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Handbook of positive psychology
... In a complementary way, self-efficacy is seen as a positive feature for educational research ( Hoy and Tarter, 2011). As a notion of positive psychology, humility is perceived as an insignificance feeling in relation to low self-esteem which is an incorrect perspective ( Tangney, 2002). In fact, humility is a value that requires courage, selfesteem, self-respect and respect towards others and it lacks self-respect and cowardice. ...
... Although humility, regarded as another strength of character, has been considered equal to worthlessness and low self-respect for a long time, it is actually a sign of richness. Humility is a multidimensional structure, characterized by truly evaluating self-characteristics, accepting the limits of abilities and forgetting own self ( Tangney, 2002). When a person is humble, he/she understands his/her own limits and becomes aware of ends ( Snow, 1995). ...
... True humility requires one to truly evaluate his/her abilities and the position in the universe. It requires accepting one's own limitations and forgetting oneself ( Tangney, 2002). The main components of humility are defined as: 1) true evaluation of personal abilities and achievements; 2) ability to accept own mistakes, defects and limitations; 3) openness to new ideas, contrary information and suggestions; 4) knowing the position in the world; 5) less focus on oneself accepting to be a piece of a great universe; 6) appreciating the idea that people can contribute to our world in many different ways ( Tangney, 2009). ...
... In this article, the researcher focuses on the character of humility. Humility is part of positive psychology which describes a strength of character (Tangney, in Lopez & Snyder) [6] which is shown through the ability of oneself and the ability to show mistakes, limitations and self-imperfections [7]. Individuals who have humility tend to be humble, that is, letting their natural strengths or accomplishments be seen in others, not favoring them [8]. ...
... Schwartz & Smith (2002) explained that there is a relationship between humility and narcissism, because they tend to display a pattern of majesty, wanting to be admired, lack of empathy and arrogance which is thus covered with humility characters. There is a positive relationship between humility and intellectual arrogance [6,22]. This is reinforced by Rowatt et al., ICMEd [10] that implicitly and explicitly humility has a relationship with arrogance. ...
Humility is a virtue, and it is important that this character strength is cultivated in school. This study aimed to examine the humility of students and what students think about humility. A total of 499 students were included. An online survey was used which employed a humility questioner with the Elliot theory construct (this included the following aspects: openness, accurate self-assessment, self-forgetfulness and focus on others). Data were analyzed descriptively, examining the percentage of each item. The results showed that the majority of students tended to want to seek information and could accept suggestions from others. There were 291 students who claimed to always think about others, not only think about themselves; 207 answered that they sometimes do; and only one student answered that they never do. 400 students were able to understand their own weaknesses and strengths, while 98 were not able to assess themselves. Students also tended to respond, understand, and evaluate themselves when receiving criticism and suggestions. Students viewed humility as not being arrogant, being humble, being able to respect other students and teachers, and helping others. It is recommended that further research investigates effective counseling models to increase student humility, and examines other connected virtues. Keywords: humility, character strengths, students
... As the field has developed in the last twenty years, increased research on the benefits of expressing gratitude (Emmons & McCullough, 2003); sharing positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001); relationships and responding to loved ones in times of celebration (Gable, Gonzaga, & Strachman, 2006); awe, hope, and optimism (Peterson & Steen, 2002); prove that emphasizing the good in life can actually make people happier and healthier. Habits of expressing gratitude, using an optimistic explanatory style, and savoring with peers in times of celebration may provide protective factors which aid individuals in everyday life and also when experiencing times of distress, setting them up for success, rather than succumbing to misery and requiring medical or mental illness attention as a result. ...
... Those with a fixed mindset, who believe intelligence is inherent and unable to be changed, are more likely to give up when something gets hard. Students who display optimism, believing things are inherently good and expecting the best, or display an optimistic explanatory style (Peterson & Steen, 2002), are more likely to see an obstacle as a challenge versus a threat and have even been shown to adapt more easily to life in college (Carver, Scheier, Miller, & Fulford, 2009). ...
American boarding schools provide a unique environment to explore positive psychology interventions as they relate to both adolescents as individuals, as members of a leadership group and the school community as a unit. Through exploring positive psychology theories and interventions as well as recent findings about the adolescent brain, this capstone integrates the two to build a student leadership curriculum grounded in strategies to meet adolescents where they are and guide them toward safe and self-regulated development capable of contributing to the well-being of a community. Explorations in positive psychology; the adolescent brain; the intersection of positive education and boarding schools; and building of authentic and servant leadership styles in adolescents; inform a series of curricular activities intended to empower student leaders as culture catalysts on their campus. These activities concentrate on the researches areas of character strengths, self-compassion, and high-quality connections as each relate to the well-being of student leaders and contribute to their ability to impact a community.
... выступая образцами оптимистического или, напротив, депрессогенного и катастрофизирующего мышления при объяснении собственных успехов и неудач, 2) давая обратную связь по результатам разных действий, поступков ребенка, используя критическую обратную связь, которая включает широкие и стабильные или временные и конкретные объяснения совершенному ребенком промаху, обвиняя его или давая ему понять, что ситуация исправима. Скажем, дочери, потерявшей ключи от квартиры, мама может сказать, что она растяпа, и вечно у нее что-то не так, а может -что ей, может быть, стоит научиться класть ключи в определенный карман рюкзака и застегивать его на молнию или что «такое со всяким бывает, и я тоже как-то ключи теряла», 3) обеспечивая безопасную, последовательную и поддерживающую среду развития ребенка (Peterson, Steen, 2002). ...
... Результаты исследований связи между стилем атрибуции родителей и стилем атрибуции их детей, вопреки вначале обнадеживающим результатам, оказались достаточно противоречивыми (Peterson, Steen, 2002). Похоже, что одни родители транслируют свой атрибутивный стиль детям, а другие -нет. ...
The problem of well-being of adolescents is considered from the standpoint of two contemporary approaches: 1) a transformed theory of learned helplessness which suggests an insight into inner cognitive sources of depression and wellbeing and 2) a theory of self-determination which provides understanding of outside sources of well-being. Those two approaches are complementary and can therefore be combined and tested on one empirical model. Adolescent students of 8a grades of Moscow secondary schools (N = 223) took part in an empirical study aimed at evaluating three groups of variables: 1) satisfaction of the adolescent's basic psychological needs by the parents; 2) an optimistic attributive style; 3) well-being, self-respect and perseverance of the adolescent. All techniques demonstrated a high degree of reliability according to Cronbach's alia; the theoretically justified structure of the questionnaires was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The findings show that adolescents whose parents satisfy their basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and association with other people) are characterized by a more pronounced optimistic thinking which manifests itself in explaining positive and negative life situations. Structural modeling also revealed that the optimistic attributive style often mediates influence of satisfaction of basic psychological needs on indices of adolescents' subjective well-being and their academic performance. The findings allow development and organization of training courses and parent counseling based on the theory of self-determination. Training must focus on teaching parents to support adolescents' basic psychological needs through involvement in their life, their independent choice of behavioral strategies, lessening of control, dialogue and discussion of their problems, as well as on development in adolescents and their parents of optimistic thinking as a personal resource ensuring psychological well-being and perseverance in activity. The paper also discusses limitations of the study and prospects for further research.
... Optimism, that is, a positive attitude toward future events and the self itself, is among the core concepts of positive psychology (Peterson -Steen, 2009). Compared to other approaches where optimism is regarded as a stable indi- vidual characteristic (c.f. ...
... Results are interpreted with regard to the potential resources and weaknesses of the five strategies in organizational functioning as well as to the possibility of using explanatory style development in job related trainings. Peterson -Steen, 2009). Moreover, optimistic expla- nations are associated with better skills in identifying one's own emotional experiences (Gohm -Clore, 2002). ...
Employee well-being is increasingly recognized as a key aspect of individual and organizational performance. Optimistic mindset – conceptualized as explanatory style of interpretation of positive and negative events – is an important aspect of employee well-being. The present study aims to explore different types of explanatory styles in Hungarian employees in relation to their well-being and relies on a recently developed situational judgment test of the optimistic mindset, the MQ Test (Kovács – Martos, 2017) measuring optimism as a reaction to positive and negative situations. In the present study, cross-sectional data of 992 Hungarian employees were analyzed using a person-oriented approach (Bergman – Lundh, 2015). Cluster analysis revealed five patterns of explanations for positive and negative events that were tentatively labeled as ‘Winner’, ‘Fighter’, ’Lucky’, ’Survivor’ and ’Wonder seeker’ clusters. Associations of the clusters with well-being indices (self-efficacy, self-esteem and life satisfaction) indicated that there are significant differences between the cluster members. Results are interpreted with regard to the potential resources and weaknesses of the five strategies in organizational functioning as well as to the possibility of using explanatory style development in job related trainings.
... […] An approach within psychology that takes seriously as a subject matter of those things that make life most worth living. Peterson (2008) Positive psychology is the "scientific" study of what makes life most worth living. It is a call for psychological science and practice to be as concerned with strength as with weakness; as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst; and as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology. ...
Positive psychology is a field of psychology asking about the highest good in life (or "life worth living") and effective ways of pursuing this good. Positive psychology has been focused on the theory and research on increasing happiness or well-being. Positive psychologists translate this knowledge into clinical and nonclinical evidence-based practice, for example, in the form of positive psychological interventions. The term positive emphasizes the need to examine positive rather than neutral or negative states in human functioning and experience. The reason for positive focus is that it was a neglected scientific area compared to other fields, for example, psychopathology, a complementary field of relieving suffering or the worst in life. This entry presents positive psychology's definitions and main contributions to the discipline. Moreover, it presents how positive psychology builds upon classical philosophy and earlier psychology, how it overlaps with similar scientific movements, and its limitations. The final section presents how positive psychology has come to grips with issues many authors thought impossible to address.
... Leader humility has been empirically associated with an empowering climate (Ou et al., 2015). Furthermore, bearing in mind that humble leaders tend to appreciate the contribution of others (Tangney, 2002), give feedback and advice to help with mistakes (Owens et al., 2013), and stimulate follower development (Owens et al., 2013), they seem to act as mentors and to coach their followers regularly, all managerial practices associated with team empowerment (Seibert et al., 2011). Therefore, we propose that: ...
... Terror Management Theory (TMT) pose that personal growth, psychological and mental wellbeing is stimulated by high self-esteem reducing defensive anxiety and related behavior through positive coping (8) . ...
The pattern of relationship between level of self-esteem and various dimensions of aggression in adolescents and young adults is unclear. This study investigated the difference of different dimensions of aggression in medical students with different level of self-esteem. A total of 200 medical students (male medical students n=100 and female medical students n=100) with an age range of 19-22 were selected through convenient sampling strategy from different public and private hospitals of Lahore. 'Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire' and 'Self-image profile (SIP-AD)' was used for assessment of aggression and self-esteem respectively. The findings revealed that physical aggression was high in males with medium level of self-esteem in comparison with low and high level of self-esteem group. Moreover, anger was positively correlated with self-esteem in females. In males, there was no correlation between self-esteem and different dimensions of aggression. The study has significant implications for further studies on self-esteem and aggression in young adults.
... Second, the interpersonal perspective aligns with the other-reported rating of humility and modesty, which is more appropriate to measure the two constructs than selfreport. Scholars have noted that self-report is inappropriate to assess the degree of humility and modesty (Tangney, 2005;Davis et al., 2011;Xiong et al., 2018), because people that are genuinely humble and modest will most likely not describe themselves as humble and modest (Richards, 1992;Comte-Sponville, 2001;Davis et al., 2011). Thus, other-report will be especially appropriate if humility and modesty are defined as behavioral constructs. ...
Humility and modesty are both emphasized in Eastern and Western societies. However, people usually conflate them in everyday usage. To reduce the confusion of the two constructs, it is very vital to carefully differentiate the two constructs and examine whether they lead to similar or different effects on job performance. In this study, we scrutinized the effects of the two constructs on four dimensions of job performance simultaneously, including task performance, citizenship behavior (helping and voicing), unethical pro-organizational behavior, and innovative behavior. Using a dataset of 239 employees and 77 supervisors, we showed that modesty is not related to task performance and voicing, but that it is positively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and negatively related to helping and innovative behavior. In contrast, we showed that humility is negatively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and positively related to task performance, helping, voicing, and innovative behavior. Our findings reveal that modesty and humility can lead to very divergent work outcomes. The results strongly support the idea that modesty and humility are distinct constructs embedded in separate nomological networks and strongly suggest that organizations should encourage employees’ humility rather than modesty. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed.
... At the same time that the ICF was introduced, the field of positive psychology was emerging with its emphasis on positive individual traits, personal strengths, and well-being (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000;Peterson, 2009). The ICF provided, for the first time, a language for a strength-based approach to disability, which aligned with the intent and objectives of the positive psychology movement (Wehmeyer, 2013b). ...
For much of the history of the application of psychology to disability, the research and clinical focus of the field was deficits-oriented: documenting what people with disability could not do, proposing theories of why they could not do these things, creating measures to assess this incapacity and incompetence, and building interventions and treatments predicated on disease and pathology. It has been only in the last few decades that conceptualizations of disability allowed for consideration of strengths and positive attributes along with the presence of disability and only in the past two decades that a positive psychology of disability has emerged. This article will briefly summarize the factors that led to the emergence of a focus on the positive psychology of disability and a strength-based approach in the field, examine the state of knowledge and practice as it pertains to the positive psychology of disability, and will examine challenges that serve as barriers to progress in this area and opportunities for advancement. Among these is examining how “optimal human functioning” can be understood in ways that includes, and not excludes, people with disability. The importance of shifting the disability research and practice focus to emphasize flourishing, well-being, and self-determination of and for people with disability will be discussed, as well as the necessity for the field of positive psychology to more aggressively reach out to include people with disability among those populations whom the field values and includes.
... On the basis of attribution theory, Seligman (1991) applied optimism and pessimism to explanatory styles, defined as stable tendencies formulated to explain life events. An optimistic style attributes good events to internal, stable, and common reasons and bad events to external, unstable, and specific reasons, while a pessimistic style explains events in the opposite manner (Peterson and Steen, 2009). ...
This study aimed to validate the Chinese version of the Optimism and Pessimism Scale in a sample of 730 adult Chinese individuals. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the bidimensionality of the scale with two factors, optimism and pessimism. The total scale and optimism and pessimism factors demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. Population-based normative data and mean values for gender, age, and education were determined. Furthermore, we developed a 20-item short form of the Chinese version of
the Optimism and Pessimism Scale with structural validity comparable to the full form. In summary, the Chinese version of the Optimism and Pessimism Scale is an appropriate and practical tool for epidemiological research in mainland China.
... Choć celem niniejszego opracowania nie jest analiza funkcji emocji nadziei, należy podkreślić, iż istnieje obszerna literatura przedmiotu na ten temat. Wskazuje się w niej na funkcje tej emocji/właściwości w różnych obszarach, takich jak: motywacja, osiągnięcia, poczucie własnej wartości, radzenie sobie ze stresem, dobrostan psychiczny i wiele innych (Maslow 1986;Culver 1992;Fromm 1992;Stanton 2000;Peterson, Steen 2002;Trzebiński, Zięba 2003a;Kozielecki 2006;Trzebińska 2008;Carr 2009). ...
Structure of the Concept of "Hope" and Its Differentiation STRESZCZENIE Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie struktury pojęcia "nadzieja", wyłonionej na pod-stawie techniki afektywnej fluencji werbalnej. W literaturze przedmiotu istnieje wiele koncepcji nadziei. Definiowana jest jako konstrukt motywacyjno-poznawczy, cecha osobowości oraz emo-cja prospektywna. Najnowsza koncepcja A.M. Kraffta ujmuje nadzieję holistycznie jako konstrukt wkomponowany w system wartości i osobowość człowieka. W celu dokonania opisu struktury tego pojęcia wykorzystano technikę afektywnej fluencji werbalnej. Badaniami objęto 136 osób dorosłych. Materiał językowy poddano jakościowym i ilościowym analizom. Kluczowe było wyodrębnienie klasterów semantycznych. Wykonano hierarchiczną analizę skupień, która ujawniła dwa główne komponenty struktury omawianego pojęcia: afektywny i poznawczy. Z kolei analiza skupień meto-dą k-średnich wykazała istnienie profili pojęcia "nadzieja", tj. zróżnicowanie struktury tego pojęcia u różnych osób. Wyniki wskazują, iż technika afektywnej fluencji werbalnej pozwala na ukazanie zarówno struktury, jak i zróżnicowania pojęcia nadziei. Uzyskane dane ukazują zbliżone komponen-ty potocznego pojęcia nadziei do tych wykazywanych w naukowej literaturze przedmiotu. Analiza języka pozwala zatem na ukazanie tego, w jak zróżnicowany sposób ludzie pojmują nadzieję. Słowa kluczowe: nadzieja; struktura poznawcza; pojęcia emocjonalne; afektywna fluencja werbalna; językowe reprezentacje NADZIEJA-RÓŻNORODNOŚĆ TERMINOLOGII Literatura przedmiotu dostarcza wielu różnych ujęć pojęcia "nadzieja". Z jednej strony jest definiowana jako sposób myślenia, motywacyjny aspekt myślenia (Snyder
... The first relies on explanations of events, such as the way people explain the occurrences of good or bad situations in everyday life, including positive thoughts and the interpretation of the causes of negative situations (Bastianello & Hutz, 2015;Peterson & Steen, 2009). For example, when getting good grades at school, students can see them as a reward for their effort and assume they will get even better grades in the future. ...
Optimism can be defined as the hope that something good is going to happen in the future. It is a relevant construct in the study of happiness, and is associated with a range of variables, including subjective well-being, reduced risk of suicidal ideation, quality of social relationships, and a healthier lifestyle. However, current measures of optimism were criticized regarding their structure and reliability. To address these limitations, Pedrosa et al. (2015) proposed a new scale of dispositional optimism that was originally published in Spanish. In the present research, we aimed to provide further psychometric evidence of the 9-item Optimism Scale in the United Kingdom (N = 325) and Brazil (N = 421). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in both countries were consistent with the original findings, supporting the unifactorial structure. Item Response Theory revealed good discrimination, level of difficulty, and informativeness of the items. Further, we found good reliability estimates of the scale, full factorial invariance across participants’ gender and partial invariance across countries, and positive correlations with all Big-5 personality traits. In sum, our findings suggest that the dispositional Optimism Scale is a psychometrically adequate measure that can be used cross-culturally.
... The authors attempt to identify the fundamental tools that lead to the stabilisation of existing employees in the country. These primarily involve working conditions, company climate, the evaluation system, remuneration and management-worker relations [15][16][17]. ...
Personální marketing je v současnosti samostatný obor, který se vyčlenil s HR managementu a přebral marketingový pohled na zaměstnance jako na zákazníka. Příspěvek prezentuje rozsáhlý projekt, který identifikuje vznik personálního marketingu ve světě a postupnou implementaci do transformující se České ekonomiky. Po komplexní rešerši byl proveden primární výzkum, složený z kvantitativního a kvalitativního sběru dat, který analyzoval současné využívání personálního marketingu v ČR. Výzkum byl zaměřen na nejvýznamnější české podniky a výsledkem je přehled nástrojů, které tyto podniky v oblasti personálního marketingu užívají. Výsledky byly podrobeny statistickému vyhodnocení, které přiřadila identifikovaným nástrojům personálního marketingu důležitost, a pomohlo odkrýt latentní faktory.
... Further studies have found individual responsibility, autonomy, humor, self-understanding and problem solving skills to be social-emotional competencies associated with positive personality development, resilience, and mental health (Heppner & Lee, 2002;McBroom, 2002;Higgins, 1994;Kumpfer, 1999;Vaillant, 2000). Studies also indicate that a sense of compassion for others and attitudes of hope and optimism are associated with mental, physical, social, emotional and spiritual well-being and, in addition, positively impact on one's immune system (Rein et al., 1995;Benson, 1996;Carver & Scheier, 2002;Peterson & Steen, 2002;Seligman, 2002;Snyder et al., 2002;Werner & Smith, 2001). ...
A resilience-focused paradigm based on the research evidence on positive social and academic adjustment is delineated as an alternative to the psychobiological paradigm currently guiding DSM and Special Education practices. This alternative conceptual framework is intended to assist counselors in working collaboratively with parents and school professionals so as to promote positive psychosocial, behavioral, and learning outcomes. The model is applicable in both family counseling and school based counseling and consultation settings. The dominant paradigm's emphasis on diagnostic labeling and subsequent symptom reduction or control is replaced by the resilience paradigm's focus on success and wellbeing promotion. The resilience-focused counseling and consultation process offers an optimistic, developmental, and wellness-promoting approach for assessment and intervention with school related problems. The model seeks to empower parents, teachers, and children alike so as to promote resilience and wellbeing rather than label children as possessing psycho-educational disorders. The underlying assumption of the resilience paradigm is that positive growth and development can only occur in healthy, nurturing social environments. Utilizing the resilience-focused approach, counselors seek to identify counter-productive patterns in the family and classroom, and then offer strategies that promote wellbeing and positive growth and adjustment by improving social-emotional competencies, family and school supportiveness, and growth mindsets.
... Further studies have found individual responsibility, autonomy, humor, self-understanding and problem solving skills to be social-emotional competencies associated with positive personality development, resilience, and mental health (Heppner & Lee, 2002;McBroom, 2002;Higgins, 1994;Kumpfer, 1999;Vaillant, 2000). Studies also indicate that a sense of compassion for others and attitudes of hope and optimism are associated with mental, physical, social, emotional and spiritual well-being and, in addition, positively impact on one's immune system (Rein et al., 1995;Benson, 1996;Carver & Scheier, 2002;Peterson & Steen, 2002;Seligman, 2002;Snyder et al., 2002;Werner & Smith, 2001). ...
A step-by-step process model is delineated for family and school counselors when working with presenting issues involving child or adolescent school related problems. The process is adaptable to either the parent-teacher consultation process or to ongoing school based family counseling services. The model is based on the more positive, optimistic perspective of resilience research and other wellbeing-promotion approaches in counseling and psychology. The conceptual framework for the Resilience-Focused Family Counseling and Consultation (RFFC&C) process was delineated in a companion article in this journal (Nicoll, 2015). The RFFC&C and its conceptual framework combine to offer counselors working with school related problems of children and adolescents an alternative approach to the dominant, DSM-V based paradigm that assumes a biological etiology and thus utilizes primarily symptom control or reduction focused interventions. The resilience-focused model offers a more optimistic, developmental, wellbeing-promotion paradigm for home-school assessment and intervention.
... Hierby moet ook rekening gehou word met die konsep van temperament, wat 'n stemming van neerslagtigheid, vrees of vreugde kan teweegbring (vgl. Goleman, 1997:290; Snyder & Lopez, 2002). Daar is waarskynlik tientalle gevoelens of emosies wat in 'n mens se lewe kan voorkom en tot uiting kan kom. ...
Aspects of emotional intelligence in man – “made new”
Since the late nineties of the previous century research on emotional intelligence has received new impetus, mainly due to the work of Goleman in this field. This article focuses on emotional intelligence, especially from two points of view. Firstly, perspectives from Ephesians 4:20-24 are taken as point of departure to ascertain what is implied by “making new”, i.e the way of life and conduct of someone made new in mind and spirit. The way in which a person’s way of thinking is directed receives special attention as perceptions and feelings originate from the way in which one thinks and reflects on matters and situations. The command to discard old and sinful habits and to attire oneself with a new way of life plays a central role in the process of being made new in mind and spirit. Special attention is given to intercommunicative behaviour and the management of anger. In the second instance, the practical application of certain core aspects of emotional intelligence in the life of someone “made new” in spirit and mind is considered. A selection of definitions and models of research is touched upon and the following aspects typical of emotional intelligence are highlighted: self-awareness, awareness of one’s own feelings and those of others, as well as the effective controlling of emotions. The way in which emotions originate and are embedded in one’s way of thinking is highlighted, and ways of thinking to change the direction of emotions are suggested. Lastly certain practice-theoretical recommendations from a pastoral angle are made for those renewed in mind and spirit: a life “made new” should also reflect the acquisition of a new way of conduct, especially in applying ways of communicative behaviour and the practical management of anger.
... On the basis of attribution theory, Seligman (1991) applied optimism and pessimism to explanatory styles, defined as stable tendencies formulated to explain life events. An optimistic style attributes good events to internal, stable, and common reasons and bad events to external, unstable, and specific reasons, while a pessimistic style explains events in the opposite manner (Peterson and Steen, 2009). ...
This study aimed to validate the Chinese version of the Optimism and Pessimism Scale in a sample of 730 adult Chinese individuals. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the bidimensionality of the scale with two factors, optimism and pessimism. The total scale and optimism and pessimism factors demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. Population-based normative data and mean values for gender, age, and education were determined. Furthermore, we developed a 20-item short form of the Chinese version of the Optimism and Pessimism Scale with structural validity comparable to the full form. In summary, the Chinese version of the Optimism and Pessimism Scale is an appropriate and practical tool for epidemiological research in mainland China.
... In contrast, inspiration is triggered proximally by experiences of insight and distally by openness to experience. Finally, inspiration and activated PA have different distributions across days of the week; on Fridays, for instance, activated PA is at its peak while inspiration is at its trough (Thrash, 2007). ...
Inspiration is a motivational state that compels individuals to bring ideas into fruition. Creators have long argued that inspiration is important to the creative process, but until recently, scientists have not investigated this claim. In this article, we review challenges to the study of creative inspiration, as well as solutions to these challenges afforded by theoretical and empirical work on inspiration over the past decade. First, we discuss the problem of definitional ambiguity, which has been addressed through an integrative process of construct conceptualization. Second, we discuss the challenge of how to operationalize inspiration. This challenge has been overcome by the development and validation of the Inspiration Scale (IS), which may be used to assess trait or state inspiration. Third, we address ambiguity regarding how inspiration differs from related concepts (creativity, insight, positive affect) by discussing discriminant validity. Next, we discuss the preconception that inspiration is less important than “perspiration” (effort), and we review empirical evidence that inspiration and effort both play important—but different—roles in the creative process. Finally, with many challenges overcome, we argue that the foundation is now set for a new generation of research focused on neural underpinnings. We discuss potential challenges to and opportunities for the neuroscientific study of inspiration. A better understanding of the biological basis of inspiration will illuminate the process through which creative ideas “fire the soul,” such that individuals are compelled to transform ideas into products and solutions that may benefit society.
... The benefits of optimism are widely reported. For example, Peterson and Steen (2002) state that "[o]ptimism has been linked to positive mood and good morale, to perseverance and effective problem solving, to achievement in a variety of domains, to popularity, to good health, and even to long life and freedom from trauma" (p. 244). ...
There is a gap in knowledge concerning a full understanding of the meanings that people seek to obtain within or from leisure engagements. Understanding these meanings is a foundational knowledge in promoting, strengthening, and changing healthy leisure behavior in society, consequently the need to synthesize what is currently known and offer direction for research is necessary. This paper systematically explains the key meanings that people seek to achieve via leisure, based on a comprehensive literature review. This literature review led to the identification of several overarching leisure-generated meaning groups : (1) connection/belonging, (2) identity, (3) freedom/autonomy, (4) power/control, and (5) competence/mastery. The literature review also suggested that when people achieve these meanings, they frequently experience outcomes of : (a) positive emotions, (b) positive thought-action and (c) human growth and development. Each of these overarching meanings and outcomes is described, and implications for research are discussed.
... Such work was to inspire the emergence of a positive psychology that is: the scientific study of what makes life most worth living. It is a call for psychological science and practice to be as concerned with strength as with weakness; as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst; and as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology (Peterson, 2009, p. xxiii). ...
The draftAustralian Health and Physical Education (HPE) curriculum (Australian
Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2012c) takes a
strengths-based approach that emphasizes questions such as ‘What keeps me
healthy and active?’ rather than ‘What risks, diseases and behaviours should I
learn to avoid?’. This paper explores a salutogenic approach to the strengthsbased
orientation that has been identified as one of the five key propositions in
the new Australian HPE curriculum. A salutogenic approach to a health literacy
unit provides some initial insight into the possibilities and challenges posed by the
implementation of a strengths-based orientation to HPE. Questions of relative
emphases and potential weaknesses are subsequently raised as means of
identifying the influence of curriculum interpretation, design and pedagogical
practice in securing the implementation of a strengths-based oriented Australian
HPE.
Background:
The processes involved in this study were 2-fold. First, we analyzed the levels of resilience and internalized problems (defined as group of emotional symptoms) in children aged 9 to 12 years. Second, we examined whether the relationship between them varies according to the low or high vulnerability of school communities.
Methods:
About 1460 students from schools in northern Chile participated. A total of 52.6% were girls, and 47.4% were boys. The scales of internalizing problems of the System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) and the short scale of resilience (CYRM-12) were applied. Correlations in each group and differences between groups were analyzed using a MANOVA. A 2-level path analysis was also performed.
Results:
Resilience was higher in the context of low vulnerability while depression, social anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology were greater in the context of high vulnerability. A 2-level path analysis showed that the slope of gender, anxiety, and depression symptomatology varies between schools and an interaction effect between vulnerability and anxiety symptomatology.
Conclusion:
There are differences in the relationship between internalized problems and resilience according to whether the students belong to low or high vulnerability establishments. This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between internalizing problems and resilience.
Recent academic research has proliferated around the construct of humble leadership. Humble leadership involves having an accurate view of oneself, recognizing the contributions of followers, and modeling teachability. Given the growing interest in this construct, we provide a review of the humble leadership literature. First, we clarify how humble leadership has been defined and measured in the current literature and discuss how it compares to moral‐based leadership approaches. Second, we review the extant literature by examining humble leadership’s theoretical and nomological network, highlighting the antecedents, outcomes, moderators, and mediators. Third, we provide an overview of key methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we conclude by drawing upon our review of the literature to present directions for future research that will advance the understanding of humble leadership. In sum, our review highlights the key elements and findings of where humble leadership has been and indicates ways to drive this literature forward.
Good character is a principal area in Positive Psychology. The current thesis assesses character strengths with mixed method: quantitative though factor analysis and qualitative using content analysis. Main purpose is evaluate and analyze the character strengths factors in participants from Ecuador, Peru and Paraguay to identify whether international findings are replicated; and verify replication in each country independently. A non probabilistic intentional sample was used: 854 university students (273 Ecuadorians, 277 Peruvians and 304 Paraguayan). Participants completed Inventario de Virtudes y Fortalezas del Carácter IVyF (Cosentino & Castro Solano, 2012) and Protocolo de Cualidades Positivas (Castro Solano & Cosentino, 2013). Main results show three character strengths factors: moderation, progress and fraternity. Secondly, this three factor model is the most parsimonious and replicable despite some differences. Finally, dimensional structure has intercultural differences because each countries have specific relations. Main conclusion show three factors of character strengths and intercultural differences in dimensional structure of each country. Data has limitations: used sample could not be an average citizen of each culture and countries were considered as national culture. Future studies should research intracultural differences in character strengths, identify causes of intercultural differences in each population and analyze character strengths in others Latin-American countries.
According to Self-determination theory and research, authorities should support subordinates’ autonomy to maximize subordinates’ well-being and performance. The current studies examine the novel effects of supporting one’s own autonomy, via one’s self-talk. In cross-sectional Study 1, rated self-supportiveness predicted subjective well-being to a greater extent than rated supportiveness of authorities in one’s life. In longitudinal study 2, initial self-supportiveness predicted boosted well-being after hiking the Pacific crest trail (study 2a) and across six weeks of a college semester (study 2b), more strongly than the positive effects of feeling supported by authorities, or the negative effects of feeling controlled by authorities or by oneself. In Study 3, experimentally manipulating self-support (compared to self-control) in a “problem class” scenario predicted higher expected enjoyment and less distress. However, we also predicted and found a matching effect, such that those with a higher self-control orientation expected the self-controlling strategy to lead to greater class success and better emotional tone. Overall, results provide a new type of support for the idea that people should try to be friends with themselves, rather than harsh taskmasters.
Although humility in leadership has been recognized as vital in leading salespeople to cope with unpredictability and unknowability in customers, the role of sales leader humility in promoting sales behaviors has remained underexplored. Our research aims to unfold how and when sales managers’ leadership humility nurtures retail salespersons’ adaptive selling behavior. Grounded on the dataset from managers and employees working in retail shops of a large telecommunication and computer company in Vietnam, the results reveal the role of retail salespersons’ customer knowledge, adaptive self‐efficacy, and customer‐oriented harmonious passion as the mediation paths for the linkage between sales leader humility and retail salespeople's adaptive selling behavior. The findings further provide evidence for the role of sales managers’ adaptive selling as an enhancer for the impacts of sales leader humility on these mediators.
Research on children’s social information processing (SIP) has mainly focused on negative attributions in peer provocation and rejection situations. The potential of balanced attributions—attributing both positive and negative intent—and of positive attributions has not been explored. We conducted a series of regressions to examine balanced, positive, and negative attributions and links to affective response and socioemotional functioning in eight‐ to twelve‐year‐olds (M = 10.30; SD = 1.09; N = 111) that were clinic‐referred for disruptive behavior. Children’s responses to hypothetical situations resulting in ambiguous‐positive and ambiguous‐negative situations were coded for positive, negative, or balanced attribution or affect. Caregivers reported on children’s social and emotional functioning. Results indicated that a proportion of children (21.6%) made at least one balanced attribution in both types of situations. Affective responses tended to be in line with attribution style, with positive attribution linked to positive affect, balanced attribution linked to mixed affect, and negative attribution linked to negative affect. Children making positive attributions in ambiguous‐positive situations and balanced attributions across situations tended to have less negative functioning and more positive functioning. Reconsideration of attribution coding schemes to include balanced and positive attributions may guide theoretically‐important and novel directions in SIP research.
The focus on job control in the workplace has largely rested on how its absence can contribute to negative outcomes, such as disease and impaired wellbeing. The role of job control also acts as a buffer between stressful job conditions and such outcomes have received considerable attention. However, job control may also directly contribute to positive employee health and wellbeing beyond the mere absence of physical or psychological disorder or illness. This chapter examines the potential role of job control in positive happiness, health, and wellbeing, as well as occupational adjustment and success.
In this article we introduce Positive Psychology (PP), a relatively new subfield of psychology, and outline its development since the year 2000. We describe ways in which PP represents an exciting addition to the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) literature and the ways it is already influencing trends in education generally, thus creating promising expectations of its impact on language teaching and learning. After reviewing the progress made thus far under the rubric of PP in SLA, we offer suggestions for an agenda to move forward with theory, research, and practice.
Introversion–extraversion is a particularly salient personality trait, whereby “extraverts” are known to be more outgoing, bold, assertive, active, and cheerful than “introverts”. These extraverted attributes are socially desirable in individualistic Western cultures, and some evidence suggests that extraverts experience better person-environment fit and greater well-being than introverts in these cultures. However, what remains unclear is how living in a context that values and emphasises extraversion may impact upon the well-being of introverts, and how introverts might improve their well-being. This study aimed to explore this question via a moderated mediation model. Adult participants in Australia (N = 349) completed scales of trait introversion–extraversion, dispositional authenticity, and well-being. The extent to which participants wanted to be more extraverted than they were currently—labelled an extraversion-deficit belief—was also measured. Participants overwhelmingly indicated that they lived in a society where extraversion was more socially desirable than introversion, and most participants held extraversion-deficit beliefs. Moderated mediation analysis showed that higher trait introversion–extraversion predicted well-being directly as well as indirectly via dispositional authenticity, but this indirect pathway depended on extraversion-deficit beliefs. Extraversion-deficit beliefs were more important for the authenticity and well-being of introverts than for extraverts. Overall, we interpret our findings to mean that introverts in the West might be more authentic, and hence boost their overall well-being, if they can change their beliefs to become more accepting of their introversion.
Aims
Cross-sectional studies demonstrated associations of several sociodemographic and psychosocial factors with generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents. However, little is known about factors affecting the change in child and adolescent HRQoL over time. This study investigates potential psychosocial risk and protective factors of child and adolescent HRQoL based on longitudinal data of a German population-based study.
Methods
Data from the BELLA study gathered at three measurement points (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups) were investigated in n = 1,554 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years at baseline. Self-reported HRQoL was assessed by the KIDSCREEN-10 Index. We examined effects of sociodemographic factors, mental health problems, parental mental health problems, as well as potential personal, familial, and social protective factors on child and adolescent HRQoL at baseline as well as over time using longitudinal growth modeling.
Results
At baseline, girls reported lower HRQoL than boys, especially in older participants; low socioeconomic status and migration background were both associated with low HRQoL. Mental health problems as well as parental mental health problems were negatively, self-efficacy, family climate, and social support were positively associated with initial HRQoL. Longitudinal analyses revealed less increase of HRQoL in girls than boys, especially in younger participants. Changes in mental health problems were negatively, changes in self-efficacy and social support were positively associated with the change in HRQoL over time. No effects were found for changes in parental mental health problems or in family climate on changes in HRQoL. Moderating effects for self-efficacy, family climate or social support on the relationships between the investigated risk factors and HRQoL were not found.
Conclusion
The risk factor mental health problems negatively and the resource factors self-efficacy and social support positively affect the development of HRQoL in young people, and should be considered in prevention programs.
We examine the relationship between managerial optimism and debt conservatism (i.e., the low‐leverage puzzle). Our analysis demonstrates that optimistic tone, our time‐varying optimism measure, significantly decreases leverage. This evidence supports the proposition that optimistic managers who consider external financing as unduly costly use debt conservatively. This reduced reliance on external financing can be explained by further evidence that optimistic tone significantly increases cash holdings and decreases dividend payment. The negative tone–leverage relation is stronger in the presence of high insider purchase of own stocks, which confirms that optimistic tone reflects managerial optimism. This study suggests that managerial optimism can help explain the low‐leverage puzzle.
This paper presents five studies on the development and validation of a scale of intellectual humility. This scale captures cognitive, affective, behavioral, and motivational components of the construct that have been identified by various philosophers in their conceptual analyses of intellectual humility. We find that intellectual humility has four core dimensions: Open-mindedness (versus Arrogance), Intellectual Modesty (versus Vanity), Corrigibility (versus Fragility), and Engagement (versus Boredom). These dimensions display adequate self-informant agreement, and adequate convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity. In particular, Open-mindedness adds predictive power beyond the Big Six for an objective behavioral measure of intellectual humility, and Intellectual Modesty is uniquely related to Narcissism. We find that a similar factor structure emerges in Germanophone participants, giving initial evidence for the model’s cross-cultural generalizability.
This chapter provides a rationale for the development of positive practices and describes the practices of positive relationships. Positive emotions and a consequent reduction in stress affect our hormonal, cardiovascular, and immune systems. The chapter examines how positive psychology research is defining practices that enable people to flourish at work. Following the industrial revolution many individuals in the &;#x00027;developed&;#x00027; world would have been defined by what they did to earn a living. Relational quality in an organization is ecological, it does not depend solely on the micro level, which focuses on interactions between individuals, but also on management, organizational culture, and expectations across the workplace. Leadership style, communication practices, strengths&;#x02010;based approaches, and human services policies all contribute. A meta&;#x02010;analysis of research appears to indicate that when people experience high levels of job satisfaction there is lower absenteeism, higher retention rate, and better performance.
This chapter summarizes the benefits of well&;#x02010;being at work, and the case for well&;#x02010;being assessments and the use of positive psychological assessment measures is made. It discusses current workplace well&;#x02010;being assessment practices, drawing on various related literature. The chapter outlines a new framework for conceptually evaluating organizational well&;#x02010;being research, which is also a practically useful framework when obtaining commitment for workplace well&;#x02010;being programs (WWPs) and implementing them within organizations. Workplace stress is a chronic and pressing issue for organizations. To maximize the potential of positive psychological assessment for workplace well&;#x02010;being and health promotion, various avenues of research are suggested. More research is needed in order to fully understand the scale and scope of current well&;#x02010;being assessments in organizations and to establish firmer baseline usage and characteristics as a basis for change. The chapter ends with some suggestions for further research and conclusions.
This capstone is a draft of a proposed book on positive psychology in the workplace, aimed at a popular audience. It contains a detailed table of contents and reference sources, as well as several complete or partially- complete chapters. It also includes an extended section on lawyers that will form the basis of a separate academic article. The book’s working title is Happy at Work: How the Science of Positive Psychology will Revolutionize the Workplace. Its thesis is that most modern human resources practices are misguided with an overreliance on process and metrics. Humans are treated as capital, and firms focus on their failings and weaknesses rather than their strengths. In a post-crash world such approaches are unsustainable, and positive psychology provides a new way of managing that will revolutionize the workplace. Unlike what many would believe, it is OK to be happy at work; in fact, we should be happy at work. High corporate performance requires happy employees, and the book links the science of positive psychology with its practical application to show how any company can increase happiness at work.
Identity integration is the process wherein a person assimilates multiple or conflicting identities (e.g., beliefs, values, needs) into a coherent, unified self-concept. Three experiments examined whether contemplating mortality in a specific and individuated manner (i.e., via the death reflection manipulation) facilitated outcomes indicative of identity integration. Participants in the death reflection condition (vs. control conditions) considered positive and negative life experiences as equally important in shaping their current identity (Experiment 1), regarded self-serving values and other-serving values as equally important life principles (Experiment 2), and were equally motivated to pursue growth-oriented and security-oriented needs (Experiment 3). Death reflection motivates individuals to integrate conflicting aspects of their identity into a coherent self-concept. Given that identity integration is associated with higher well-being, the findings have implications for understanding the psychological benefits of existential contemplation.
This chapter argues that expanding the field of organizational psychology to incorporate key aspects of positive psychology creates good grounds for suggesting that organizational psychology is still relevant to the big questions of organizations and the people within them. Appreciative inquiry (AI) is a whole-systems organizational development (OD) approach that works through the medium of conversation or dialogue to achieve system-wide motivation for positive change. The chapter explores the relevance of positive psychology to some current organizational challenges. The case examples in the chapter illustrate how positive psychology has great potential for organizations and communities. Positive psychology can be applied in both step-change and transformational ways. A model of the organization as an economy of strengths may offer a better fit with the 21st century organizational context than that of the organizations as role-bound bureaucracies. Positive psychology interventions lie in an ethical and moral space.
This research demonstrates the effectiveness of a brief daily self-applied optimism intervention in an adult normal population. Participants completed Life Orientation Test-Revised, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Burnout Measure scales before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. At baseline, optimism intervention group (N=36) and control group (N=41) were statistically similar on the variables of interest. At post-test, and also one month later, the intervention group demonstrated reduced pessimism, negative affect, and emotional exhaustion, although optimism, positive affect, and life satisfaction did not increase. Higher initial optimism increased the intervention effect for the optimism group, but not for the control group, by diminishing negative affect and emotional exhaustion, and increasing optimism. Sixty-one percent of the activities mentioned by the control group participants focused on duties and work, compared to 28% in the optimism condition. No correlations were found between initial optimism or pessimism, and the type of activities mentioned.
In this study, it is aimed that teachers information literacy self-efficacy is compared to some variables. For this reason descriptive survey model is preferred in this study. Data collection tool of this study is information literacy self-efficacy scale. This scale is implemented on 783 prospective teachers from various departments of The Faculty of Education in Fırat University. In this way data collection is successfully completed. The findings of the independent groups were compared by t test and one way analysis of variance, but when homogeneity requirement cannot be maintained, it was applied Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H test. One of the findings in this study is that taking the information literacy course in research methods class and self-efficacy variables make no difference. Furthermore, in the library literacy self-efficacy sub-* Bu araştırma Kürşat BALCI'nın (2013) Yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. Bu makale Crosscheck sistemi tarafından taranmış ve bu sistem sonuçlarına göre orijinal bir makale olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
During the use of computers in education or in computer based programs one must have information regarding the state of learners' affective behaviors. Learners' attitudes and perceptions towards new technologies are quite effective on their learning levels. In this research, effects of computer anxiety and internet attitude on computer self-efficacy were investigated. According to the research findings, computer anxiety has a strong influence on internet attitudes. Moreover, it was concluded that internet attitude affected computer self-efficacy. On the other hand, a significant relation between computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy could not be determined. Based on these findings, we may suggest that by keeping computer anxiety under control, we may be able to positively develop learners' internet attitudes. We may further suggest that students who have positive internet attitude also have relatively enhanced computer self-efficacy.
O presente artigo tem como principal objectivo contribuir para o processo de valida-
ção de uma adaptação para a língua portuguesa do “Questionário de Competência Interpessoal”
(QCI; Buhrmester, Furman, Wittenberg e Reis, 1988). A amostra consistiu em 322
adolescentes e jovens adultos, com idades entre os 16 e os 25 anos de idade (M = 18.0, DP
= .48). Foram levadas a cabo análises factoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias, bem como
análises diferenciais em função do sexo e da idade. As análises exploratórias e confirmató-
rias evidenciaram uma estrutura limpa, com as cinco dimensões originais do instrumento e
índices adequados de ajustamento. A consistência interna das dimensões revelou valores
satisfatórios e as correlações entre factores mostraram-se em conformidade com o enquadramento
teórico. O instrumento mostrou-se igualmente sensível na identificação de diferenças
em função do sexo e da idade. São discutidas as implicações e limitações deste estudo
para futuras investigações.
Department of Sociology ©Ayalah Aylyn Fall 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission.
Employee engagement has been understood from various academic and practical perspectives, mainly due to its recent popularity. This study explores not only positive movements—positive psychology, positive organizational scholarship (POS), and positive organizational behavior (POB)—as a background of engagement but also the conceptualization, instrumentation, and empirically proven antecedents and consequences of engagement. Based on the findings, this study examines how engagement can be included as a POB construct, considering the five criteria of POB: positivity criterion, theory- and research-based criterion, valid measurement criterion, state-like criterion, and performance impact criterion.
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