem não apenas a símbolos mas às emoções que esses símbolos geram.
Este proyecto se basa principalmente en el estudio del marketing auditivo, una de las estrategias comerciales más utilizadas por las empresas a día de hoy y uno de los campos de mayor desarrollo en la disciplina del merchandising.
En primer lugar, la sección teórica del trabajo comienza con un breve resumen histórico sobre la evolución de la música ambiental, seguido de una aclaración sobre las diferentes terminologías existentes que puede adoptar ésta, evitando así cualquier posible confusión al respecto. Tras esta introducción, a partir de una serie de apartados, procedemos a desarrollar cada una de las variables musicales objeto de estudio y como pueden afectar teóricamente (de una forma y en un grado u otro) a las distintas características y cualidades que poseen las personas que frecuentan los distintos establecimientos comerciales, todo esto apoyado siempre con argumentos y ejemplos que explican más detalladamente estos efectos.
Bu çalışma, lise öğrencilerinin müzikten etkilenimleri ile prososyal davranışlar arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bazı değişkenlerin bu davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim- öğretim yılında Ağrı İl Merkezi’nde Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı 19 lisede öğrenim gören 1401 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışma grubuna dahil olan öğrencilere önce araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen genel bilgi formu sonra sırasıyla Prososyal Eğilimler Ölçeği ve Müzikten Etkilenim Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan; iki ya da daha fazla değişken arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve neden-sonuç ile ilgili ipuçları elde etmek amacıyla korelasyonel (ilişkisel) tarama yoluyla yapılan betimsel bir çalışmadır. Lise öğrencilerinin demografik bilgileri % ve frekans “f” alma teknikleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Ölçeklerden alınan puanların değişkenlere göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediğini incelemek amacıyla; tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve t testi yapılmıştır. ANOVA’nın anlamlı çıkması sonucunda ise örneklem büyüklüklerinin birbirinden farklı olması sebebiyle Post-Hoc testlerinden LSD testi uygulanmıştır.
Araştırmanın bulgularına göre Müzikten Etkilenim Ölçeği ile ya da Prososyal Eğilimler Ölçeği’nin alt boyutlarının en az bir tanesi ile arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olan değişkenler şu şekildedir; cinsiyet, anne-baba eğitim durumu, baba çalışma durumu, aile ve öğretmen yardım ettiğini düşünme durumu, sınıf düzeyi, lise türü ve müzik türü. Müzikten etkilenim ile prososyal davranışlar arasında yapılan basit doğrusal regresyon sonucuna göre de prososyal davranışların alt boyutlarından duygusal, acil, gizli ve itaatkâr prososyal davranışlar ile müzikten etkilenim arasında ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the influences of high school students on music and prosocial behaviors, and the effect of some variables on these behaviors. The sample group of the study consisted of 1401 students studying in 19 high schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Ağrı Province in 2018-2019 academic year. The general information form developed by the researcher, the Prosocial Tendency Measure, and the Music Influence Measure were respectively applied to the students in the study group. Research, one of the quantitative research methods, is a descriptive study conducted by examining the relationship between two or more variables and correlational (relational) screening for the purpose of obtaining clues about cause and effect. Demographic data of high school students were analyzed with percent “%” and frequency “f” techniques. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T test were conducted to examine whether the scores from the scales show a meaningful difference to the variables. As a result of having a significant difference of ANOVA, the LSD test was applied from Post-Hoc tests due to the different sample sizes.
According to the findings of the study, the variables related to the Music Influence Measure or at least one of the sub-dimensions of the Prosocial Tendency Measure are as follows: gender, parents education status, father working status, family and teacher helping thought status, class level, high school, and music type. According to the results of simple linear regression between music influences and prosocial behaviors, there is a relationship between emotional, dire, anonymous and compliant prosocial behaviors which are sub-dimensions of prosocial behaviors and musical influences.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical environmental factors on overall service quality, satisfaction, and loyalty of consumers towards multi-cuisine restaurants. A sample of 340 consumers was included in this empirical study, in which consumers' perception on three physical environmental factors: spatial layout, décor and artifacts, and ambience were measured using a pretested scale. Also, this study investigated the role of physical environmental factors on overall service quality of restaurants, student's satisfaction, and their loyalty towards multi-cuisine restaurants. The ambient conditions of the restaurant emerged as a significant predictor of overall service quality. Managerial implications, limitations, and scope for further studies are discussed.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.