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Icones Pleurothallidinarum III. Systematics of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae)

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... With more than 5,400 species, the ubiquitous neotropical subtribe Pleurothallidinae is the most species-rich in the Orchidaceae family, and one with major radiations in Angiosperms (Luer, 1986;Karremans, 2016;Pérez-Escobar et al., 2017;Karremans & Vieira-Uribe, 2020). Species belonging to the subtribe show a fascinating variation in floral features. ...
... In Pleurothallidinae, the inflorescence is often embraced by a modified leaf, which is commonly called spathe when it its large or conspicuous (Luer, 1986(Luer, , 1989(Luer, , 1998 . Following the criteria of position and morphology, the term spathe is here applied specifically to the modified leaf which generally embraces the inflorescence and follows the last functional leaf. ...
... Most Lepanthes Sw. are well recognized by its particular fish skeleton like CoF formed by the short rachis bearing several distichous pedicels; the characteristic zig-zag rachis of Stelis rodrigoi ( Brieger (1977) was probably the first who proposed a general classification for the Pleurothallidinae inflorescences, which included four types (Fig, 12): Simple inflorescences with racemose (1) and paniculate (2) types, and compound inflorescences with the multi-flowered (3) and single-flowered (4) types. As far as we know, there are no pleurothallids with a paniculate like coflorescence as showed in Brieger (1977), Luer (1986) is essentialy the same. However, both authors classified the inflorescence (actually coflorescence) on the basis of the number of flowers. ...
Article
Despite its relevance, the study of the inflorescence from a typological point of view generally goes unnoticed in taxonomy, which is fundamental for the compari- son of structural elements of the same origin. Pleurothallidinae is not the exception, and its typology has not been studied in detail, causing incorrect interpretations of its structures and misapplication of terms. Here the morphology of Pleurothallidinae inflorescences is analyzed and discussed from a typological point of view, based on the detailed study of structural elements of living material, which are illustrated by photographs and diagrams. The study shows that the subtribe presents a general- ized type of inflorescences formed by an abbreviated peduncle and branch system that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Each branch may produce coflorescences of different lengths with one or multiple flowers, also presenting different patterns of succession that determine the general appearance of the plant. Single-flowered coflorescences are dominant in members of the Octomeria and Restrepia affinities, while multi-flowered coflorescences dominate the Acianthera, Lepanthes, Masde- vallia, Phloeophila, Pleurothallis and Specklinia affinities. A general and practical classification is established for the different types of coflorescences according to the length and number of flowers produced.
... Octomeria R.Br. is a genus comprised of about 150 neotropical species distributed from Belize to northern Argentina (Luer, 1986(Luer, , 2010Pridgeon, 2006). More specifically the diversity centers of the genus are the Guianas, the Amazon basin and, particularly, Southeastern and Southern Brazil (Forster, 2007;Forster et al., 2012). ...
... In the latest molecular studies, the genus appears to be monophyletic and placed at the base of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Pridgeon et al., 2001;Pridgeon, 2006;Forster, 2007;Karremans, 2016). Two polyphyletic sections are usually recognized, based on leaf shape, by various authors (Rodrigues, 1882;Cogniaux, 1896;Schlechter, 1915;Pabst & Dungs, 1975;Luer, 1986;Forster, 2007). Under this circumscription, the section Octomeria contains species with flat to conduplicate leaves whereas the section Teretifoliae Barb.Rodr. ...
... Under this circumscription, the section Octomeria contains species with flat to conduplicate leaves whereas the section Teretifoliae Barb.Rodr. includes species with terete to semiterete (acicular/cylindric) leaves (Cogniaux, 1896;Luer, 1986;Pridgeon et al., 2001;Pridgeon, 2006). ...
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In this article we extend the geographic distribution of a rare Octomeria species, first described from Venezuela: Octomeria romerorum is reported for the first time from Brazil. Apart from considerably extending the distribution of the species, this record also represents the first documented collections since its description in 1990. We provide a short description of the species, as well as a photographic plate, data on its ecology and distribution, and taxonomic comments.
... Earth, poses extremely interesting questions from the evolutionary point of view. Despite the several efforts, none of the morphological, anatomical or molecular approaches (Pridgeon 1982, Luer 1986, Neyland et al. 1995, 2005, van den Berg et al. 2005) have been able to achieve an estable generic and subgeneric classification in this monophyletic subtribe (sensu Pridgeon et al. , 2005). ...
... Schltr. and Tomzanonia) instead of at the base of the pedicel as in most the other orchids (Luer 1986, van den Berg et al. 2005, Pridgeon et al. 2005). Genera in the Pleurothallidinae have been traditionally defined on the basis of number of pollinia, number of stigma lobes, degree of sepal connation, resupination, shape of the various perianth parts, and presence or absence of lip mobility ( Garay 1979, Luer 1986, Stenzel 2004). ...
... Schltr. and Tomzanonia) instead of at the base of the pedicel as in most the other orchids (Luer 1986, van den Berg et al. 2005, Pridgeon et al. 2005). Genera in the Pleurothallidinae have been traditionally defined on the basis of number of pollinia, number of stigma lobes, degree of sepal connation, resupination, shape of the various perianth parts, and presence or absence of lip mobility ( Garay 1979, Luer 1986, Stenzel 2004). ...
Thesis
A taxonomic revision of Trichosalpinx (Orchidaceae) in Costa Rica is presented. The taxonomic history of the genus, its phylogenetic position and nomenclatural issues are discussed. Characters of vegetative and floral morphology are addressed and illustrated, and their taxonomic significance is discussed. The genus is treated as comprising 23 species in the country, and a key to subgenera and species is provided. Taxa are described and illustrated on the basis of Costa Rican material, and their distribution in the country is assessed. Distribution maps for all the taxa are given. Overall distribution, derivation of name, notes on species ecology, and diagnostic features are presented for each taxon.
... As Pleurothallis is one of the largest genera in subtribe Pleurothallidinae, various attempts have been made to reclassify the large number of species attributed to it, with many transferred to other sections, genera, subtribes and tribes (e.g. Lindley, 1859;Cogniaux, 1896;Luer, 1986Luer, , 1998Szlachetko & Margonska, 2001;Luer, 2005). Molecular studies (Pridgeon et al., 2001;Wilson et al., 2011Wilson et al., , 2013 support the recognition of a subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae within the genus Pleurothallis rather than Acronia, and do not support raising the subsection to genus level (Wilson et al., 2016). ...
... Botanical descriptions follow Lindley (1951) and Luer (1986) to standardise botanical terms, including colours. Figures and the composite digital line drawing were prepared, based on the type specimen images, using Adobe Photoshop 2019 (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). ...
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Pleurothallis markgruinii, a particularly tall species for the genus, is described as new to science and an illustration provided. The new species is most similar to Pleurothallis gargantua and shares with that species its large size, reaching 1 m tall, but differs in the much smaller flowers with a deeply concave dorsal sepal, narrower petals, and a synsepal with strongly revolute margins that form an elongated, triangular shape. Comprehensive field research has shown Pleurothallis markgruinii to have a restricted geographical range in the northwest Andes of Ecuador, and it is assessed as Critically Endangered. Keywords. Carchi, Dracula Reserve, new orchid species, Reserva Youth Land Trust. Pleurothallis markgruinii, una especie con plantas particularmente largas dentro del género se describe e ilustra aquí como nueva para la ciencia. La nueva especie es similar a Pleurothallis gargantua y comparte con esta las grandes plantas que alcanzan 1 m en longitud, pero se diferencia en las flores mucho más pequeñas con el sépalo dorsal muy cóncavo, pétalos más estrechos, y un sinsépalo con márgenes fuertemente revolutos que le dan una forma alargada y triangular. Investigación de campo exhaustiva muestra que Pleurothallis markgruinii tiene una distribución restringida, al noroeste de los Andes en Ecuador y es evaluada como en peligro crítico. Palabras clave. Carchi, minería, nueva especie de orquídea, Reserva Dracula, Reserva Youth Land Trust.
... Octomeria Brown (1813: 211) contains about 150 species traditionally characterized by fasciculate inflorescences and flowers with eight pollinia (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009). The genus is historically classified into two sections according to the type of the leaves (Cogniaux 1896, Luer 1986): I. Octomeria sect. ...
... Octomeria Brown (1813: 211) contains about 150 species traditionally characterized by fasciculate inflorescences and flowers with eight pollinia (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009). The genus is historically classified into two sections according to the type of the leaves (Cogniaux 1896, Luer 1986): I. Octomeria sect. Octomeria, which includes taxa with flat to conduplicate leaves; and II. ...
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Octomeria giordanii is proposed as a new species occurring in an ecotone between the Atlantic Rainforest and Cerrado biomes in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study provides a detailed description, illustrations, and a comparative analysis using an identification key to distinguish it from other Octomeria species. The new species is characterized by its small size, rupicolous reptant growth habit, and flowers with multiple colors. It shares similarities with O. fusiformis and other Octomeria species but can be differentiated by its floral morphology and ecology. The nomenclatural notes include the lectotypification of nine taxa described by João Barbosa Rodrigues that can be found occurring in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. Additionally, O. albiflora is proposed as a new synonym of O. lithophila.
... Octomeria R. Brown (1813: 211) is a Neotropical orchid genus (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009) that belongs to the subtribe Pleurothallidinae Lindley ex G. Don in Sweet (1839: 636). It contains about 150 species characterised by fasciculate inflorescences and flowers with eight pollinia (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009). ...
... Octomeria R. Brown (1813: 211) is a Neotropical orchid genus (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009) that belongs to the subtribe Pleurothallidinae Lindley ex G. Don in Sweet (1839: 636). It contains about 150 species characterised by fasciculate inflorescences and flowers with eight pollinia (Luer 1986, Pridgeon et al. 2009). The genus is traditionally classified into two sections according to the shape of the leaves: Octomeria sect. ...
Article
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Octomeria imigiae is proposed as a new species from the Atlantic Rainforest of South Brazil. It is described, illustrated, and compared with sympatric and similar species. An identification key is provided. The new species is recognised by its reptant growth habit and tiny yellow flowers. It is similar to Octomeria chamaeleptotes and several other terete-leaved species from which it can be easily distinguished by its vegetative and floral morphology. Octomeria riograndensis and Octomeria sancti-angeli are proposed as new synonyms of Octomeria chamaeleptotes, and typification designations for this complex are made.
... Nevertheless, phylogenetic studies fail to support the 19 genera proposed by Luer with several being polyphyletic (Pridgeon & Chase 2001, Abele 2007. A group of species of Masdevallia with similar morphological features which include small plants, with small flowers and ovaries which are spiculate, short or long papillose or carinate have been included in several genera, subgenera or sections based in morphological and molecular traits (Luer 1986a, Luer 2000, Pridgeon & Chase 2001, Luer 2006, Abele 2007, Luer 2009). The genus Luzama Luer (2006: 10) proposed by Luer (2006) is polyphyletic based on molecular evidence (Pridgeon & Chase 2001, Abele 2007. ...
... Masdevallia sect. Aphanes, a group of plants recognized by the small to very small, caespitose plants with costate, crested or verrucose ovaries (Luer 1986a). The novelty is similar to Masdevallia aphanes Königer (1985: 87) but is much smaller and differs in flower morphology, was discovered in the surrounding forested areas of the Llanganates mountains and is described here. ...
Article
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A new Masdevallia species from eastern Ecuador, is described, illustrated and compared with similar species. The species is most similar to Masdevallia aphanes; both species are small plants for the genus with weak inflorescences that bear striped flowers with acaudate sepals. The horizontal inflorescences with yellow flowers striped with red-brown and the convex, subpandurate lip of Masdevallia rubileoixchelorum immediately distinguishes it from the similar M. aphanes by the abaxially deep sandal-shaped lip and for the ovary with undulate-dentate ribs which are almost keeled.
... In 1979, Braas included eight species of Masdevallia in the new genus Rodrigoa Braas (1979: 203). Luer (1986) initially considered the species of Rodrigoa to fall within the subgenus Meleagris Luer (1986: 51), but later recognized Braas' genus with 12 species which shared certain morphological features that distinguished them from the rest of species of Masdevallia (Braas 1979, Luer 2003, 2006: thinly coriaceous leaves, slender peduncle ascending through a conduplicate petiole, a successively few-flowered raceme, free dorsal sepal, basally connate lateral sepals which are deflexed from a shallow cup. Subsequent DNA analyses led to a lack of a consensus to maintain Rodrigoa as a genus (Pridgeon & Chase 2001, Abele 2007, Karremans 2016, transferring the Rodrigoa species to Masdevallia subgenus Meleagris as proposed previously by Luer (1986). ...
... Luer (1986) initially considered the species of Rodrigoa to fall within the subgenus Meleagris Luer (1986: 51), but later recognized Braas' genus with 12 species which shared certain morphological features that distinguished them from the rest of species of Masdevallia (Braas 1979, Luer 2003, 2006: thinly coriaceous leaves, slender peduncle ascending through a conduplicate petiole, a successively few-flowered raceme, free dorsal sepal, basally connate lateral sepals which are deflexed from a shallow cup. Subsequent DNA analyses led to a lack of a consensus to maintain Rodrigoa as a genus (Pridgeon & Chase 2001, Abele 2007, Karremans 2016, transferring the Rodrigoa species to Masdevallia subgenus Meleagris as proposed previously by Luer (1986). ...
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A new species of Masdevallia genus is described here. Masdevallia purocafeana is immediately recognized by having conspicuously broad, echinate, and strongly reflexed lateral sepals. It is compared to Masdevallia alexandri but differs by having an oblong, shallowly concave, yellow-green dorsal sepal variegated with purple towards the apex, oblong petals light pink suffused with yellow and spotted with purple, and ovoid-ovate, reflexed light pink lip, dotted with pale light red. Resumen Se describe una nueva especie del género Masdevallia. Masdevallia purocafeana se reconoce inmediatamente por tener sépalos laterales conspicuamente anchos, equinados y fuertemente reflexos. Se compara con Masdevallia alexandri, pero se diferencia por tener un sépalo dorsal oblongo, ligeramente cóncavo, de color amarillo verdoso variegado con púrpura hacia el ápice, pétalos oblongos de color rosa claro teñidos de amarillo, punteados de púrpura, y un labelo ovoide-ovado, reflexo de color rosa claro, punteado con rojo claro pálido.
... They have velamentous roots frequently presenting tilosomes, i.e., lignified excrescences of the inner periclinal wall of the endovelamen next to a thin-walled exodermis passage cell (Kedrovski and Sajo, 2018;Pridgeon et al., 1983). Most genera have an articulation between the ovarium and the pedicel (Karremans, 2016;Luer, 1986;Stern, 2014). ...
... Many species of Pleurothallidinae were formerly part of the megagenus Pleurothallis R. Br., a polyphyletic group that had received more than 2000 specific epithets (Chiron et al., 2012;Karremans et al., 2017;Luer, 1986). Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies (e.g., Chiron et al., 2012; reintegrated and restated some old genera, like Acianthera Scheidweiler, Anathallis Barbosa Rodrigues, Pabstiella Brieger & Senghas, and Specklinia Lindley. ...
Article
Pleurothallidinae is the largest Orchidaceae subtribe of the Neotropics, with most of its diversity composed of epiphytes from wet forests. Recent classifications still do not have sufficient micromorphological support, and genera delimitation is unclear. Here, we provide a structural analysis of the root anatomy in 55 species and 10 genera of Brazilian Pleurothallidinae and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and MatK sequences available in databases. All roots are velamentous, with 2-6 layers of epidermal tissue. In the cortex, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, fungal pelotons, idioblasts with raphides, and tracheoid idioblasts are frequent. Exodermis and endodermis cells may be thickened in different patterns, with thin-walled passage cells. We identified four different clades: clade A (Octomeria species, ancestor with a two-layered velamen, without tilosomes, U-thickened exodermis, and sclerified pith), clade B (Echinosepala and Myoxanthus, ancestor with three or more layers in the velamen, without tilosomes, more than five layers of cortical parenchyma, pith with amyloplast), Clade C (Anathallis, Masdevallia, Pabstiella, Specklinia, Stelis, and Zootrophion; ancestor with two-layered velamen, with tilosomes, thin-walled exodermis, sclerified pith), and clade D (Acianthera, ancestor with two-layered velamen, without tilosomes, O-thickened exodermis, up to five layers of cortical parenchyma, sclerified pith). The traits cited for these clades are not necessarily apomorphies and may have been lost in some of the subclades. However, it indicates the ancestral characteristics of the group and can contribute to its systematics. The relationships in Pleurothallidinae and its large number of species require multidisciplinary attention to the group to better understand the group's evolution, including more structural analyses like this study.
... O gênero Octomeria possui cerca de 150 espécies (Luer 1986) e distribui-se amplamente nos trópicos americanos, sobretudo em território brasileiro. Aproximadamente 95 das espécies válidas ocorrem no Brasil, dentre as quais 71 são endêmicas (BFG 2018) e 21 a 25 previamente citadas para o estado do Paraná (Smidt 2014;BFG 2018). ...
... Teretifoliae (folhas cilíndricas) e sect. Octomeria (folhas planas) são reconhecidas por vários autores (Rodrigues 1882;Cogniaux 1896;Schlechter 1915;Pabst & Dungs 1975;Luer 1986). No entanto, recentes estudos moleculares indicam que tais seções são na verdade polifiléticas (Forster 2007). ...
Article
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Resumo Octomeria (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) consiste de cerca de 150 espécies neotropicais, das quais aproximadamente 95 ocorrem no Brasil. Através de consultas a herbários nacionais e estrangeiros, além da realização de trabalho de campo, 21 táxons foram encontrados no Paraná. Octomeria lilliputana revelou-se endêmica para o estado e Octomeria leptophylla uma nova ocorrência. O gênero ocorre em todas as fisionomias vegetais do Paraná, principalmente na Planície Litorânea e Primeiro Planalto. Segundo os critérios da IUCN, cinco espécies se enquadram na categoria “CR”, nove na categoria “EN”, duas nas categorias “NT”, “LC” e “DD”, e uma delas, Octomeria concolor, presumidamente extinta (“EW”) no Paraná. Dois novos sinônimos são propostos: Octomeria hatschbachii, sinônimo de Octomeria chamaeleptotes, e Octomeria caetensis, sinônimo de Octomeria palmyrabellae. Lectótipos são selecionados para Octomeria chamaeleptotes e Octomeria hatschbachii. São apresentados uma chave de identificação das espécies, descrições, ilustrações, discussões taxonômicas, lista de material examinado, dados sobre distribuição geográfica e estado de conservação dos táxons.
... (POWO 2019). This genus was described by R. Brown (1813) as plants with fasciculate inflorescence and eight pollinia (Luer 1986;Pridgeon et al. 2009). ...
... All specimens selected for this study were collected fresh during fieldwork in the Brazilian states of São Table 1. List of taxa, their sections and subsection according to Luer (1986), and vouchers used in the different analyses presented in this study: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Light Microscopy (LM), Histochemical Tests (HT). ...
Article
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Octomeria is a well‐represented basal genus in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae, the main myophile group of the Orchidaceae. The systematics of the genus is based in leaf shape and degree of connation of sepals. In this study, we analyse comparatively the flower micromorphology of 15 species through light microscopy, histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy, including most of the infrageneric groups proposed for the genus. The epidermal structures of sepals and petals are very similar, with oblong or isodiametric cells, stomata and trichome‐like structures adaxially. The lip presents a uniseriate epidermis with ovate to irregular cells and mesophyll with homogeneous parenchyma and idioblasts with raphides. Calluses and grooves in the lip were shown to be secretory regions. Histochemical tests in fresh flowers were positive for starch in the sepals, petals and lip and positive for osmophores in the lip. Three types of waxes were observed; one of them is described for the first time. Our study shows that despite similarities in the perianth, floral micromorphology indicated differences in the lip and column surfaces. Thus, this approach can be an important source of phylogenetic information for the genus.
... Ponerinae, Pleurothallidinae, and Laeliinae . The subtribe Pleurothallidinae includes 29 genera and about 4,100 species (Luer 1986, Barros 1990). It has a neotropical distribution, occurring from southern Florida and Mexico to Argentina, with the highest species richness in the forests of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil (Pridgeon 1982). ...
... One of the largest and most complex genera of the Pleurothallidinae is Pleurothallis R.Br., which has more than 2,000 epithets (Luer 1986). Studies based on molecular data have transferred some of the species of the genus Pleurothallis to other genera such as Acianthera, Anthereon, Phloephila, Specklinia, Stelis, and Anathallis (Pridgeon and Chase 2001). ...
... The types of morphologically similar species deposited at AMES, MO and SEL were consulted using virtual resources. Available descriptions of related species (Luer 1979, 1986, 1996, 2005, Pupulin et al. 2021, as well as highquality photographs, were reviewed and compared with the new species. ...
Article
A new species of Pleurothallis belonging to subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae was discovered in the Carpish Montane Forest Regional Conservation Area, Huánuco, Peru. Pleurothallis carpishensis is described, illustrated, and compared to P. radula, from which it is differentiated by the flowers borne from a depressed spathaceous bract resting on a navicular concavity on the leaf, the oblong-lanceolate, apiculate petals, with large papillae on the margins, the triangular, subacute lip, with a basal, widely ovate and emarginate, papillose-verrucose callus, with two oblique, lateral and marginal keels.
... entire, acute), with and sub-circular callus (vs. with an oblate callus) ( Figure 4) (Luer 1975(Luer , 1998. ...
Article
A new orchid species in Pleurothallis subsection Acroniae, is described and illustrated from Ecuador. Information concerning its distribution, habitat and phenology is provided. The new taxon is named as P. inaudita and is compared with the most similar species, P. imitor, from which it differs by its amber flowers suffused with red-purple (vs. yellow), lanceolate dorsal sepal (vs. ovate), ensiform petals (vs. oblong-subfalcate), and an ovate-triangular lip with an oblate callus (vs. triangular-sagittate with an oblong callus). Furthermore, P. inaudita is compared with P. tryssa and other morphologically similar species, member of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae, P. crucifera.
... The genus Pleurothallis Brown (1813: 211) is the fourth largest genus in the Pleurothallidinae, after Lepanthes Swartz (1799a: 85), Stelis Swartz (1799b: 239) and Masdevallia Ruiz & Pavón (1794: 122) (Karremans 2016). The species currently attributed to Pleurothallis are distributed from sea level to more than 3000 m in elevation (Pridgeon 2005), from Central America and the Caribbean Islands to South America (Luer 1986). Pridgeon (2005) indicated that members of Pleurothallis are recognized for the mostly epiphytic, caespitose to repent plants, the stems are erect to rarely pendent, sometimes laterally or apically compressed, enclosed by tubular sheaths, with or without a conspicuous annulus, the leaves are coriaceous, linear to ovate (rarely semi-terete). ...
Article
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Five new species of Pleurothallis subsect. Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae from Ecuador are described and illustrated: P. kashi-menkakarai, P. lapoi, P. marioandresavilae, P. sabanillae and P. tinajillensis. The taxonomic similarities of the new entities are discussed and information about their distribution, habitat, and conservation status is provided. Additionally, the first known and confirmed locality for Pleurothallis saueri is provided, a previously described species without collection data, as well as a lectotype is designated for this name.
... The vegetative and floral differences between Epibator and Zootrophion would indicate that the two taxa evolved along independent ways (Luer, 1986). ...
Article
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A new species of Epibator Luer (Orchidaceae) is described from the Bota Caucana, Department of Cauca, Colombia.
... Acroniae ser. Amphigyae Luer (1998: 5) are distinguished by its caespitose habit with well-developed ramicauls that are usually longer than the leaf and carries a terminal inflorescence of a single long-pedunculated flower; the flowers could be distinguished by completely connate lateral sepals that form a synsepal similar to the dorsal sepal; the petals are prominent, membranous, and mostly broad, frequently descending and sigmoid in outline, and often ciliate, denticulate, fringed, or pubescent; the lip is generally triangular to trilobed, lateral lobes more or less curved or erect and not prolonged, its base is variously deflected below lateral lobes and articulated at base of foot of column; the semiterete column, usually short, bears an apical anther and a stigma that is transverse or bilobed, and the ovoid pollinia have a tiny viscidium (Luer 1986(Luer , 1998. ...
Article
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A new species of Pleurothallis from the Western Andes of Colombia is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to subsection Acroniae of the series Amphigyae, morphologically resembles Pleurothallis amphigya, but differs mainly by the ovate-lanceolate lip, with two divergent, elongate keels, located at the base up to about the middle of the lip (vs. triangular trilobed, the disc with a developed glenion at the base).
... For decades, Acianthera was considered under a broad circumscription of Pleurothallis R.Br. (Brown 1813, Luer 1986. However, phylogenetic studies revealed Acianthera as a distinct and well supported monophyletic group (Karremans et al. 2016, Pérez-Escobar et al. 2017, Serna-Sánchez et al. 2021) and, therefore, a broad consensus to recognize the genus (Damián et al. 2018, Karremans et al. 2016, Zambrano-Romero & Solano 2019. ...
Article
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A new species of Acianthera from the relict cloud forests of Valle del Cauca, Colombia is described and illustrated. This new species, Acianthera hagsateri, morphologically resembles A. geminicaulina, A. decurrens, and A. erythrogramma, but differs from them by its shorter plants and stems, the elliptic and obtuse smaller leaves, the racemose, 1–3 flowered raceme, and the obovate, entire lip, with a pair of smooth calli reaching the apical half. Illustration, distribution map, eponymy, notes on ecology, pictures for this new species are included, and a comparison table with morphologically similar species.
... Previously, circumscriptions of Pleurothallidinae genera were based on morphological characters, and so was the inference of evolutionary relationships: Luer [5] classified them into informal groups or "affinities", relying on anther position and presence/absence of the annulus (a ring-like abscission zone on leaves). However, the first reclassification of Pleurothallidinae based on molecular evidence [6] highlighted several problems at generic and infrageneric levels (e.g. the polyphyletic "supergenus" Pleurothallis R.Br.), but some of the taxonomic changes that followed [7] were contested by Luer [8] due to the lack of morphological correlates, sampling problems, and the relatively low numbers of molecular markers used (i.e. ...
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We present the first comparative plastome study of Pleurothallidinae with analyses of structural and molecular characteristics and identification of the ten most-variable regions to be incorporated in future phylogenetic studies. We sequenced complete plastomes of eight species in the subtribe and compared phylogenetic results of these to parallel analyses of their nuclear ribosomal DNA operon (26S, 18S, and 5.8S plus associated spacers) and partial mitochondrial genome sequences (29–38 genes and partial introns). These plastomes have the typical quadripartite structure for which gene content is similar to those of other orchids, with variation only in the composition of the ndh genes. The independent loss of ndh genes had an impact on which genes border the inverted repeats and thus the size of the small single-copy region, leading to variation in overall plastome length. Analyses of 68 coding sequences indicated the same pattern of codon usage as in other orchids, and 13 protein-coding genes under positive selection were detected. Also, we identified 62 polymorphic microsatellite loci and ten highly variable regions, for which we designed primers. Phylogenomic analyses showed that the top ten mutational hotspots represent well the phylogenetic relationships found with whole plastome sequences. However, strongly supported incongruence was observed among plastid, nuclear ribosomal DNA operon, and mitochondrial DNA trees, indicating possible occurrence of incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgressive hybridization. Despite the incongruence, the mtDNA tree retrieved some clades found in other analyses. These results, together with performance in recent studies, support a future role for mitochondrial markers in Pleurothallidinae phylogenetics.
... Subsequently, Garay (1974) included new taxa from different Pleurothallidinae lineages in the genus (López, Solano & Pérez-Farrera 2007). Later, in his taxonomic study of Pleurothallis Luer (1986) considered Phloeophila as a section of subgenus Acianthera (Chiron et al. 2016;López et al. 2007). In 2006, Luer changed his opinion bringing back Phloeophila as a genus encompassing four species (Luer 2006). ...
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The orchid genus Phloeophila is distributed from southern Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia, as well as Cuba. A taxonomic revision including the three Phloeophila species present in Ecuador is presented. Morphological characteristics, an identification key, maps of known localities and illustrations of the species are also included. In Ecuador, species of Phloeophila are only known from the Amazonian rainforests, growing from 890 to 1600 meters of altitude. Phloeophila condorana is described as a new species based on specimens collected in the Ecuadorian province of Zamora-Chinchipe and compared to Phloeophila nummularia. Phloeophila nummularia is reported for the first time in Peru. A lectotype for Pleurothallis echinantha is selected.
... El género Myoxanthus se distribuye en los Neotrópicos, desde México hasta el sur de Brasil (Kolanowska & Szlachetko, 2014). Las especies del género Myoxanthus se distinguen por ser epífitas, raramente litófitas o terrestres, con presencia de racimos de rafidios coraloides en la epidermis foliar, inflorescencias unifloras que nacen cerca del ápice del ramicaule, vainas del ramicaule híspidas, flores carnosas, sépalos generalmente pubescentes, pétalos a menudo engrosados hacia el ápice y labelo articulado al pie de la columna, gynostemio dentado o apicalmente alado, capa de antera celularglandular, estigma ventral y dos polinias (Luer, 1986;1992;Pridgeon et al., 2001). ...
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... Muscosae Lindl. . Subsequent revisions of Pleurothallidinae resulted in publishing new combinations within Acianthera (Barros 2002(Barros , 2003Barros and Pinheiro 2002;Gonçalves and Waechter 2004;Luer 2004) and currently this genus comprises over 300 species distributed from Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay (Pridgeon 2005;Karremans et al. 2016) with the highest number of taxa reported from Brazil. Representatives of Acianthera grow as epiphytes or lithophytes in various humid forests at the altitudes of 250-2500 m (Pupulin et al. 2007). ...
... Con la descripción de Pleurothallis acinaciformis, el número de especies descritas en el complejo P. crocodiliceps aumenta a trece, aunque fi nalmente habrá muchas más, ya que el examen cuidadoso de plantas de diferentes áreas geográficas, desde México hasta Perú, revela invariablemente especies con una morfología única. Esto también lleva el número de especies colombianas en el subgénero Ancipitia (Luer 1986(Luer , 1989) a quince (Tabla 1), pero aquí nuevamente, quedan por describir múltiples especies nuevas y cada nueva área explorada saca a la luz novedades adicionales. Estos hechos sirven para enfatizar cuán absolutamente crítica es la preservación del hábitat del bosque nuboso andino en ...
... Most other species simply remained in a broadly defined Pleurothallis R.Br., not for being related to each other or sharing particular characteristics, but for the lack of the highly distinctive features of the segregated genera. Pleurothallis sensu lato had always been expected to be polyphyletic (Lindley 1859, Luer 1986, Neyland et al. 1995, Stenzel 2000. DNA based phylogenetic reconstructions essentially came to demonstrate how polyphyletic it actually was and to stress the necessity for a new circumscription of genus Pleurothallis, whose members were found to be diversely related to most of the other genera in Pleurothallidinae. ...
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Despite the availability of multiple sources of evidence and consistency in the support for a broadly circumscribed Stelis Sw. (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae), some authors continue to be hesitant in its use. It is certain that the more typical species of Stelis, with their triangular, flattish flowers with very short fleshy petals and lip, form a monophyletic group that is easily recognized. However, it is likewise undisputed that they are not an isolated lineage in the subtribe and that several groups of species with a similar vegetative habit but that lack the typical Stelis flower are in fact very close relatives, sharing a relatively recent common ancestor. Those species groups need to be classified in a way that also reflects their own evolutionary history, and alternatives to a broadly circumscribed Stelis are possible yet neither straightforward or practical at this time. An infrageneric classification for the whole group is provided here in an attempt to clarify which species actually belong where in this highly complex affinity. Emphasis is made on the difficulty of diagnosing the less typical members of each proposed subgenus or section, and on the importance of floral convergence and divergence as a result of pollinator adaptation. As here defined, Stelis is the largest genus in the Pleurothallidinae, with 1243 species. Key words: convergence; evolutionary history; floral morphology; generic circumscription; Pleurothallidinae; pollinator adaptation
... Masdevallia ruíz & pav. is probably one of the most recognizable members of the Pleurothallidinae. The genus comprises about 350 species distributed from southern Mexico to southern Brazil (Luer 1986), with the highest diversity in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The plants are caespitose and have fleshy, smooth leaves. ...
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The first report on pollination of two Neotropical orchid species, Masdevallia floribunda Lindl., M. tuerckheimii Ames and their hybrid by fruit flies is presented. Two presumably undescribed species of the genus Zygothrica, tentatively named as Zygothrica spec. 1 and spec. 2, were observed as pollinators. The distinct hypercephaly in the examined males, the transparent wing membrane lacking infuscations or markings in both sexes indicate that Zygothrica spec. 1 is a member of the caudata subgroup of the dispar species group. The exact affinities of Zygothrica spec. 2 are uncertain, but this species resembles Z. mesopoeyi Burla. Our observations evidenced that the Masdevallia flowers attract both males and females of Zygothrica, and that both can carry the pollinia. The Estación Experimental de Orquídeas de la Familia Archila, a seminatural plantation located in a cloud forest of Guatemala, is a place of intense pollination activity by Zygothrica adults on the flowers of the two Masdevallia species, which also leads to effective and frequent hybridization.
... y Porroglossum Schltr. (Luer, 1978(Luer, , 1986(Luer, , 1993Pridgeon et al., 2001;Calderón y Farfán, 2003;Pridgeon, 2005). Excluyendo a D. xenos Luer et Escobar, que parece ser un híbrido entre Dracula y Masdevallia, Dracula sería un grupo monofilético cuyas especies no presentan serios problemas para su delimitación (Pridgeon, 2005;Pridgeon et al., 2001), siendo muchas de ellas muy conocidas y apreciadas en cultivo. ...
... Foi elaborada uma chave dicotômica com caracteres visíveis das espécies de Acianthera. Os termos específicos que definem características morfológicas próprias da tribo Pleurothallidinae, utilizados na descrição do gênero, foram definidos utilizando referências como: Barros (1988), Dressler (1961), Luer (1986aLuer ( , 1986b, Pabst (1953) e Sampaio (1939aSampaio ( , 1939bSampaio ( ,1939c, entre outros. ...
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A new species of Pleurothallis from subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with Pleurothallis folsomii from Panama. Pleurothallis celsia is most similar to a group of species with small, yellow flowers but it can be recognized mainly by its lip, which is widely ovate, the surface and margin pilose and papillate, and the base of the glenion densely vesiculose. Resumen. Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Pleurothallis de la subsección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae. La especie nueva se compara con Pleurothallis folsomii de Panamá. Pleurothallis celsia es similar a un grupo de especies con flores pequeñas, amarillas, pero se puede reconocer principalmente por su labelo, que es ampliamente ovado, con la superficie y el margen pilosos y papilados, y la base del glenion densamente vesiculosa. Keywords / Palabras clave: Alto Anchicayá, Celsia, Orchidaceae, sistemática, systematics, taxonomía, taxonomy
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A new species of Stelis recorded in the middle lands of the Tilarán mountain range and the Volcanic Central mountain range of Costa Rica is described based on living material. Distribution map, line drawing and a Lankester Digital Composite Plate of the new species is provided. The new species Stelis luz-marinae belongs to the Stelis subgen. Unciferia and is related to the Stelis segoviensis group, a group of a dozen species distributed from Mexico to Ecuador, but with its highest diversity in Costa Rica and Panama. The new species is compared to its similar species, as Stelis psilantha, S. segoviensis and S. werckleana, but it can be distinguished by its short coflorescences generally as long as the leaf lenght, its rachis with short internodes, and its yellow-brownish flowers with the adaxial edges of the sepals covered by white or brownish trichomes.
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Two new species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae are described and illustrated. Both species were found in the central Andes of Colombia in the department of Tolima. The two species are compared and discussed with Pleurothallis applanata, Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae, Pleurothallis paquishae, and Pleurothallis scabrilinguis, which are the morphologically closest species. The two new species differ from their congeners mainly by lip morphology. Pleurothallis franciana is distinguished by having an oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculous lip with an obovate glenion, and Pleurothallis petroana is distinguished by the ovate-lanceolate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose lip, with a spathulate glenion.
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We present a checklist of species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae) from Peru, based on published reports supplemented by personal observations and the review of some herbarium specimens. Of the 81 species here reported from Peru, five are new records for the country and 44 are endemic. For each recorded species, we provide the accepted name, publication data, type, synonymy, and distribution in Peru by department and extralimital distributions by country. A map showing the numerical distribution of species by department and photographs of the five newly recorded and one recently described species are also provided. One lectotype is designated. Online version available at: https://rdcu.be/c32LY
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A species new to science of a miniature orchid, endemic to the humid Pacific lowland, Municipality of Buenaventura (Valle del Cauca, Colombia), is described and illustrated. Ophidion erectilabrum sp. nov. is morphologically similar to O. alphonsianum, but the new species is recognized by the orbicular leaves (vs. elliptic), the erect inflorescence, longer than the leaves (vs. descending, shorter than the leaves), and the abruptly upward curved epichile (vs. flat). Because of the different proposals in the circumscription of Phloeophila s.l., we performed a new phylogenetic analysis to assess the most appropriate genus to place the new species, and discuss the phylogenetic position of Luerella, Ophidion, and Phloeophila based on all currently available data from nrITS and matK and recent studies using high-throughput sequencing. Although the three genera are supported as monophyletic groups, we recovered unresolved relationships and discordant topologies among them using only these two molecular markers. Therefore, we describe this species in Ophidion because of the morphological differences between Luerella and Phloeophila and because the grouping of Phloeophila s.l. lacks diagnostic features, and is yet to be supported by molecular analysis.
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A new species Acianthera (Acianthera ortizii Uribe-Velez, Sauleda & Szlachetko) (Orchidaceae) is described from La Bota Caucana, department of Cauca, Colombia.
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Masdevallia Ruiz. & Pav. in the broad concept comprises about 350 species distributed from southern Mexico to southern Brazil with the highest diversity in the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Until now, only six species have been found in Guatemala. While studying the diversity of the orchid flora in this megadiverse country, we came across plants that in terms of morphological characteristics, were intermediate between M. floribunda Lindl. and M. tuerckheimii Ames. All three taxa are pollinated by two so far undescribed species of Zygothrica fruit flies. In the presented work, we describe the new entity as a new natural hybrid. This is the first record of the hybridization within the genus Masdevallia from Guatemala.
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A new species of Octomeria from southern Ecuador was found during an investigation on the orchids of the Cordillera del Cóndor. Octomeria candidae is described and illustrated; likewise, information on its distribution, habitat and conservation status is provided. The new proposed taxon is morphologically similar to O. estrellensis, from which it differs by its creeping habit, the narrowly ovate, long-acuminate sepals and petals, and the yellow lip with an acute apex. Key Words: Mining activities, New orchid species, Octomeria estrellensis, Orchid conservation, Zamora Chinchipe
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A new and spectacular species of Lepanthes from northwest Ecuador is presented here. Lepanthes tulcanensis belongs to the Marsipanthes subgenus and is similar to L. niesseniae in the same subgenus, with an inflorescence that does not reach the tip of the leaves, and flowers with shallower synsepal compared to the rest of the species in the subgenus. Nevertheless, the plants of L. tulcanensis are, by far, the largest among the species of the subgenus and among the largest in the genus. rEsuMEn. Se presenta una nueva y espectacular especie de Lepanthes del noroeste de Ecuador. Lepanthes tulcanensis pertenece al subgénero Marsipanthes y es similar a L. niesseniae perteneciente al mismo subgénero, con inflorescencias que no llegan al borde de la hoja, así como un sinsépalo no tan profundo, comparados con el resto de especies del subgénero. Sin embargo, las plantas de L. tulcanensis son las más grandes del subgénero y una de las más grandes del género.
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The ten Costa Rican species of Myoxanthus are discussed, described and illustrated based mainly on native living material. A key for the species, notes on history, ecology, diagnostic features, taxonomy and distribution maps are included. Each species is illustrated with a line drawing and a Lankester composite dissection plate. Photographs of the morphological variation of flowers and lips are provided. The identity of M. exasperatus is clarified and recircumscribed to include M. speciosus. Myoxanthus parahybunensis is reconsidered, and a lectotype is selected.
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Andinia barbata is newly described based on cultivated material originally collected near Shaglli in Ecuador. It belongs to subgenus Aenigma and differs from all others in this group by the lanceolate lip, 2.5 times longer than wide, and unusually long and thick projections from the synsepal which gives a bearded appearance to the flowers. Phylogenetic placement under the genus is supported with reconstruction of a molecular phylogeny using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK regions and the genome size estimation (1C-value = 1.38 pg) is provided.
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Taxonomic delimitations are challenging because of the convergent and variable nature of phenotypic traits. This is evident in species-rich lineages, where the ancestral and derived states and their gains and losses are difficult to assess. Phylogenetic comparative methods help to evaluate the convergent evolution of a given morphological character, thus enabling the discovery of traits useful for classifications. In this study, we investigate the evolution of selected traits to test for their suitability for generic delimitations in the clade Lepanthes, one of the Neotropical species-richest groups. We evaluated every generic name proposed in the Lepanthes clade producing densely sampled phylogenies with Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Using Ancestral State Reconstructions, we then assessed 18 phenotypic characters that have been traditionally employed to diagnose genera. We propose the recognition of 14 genera based on solid morphological delimitations. Among the characters assessed, we identified 16 plesiomorphies, 12 homoplastic characters, and seven synapomorphies, the latter of which are reproductive features mostly related to the pollination by pseudocopulation and possibly correlated with rapid diversifications in Lepanthes. Furthermore, the ancestral states of some reproductive characters suggest that these traits are associated with pollination mechanisms alike promoting homoplasy. Our methodological approach enables the discovery of useful traits for generic delimitations in the Lepanthes clade and offers various other testable hypotheses on trait evolution for future research on Pleurothallidinae orchids because the phenotypic variation of some characters evaluated here also occurs in other diverse genera.
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Epiphytes are an important component of the diversity of tropical forests, and they also have several ecological functions. Vegetation heterogeneity is one of the features responsible for the high biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest, especially in the domain’s seasonal semideciduous forest (SSF). This biodiversity presents as high endemism and species richness. Owing to the seasonal nature of SSF, organisms that require high humidity (e.g. epiphytes) would be expected to show low species richness in these forests. The aims of this study were to conduct a survey of the vascular epiphytes in remnants of montane SSF in the Serra do Ibitipoca, Brazil, and to evaluate the importance of habitat heterogeneity for the richness and composition of species in these areas. We also evaluated whether the intrinsic characteristics of the SSF phytophysiognomy and fragmentation could result in low species richness and a high number of accidental epiphyte species. The study was conducted in the course of 18 expeditions undertaken between September 2013 and December 2016, covering five fragments of montane SSF (totalling 23.6 ha). We recorded 96 species (only one of which is an accidental epiphyte), distributed across 41 genera and 10 families. This is the highest epiphytic species richness recorded in Brazilian SSF to date. The results refuted the initial hypothesis and reinforce the importance to the epiphytic community of conservation of fragments with different structures.
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