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Alterations in photosynthetic carbon metabolism of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) due to imposed nacl salinity

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... Les résultats confirment l'existence d'une variabilité intraspécifique importante, puisque le sel stimule la croissance chez Amdoun1, la plus tolérante (120 % du témoin) et diminue celle de Chettoui, la plus sensible (55 % du témoin); les réductions de croissance des autres variétés s'étalent sur une gamme très réduite (entre 70 et 80 % du témoin). D'autres travaux montrent que NaCl inhibe généralement la croissance du pois chiche même aux très faibles doses (Lauter et al., 1981;Lauter et Munns, 1986Murumkar et Chavan, 1989;Larher et al., 1991;Ashraf et Waheed, 1993). L'effet inhibiteur du sel sur la croissance se manifeste dès que la teneur en Na + des tiges feuillées dépasse un seuil variable de 100 à 350 µéq.g -1 MS, selon les variétés (Larher et al., 1991). ...
... La culture sur sable entraîne un enrichissement des racines en calcium chez Amdoun1 et des tiges chez Chettoui; ces deux organes étant les sites d'accumulation préférentielle de Na + . La sensibilité d'une variété de pois chiche est attribuée à sa faible aptitude à accumuler Ca 2+ et Mg 2+ dans les différentes parties de la plante (Murumkar et Chavan, 1989). Il est important de rappeler que, en ce qui concerne particulièrement le magnésium, les teneurs des racines de Amdoun1 et des tiges de Chettoui sont très élevées ( fig. ...
Technical Report
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Le travail qui fait l'objet de ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de coopération scientifique entre des organismes de recherche et de formation agronomique d'Algérie, d'Espagne, de France, du Maroc et de Tunisie. Ce projet initié par le groupe FABAMED (Fixation de l'Azote dans le Bassin Méditerranéen), a pour thématique les facteurs limitant la fixation symbiotique de l'azote chez des légumineuses en zones méditerranéennes, avec au départ un soutien financier de la Direction des Relations Internationales de l'INRA-France. Il associe également un programme de l'INRST sur la recherche de plantes d'intérêt économique présentant des potentialités génétiques leur conférant l'aptitude à se développer en milieux déficients en nutriments essentiels et particulièrement en azote, ce qui est le cas des sols salés. Notre travail a porté sur le pois chiche, légumineuse alimentaire très cultivée de par le monde, et très répandue en Tunisie. Il a pour objectif principal d'explorer, dans un premier temps, la variabilité intraspécifique pour la tolérance au sel de cette plante et de déterminer des critères physiologiques de sélection précoces susceptibles d'être utilisés dans des programmes d'amélioration de la tolérance au sel. La deuxième étape sera consacrée à l'étude du comportement de l'association pois chiche-Rhizobium, en milieu salé, dans un but d'amélioration de l'efficience d'utilisation des éléments nutritifs majeurs par la plante hôte. Le pois chiche constitue par ses graines une importante source alimentaire. Sa culture est, généralement, pratiquée dans les zones peu salées. Cependant, son comportement vis à vis du sel est, à notre connaissance, peu étudié. La plupart des données bibliographiques traitent de sa résistance aux maladies et les rares données qui évoquent le problème de la salinité, s'accordent, en général à classer le pois chiche parmi les plantes sensibles. Il serait donc intéressant de rechercher des variétés résistantes à la salinité et aux maladies, et qui fixent mieux l'azote atmosphérique. Il serait également important de rechercher des moyens pour étendre et améliorer sa culture dans les régions où la salinité des sols et des eaux d'irrigation constitue un facteur limitant l'extension de sa culture.
... Like in other plants (Munns, 2002), salinity impairs photosynthesis in chickpea (Murumkar and Chavan, 1993;Soussi et al., 1998). Photosynthesis is reduced in salt stressed plants through stomatal (i.e. ...
... Salt stress in chickpea decreased leaf chlorophyll concentrations (Datta and Sharma, 1990;Soussi et al., 1998) and photosynthesis (Murumkar and Chavan, 1993;Soussi et al., 1998), both of which were confirmed here in detail using contrasting genotypes. Moreover, the present study explored the causes of reduced net photosynthesis (A) in salt stressed chickpea. ...
... In chickpea, increased senescence can be induced by salinity stress (Katerji et al., 2001) as well as increased ethylene and its precursor 1aminocycloprane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) production in nodules and roots (Nandwal et al., 2007). In chickpea grown in NaCl (100 mM), the concentration of photosynthetic pigments declined resulted in 60% lower photosynthetic activity (Murumkar and Chavan, 1993). Epitalawage et al. (2003) found differences in the impacts of salinity on chlorophyll fluorescence in the cases of different chickpea genotypes. ...
Article
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Soil salinity is a severe and expanding soil degradation problem that affects 80 million ha of arable lands globally. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is very sensitive to saline conditions; the most susceptible genotypes may die in just 25 mM NaCl in hydroponics. Approximately 8–10% yield loss in chickpea production is estimated due to salinity stress. However, it is still not established why chickpea is so susceptible to salt affection. Salinity (NaCl) impedes germination of seeds, though chickpea varieties considerably differ from one another in this respect. Some chickpea genotypes are more tolerant in the stage of germination, tolerating even 320 mM NaCl. The reasons of this variation are unrevealed; there is a shortage of knowledge about the germination abilities of chickpea genotypes in saline conditions. Nevertheless, the effect of salt stress on vegetative growth can be analysed in hydroponics, in pot or field conditions, regardless the experimental environment, the ranking of genotypes regarding salt resistance is coherent. Chickpea genotypes can be different in their ability to retain water, maybe under salt affection; the more salt tolerant lines can maintain higher water content in the shoots, while the more sensitive ones cannot. The identification of salt tolerant chickpea landraces based on developing genetic variability is a suitable strategy to combat against salinity problems arising in arid and semi-arid areas.
... Within three kabuli genotypes, the germination time of small seeds at high salt concentration was lesser than of large seeds [189]. Photosynthetic pigments declined in chickpea grown in 100 mM NaCl [190,191], and Murumkar and Chavan [192] reported that photosynthesis was reduced by 60% in same salt concentration. ...
Chapter
Chickpea, a cool-season legume is the major source of protein specifically for people in developing countries. In modern chickpea, domestication and subsequent breeding are the major bottlenecks for the reduction of genetic diversity. The reduction in the trait variation, generate the necessity to find the genetic diversity of the wild relatives to develop the climate-resilient crop. Abiotic stresses, namely, drought, heat, cold, and salinity, enhanced by climate change have been significantly affecting the chickpea yield and production. These major barriers affecting the productivity of chickpea are forecasted to be unpredictable stressors due to climate change in years to come. In this context, various studies had been reported to evaluate the potential of wild Cicer species against different abiotic stress. These studies have demonstrated the presence of considerable genetic diversity among Cicer wild species for tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses. The presence of a rich repository for traits conferring resistance to stresses in wild Cicer species can be exploited through wide hybridization. The resulting transgressive segregations present in the pre-breeding populations can be used for the development of trait-specific stress-tolerant chickpea genotypes. In this chapter, we have reviewed environmental stresses hampered on the yield of chickpea and updated potential hidden resources of resistance to these stressors to improve climate-resilient chickpea varieties.
... Similarly, in bean leaves under saline conditions, C assimilation in sucrose was reduced and that in amino acids and sugar phosphate fractions was increased [81]. Sodium chloride has been found to increase CO 2 fixation into malate and to decrease it into aspartate in maize seedlings and chickpea plants [82,83]. Salt-treated pistachio plants accumulated high sucrose and starch concentrations in the stem and high concentrations of sucrose, reducing sugars, and starch in the main roots [84]. ...
... Salt stress affects growth, nodulation and nitrogen accumulation in legumes (Saxena and Rewari, 1991;1992;Saxena et al., 1993). Murumkar and Chavan (1989) and Gandour (2002) reported that salt stress caused accumulation of both sodium and chloride in the shoot parts, especially in the leaves. This was accompanied by a decrease in potassium in different plant parts. ...
... Salt stress affects growth, nodulation and nitrogen accumulation in legumes (Saxena and Rewari, 1991;1992;Saxena et al., 1993). Murumkar and Chavan (1989) and Gandour (2002) reported that salt stress caused accumulation of both sodium and chloride in the shoot parts, especially in the leaves. This was accompanied by a decrease in potassium in different plant parts. ...
... The synthesis of these organic solutes, which are required for osmoregulation, requires sources of carbon and energy, derived mainly from photosynthesis. Sodium chloride increases CO 2 fixation into malate and decreases it into aspartate in plants (Murumkar and Chavan 1993). ...
Chapter
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Abiotic stresses are the prime reason of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields for most of the major crop plants by more than 50 %. Plants as sessile organisms are persistently exposed to changes in environmental conditions. When these changes are swift and extreme, plants generally perceive them as stresses. However stresses are not necessarily a problem for plants because they have evolved effective mechanisms to avoid or reduce the possible damages. The response to changes in environment can be rapid, depending on the type of stress, and can involve adaptation mechanisms, which allow them to survive the adverse conditions. Extreme environmental conditions, such as high and low temperatures, waterlogging and deficits, salinity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations at the leaf surface strongly affect plant growth and development. Such abiotic stresses adversely affect on physiological mechanisms associated with plant responses, adaptation, and tolerance to stresses in terms of photosynthetic mechanisms, such as CO2 diffusion through stomatal control, photosystem II repair, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), are susceptible to damage that causes great diminution in photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, photosynthesis is one of the key processes to be affected by abiotic stresses, which results in decrease in CO2 diffusion to the chloroplast and metabolic constraints. Although several structural and functional components of the photosynthetic apparatus are responsive to abiotic stresses, photosystem II (PS II) and Rubisco act as the major stress sensors. In addition, it is essential to systematize current knowledge on the complex network of interactions and regulation of photosynthesis in plants exposed to abiotic stresses. In this chapter, we brought the update knowledge emphasizing on the regulation of photosynthesis and associated aspects that are affected by various abiotic stresses.
... The synthesis of these organic solutes, which are required for osmoregulation, requires sources of carbon and energy, derived mainly from photosynthesis. Sodium chloride increases CO 2 fixation into malate and decreases it into aspartate in plants (Murumkar and Chavan 1993). ...
... Salinity tolerance and salt relations of chickpea are not only strongly affected by the level of salinity, but also by the source of N. Increasing the concentration of NaCl from 20 meq L" 1 to 200 meq L 1 increased the concentration of Na + and Cl' and decreased that of K + in callus tissues and shoots of chickpea (Sekhon and Singh, 1983;Ganapathy, 1984a, 1984b;Murumkar and Chavan, 1989). Differences in the uptake of Ca + and Mg + were also reported by the same researchers. ...
Article
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This study aimed at investigating mechanisms of salt tolerance and ionic relations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with different nitrogen (N) sources. Two resistant genotypes, ILC‐205 and ILC‐1919, were subjected to four levels of salinity (0.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS m‐1). Nitrogen sources consisted of inoculation with two resistant Rhizobium strains, CP‐29 and CP‐32, mineral N additions, and no N application. Data was collected on root and shoot contents of sodium (Na+) chlorine, (Cl‐,) and potassium (K+), and shoot to root Na+ratio, as well as shoot K+ to Na+ ratio. Salinity affected shoot Na+ and Cl‐contents, but nodulating plants had higher shoot Na+ contents than plants supplied with mineral N. Shoot to root Na+ ratios were lower in the mineral N treatment than in nodulating treatments at 3.0 dS m‐1, indicating that root compartmentalization and shoot exclusion were only possible at low salinities. Potassium levels of nodulating plant shoots were lower than those of non‐nodulating plants only at low salinities. N‐source significantly affected shoot K+/Na+ ratio, with nodulating plants having lower ratios than non‐nodulating plants, indicating that rhizobial infection or nodule formation may lead to salt entry curtailing the selective ability of chickpea roots.
... Photosynthetic pigments decreased in concentration in chickpea grown in NaCl (100 mm) (Datta & Sharma 1990; Beltagi 2008), and photosynthesis was reduced by 60% (Murumkar & Chavan 1993); genotypes have also been shown to differ in the effects of salinity on chlorophyll fluorescence (Epitalawage, Eggenberg & Strasser 2003). Salinity can increase senescence in chickpea (Katerji et al. 2001 ) and induce the production of ethylene and its precursor 1-aminocycloprane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in roots and nodules (Kukreja et al. 2005; Nandwal et al. 2007). ...
Article
The growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is very sensitive to salinity, with the most susceptible genotypes dying in just 25 mm NaCl and resistant genotypes unlikely to survive 100 mm NaCl in hydroponics; germination is more tolerant with some genotypes tolerating 320 mm NaCl. When growing in a saline medium, Cl(-), which is secreted from glandular hairs on leaves, stems and pods, is present in higher concentrations in shoots than Na(+). Salinity reduces the amount of water extractable from soil by a chickpea crop and induces osmotic adjustment, which is greater in nodules than in leaves or roots. Chickpea rhizobia show a higher 'free-living' salt resistance than chickpea plants, and salinity can cause large reductions in nodulation, nodule size and N(2)-fixation capacity. Recent screenings of diverse germplasm suggest significant variation of seed yield under saline conditions. Both dominance and additive gene effects have been identified in the effects of salinity on chickpea and there appears to be sufficient genetic variation to enable improvement in yield under saline conditions via breeding. Selections are required across the entire life cycle with a range of rhizobial strains under salt-affected, preferably field, conditions.
Chapter
Increase in the food demand and unprecedented level of environmental stresses have created major challenges to ensure global food security. Under such circumstances, wild species of crops serve as a genetic reservoir to improve yield, quality and adaptability of modern cultivars. Previously reported work of the introduction of genes from wild to cultivated species has drawn the attention of plant scientists towards the role of wild species in crop improvement. Contemporary genomic tools can also be exploited to understand the genetic architecture and diversity of crop wild relatives for their efficient use in practical plant breeding. Considering the value of wild genetic resources in sustainable agriculture, numerous worldwide efforts have been made for its preservation. In view of its importance, this chapter is written on a broader prospective to highlight the utilization and conservation of crop wild germplasm.
Chapter
The genus Gossypium is comprised of more than 50 genetically diverse species with different origins and ploidy levels. Each of cultivated and wild species is a source of unique alleles to improve cotton crop under ever increasing fiber demand and rapidly evolving climatic factors. Formerly, most of the improvement has been made in cotton germplasm by utilizing the genetic diversity of only cultivated types of species. The plenty of examples are reported for the utilization of wild cotton species in plant breeding despite of the fact of proven to be a novel genetic resource. The major hindrance was the transfer of genetic material which is now easier as compared to past due to advancement of gene transfer methods and technologies. Therefore, the conservation and utilization of cotton wild germplasm have gained much importance and is now become imperative to sustain the yield and quality of cotton fibers. This chapter highlights the background and potential of wild species of cotton to improve yield, quality, and adaptability of modern cultivars.
Chapter
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Harmful effects of climate change, human interference, and environmental stresses have opened new challenges for food security and natural variability. Like other crops, the domestication of barley has led toward a significant reduction in genetic diversity and created hurdles to develop well-adapted cultivars. One of the best solutions toward these challenges is the exploitation of crop wild germplasm that niche in extreme geographical locations. Wild progenitors have potential to transfer adaptation loci in modern cultivars, which will make them fit for changing climate. Wild barley could be the potential source for genetic variability and increasing capability to withstand against biotic and abiotic stress factors and can be collected from its natural area of distribution, especially from the Mediterranean region. In this chapter, we have highlighted the significance of wild germplasm of barley and adaptive genes they have for various biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance.
Article
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ozone and salinity, singly and in combination, on the growth and ion contents of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties. Chickpea plants were grown in non-saline and saline conditions, with and without a repeated exposure to ozone. Salinity at a concentration of 30 mM NaCl caused a substantial reduction in plant height, number of leaves and the dry weights of the leaves, stems and roots. Biomass allocation to the leaves increased, predominantly at the expense of the roots. Ozone at a concentration of 85 nmol mol(-1) for 6 h per day for 25 days reduced plant height and dry weights but had no effect on leaf number. The results show substantial effects of salinity and ozone on chickpea growth and ion concentrations. When ozonated plants are grown in the presence of salinity, further reductions in growth occur.
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