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Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe

December 2011
Bothalia - African Biodiversity and Conservation 41(1)

DOI:10.4102/abc.v41i1.34

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Tariq Stévart

Missouri Botanical Garden

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A catalogue of the flowering plants of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea) is presented. Flowering plant diversity figures are updated to: 135 families (20 introduced), 624 genera (172 introduced), 1 104 species (301 introduced) plus 15 additional infraspecific taxa. At present 119 taxa (107 species and 12 infraspecific taxa) are known to be endemic to the two islands. The catalogue includes accepted names, synonyms used in recent literature, common names, voucher specimens and information on habit and habitat and on plant uses, particularly medicinally.

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Bothalia 41,1: 41–82 (2011)

INTRODUCTION

The islands São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) are part

of an archipelago of four islands situated in the Gulf

of Guinea. These islands resulted from volcanic activ-

ity along a NE-SW line of fractures that extends from

Mounts Kupe and Manenguba in Cameroun, stretching

southward towards St Helena. S.Tomé and Príncipe form

a political entity, whereas the two other islands, Bioko

and Annobon, are part of Equatorial Guinea. Bioko

lies on the continental shelf, and is separated from the

mainland by a stretch of water that is less than 100 m

deep, but the other three islands apparently have an oce-

anic origin and are generally thought to have never been

linked to the continent (e.g. Exell 1944, 1956). Bioko’s

ﬂ ora is similar to that of the neighbouring continent; it

has a higher diversity of Angiosperms than those of the

other three islands, but lower levels of endemism. Anno-

bon is the furthest away from the mainland. Its ﬂ ora has

characteristics of that of an oceanic island (Exell 1973).

The ﬁ rst studies of the ﬂ ora of S.Tomé and Príncipe

were undertaken at the University of Coimbra, Portu-

gal, by J. Henriques (1838–1928), who based his work

on the collections made during the 19th century by A.

Moller (1842–1920) and F. Quintas (birth and death

dates unknown, collected in 1885–1893). In 1932, A.

Exell (1901–1993) visited the four islands in the Gulf

of Guinea as part of a four-month expedition, collect-

ing extensively. Resulting from this collecting trip, he

eventually published the Catalogue of the vascular

plants of S.Tomé (Exell 1944), in which 17 new spe-

cies were described and several new records noted. In

the ensuing years, Exell published papers (e.g. Exell

& Rozeira 1958) and a supplement to the catalogue

(Exell 1956), and ﬁ nally produced a preliminary check-

list, Angiosperms of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea

(Exell 1973). Other relevant botanists who collected on

these islands were A. Chevalier (1873–1956) in 1905,

T. Monod (1902–2000) in 1956 and J. Espírito Santo

(1901–unknown) in the 1960s–70s.

After a period of 20 years, the interest in the ﬂ ora

of these islands was rekindled through the European-

funded ECOFAC project (www.ecofac.org), as well as

by research on medicinal plants. Extensive collecting

was done over the last 10 years by Santomean, Belgian

and Portuguese collectors. Several studies were pub-

lished on the ﬂ ora of the islands (see Figueiredo 1994a

for a comprehensive botanical bibliography), but the

only published plant diversity list remains Exell’s pre-

liminary checklist (1973) which was a simple list of

names without vouchers or further information.

Numerous new collections were made over the past

20 years, and it is now possible to improve Exell’s list

considerably. In this new catalogue we include com-

mon names, habit and habitat, medicinal uses and infor-

mation on the ornamental or food value of the taxa.

Recent trends to interlink plant diversity studies, such

as conducting comprehensive surveys of useful plants,

have resulted in a fresh appreciation for the consider-

able value of herbaria as untapped data sources. There

has also been a resurgence in an appreciation for com-

mon names as an important source of information for

plant uses. The reliability of such information increases

exponentially if the names can be linked to specimens,

given that such vouchered anecdotes can be veriﬁ ed by

future researchers. In addition, common names represent

an important, but sadly vanishing, component of the cul-

ture of a country and its peoples. In this paper we create

the critically important link between voucher specimens,

scientiﬁ c names in current use, common names, and uses

of the plants.

Phytogeography

The island of S.Tomé in particular, has ﬂ oristic ele-

ments that are remarkable in the context of African phy-

Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe

E. FIGUEIREDO*, J. PAIVA**, T. STÉVART***, F. OLIVEIRA● and G.F. SMITH+

Keywords: diversity, ﬂ owering plants, São Tomé and Príncipe

ABSTRACT

A catalogue of the ﬂ owering plants of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea) is presented. Flowering plant

diversity ﬁ gures are updated to: 135 families (20 introduced), 624 genera (172 introduced), 1 104 species (301 introduced)

plus 15 additional infraspeciﬁ c taxa. At present 119 taxa (107 species and 12 infraspeciﬁ c taxa) are known to be endemic to

the two islands. The catalogue includes accepted names, synonyms used in recent literature, common names, voucher speci-

mens and information on habit and habitat and on plant uses, particularly medicinally.

* Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O.

Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 / Centre for Functional Ecology, De-

partment of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra,

Portugal.

** Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Uni-

versity of Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal.

*** Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department,

P.O. Box 299, 63166–0299, St Louis, Missouri, USA / Herbarium et

Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles -

ULB, 50 Av. F. Roosevelt, CP 169, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; National

Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, Nieuwelaan 38,

B-1860 Meise, Belgium.

● Herbário Nacional de São Tomé, Jardin Botânico de Bom Sucesso,

São Tomé e Príncipe.

+ Research and Scientiﬁ c Services, South African National Biodiver-

sity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001 / Acocks Chair, Sch-

weickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,

Pretoria 0002.

MS. received: 2010-03-17.

42 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

togeography. In this regard, disjunctions of afromontane

taxa are particularly striking. For example, Melchiora

mannii (Oliv.) Kobuski, which is endemic to S.Tomé,

is closely related to a species occurring in the eastern

parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and

on the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains. More than

2 000 km separate these two species. Afrocarpus man-

nii (Hook.f.) C.N.Page, an endemic of the summit of

S.Tomé, is another well-known example of a wide dis-

junction. Its nearest relative, Afrocarpus usambarensis

(Pilg) C.N.Page, occurs in eastern Africa. The same type

of disjunction is also found in some lowland forest taxa,

such as Lasiodiscus mildbraedii Engl. This species is

distributed in the eastern DRC and, at much lower alti-

tudes, in S.Tomé, in remnants of the lowland forest. A

single specimen was also collected in Cameroun.

Narrow afromontane palaeoendemics are probably

remnants of species which were much more widespread

during cooler climatic periods, becoming restricted to

mountains during warmer periods. When the climate

became colder allowing afromontane taxa to extend

to lower altitude, several lowland species became con-

ﬁ ned to refuges that retained suitable environmental

conditions. They may have survived on the island where

adverse conditions were ameliorated by the effect of a

milder oceanic climate. Exell (1944) suggested that

S.Tomé might be of a different ‘botanical age’ in rela-

tion to the other islands in the archipelago, as well as

Mount Cameroun, which would explain the conﬁ nement

of several taxa to that island and their absence from the

other mountains on the mainland. He hypothesized that

although these mountains might be of the same geo-

logical age, S.Tomé might have been the ﬁ rst to become

available for colonization and it would contain elements

(palaeoendemics) of an older ﬂ ora which was already

conﬁ ned to refuges when the other local mountains

became available for colonization.

Vegetation

When the islands of S.Tomé and Príncipe were dis-

covered by Portuguese sailors in 1471–1472, they were

uninhabited and totally covered with dense tropical rain-

forest. The occupation of the islands took place in 1486

and with it the establishment of farms (roças), initially

for the production of sugar cane, later for cocoa and cof-

fee. These had, and still have, a profound impact on the

vegetation of the islands. Deforestation was particularly

high during the 19th century, when the lowland forests,

up to an altitude of ± 1 500 m were almost completely

replaced with plantations, with a few original trees kept

for shade. When, at the end of the 16th century, sugar

cane production was stopped, there was a regeneration

of part of the vegetation, giving rise to large patches

of secondary vegetation. Several classiﬁ cations exist

for the vegetation of the island of S.Tomé, but the

most commonly used one is that of Monod (1960) who

divided the island into four regions based on character-

istic species. The littoral region includes dunes [with

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. subsp. brasiliensis (L.)

Ooststr., Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC., Cynodon dactylon

(L.) Pers. and Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth] and

mangroves (with Rhizophora harrisonii Leechm., Acro-

stichum aureum L. and Pandanus thomensis Henriq.).

The next region, extending to an altitude of 800 m

includes the lowland rainforest that was mostly replaced

with cocoa plantations. In the north of the island where

rainfall is much lower, there are anthropogenic savannas

characterized by grasses and legumes. At an altitude of

800–1 400 m, the mountain rainforest is dominated by

Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae and many epiphytes, par-

ticularly orchids. Among the numerous endemics char-

acteristic of this area, are several trees such as Trichilia

grandifolia Oliv., Craterispermum montanum Hiern,

Tabernaemontana stenosiphon Stapf, Erythrococca

molleri (Pax) Prain and Discoclaoxylon occidentale

(Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm., and the lianas Mussaenda

tenuiﬂ ora Benth. var. thomensis G.Taylor, Sabicea exel-

lii G.Taylor and Ecpoma cauliﬂ ora (Hiern) N.Hallé. The

undergrowth is home to species of Begonia L. and Pep-

eromia Ruíz & Pav., and the very common Psychotria

subobliqua Hiern and Calvoa crassinoda Hook.f.

Above 1 400 m and up to the summit of the island

(2 024 m), a mist forest is encountered with the endemic

trees Afrocarpus mannii, Melchiora mannii, Psychotria

guerkeana K.Schum., P. nubicola G.Taylor, and Peddiea

thomensis Exell occurring. Under the canopy species

of Begonia and Tristemma Juss., Anthocleista scandens

Hook.f., Pilea manniana Wedd. and P. rivularis Wedd.

are found in numbers. The presence of Erica thomen-

sis (Henriq.) Dorr & E.G.H.Oliv. and Lobelia barnsii

Exell at a higher altitude indicates a tendency towards

a mountain grassland. The area of Lagoa Amélia (at ±

1 430 m) has been well collected and its plant diversity

is well known. For example, this small area of ± 4 km²

has 55 taxa of pteridophytes. The Lagoa (= lake) is the

crater of an ancient volcano. It is now a bog surrounded

by tree ferns (Alsophila manniana (Hook.) R.M.Tryon)

and giant begonias (Begonia crateris Exell). The bog

itself is populated by ferns such as Nephrolepis cordifo-

lia (L.) C.Presl var. pumicicola (F.Ballard) Hovenkamp

& Miyam. (typical of lava-derived soils), Lycopodiella

cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm. and Lepisorus excavatus (Bory

ex Willd.) Ching.

The vegetation of Príncipe is similar to that of

S.Tomé, with a predominance of representatives of the

families Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Orchidaceae,

and a scarcity of Fabaceae taxa. Mangroves also occur

there, but savannas are absent. Being an island of much

lower altitude (948 m), the forest resembles the low alti-

tude forest in S.Tomé, but the ridges at low altitude tend

to show some characteristics of formations that are only

found at much higher altitude in S.Tomé. Submontane

forest is only recorded on the summit of the island, the

Pico do Príncipe.

Diversity

The ﬂ ora of S.Tomé and Príncipe has a high diversity

and endemism. This issue has been previously covered

in the literature (e.g. Figueiredo 1994b). The present

work updates the ﬁ gures of ﬂ owering plant diversity

to: 135 families (29 introduced), 624 genera (172 intro-

duced), 1 104 species (301 introduced) plus 15 addi-

tional infraspeciﬁ c taxa. At present, 119 taxa (107 spe-

cies and 12 infraspeciﬁ c taxa) are known to be endemic

to the two islands.

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 43

ACANTHACEAE

(Daniel & Figueiredo 2009)

ACANTHUS L.

montanus (Nees) T.Anderson (Castanheiro -de-S.Tomé, Cumbo-

-muala-ve, Cundú-de-muala-vé)

H: perennial herb with spiny leaves and white flowers, on roadsi-

des and plantations. M: 27; 171. D: STP. V: Daniel 11183 (CAS,

STPH); Matos 7522 (BRLU, LISC).

ASYSTASIA Blume

gangetica (L.) T.Anderson (Fiá-mamblêblê, Fiá-qui-sobô, Fiá-qui-

-sobô-homem, Homé, Mualá)

H: per ennial herb with white flowers dotted purple, on roadsides, cul-

tivated areas, plantations, ruderal. M: 40; 65; 79; 88; 124; 142. D:

STP. V: Figueiredo 207 (LISC); Matos 7734 (LISC).

BRACHYSTEPHANUS Nees

Eoccidentalis Lindau

H: herb or shrub with white flowers, in montane forest, secondary for-

est and margins of watercourses. D: ST. V: Paiva 208 (COI).

BRILLANTAISIA P.Beauv.

lamium (Nees) Benth. (Fia-de-mina-grande, Fia-fôgô)

H: perennial herb with blue flowers, in forest, secondary forest and

plantations, ruderal. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 31 (LISC); Matos 7737

(LISC).

owariensis P.Beauv. (Mamblembê)

H: herb with blue flowers in secondary forest and on roadsides. D: ST.

V: Figueiredo 213 (LISC).

vogeliana (Nees) Benth.

H: herb with white or blue flowers, in rainforest and secondary forest.

D: ST. V: Figueiredo 32 (K, LISC).

DICLIPTERA Juss.

verticillata (Forssk.) C.Chr.

H: herb with blue, purple flowers, in secondary forest, on roadsides. D:

STP. V: Matos 7515 (BRLU, LISC, STPH).

ELYTRARIA Michx.

marginata Vahl (Focha-anzolo, Santage-basso-café)

H: herb with white or lilac flowers, in secondary forest, cultivated

areas and river margins. M: 16; 51; 59; 96; 173. D: STP. V: Oli-

veira 530 (BRLU, STPH), 1351 (BRLU).

HETERADELPHIA Lindau

Epaulowilhelmia Lindau

H: perennial herb or shrub with purple flowers, in rainforest. D: ST. V:

Matos 7302 (BRLU, LISC).

HYPOESTES Sol. ex R.Br.

sp.

D: ST. N: Hypoestes sp. was recorded by Exell (1944) based on the

collection Don s.n. (BM) and said to be possibly a new species.

JUSTICIA L.

tenella (Nees) T.Anderson

H: herb with pink flowers or white with purple patch on lower lip

(Exell 1944), in secondary forest. D: STP. V: Matos 7393 (BRLU,

LISC, STPH); Oliveira 135/98 (STPH).

Ethomensis Lindau

H: herb. D: ST. N: rare or even extinct plant only known from the type

collection [Souza s.n. (COI)].

NELSONIA R.Br.

smithii Oerst.

H: herb with creeping stem sending up flowering shoots, flowers white

tinged with pink or crimson (Exell 1944), in secondary forest. D:

STP. V: Oliveira 504 (BRLU, LISC), 594 (BRLU, STPH).

There is only one native gymnosperm in STP, Afro-

carpus mannii (Hook.) C.N.Page, a species endemic to

S.Tomé which is widely planted as an ornamental tree.

However, it is rare in the wild where it occurs only at

high altitudes. The predominant families in the ﬂ ora of

STP are the Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae.

Together they account for more than half the number

of endemic taxa. Polystachya Hook. (Orchidaceae) and

Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) have the highest levels of

endemism. In the remaining families, the endemism of

taxa of the genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) is notewor-

thy, particularly that of the gigantic species B. baccata

Hook.f. and B. crateris, which can reach a height of 4

m. Endemic species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae)

and Calvoa Hook.f. (Melastomataceae) are also note-

worthy for the ornamental value of their ﬂ owers. The

pteridophytes are particularly diverse and plentiful in the

ﬂ ora of S.Tomé and Príncipe, with 157 species and 13

endemics. This group has been recently revised (Figuei-

redo 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002a; Figueiredo & Gascoigne

2001).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The collections cited in this catalogue are those of

the authors and other recent collectors such as J. Lejoly,

S.P. Carvalho, G. Joffroy and G.C. Matos. Only recent

collections (from 1990 or later) are cited. Most of the

recent collections from the islands are deposited at COI

(Paiva, Madureira & Martins), LISC (Carvalho, Figue-

iredo, Matos) and BRLU (Joffroy, Lejoly, Stévart). The

national herbarium in S.Tomé (STPH) has duplicates or

the ﬁ rst set of many of the recent collections. Herbar-

ium abbreviations follow Thiers (continuously updated:

http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/).

The nomenclature follows Klopper et al. (2006)

and AFPD (2009). The synonyms cited in the list were

accepted by Exell (1973) or in recent literature.

Common names were mostly obtained from the lit-

erature (Rozeira 1958; Silva 1959; Santo 1969; Roseira

1984; Figueiredo 2002b). Medicinal uses were com-

piled from the literature (Sequeira 1994; Martins 2001;

Madureira 2006; Madureira et al. 2007) and herbarium

specimens.

LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Accepted names are in bold, synonyms in italics. Common names appear in brackets after the taxon and author’s

name(s). Abbreviations/symbols used in the list are: *, introduced; ?, recorded in literature but specimens not known,

or doubts about their origin; §, record requiring conﬁ rmation; D, distribution in S.Tomé and Príncipe (STP); E,

edible; E, endemic; H, habit and habitat; M, medicinal (see Appendix); N, notes; O, ornamental; P, Príncipe; ST,

S.Tomé; V, voucher(s).

44 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

PHAULOPSIS Willd.

micrantha (Benth.) C.B.Clarke (Fia-glavana)

H: herb with white flowers. M: 84; 96; 150. D: ST. V: Oliveira 264

(STPH).

RHINACANTHUS Nees

virens (Nees) Milne-Redh.

H: herb with white flowers in secondary forest. D: P. V: Oliveira

133/98 (BRLU, LISC, STPH).

*RUELLIA L.

*brevifolia (Pohl) Ezcurra (Mato-baná, Pega-pega)

H: herb or undershrub with red flowers, in secondary forest. D: ST. V:

Figueiredo 30 (LISC).

STENANDRIOPSIS S.Moore

thomensis (Milne-Redh.) Heine

H: herb with pink or blue flowers, in forest. D: STP. V: Lejoly 95/97

(BRLU, LIC, STPH); Oliveira 547 (BRLU, STPH).

*AGAVACEAE

*AGAVE L.

*sisalana Perrine (sisal)

H: succulent shrub. D: ST. V: Paiva 128 (COI).

?*FURCRAEA Vent.

?*foetida (L.) Haw.

N: recorded by Exell (1944) based on the literature; no specimens

known.

AIZOACEAE

SESUVIUM L.

portulacastrum (L.) L.

H: perennial herb occurring in coastal areas. E: leaves. D: ST.

ALANGIACEAE

ALANGIUM Lam.

chinense (Lour.) Harms

H: tree up to 22 m high, with white to yellowish flowers, in secondary

forest. D: ST.

?ALLIACEAE

?ALLIUM L.

?*cepa L. (Cebola)

N: cultivated for the bulbs, recorded by Exell (1973) based on Silva

(1958) without specimen citation.

?*sativum L. (Alho)

N: cultivated for the bulbs, recorded by Exell (1973) based on Silva

(1958) without specimen citation.

AMARANTHACEAE

*ACHYRANTHES L.

*aspera L. (Fia-ponto, Folha-galo, Folha-ponto, Mato-bana, Papué)

H: herb in plantations. M: 14; 41; 67; 60; 89; 90; 168. D: ST. V: Madu-

reira & Martins 86 (COI).

ALTERNANTHERA Forssk.

littoralis P.Beauv. var. maritima (Mart.) Pedersen

maritima (Mart.) A.St.-Hil.

H: succulent prostrate herb, in dunes. D: STP. V: Paiva 266 (COI).

*pungens Kunth (Piancablá)

H: prostrate herb, on roadsides and cultivated ground. D: STP. V:

Paiva 1051 (COI).

*sessilis (L.) DC. (Quá-quá-clôsso)

H: herb, in plantations and on roadsides, ruderal. M: 48; 54; 96; 124.

D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 295 (COI); Paiva 159 (COI).

AMARANTHUS L.

*caudatus L. (Jimboa)

H: herb, in plantations. E: leaves, seeds. D: ST. V: Oliveira 201

(BRLU).

*dubius Mart. ex Thell.

H: herb, ruderal. E: leaves. D: ST. V: Paiva 263 (COI).

graecizans L. (Chimboa, Gimboa)

H: herb, on roadsides. E: leaves. D: ST. V: Paiva 394 (COI).

*hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell. (Gimboa)

H: herb, in cultivated fields. E: leaves, seeds. D: ST. V: Paiva 1040

(COI).

*spinosus L. (Gimboa, Jimboa-brava)

H: herb. E: leaves. M: 173. D: STP.

*viridis L. (Belo-viême, Gimboa-doida)

H: herb, on roadsides. E: leaves. M: 124; 173. D: ST. V: Madureira &

Martins 282 (COI).

BLUTAPARON Raf.

vermiculare (L.) Mears var. vermiculare

H: perennial herb, in coastal areas. D: ST. V: Matos 7271 (LISC).

CELOSIA L.

*argentea L.

H: herb. E: leaves. O. D: ST.

leptostachya Benth.

H: annual herb, in plantations and on roadsides, ruderal. D: ST. V:

Paiva 160 (COI)

CYATHULA Blume

prostrata (L.) Blume var. pedicellata (C.B.Clarke) Cavaco (Fia-bana,

Mato-bana, Pegacalato)

H: small prostrate herb, ruderal. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 218 (LISC);

Paiva 450 (COI).

DEERINGIA R.Br.

sp.

D: P. N: Exell (1944, 1973) recorded Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.)

Merr. as an introduced plant in Príncipe (based on Barter 2009

(K)). He cited D. celosioides R.Br., nom. illegit, as a synonym. In

the AFPD (2009) database, D. celosioides is accepted as a species

endemic to Príncipe.

*GOMPHRENA L.

*globosa L.

H: annual herb. O. D: ST.

*IRESINE P.Browne

*herbstii Lindl.

H: herb with red leaves, ruderal. D: ST. V: Lejoly 93/601 (BRLU).

PUPALIA Juss.

lappacea (L.) A.Juss. (Pega-lato, Pega-rato)

H: herb, on roadsides and cultivated fields, ruderal. M: 67. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 275 (COI).

AMARYLLIDACEAE

CRINUM L.

jagus (J.Thomps.) Dandy (Cebola-cencê, Sabola-cencê)

H: bulbous plant with white flowers, in secondary forest and planta-

tions. M: 12; 33; 50; 66; 85; 186. D: ST. V: Paiva 458 (COI).

*HIPPEASTRUM Herb.

*puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze

H: bulbous plant with pink flowers. O. D: STP.

*HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.

*littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. (Flor-branca, Sabola-cencê)

H: bulbous plant with white flowers. M: 12; 66; 98; 114; 191. D: P. V:

Madureira & Martins 648 (COI).

ANACARDIACEAE

*ANACARDIUM L.

*occidentale L. (fruit: Cajú; tree: Cajueiro)

H: tree, cultivated and occurring on roadsides. E: fruits, seeds. M: 2;

22; 23; 26; 37; 60; 67; 114; 171. D: STP. V: Paiva 109 (COI).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 45

LANNEA A.Rich.

welwitschii (Hiern) Engl. (Mucumbli)

H: tree, on secondary forest (300–1 500 m). M: 22; 57; 87; 109; 124.

D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 217 (COI).

*MANGIFERA L.

*indica L. (fruit: Manga; tree: Mangueira)

H: large tree with small red or yellow flowers, cultivated and occurring

on roadsides. E: fruits. M: 14; 27; 37; 40; 57; 67; 98; 177. D: STP.

V: Madureira & Martins 459 (COI); Paiva 821 (COI).

PSEUDOSPONDIAS Engl.

microcarpa (A.Rich.) Engl. (Guegue, Safú-d’obô, Safú-dodo, Zenze,

Zenzem)

H: tree with yellowish white flowers (Exell 1944), in secondary forest

and on roadsides. M: 62; 124; 157. D: STP. V: Madureira & Mar-

tins 512 (COI); Paiva 1915 (COI).

SORINDEIA Thouars

grandifolia Engl. (Gogo, Safú-de-obô)

H: tree, in rainforest and secondary forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7683

(LISC).

juglandifolia (A.Rich.) Planch. ex Oliv.

H: tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/236 (BRLU).

*SPONDIAS L.

*cytherea Sonn. (fruit: Cajamanga; tree: Cajamangueira)

dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson

H: tree with small white flowers. E: fruits. D: STP. V: Paiva 799

(COI).

*mombin L. (Geg, Gig, Guégue, Guêguê)

lutea L.

H: small tree, in hedges. E: fruits. M: 14; 41; 54; 56; 75; 84; 122. D:

STP. V: Paiva 814 (COI).

ANISOPHYLLEACEAE

ANISOPHYLLEA R.Br. ex Sabine

Ecabole Henriq. (Cabolé)

H: tree 35–40 m high (Exell 1944). D: ST. N: an undetermined species

of Anisophyllea has also been reported from Príncipe. V: Matos

7237a (LISC).

ANNONACEAE

ANNONA L.

*cherimola L. (Crimola)

H: small tree. E: fruits. D: ST.

glabra L. (Nona, Nona-concha, Nopa, Nopa-concha)

H: tree. E: fruits. D: ST.

*muricata L. (Chabe-chabe, Chapo-chapo, Coração-da-índia,

Coração-de-preto, Coração-preto, Sape-sape, Sapo-sapo)

H: tree. E: fruits. M: 94; 98; 123. D: STP. V: Paiva 1042 (COI).

*reticulata L. (Fruta-conde)

H: tree with reddish flowers, cultivated and occurring in secondary for-

est. E: fruits. D: STP. V: Oliveira 225/98 (BRLU), 1435 (BRLU).

senegalensis Pers.

arenaria Thonn.

H: shrub or small tree. D: ST? N: recorded by Exell (1944, 1973) as A.

arenaria Thonn., based on Don s.n. (BM).

*squamosa L. (Fruta-pinha, Nona)

H: tree. E: fruits. M: 150. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 435 (COI).

?*ASIMINA Adans.

?*triloba (L.) Dunal

D: P? N: a doubtful record from the literature according to Exell

(1944, 1973); no specimens known.

*CANANGA (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson

*odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Ilangue-ilangue, Pompeia)

H: tree with strongly fragrant flowers. O. M: 138. D: ST. V: Figueiredo

123 (K).

MONODORA Dunal

brevipes Benth. (Iobo)

H: tree, in plantations. D: STP. V: Paiva 822 (COI).

myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (Ióbò, Iôbo, Jobó, Xipobó, Yobó)

H: tree, in plantations. M: 2; 20; 57; 98; 99; 146. D: STP. V: Madu-

reira & Martins 76 (COI), 455 (COI).

POLYALTHIA Blume

oliveri Engl. (Cabore-de-Bom-Sucesso, Inhé-preto, Pau-preto, Preto)

H: tall tree with white flowers, in rainforest. M: 20; 22. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 589 (COI); Oliveira 588 (BRLU).

UVARIA L.

ovata (DC.) A.DC. subsp. ovata

sp. sensu auctt. Santo (1970), Exell (1973).

H: shrub with yellow flowers forming thickets, in savanna. D: ST. V:

Espírito Santo 4357 (LISC).

XYLOPIA L.

aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. (Cabela, Inhé-bobô, Noé, Pimenta-do-

-Congo, Untué-do-bó)

H: tree ± 20 m high with fragrant white flowers (Exell 1944), in sec-

ondary forest. E: fruits. M: 22; 43; 62. D: STP. V: Joffroy 147

(BRLU); Paiva 1473 (COI).

quintasii Engl. & Diels

H: tree up to 35 m high, in rainforest. D: ST.

staudtii Engl. & Diels (Inhé-bobé, Inhé-branco, Inhé-ganso, Unué-

-bolina)

africana (Benth.) Oliv.

H: tree 9–30 m high, in plantations, secondary forest and on roadsides.

D: STP. V: Paiva 943 (COI), 1419 (COI).

APIACEAE

APIUM L

leptophyllum (Pers.) F.Muell. ex Benth.

H: annual herb. D: P.

CENTELLA L.

asiatica (L.) Urb. (Fiá-d’olhá, Folha-de-orelha, Folha-viola,

Olhadató, Ufiá-copo)

H: perennial herb with red flowers, creeping and sometimes climbing

(Exell 1944). M: 29; 44; 69; 155; 174. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 115

(K).

*ERYNGIUM L.

*foetidum L. (Celo-sum-zom-maiá, Cheiro-de-João-Maria, Coentro-

-de-S.Tomé, Jamaia, Lamaia, Selo-sum-João-Maiá, Selo-sum-

-zon-maia)

H: biennial herb. E: leaves. M: 2; 52; 61; 81; 94; 145; 150; 156. D:

STP. V: Paiva 634 (COI), 1149 (COI).

HYDROCOTYLE L.

bonariensis Lam. (Fiá-copo, Fiá-d’olhá, Homê-d’olhá)

H: perennial herb. M: 2; 44; 69; 155; 174. D: STP. V: Paiva 249 (COI),

1436 (COI).

mannii Hook.f.

H: prostrate herb trailing along the ground (Exell 1944). D: ST. V:

Matos 7428 (BRLU, LISC).

*PETROSELINUM Hill

*crispum (Mill.) A.W.Hill (Salsa)

H: biennial herb. E: leaves. D: ST.

APOCYNACEAE

*ASCLEPIAS L.

*curassavica L.

H: herb, in gardens and escaped. O. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 60 (K).

*CASCABELA Raf.

*thevetia (L.) Lippold

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum.

H: shrub, with yellow flowers, ruderal. D: ST. V: Paiva 1297 (COI).

*CATHARANTHUS G.Don

*roseus (L.) G.Don (Lábios-de-mulata, Vinca)

H: shrub or perennial herb, with white flowers with a red or pink cen-

tre (Exell 1944), ruderal. M: 118; 171. O. D: ST. V: Paiva 433

(COI).

FUNTUMIA Stapf

africana (Benth.) Stapf (Pau-cadeira, Pó-cadela, Pó-leite, Pó-visgo)

H: tree 45–60 m high (Exell 1944), with yellow-white flowers, in for-

est. M: 56; 115; 176. D: STP. V: Oliveira 88 (BRLU).

46 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

FUNTUMIA Stapf (cont.)

elastica (P.Preuss) Stapf (Funtumia)

H: tree, with yellow-white flowers, in forest. D: ST.

GONGRONEMA Decne.

latifolium Benth. (Otage)

H: climber with tuberous base. D: ST.

LANDOLPHIA P.Beauv.

landolphioides (Hallier f.) A.Chev.

dawei Stapf

H: liana with a trunk up to 0.4 m in diameter. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Oli-

veira 51/99 (BRLU).

MARSDENIA R.Br.

Eexellii C.Norman

H: liana with yellow flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/269

(BRLU).

*NERIUM L.

*oleander L.

H: shrub. O. D: ST. V: Oliveira 217 (BRLU).

ONCOSTEMMA K.Schum.

cuspidatum K.Schum.

D: ST. N: this monotypic genus has been reduced to synonymy of

Tylophora by Meve & Omlor (2000) and found to be a synonym

of T. oblonga N.E.Br. The new combination Tylophora cuspi-

data (K.Schum.) Meve & Omlor, said to take precedence over T.

oblonga, is illegitimate.

*PLUMERIA L.

*rubra L.

H: shrub or tree, very fragrant. O. D: ST.

RAUVOLFIA L.

caffra Sond. (Cata-cuéné, Cata-glandje, Cata-grande. Note: not to be

confused with Cata-pequena)

macrophylla Stapf

H: tree, with white flowers and blackish purple fruits, in forest. M: 2;

25; 44; 79; 99; 123; 127; 146; 155; 168; 175. D: ST. V: Madureira

& Martins 16 (COI).

vomitoria Afzel. (Cata, Cata-manginga, Cata-pequena, Cata-piquina,

Cata-ussubi)

dichotoma K.Schum.

H: shrub or small tree with white flowers and red fruits, in forest and

plantations. M: 60; 79; 99; 103; 123; 175; 184. D: STP. V: Figuei-

redo 256 (LISC).

TABERNAEMONTANA L.

*divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf

E. divaricata (L.) Burkill

H: shrub or small tree with white flowers, in gardens. D: STP. V: Paiva

290 (COI).

pachysiphon Stapf (Cata-glandje, Cata-grande)

H: shrub or small tree, with white or yellowish flowers, in forest. D:

ST. V: Oliveira 1430 (BRLU).

Estenosiphon Stapf (Cata, Cata-d’ôbo, Cata-piquina, Pau-lírio)

H: small tree with fragrant white flowers, in forest. M: 8; 77; 103. D:

STP. Oliveira 141/98 (LISC); Paiva 76 (COI).

VOACANGA Thouars

africana Stapf (Bule, Cata-contra, Cata-glandje, Cata-grande, Cata-

-quiô, Gata-grande, Guibule)

lemosii Philipson

H: small tree, with yellow or white flowers, in forest. M: 8; 103. D:

ST. V: Paiva 1194 (COI).

AQUIFOLIACEAE

ILEX L.

mitis (L.) Radlk.

H: tree, with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 985 (BRLU).

ARACEAE

*ALOCASIA (Schott) G.Don

*macrorrhiza (L.) G.Don (Côco-vêneno, Matabala-veneno)

H: perennial herb with a tuberous rootstock in secondary forest and

plantations. O. M: 5; 133; 174. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins

449 (COI).

*CALADIUM Vent.

*bicolor (Aiton) Vent. (Coco-floli, Côco-vêneno)

H: perennial herb with a tuberous rootstock, in secondary forest and

plantations. O. D: STP. V: Paiva 1200 (COI), 1427 (COI).

*COLOCASIA Schott

*esculenta (L.) Schott (Coco, Matabala, Micoco)

H: large herbaceous plant cultivated for the corm (taro). D: STP.

CULCASIA P.Beauv.

angolensis Welw. ex Schott (Pimenta-da-terra)

barombensis N.E.Br.

H: climber, in forest. D: ST.

scandens P.Beauv. (Homê-dum-ôsso, Homem-de-um-osso-só)

H: epiphyte, climbing herb, in forest. M: 22; 87; 96. D: ST. V: Madu-

reira & Martins 66 (COI).

*DIEFFENBACHIA Schott

*seguine (Jacq.) Schott

H: herb. O. D: ST. V: Oliveira 216 (BRLU).

*XANTHOSOMA Schott

*sagittifolium (L.) Schott (Coco, Matabala, Matabala-branca,

Matabala-gema-de-ovo, Matabala-vermelha, Micoco)

maffafa Schott

violaceum Schott

H: large herbaceous plant much cultivated for the corm (coco-yam).

M: 188. D: STP. V: Paiva 761 (COI), 1331 (COI).

ARALIACEAE

*HEDERA L.

*helix L. (Hera)

H: climber. O. D: ST. N: recorded by Exell (1944, 1973) bu t it is pos-

sible that it may be a different species of Hedera.

POLYSCIAS J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Equintasii Exell (Guêguê-fasso, Velá)

H: tree, in forest. D: STP. V: Oliveira 1253 (BRLU).

SCHEFFLERA J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

barteri (Seem.) Harms

H: liana, in secondary forest. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 48 (K).

mannii (Hook.f.) Harms

H: small shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7513 (LISC).

ARECACEAE

Note: the following palm trees have also been recorded in cultivation:

Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook, Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex

Drude) Becc., Caryota urens L.

BORASSUS L.

aethiopum Mart. (Palmeira-do-marfim, Palmeira-leque, Úlua)

H: tree up to 20 m high. D: ST.

*COCOS L.

*nucifera L. (Coco, Cóconjá, Côncônja, Coqueiro)

H: tree. E: fruit. D: STP.

ELAEIS Jacq.

guineensis Jacq. (Andim, Dendem, Déndém, Palmeira-andim,

Palmeira-dendim, Palmeira-do-dendem, Pema)

H: tree up to 30 m high. E: fruit (oil). D: STP.

*PHOENIX L.

*dactylifera L. (fruit: Tâmara; tree: Tamareira)

H: tree with trunk up to 20 m high. E: fruit. D: ST.

*ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

*ARISTOLOCHIA L.

*littoralis Parodi

H: climber, yellow flowers spotted with pink (Exell 1956). O. D: ST.

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 47

ASPHODELACEAE

*ALOE L.

*humilis (L.) Mill. (Áliba-blabosa, Erva-babosa)

H: scapose perennial herb. M: 39; 51; 54; 49; 60; 72; 77; 93; 123; 124.

D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 354 (COI).

ASPARAGACEAE

*ASPARAGUS L.

*officinalis L. (Espargo)

N: herb cultivated for the young shoots, recorded by Exell (1973)

based on Silva (1958) without specimen citation.

ASTERACEAE

*ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank

*hispidum DC. (Mosquito-dia)

H: annual herb with yellowish green flowers (Exell 1944). D: STP.

ACMELLA Rich. ex Pers.

caulirhiza Delile (Fiá-dentche, Fiá-dente)

Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C.D.Adams

H: herb with yellow flowers. M: 132; 175. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 296 (COI); Matos 7491 (LISC).

ADENOSTEMMA J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

mauritianum DC.

H: herb with white flowers, in forest and secondary forest. D: ST. V:

Lejoly 94/551 (BRLU, LISC).

perrottetii DC. (Lingua-tela, Tonfonso)

H: herb with white flowers, in forest, plantations and on roadsides. M:

141. D: ST. V: Madureira 646 (COI).

*AGERATUM L.

*conyzoides L. subsp. conyzoides (Fiá-cuncunha, Fiá-malé, Fiá-

-malé-di-que, Fiá-malé-home, Folha-malé)

H: annual herb with blue-purple or white flowers, in secondary for-

est, plantations and on roadsides, ruderal. M: 124; 150. D: STP. V:

Paiva 1385 (COI), 1782 (COI).

AMBROSIA L.

maritima L. (Atinija, Atlija, Atlimija, Atrimija, Natruja)

H: annual herb or perennial from woody rootstock. M: 29; 77; 115;

150; 184; 189. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 93 (COI).

?ASPILIA Thouars

?rudis Oliv. & Hiern subsp. rudis

H: erect, often perennial herb with pale yellow or almost white flow-

ers. D: P. Recorded by Exell (1944) based on a citation in Flora of

tropical Africa of a collection by Barter that he did not see.

BIDENS L.

pilosa L. (Áliba-gúhia, Fiá-gúhia, Pega-pega)

H: herb with white flowers, in secondary forest, plantations and on

roadsides. M: 29; 46; 69; 88. D: STP. V: Paiva 572 (COI), 705

(COI).

*CHRYSANTHEMUM L.

*indicum L.

H: perennial herb. O. D: ST.

*?CICHORIUM L.

*?intybus L.

H: perennial herb. E: leaves (var. foliosum), roots (var. sativum). D:

ST. N: a doubtful record based on a specimen collected by Don and

cited by Bentham in Niger flora. Exell (1944) did not see the speci-

men.

CONYZA Less.

attenuata DC. (Folha-male, Língua-de-vaca, Lingua-tela)

persicifolia (Benth.) Oliv. & Hiern

H: annual herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7369 (LISC).

*bonariensis (L.) Cronquist

H: annual erect herb. D: STP.

CRASSOCEPHALUM Moench

crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore

H: annual herb with yellow or mauve flowers, in forest and planta-

tions. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/211 (BRLU).

montuosum (S.Moore) Milne-Redh.

H: herb, ruderal. D: ST. V: Matos 7438 (LISC).

rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.) S.Moore

H: herb, in secondary forest and plantations. D: ST.

sarcobasis (DC.) S.Moore

H: herb, in disturbed ground. D: ST. V: Matos 7466 (BRLU).

DICHROCEPHALA L’Hér. ex DC.

integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze subsp. integrifolia

H: annual herb with whitish flowers, ruderal. D: ST. V: Lejoly 95/057

(LISC).

ECLIPTA L.

prostrata (L.) L. (Folha-bobá, Folha-sapateiro)

H: annual or perennial herb with white flowers. D: STP

*ELEPHANTOPUS L.

*mollis Kunth (Fia-budo, Fia-dentche, Folha-budo, Macabali,

Macablali)

H: herb with white flowers, in secondary forest, plantations, and

on roadsides. H: 3; 22; 112; 129; 130; 150; 174; 175. D: STP. V:

Figueiredo 105 (K).

EMILIA Cass.

?coccinea (Sims) G.Don

N: recorded by Exell (1973) based on Silva (1958) without specimen

citation.

sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight

H: annual herb. E: leaves. D: STP.

§EPALTES Cass.

§*brasiliensis DC.

H: herb. D: STP. N: Exell (1944) cited three collections of this taxon

(Barter 1976, Mann s.n. and Welwitsch 3520). We did not see these

specimens but it is possible that they refer to Litogyne gariepina

(DC.) Anderb., a species widespread from West Africa to South and

East Africa that includes as synonyms the three species of Epaltes

previously cited for tropical Africa. E. brasiliensis has apparently

never been recorded for Africa.

ETHULIA L.f.

conyzoides L.f. subsp. conyzoides

H: annual herb, with white, mauve or purple flowers. D: ST.

*GALINSOGA Ruíz & Pav.

*parviflora Cav.

H: annual herb with white flowers, on disturbed ground and on road-

sides. D: ST. V: Matos 7603 (LISC).

HELICHRYSUM Mill.

foetidum (L.) Moench var. foetidum

H: annual or perennial herb, with yellow flowers, in forest. D: ST. V:

Matos 7371 (LISC).

MICROGLOSSA DC.

pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze

H: shrub or scandent shrub, with white, cream-coloured, yellowish or

pinkish flowers, in forest. D: STP. V: Matos 7564 (LISC).

MIKANIA Willd.

chenopodiifolia Willd. (Matucana)

cordata sensu auctt. non (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.

sp. sensu auct. Exell (1956, 1973)

H: shrub with white flowers. M: 31; 77; 98; 129; 140. D: STP. V:

Figueiredo 257 (LISC).

MIKANIOPSIS Milne-Redh.

paniculata Milne-Redh.

H: perennial climber with orange-yellow flowers. D: ST. V: Matos

7312 (LISC).

PSEUDOGNAPHALIUM Kirp.

luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt subsp. luteo-album

Gnaphalium luteo-album L.

H: annual or perennial herb with whitish or yellowish flowers, on

roadsides, ruderal. D: STP. V: Paiva 1064 (COI).

48 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

SOLANECIO (Sch.Bip.) Walp.

biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey

Crassocephalum biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern) S.Moore

H: perennial, climbing, subsucculent herb with yellow flowers. E:

leaves. D: ST.

SONCHUS L.

oleraceus L. (Serralha)

H: annual or biennial herb with yellow flowers, in forest, plantations

and on roadsides. E: leaves. D: ST. V: Paiva 33 (COI).

STRUCHIUM P.Browne

sparganophora (L.) Kuntze (Libo-d’água, Libô-d’aua)

Sparganophorus sparganophora (L.) C.Jeffrey, nom. illegit.

H: perennial, slightly succulent herb, with whitish or pinkish flowers,

in humid areas. M: 123; 137; 190. D: STP. V: Paiva 1292 (COI).

*SYNEDRELLA Gaertn.

*nodiflora Gaertn. (Fiá-malé-dôdô, Fiá-malé-muála, Folha-malé-

-doida, Macabali-fia-budo)

H: annual or perennial herb with yellow flowers, in secondary forest,

plantations, and on roadsides, ruderal. M: 27; 51; 52; 81; 94; 113;

123; 156. D: STP. V: Paiva 1006 (COI), 1784 (COI).

*TITHONIA Desf. ex Juss.

*diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray (Girassol)

H: annual or perennial herb or subshrub up to 2.5 m high, with yellow

flowers, ruderal. M: 123. D: ST. V: Paiva 1281 (COI).

VERNONIA Schreb.

amygdalina Delile (Libô, Libô-da-terra, Libô-de-que, Libô-mucambú,

Limbo, Pau-fede)

H: undershrub, shrub or tree, with white flowers, ruderal. E: leaves. M:

60; 123. D: ST. V: Paiva 1289 (COI).

stellulifera (Benth.) C.Jeffrey (Fia-bungá)

Triplotaxis stellulifera (Benth.) Hutch.

H: annual herb with mauve to purple flowers, in secondary forest. D:

STP. V: Figueiredo 41 (K).

*ZINNIA L.

*peruviana (L.) L.

H: annual herb, with red, pink or purplish flowers. D: ST.

*AVERRHOACEAE

*AVERRHOA L.

*carambola L. (fruit: Carambola; tree: Caramboleira)

H: shrub or small tree, cultivated. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Paiva 1327

(COI).

AVICENNIACEAE

(Daniel & Figueiredo 2009)

Avicennia L.

germinans (L.) L.

H: shrub or tree up to 17 m high, with pneumatophores, halophyte, in

mangroves. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 93 (K).

BALSAMINACEAE

IMPATIENS L.

*balsamina L. (Balsamina, Melindres)

tamsiana Exell

H: herb. O. D: STP. V: Paiva 1583 (COI), 1690 (COI).

Ebuccinalis Hook.f. (Camarões)

H: herb or shrub up to 3 m high, with red flowers, in forest or second-

ary forest. D: ST. V: Paiva 1858 (COI).

Emanteroana Exell

H: herb with red flowers in humid and rocky places, in rainforest. D: P.

V: Paiva 1726 (COI).

Ethomensis Exell

H: herb up to 1 m high, with red or orange flowers, in humid places, in

forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 255 (LISC).

*BASELLACEAE

*BASELLA L.

*alba L. (Fiá-tataluga, Folha-tataruga)

H: annual or perennial succulent herb. E: leaves. M: 173. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 339 (COI).

BEGONIACEAE

BEGONIA L.

ampla Hook.f. (Fia-bôba-d’ôbo, Fiá-bôba-glandji)

H: perennial herb, epiphyte, with white flowers, in forest and second-

ary forest. M: 1; 16; 119; 129. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 72 (K).

annobonensis A.DC.

H: annual epiphytic succulent herb, in forest. D: STP. V: Figueiredo

260 (LISC).

Ebaccata Hook.f. (Fiá-bôba, Fiá-bôba-d’ôbo, Folha-boba-vermelha)

H: herb, in forest. M: 16; 38; 84; 142. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 39 (K,

LISC).

Ecrateris Exell (Fia-bôba-d’ôbo)

H: herb, in forest. D: ST. N: considered by some authors as a synonym

of B. baccata. V: Lejoly 94/559 (BRLU, LISC).

Efusialata Warb. var. principensis J.J.de Wilde

H: herb. D: P.

Eloranthoides Hook.f. subsp. loranthoides

H: herb. D: STP.

Emolleri (C.DC.) Warb.

H: herb. D: ST.

rostrata Welw. ex Hook.f. var. rostrata

H: annual succulent herb. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 161 (LISC).

subalpestris A.Chev.

macambrarensis Exell

H: herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7552 (BRLU, LISC).

thomeana C.DC.

H: perennial herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7704 (LISC).

BIGNONIACEAE

*JACARANDA Juss.

*mi mosifolia D.Don (Jacarandá)

H: tree with purple flowers. O. D: ST. N: recorded in the literature as

introduced, there is a single tree known (at Roça Agostinho Neto).

NEWBOULDIA Seem.

laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau (Quimé, Quine)

H: shrub or tree, with pink flowers, ruderal. M: 28; 57. D: ST. V: Paiva

674 (COI).

SPATHODEA P.Beauv.

campanulata P.Beauv.

nilotica Seem.

H: tree. O. D: ST.

*TECOMA Juss.

*sp. (Maioba-bini)

H: vine. O. M: 7; 96; 128; 146; 153. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins

308 (COI).

*BIXACEAE

*BIXA L.

*orellana L. (Anato, Gicló, Gincló, Quisafú, Tintureira, Urucú)

H: shrub or small tree with pink flowers. E: seeds. O. M: 22; 27; 63;

67. N: seeds contain a natural orange-red dye. D: STP. V: Paiva

493 (COI).

BOMBACACEAE

ADANSONIA L.

digitata L. (Imbondeiro, Micondó)

H: large tree in savanna. E: leaves, fruits, seeds. D: STP. V: Paiva 1238

(COI).

CEIBA Mill.

pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Ocá)

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 49

H: large tree in secondary forest. E: seeds. M: 6; 124. D: STP. V:

Oliveira 139 (BRLU).

*PACHIRA Aubl.

*glabra Pasq.

Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) A.Robyns

H: tree, in secondary forest and plantations. E: seeds. D: STP. V: Paiva

1237 (COI), 1950 (COI).

BORAGINACEAE

CORDIA L.

*gerascanthus L.

H: tree up to 25 m high, with white flowers, in town. D: ST.

platythyrsa Baker (Pau-tabaque, Pó-tabaque, Tabaque)

H: tree up to 18 m high, with creamy white flowers, in secondary for-

est. D: ST. V: Lejoly 93/641 (BRLU).

EHRETIA P.Browne

cymosa Thonn. var. zenkeri (Gürke ex Baker & C.H.Wright) Brenan

zenkeri Gürke ex Baker & C.H.Wright

H: shrub or small tree up to 12 m high, with white flowers and yellow

fruits, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/344 (BRLU).

Escrobiculata Hiern

H: small tree with whitish flowers. N: probably extinct. D: P.

*HELIOTROPIUM L.

*indicum L. (Fia-galo, Folha-galo, Galo)

H: annual herb with red flowers, ruderal. M: 41; 51; 57; 70; 77; 89; 90;

112; 183; 184. D: STP. V: Paiva 1290 (COI), 1413 (COI).

BRASSICACEAE

*BRASSICA L.

*juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. (Mostarda)

H: perennial herb with yellow flowers. E: seed (spice: mostarda). D:

ST.

*CAPSELLA Medik.

*bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

H: annual herb, ruderal. D: ST.

CARDAMINE L.

africana L.

H: annual herb with white flowers, in forest and secondary forest. D:

ST. V: Lejoly 97/220 (BRLU).

?hirsuta L.

N: a doubtful record in Exell (1973) probably due to a typographic

error; the references cited refer to the occurrence in Bioko and not

in S.Tomé.

*DIPLOTAXIS DC.

*tenuisiliqua Delile

H: herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7300 (BRLU).

*LEPIDIUM L.

*didymum L.

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

H: annual or biennial herb. E: leaves. D: ST.

*LOBULARIA Desv.

*maritima (L.) Desv.

H: annual or perennial herb, with white, pink or purple flowers. D: ST.

*RAPHANUS L.

*sativus L. (Nabo-macau)

H: annual or biennial herb with white or pink flowers. E: roots. D: ST.

RORIPPA Scop.

micrantha (Roth) Jonsell

indica sensu auct. non (L.) Hiern

H: annual herb with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (Agrião, Fia-guinhom, Fia-

-guiom, Guiom)

H: aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial herb with white flowers. E:

leaves, stems. M: 27; 177. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 617

(COI).

*BROMELIACEAE

*ANANAS Mill.

*comosus (L.) Merr. (Ananas, Nanás)

H: herb cultivated for fruit. M: 24; 98; 124. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 647 (COI).

BUDDLEJACEAE

LACHNOPYLIS Hochst.

thomensis Philipson

Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen. var. thomensis (Philipson) J.Lewis

H: shrub or small tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7384 (LISC).

BURMANNIACEAE

GYMNOSIPHON Blume

sp.

H: colourless saprophyte, in forest. D: P. V: Stévart 264 (BRLU).

BURSERACEAE

DACRYODES Vahl

edulis (G.Don) H.J.Lam (fruit: Mubafo, Safu, Safú, Safu-safu; tree:

Safueiro, Safuzeiro)

H: tree, in forest and plantations, producing a blue-violet fruit. E:

fruits. M: 185. D: STP. V: Paiva 521 (COI).

SANTIRIA Blume

trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév. (Bálsamo-de-S.Tomé, Belambo, Goqui, Óleo-

-melambo, Pau-óleo, Pó-óleo, Pó-óleo-d’obô)

H: tree, in forest. M: 4; 22; 31; 51; 54; 57; 124; 177; 184;. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 249 (COI).

*?BUXACEAE

*?BUXUS L.

*?sempervirens L.

N: a doubtful record by Exell (1944, 1973) based on a citation by

Chevalier without specimens.

CACTACEAE

RHIPSALIS Gaertn.

baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn subsp. baccifera

H: hanging epiphytic, succulent shrub. D: STP. V: Paiva 1173 (COI).

CAMPANULACEAE

WAHLENBERGIA Schrad. ex Roth

silenoides Hochst. ex A.Rich.

H: herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7563 (LISC).

*CANNABACEAE

*CANNABIS L.

*sativa L. (Liamba)

H: annual herb. E: seeds (oil). D: ST.

*CANNACEAE

*CANNA L.

*indica L. (Cana-de-jardim, Cana-florífera, Erva-conteira, Salaconta,

Salaconta-blanca, Salaconta-pleta)

H: rhizomatous perennial herb with red flowers. O. M: 45; 67; 69; 79;

98; 128; 153. D: STP. V: Paiva 364 (COI).

CAPPARACEAE

BUCHHOLZIA Engl.

coriacea Engl. (Cola-congo)

H: tree up to 12 m high, in forest and secondary forest. M: 6; 173; 174.

D: ST. V: Paiva 1271 (COI).

50 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

CAPPARIS L.

erythrocarpos Isert

H: shrub or climber, in savanna. D: ST. V: Lejoly 93/654 (BRLU).

tomentosa Lam.

H: shrub or climber, in savanna. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 83 (K).

CLEOME L.

gynandra L.

Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq.

H: annual herb. D: ST.

rutidosperma DC. (Fia-stlela, Mussanfi)

H: annual herb. M: 61; 89. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 342

(COI).

*CAPRIFOLIACEAE

*SAMBUCUS L.

*mexicana C.Presl ex DC.

H: shrub or tree with white flowers. D: ST. V: Matos 7520 (BRLU).

*CARICACEAE

*CARICA L.

*papaya L. (fruit: Mamom, Papaia; tree: Mamoeiro, Papaeira)

H: small tree. E: fruits. M: 32; 98; 114; 135; 146. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 29 (COI).

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

DRYMARIA Willd. ex Schult.

cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (Chile-branco, Pega-pega,

Tchile-blanco)

H: perennial prostrate herb with white flowers, in secondary forest,

plantations, and on roadsides, ruderal. M: 36; 53; 57; 174. D: STP.

V: Paiva 1022 (COI).

STELLARIA L.

mannii Hook.f.

H: annual or perennial herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Paiva 84 (COI).

*media (L.) Vill. subsp. media

H: annual herb. D: ST.

*CASUARINACEAE

*CASUARINA L.

*equisetifolia L.

H: tree. D: ST. V: Oliveira 236 (BRLU).

CELASTRACEAE

HELICTONEMA Pierre

velutinum (Afzel.) Pierre ex N.Hallé

Hippocratea velutina Afzel.

H: liana with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/297 (LISC).

MAYTENUS Molina

Emonodii Exell

N: rare species, collected only once. D: ST.

SALACIA L.

pyriformis (Sabine) Steudel

H: climber, in forest. D: ST.

*CHENOPODIACEAE

*CHENOPODIUM L.

*album L. subsp. album

H: annual herb. E: leaves. D: ST.

*ambrosioides L. (Erva-de-santa-maria, Fiá-madre-matruço, Fiá-

-matluço, Fia-santa-maia, Folha-santa-maria, Macluso, Mastruço,

Masturço, Matluço, Matlusso, Matruço, Milongo-de-febres)

H: annual, rarely perennial herb, ruderal. E: leaves, seeds. M: 2; 61;

89; 95; 116; 124; 135; 156. D: STP. V: Paiva 1287 (COI).

?CHRYSOBALANACEAE

?NEOCARYA (DC.) Prance ex F.White

?macrophylla (Sabine) Prance ex F.White

Parinari macrophylla Sabine

N: doubtful record (Exell 1944, 1973) based on a collection by Don

which may have originated from the continent.

?PARINARI Aubl.

?curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.

mobola Oliv.

N: doubtful record (Exell 1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958)

without specimens.

?excelsa Sabine

N: doubtful record (Exell 1944, 1973) based on a collection by Don

which may have originated from the continent.

CLUSIACEAE

GARCINIA L.

*mangostana L. (Mangostão)

H: tree. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Paiva 764 (COI).

?smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv.

polyantha Oliv.

N: doubtful record (Exell 1944, 1973) based on a collection by Barter

that may not be from the islands.

MAMMEA L.

africana Sabine (Amargoso, Maglôso, Mamão, Mata-passo, Obá,

Pau-ová, Pó-ová)

H: tree, in forest. E: fruits. M: 112. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins

444 (COI).

PENTADESMA Sabine

butyracea Sabine (Mata-passo, Obá, Pó-ová)

H: tree up to 35 m high, in forest. D: ST.

*PLATONIA Mart.

*esculenta (Arruda) Oken (Bacuri, Bacurizeiro)

H: tree. E: fruits. D: ST.

SYMPHONIA L.f.

globulifera L.f. (Oleo-balom, Oleo-barão)

H: tree up to 40 m high, in forest. M: 5; 133. D: STP. V: Matos 7524

(BRLU, LISC).

COMBRETACEAE

COMBRETUM Loefl.

*indicum (L.) DeFilipps

Quisqualis indica L.

H: climbing shrub with white, pink or red flowers. D: ST.

paniculatum Vent.

H: liana with red flowers, in secondary forest. D: P. V: Oliveira 206/98

(BRLU).

CONOCARPUS L.

erectus L.

H: mangrove shrub or tree. D: ST. V: Oliveira 38 (BRLU).

*TERMINALIA L.

*catappa L. (Amendoeira-da-India, Caroceiro, Caroço)

H: tree, in streets and on roadsides. M: 67. D: STP. V: Paiva 286

(COI), 1343 (COI).

COMMELINACEAE

ANEILEMA R.Br.

beniniense (P.Beauv.) Kunth

H: straggling herb. D: P.

COMMELINA L.

congesta C.B.Clarke (Bodó-bodó)

H: creeping perennial herb, in forest. M: 75; 142. D: STP. V: Figuei-

redo 37 (K).

diffusa Burm.f. subsp. diffusa (Bodó-bodó, Capim-d’água, Capulo,

Dacala, Fia-bodo-bodo, Mucorroana)

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 51

H: annual or perennial herb with blue to violet flowers, ruderal. D:

STP. V: Figueiredo 54 (K).

petersii Hassk.

H: straggling or erect perennial herb with blue flowers, in secondary

forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 55 (K).

PALISOTA Rchb. ex Endl.

bracteosa C.B.Clarke

H: herb with pinkish white or white flowers, in forest. D: ST.

pedicellata K.Schum. (Ucuetê-macaco, Vaiélé)

H: herb, with white flowers, in forest. M: 83; 87; 163. D: STP. V:

Figueiredo 35 (K); Paiva 1918 (COI).

POLLIA Thunb.

condensata C.B.Clarke (Bogotó, Uquéte-d’obó)

H: perennial herb with white flowers and blue or violet fruit, in forest.

M: 51. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 100 (K).

mannii C.B.Clarke

H: straggling herb with white flowers. D: ST.

?*RHOEO Hance

?*spathacea (Sw.) Stearn

N: recorded by Exell (1944) based on the literature; no specimens

known.

STANFIELDIELLA Brenan

imperforata (C.B.Clarke) Brenan var. imperforata

H: herb, in forest. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 116 (K).

*TRADESCANTIA L.

*zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse

H: herb with purple flowers. D: STP. V: Paiva 235 (COI).

CONNARACEAE

AGELAEA Sol. ex Planch.

pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.

coccinea Exell

obliqua (P.Beauv.) Baill. var. cordata (G.Schellenb.) Exell

phaeocarpa Exell

reticulata Exell

H: liana, in forest. D: STP. V: Joffroy 139 (BRLU).

rubiginosa Gilg

principensis Exell

H: liana, in forest. D: P.

CNESTIS Juss.

ferruginea Vahl ex DC. (Mondim-moela, Muandim-muála)

H: tree, in forest. M: 22; 95. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 75

(COI).

CONNARUS L.

africanus Lam. (Corda-anã)

H: shrub or scandent shrub. D: ST.

griffonianus Baill.

H: woody climber, with white flowers. D: P.

ROUREA Aubl.

parviflora Gilg

H: liana, in forest. D: ST. V: Carvalho 9 (LISC).

CONVOLVULACEAE

*CUSCUTA L.

*campestris Yunck.

H: parasitic herb, in plantations and on roadsides. D: ST. V: Figueiredo

77 (K).

IPOMOEA L.

*alba L.

H: liana, with white or pink flowers. D: STP.

*batatas (L.) Lam. (Batata-doce)

H: climber with purple, pink or white flowers, on roadsides. E: tuber-

ous roots. D: STP. V: Oliveira 82 (BRLU).

cairica (L.) Sweet var. cairica

H: climber with white to purple flowers. D: STP.

eriocarpa R.Br.

H: annual herb, white to purple flowers, ruderal. E: leaves. D: ST. V:

Matos 7626 (LISC).

*hederifolia L.

H: annual climbing herb with red flowers. D: STP.

imperati (Vahl) Griseb.

stolonifera J.F.Gmel.

H: on coastal areas. D: ST.

*indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

H: perennial climber with blue flowers, in gardens. D: ST. V: Lejoly

97/275 (BRLU, LISC).

mauritiana Jacq.

H: perennial climber with tuberous roots and flowers reddish purple or

mauve. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1015 (BRLU).

pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. (Fia-tataluga,

Folha-de-tartaruga)

H: climber, with white or purple flowers, in coastal areas. D: STP. V:

Paiva 1284 (COI).

*quamoclit L.

H: annual or perennial climber, with white, red or pink flowers. D:

STP. V: Paiva 1801 (COI).

rubens Choisy

H: perennial climber, with purple or mauve flowers. D: ST.

*setifera Poir.

H: climber. D: P.

*tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy

H: liana with yellow-orange flowers. D: STP. V: Oliveira 561 (BRLU);

Paiva 1303 (COI).

MERREMIA Dennst.

aegyptia (L.) Urb. (Matazem)

H: annual climber with purple flowers, in coastal areas. M: 86; 98;

122; 124; 128; 179. D: ST. V: Paiva 282 (COI).

umbellata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. umbellata

H: perennial climber with yellow flowers. D: P.

XENOSTEGIA D.F.Austin & Staples

tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.)

Lejoly & Lisowski

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Ooststr.

H: trailing herb. D: ST.

CRASSULACEAE

KALANCHOE Adans.

crenata (Andrews) Haw. var. crenata (Fia-damina, Fia-da-mina-qué,

Ufiá-cabecê)

H: succulent herb with yellow, orange or magenta flowers. M: 54; 57;

79; 94; 119; 124; 174. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 72 (COI).

*pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Fia-damina, Folha-da-mina)

Bryophyllum pinnatum (L.f.) Oken

H: perennial, succulent plant. M: 37; 54; 57; 79; 94; 119; 124; 167;

174. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 139 (COI).

CUCURBITACEAE

CAYAPONIA Silva Manso

africana (Hook.f.) Exell

H: perennial, climbing herb, in forest and secondary forest. D: ST. V:

Figueiredo 249 (LISC).

?CITRULLUS Eckl. & Zeyh.

?lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Melancia)

N: annual climbing herb with yellow flowers cultivated for fruit

(watermelon), recorded doubtfully for Príncipe (Exell 1944) with-

out recorded specimens.

COCCINIA Wight & Arn.

barteri (Hook.f.) Keay

H: climbing herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7419 (BRLU, LISC).

CUCUMIS L.

*sativus L. (Pepino)

H: annual climber with yellow flowers. E: fruits, leaves. D: ST.

metuliferus E.Mey ex Naudin

H: annual climbing or trailing herb. E: fruits. D: ST.

DIPLOCYCLOS (Endl.) Post & Kuntze

palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey (Coedano, Stlófi-d’obô, Ucoedano,

Uquedano)

H: perennial climber. M: 47. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 477

(COI).

52 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

LAGENARIA Ser.

breviflora (Benth.) Roberty (Chimom-coiá, Simão-Correia)

H: perennial climber with yellow flowers, in forest, secondary forest

and cultivated ground. M: 5; 22; 53; 87; 150. D: STP. V: Figuei-

redo 203 (LISC).

siceraria (Molina) Standl. (Cabaça, Ocó)

H: annual climber. E: fruits, leaves. D: ST. V: Oliveira 226 (BRLU).

LUFFA Mill.

cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. (Mamalongo)

aegyptiaca Mill.

H: annual herb or perennial climber with yellow flowers, ruderal. E:

young fruits. N: fruits are used as sponges. D: ST. V: Paiva 1298

(COI).

MOMORDICA L.

charantia L. var. charantia (Chlofi, Fia-sanzom, Melão-de-São-

-Caetano, Sancaetano, Stlofi, Tloufi)

H: annual climber or trailer with yellow flowers, in forest and planta-

tions, ruderal. E: fruits, leaves. M: 57; 60; 79; 95; 112; 124; 136;

150; 158; 183. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 201 (LISC).

charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. (Chcofi, Fia-estelófi)

H: annual climber or trailer. E: fruits. D: STP. V: Paiva 1145 (COI).

foetida Schumach.

H: perennial climbing herb with woody rootstock, ruderal. D: ST. V:

Lejoly 95/111 (BRLU).

PEPONIUM Engl.

vogelii (Hook.f.) Engl. (Batata-pim-pim)

H: climbing or trailing herb with yellow flowers. M: 16; 87; 178; 183.

D: ST. V: Paiva 1148 (COI).

*SECHIUM Juss.

*edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Chuchu, Pimpinela)

H: climber or trailing herb with cream-coloured flowers, on roadsides.

E: fruits, leaves, roots. D: ST. V: Paiva 106 (COI).

ZEHNERIA Endl.

gilletii (De Wild.) C.Jeffrey

H: climbing herb with slender stems. D: ST.

scabra (L.f.) Sond. subsp. scabra

H: perennial herb, climbing or trailing, near cultivated ground, on

roadsides. D: ST. V: Paiva 1158 (COI).

*CYCLANTHACEAE

*CARLUDOVICA Ruíz & Pav.

*palmata Ruíz & Pav.

H: tufted perennial palm-like plant. D: ST. V: Paiva 1941b (COI).

CYPERACEAE

ABILDGAARDIA Vahl

ovata (Burm.f.) Kral

Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) Kern

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

CAREX L.

Eleptocladus C.B.Clarke

H: herb, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 94/560 (LISC).

CYPERUS L.

articulatus L.

H: herb. D: P. V: Oliveira 532 (BRLU).

§baronii C.B.Clarke

H: herb. D: ST.

difformis L.

H: annual herb. D: ST.

distans L.f. (Zuça)

H: herb, in forest. D: STP. V: Paiva 80 (COI).

esculentus L.

H: perennial herb. D: STP. V: Paiva 967 (COI).

exaltatus Retz.

H: herb. D: ST.

haspan L.

H: herb. D: ST.

laxus Lam. subsp. buchholzii (Boeckeler) Lye

diffusus Vahl subsp. buchholzii (Boeckeler) Kük.

H: herb. D: STP. V: Lejoly 94/564 (BRLU).

renschii Boeckeler var. renschii

sylvicola Ridley

H: herb. D: ST.

rotundus L. (Zuça)

H: herb. D: STP.

sphacelatus Rottb.

H: herb, in forest. D: STP. V: Oliveira 521 (BRLU).

ELEOCHARIS R.Br.

geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.

H: herb. D: ST.

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl

cymosa R.Br.

N: recorded for Príncipe by Exell (1973) based on a reference by Silva

(1958); no specimens known.

dichotoma (L.) Vahl

H: perennial herb. D: STP.

ferruginea (L.) Vahl

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

FUIRENA Rottb.

umbellata Rottb.

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

HYPOLYTRUM Rich.

Egrande (Uittien) Koyama

H: herb. D: STP. V: Matos 7696 (LISC).

heteromorphum Nelmes

H: herb. D: STP. V: Joffroy 198 (BRLU).

KYLLINGA Rottb.

erecta Schumach.

H: herb. D: ST. V: Stévart 167 (BRLU).

nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel

H: perennial herb. D: STP. V: Oliveira 512 (BRLU).

peruviana Lam.

H: herb. D: STP.

pumila Michx.

H: herb. D: STP. V: Matos 7604 (LISC).

MAPANIA Aubl.

Eferruginea Ridl. (Pema-d’obo)

H: herb, in forest. M: 34. D: STP. V: Paiva 1111 (COI), 1490 (COI).

MARISCUS Vahl

cylindristachyus Steud. (Zuça)

alternifolius sensu auct. non Vahl

H: herb, ruderal. D: STP. V: Paiva 573 (COI), 704 (COI).

dubius (Rottb.) Kük. ex C.E.C.Fisch.

H: herb. D: STP.

flabelliformis Kunth var. flabelliformis

H: herb. D: STP. V: Matos 7453 (LISC).

ligularis (L.) Urb. (Zuça)

H: herb. D: STP. V: Matos 7661 (LISC).

longibracteatus Cherm.

H: herb. D: ST.

PYCREUS P.Beauv.

polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv.

H: herb. D: STP. V: Matos 7254 (LISC).

REMIREA Aubl.

maritima Aubl.

H: herb. D: P.

RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl

corymbosa (L.) Britton

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

SCLERIA P.J.Bergius

naumanniana Boeckeler

H: herb, in forest. D: STP. V: Stévart 113 (BRLU).

TORULINIUM Desv. ex Ham.

odoratum (L.) S.S.Hooper

H: herb. D: STP. V: Paiva 1155 (COI).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 53

DICHAPETALACEAE

DICHAPETALUM Thouars

Ebocageanum (Henriq.) Engl. (Melambó)

H: tree (?). D: ST. N: apparently rare; only two collections have been

recorded.

DILLENIACEAE

*DILLENIA L.

*indica L.

H: shrub or small tree, with white flowers. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Lejoly

95/051 (BRLU, LISC).

TETRACERA L.

alnifolia Willd. subsp. alnifolia

H: liana, in forest. D: STP. V: Joffroy 134 (BRLU, LISC).

DIOSCOREACEAE

DIOSCOREA L.

*alata L. (Gudú, Inhame-branco, Inhame-gudú, Som-longo, Sónlongô)

H: climber up to 15 m high, producing one tuber. E: tuber. D: ST.

bulbifera L. (Cará-zambuco, Cuíni, Inhame, Inhame-zambuco, Ofó,

Otoni)

H: climber with small woody tuber and axillary bulbils. E: tuber. M: 5.

D: STP. V: Paiva 1013 (COI), 1476 (COI).

cayenensis Lam. (Inhame-amarelo, Inhame-branco, Inhame-gundú,

Ofó)

H: climber producing tubers. E: tuber. M: 152. D: STP. V: Lejoly

98/253 (BRLU); Paiva 1872 (COI).

dumetorum (Kunth) Pax (Bofó, Inhame-bravo, Ofó, Quinin,

Unquinin)

H: climber with tubers. E: tuber (famine-food). D: ST.

minutiflora Engl. (Inhame-de-Benin)

H: climber with tubers. E: tuber (famine-food). D: ST.

sansibarensis Pax (Cuini)

H: climber with tubers. E: tuber (famine-food). D: ST.

DRACAENACEAE

DRACAENA L.

arborea (Willd.) Link (Pau-sabão, Pó-sabom)

H: tree to 20 m high, with creamy white flowers. M: 22; 51; 158; 170;

175. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 122 (COI).

aubryana Brongn. ex E.Morren (Fia-fita)

monostachya Baker

H: shrub with white to greenish white flowers. D: P. V: Stévart 241

(BRLU).

laxissima Engl. (Folha-pempe, Jambele)

H: shrub to 2 m high, with greenish white flowers. D: STP. V: Figuei-

redo 62 (K); Paiva 618 (COI).

EBENACEAE

DIOSPYROS L.

ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.

H: tree. E: fruits. D: ST.

ERICACEAE

ERICA L.

Ethomensis (Henriq.) Dorr & E.G.H.Oliv. (Urze)

H: shrub, in primary forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7370 (LISC).

*RHODODENDRON L.

*mucronatum (Blume) G.Don

H: shrub. D: ST.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

ERYTHROXYLUM P.Browne

*coca Lam.

H: shrub. D: ST.

emarginatum Thonn.

H: shrub or small tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1173 (BRLU).

EUPHORBIACEAE

ACALYPHA L.

amentacea Roxb. subsp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg

wilkesiana Müll.Arg.

H: shrub. O. D: ST. V: Stévart 164 (BRLU).

ciliata Forssk.

H: annual herb, in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 344 (BRLU).

ALCHORNEA Sw.

cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. (Bengue, Bugi-bugi,

Buje-buje, Bungi-bungi)

H: shrub or small tree, erect or climbing, in forest, savanna and sec-

ondary forest. M: 16; 79; 90; 94; 95; 124; 130; 158. D: STP. V:

Figueiredo 238 (LISC).

hirtella Benth.

H: tree or shrub, in forest. D: STP. V: Matos 7706 (LISC).

laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K.Hoffm.

H: shrub or small tree, in savanna. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 80 (K).

ANTHOSTEMA A.Juss.

aubryanum Baill.

H: tree, in swamps or river margins. D: STP.

ANTIDESMA L.

membranaceum Müll.Arg.

H: shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7635 (LISC).

vogelianum Müll.Arg.

H: shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 241 (LISC).

*BREYNIA J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

*disticha J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Filanto, Lágrima-de-Cristo, Pau-flôr,

Pó-floli)

nivosa (W.G.Sm.) Small

H: shrub, used as hedge plant. O. M: 94; 150. D: ST. V: Paiva 653

(COI).

BRIDELIA Willd.

micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (Gigô, Muindo, Vundem)

stenocarpa Müll.Arg.

H: tree, in forest. M: 13; 22; 56; 57; 71; 134; 177. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 261 (COI).

CAPERONIA A.St.-Hil.

latifolia Pax

H: herb, by watercourses. D: ST.

CAVACOA J.Léonard

quintasii (Pax & K.Hoffm.) J.Léonard

H: tree up to 20 m high, in forest. D: ST.

*CHAMAESYCE Gray

*hirta (L.) Millsp. (Belo-vlêmê, Fia-sanopê, Folha-centopeia)

H: herb, ruderal. M: 5; 28; 77; 98; 174. D: STP. V: Paiva 271 (COI).

*hyssopifolia (L.) Small

H: annual herb. D: STP.

*prostrata (Aiton) Small (Cento, Centopeia, Fia-cento, Fiá-flêminga-

-blanco, Folha-formiga)

H: herb, ruderal. M: 10; 64; 98; 117; 161. D: STP. V: Paiva 291 (COI).

*serpens (Kunth) Small (Fia-flomiga, Folha-formiga)

H: herb, ruderal. D: ST. V: Paiva 122 (COI).

CLEISTANTHUS Hook.f. ex Planch.

libericus N.E.Br. (Nono, Vilo, Vilo-pleto, Viro-preto)

H: shrub or small tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7691 (LISC).

*CODIAEUM Rumph. ex A.Juss.

*variegatum (L.) Blume ex A.Juss. var. variegatum

N: ornamental shrub recorded by Exell (1944) based on a literature

citation; no specimens known.

CROTON L.

draconopsis Müll.Arg. (Pau-purga)

H: tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1323 (BRLU).

54 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

CROTON L. (cont.)

Estellulifer Hutch. (Cubango)

H: tree, in forest. M: 6; 9. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 483 (COI).

DISCOCLAOXYLON (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.

Eoccidentale (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.

H: tree, in forest. D: STP. V: Joffroy 230 (BRLU); Matos 7502 (LISC).

DISCOGLYPREMNA Prain

caloneura (Pax) Prain (Pau-branco, Pó-blanco)

H: tree, in forest. D: ST.

DRYPETES Vahl

Eglabra (Pax) Hutch. (Mama-d’obô, Mamon-d’obô)

H: tree in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7235 (LISC).

Ehenriquesii (Pax) Hutch. (Mamon-d’obô, No-no)

H: tree, in forest. M: 8; 22. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 407 (COI).

principum (Müll.Arg.) Hutch.

H: tree, in forest. D: P.

ELAEOPHORBIA Stapf

drupifera (Thonn.) Stapf (Maglôso, Margoso, Pága-oé, Paga-ôlho,

Paga-olho-de-marcação, Paga-uê, Pága-ué, Pau-amargoso,

Tapa-oê)

H: tree, in forest edges. M: 13; 177. D: STP. V: Paiva 1169 (COI).

ERYTHROCOCCA Benth.

Ecolumnaris (Müll.Arg.) Prain

H: shrub or small tree, in forest. D: P. V: Oliveira 215/98 (BRLU).

Emolleri (Pax) Prain (Bugi-bugi, Lutchica)

H: shrub or small tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 252 (LISC).

EUPHORBIA L.

cervicornu Baill.

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

*heterophylla L.

H: herb, on roadsides. D: ST. V: Paiva 108 (COI).

*peplus L.

H: annual herb. D: ST.

*pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch

H: herb, in gardens. D: ST. V: Paiva 830 (COI).

*tirucalli L. (Álvo-sin-fiá, Árvore-sem-folha)

H: shrub or tree, used as hedge plant. O. M: 27; 57; 146. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 67 (COI).

EXCOECARIA L.

guineensis (Benth.) Müll.Arg.

H: shrub, in forest. D: P.

GROSSERA Pax

Eelongata Hutch.

H: tree with white flowers, in forest. D: P.

multinervis J.Léonard

H: tree with white flowers, in forest and plantations. D: ST. V: Matos

7648 (LISC).

*HEVEA Aubl.

*brasiliensis (A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. (Borracha)

H: tree, in plantations. D: ST. V: Paiva 826 (COI).

*guianensis Aubl.

N: recorded by Exell (1944) based on a citation by Henriques without

specimens.

*JATROPHA L.

*curcas L. (Folha-grão, Glom-maluco, Glon, Grão-maluco, Pau-glon,

Pau-pixe, Purgueira)

H: shrub or tree, in plantations and on roadsides. M: 120; 146. D: ST.

V: Paiva 111 (COI).

*multifida L. (Flom-gongô, Glom-congô, Glom-góngô)

H: shrub or tree, used as hedge plant. M: 120; 146. D: STP. V: Paiva

793 (COI).

KLAINEANTHUS Pierre ex Prain

gabonii Pierre

H: tree, in forest. D: ST.

MACARANGA Thouars

monandra Müll.Arg. (Begbe, Bêgbê, Pó-ngamala)

H: shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST.

MAESOBOTRYA Benth.

Eglabrata (Hutch.) Exell

H: shrub or small tree, in forest and secondary forest. D: STP. V:

Oliveira 553 (BRLU), 1391 (BRLU).

*MANIHOT Mill.

*esculenta Crantz (Mandioca)

H: shrub or undershrub with green flowers, on roadsides and cultivated

ground. E: roots, leaves. M: 13; 32; 114. D: ST. V: Paiva 1037

(COI).

*glaziovii Müll.Arg.

H: shrub or tree.O. D: STP.

MANNIOPHYTON Müll.Arg.

fulvum Müll.Arg. (Congo-gloncongo)

H: straggling bush or liana, in forest. D: STP.

MARGARITARIA L.f.

discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. discoidea (Pau-ferro, Pó-felo,

Suvi)

Phyllanthus discoideus (Baill.) Müll.Arg.

H: tree, in forest and secondary forest. M: 87; 124; 173. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 467 (COI); Paiva 936 (COI).

NEOBOUTONIA Müll.Arg.

mannii Benth. (Pluga-mato)

H: tree, in forest. M: 146. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 485 (COI).

PHYLLANTHUS L.

*amarus Schumach. & Thonn. (Cafena-tlache, Ucuê-clache, Uê-

-tlache)

H: annual herb, ruderal. M: 77; 98; 117; 130; 178; 179; 181. D: STP.

V: Pagué 4 (COI); Paiva 1500 (COI).

dinklagei Pax

H: climbing shrub in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/357

(BRLU, LISC).

gagnioevae Brunel & J.P.Roux

odontadenius Müll.Arg.

H: annual or perennial herb, woody at base, in forest. D: STP. V: Paiva

565 (COI), 1018 (COI).

muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell

H: shrub or climber, occasionally tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7451

(LISC).

physocarpus Müll.Arg.

H: straggling tree, in forest. N: collected also in Nigeria once. D: P.

tessmannii Hutch.

H: shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST.

urinaria L. (Cafena-tlache, Ucuê-clache, Uê-tlache)

H: annual herb, ruderal. M: 77; 98; 117; 130; 178; 179; 181. N: very

similar to P. amarus and not distinguished from that species by the

local population. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 300 (COI).

PROTOMEGABARIA Hutch.

macrophylla (Pax) Hutch.

H: tree, in forest. D: STP. V: Oliveira 154/98 (BRLU).

PSEUDAGROSTISTACHYS Pax & K.Hoffm.

africana (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. subsp. africana (Cacau-de-obô,

Dumo-branco)

H: shrub or tree, with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7578

(LISC).

*RICINUS L.

*communis L. (Mamanododo, Mamóna, Mamono, Mámónó,

Mamonon, Rícino, Zague-zague)

H: shrub, ruderal. M: 39; 69; 146; 174. D: STP. V: Paiva 801 (COI).

SCLEROCROTON Hochst.

cornutus (Pax) Kruijt & Roebers

Sapium cornutum Pax

H: climbing shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 7 (BRLU).

SHIRAKIOPSIS Esser

elliptica (Hochst.) Esser (Pau-maria)

Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax

H: shrub or tree, in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/201 (BRLU,

LISC).

TETRORCHIDIUM Poepp.

didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. (Branco, Pau-branco, Pau-

-mole, Pó-blanco, Pó-moli)

H: tree, in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1546 (BRLU).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 55

THECACORIS A.Juss.

Emanniana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (Pau-fígado)

H: tree, ± 12 m high, in forest. D: ST.

Emembranacea Pax

H: shrub, in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 62/98 (LISC).

stenopetala (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

H: small tree up to 6 m high with greenish white flowers, in forest. D:

TRAGIA L.

tenuifolia Benth.

H: climbing undershrub, in forest. D: ST.

UAPACA Baill.

guineensis Müll.Arg. (Mangue-d’obô, Nêspera-de-bosque, Nespla-

-d’obô)

H: tree, in forest and secondary forest. M: 3; 22; 61; 124. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 171 (COI).

*?VERNICIA Lour.

*?cordata (Thunb.) Airy Shaw (Aleurite)

Aleurites cordata (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Steud.

N: recorded by Exell (1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958) with-

out specimens.

FABACEAE

ABRUS Adans.

precatorius L.

H: climbing herb with pink to purple flowers and black and scarlet

seeds. D: ST. V: Matos 7320 (LISC).

ACACIA Mill.

*farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Bana-muála)

H: shrub or tree with yellow flowers. D: ST.

kamerunensis Gand. (Piam-fôgô)

H: liana or climbing shrub, in forest. M: 122; 165. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 211 (COI).

*nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan

H: tree. D: ST.

pentagona (Schumach.) Hook.f.

H: liana, in forest. D: P.

*ADENANTHERA L.

*pavonina L. (Acácia-coral)

H: tree with small yellowish flowers and scarlet lens-shaped seeds. D:

ST. V: Matos 7681 (BRLU, LISC).

AESCHYNOMENE L.

indica L.

H: annual or perennial herb. D: STP.

*ALBIZIA Durazz.

*lebbeck (L.) Benth.

H: tree, with purple flowers. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 90 (K).

*procera (Roxb.) Benth.

H: tree. D: ST.

ALYSICARPUS Desv.

vaginalis (L.) DC. var. vaginalis

H: perennial herb with pink flowers. D: ST.

*ARACHIS L.

*hypogaea L. (Amendoim, Ginguba, Gumbá)

H: annual herb with yellow flowers. E: seeds. M: 27; 103; 154. D: ST.

V: Madureira & Martins s.n. (COI).

BAPHIA Afzel. ex Lodd.

nitida Lodd.

H: shrub or tree, in rainforest and coastal areas. D: ST. V: Oliveira 529

(BRLU); Stévart 166 (BRLU).

*BAUHINIA L.

*monandra Kurz

H: tree with pink flowers. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 86 (K).

*purpurea L.

Perlebia purpurea (L.) A.Schmitz

H: shrub with purple flowers. D: ST. V: Paiva 832 (COI).

*tomentosa L.

Pauletia tomentosa (L.) A.Schmitz

H: shrub or tree with large yellow flowers. D: ST.

CAESALPINIA L.

bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Hidó-hidó, Ido-ido)

H: shrub or tree. M: 27; 170. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 448

(COI).

*pulcherrima (L.) Sw.

H: tree with red and yellow flowers. O. D: STP.

*CAJANUS DC.

*cajan (L.) Millsp. (Feijão-congo, Fezom-côngô, Uandrú)

H: perennial shrub with yellow flowers. E: seeds. M: 106. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 331 (COI).

*CALOPOGONIUM Desv.

*mucunoides Desv.

H: annual or perennial climber with blue flowers. D: ST.

CANAVALIA DC.

*ensiformis (L.) DC.

H: annual climber with white flowers. E: young pods or immature

seeds. D: ST.

rosea (Sw.) DC. (Fia-açançá)

maritima Thouars

H: herb with blue flowers, in coastal areas. D: ST. V: Paiva 980 (COI).

CASSIA L. emend. Gaertn.

*alata L.

H: shrub ± 4 m high with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*fistula L. (Canafístula, Canapistula, Cassia-oficinal)

H: deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 15 m high, with scented,

pale or vivid yellow flowers. M: 79; 87; 98; 103; 114; 119. D: ST.

V: Madureira & Martins 326 (COI).

*javanica L.

H: tree ± 6 m high, with purple to pink flowers. D: ST.

mannii Oliv.

sieberiana sensu auct. non DC.

H: tree with white or pink flowers, in forest. D: STP.

*obtusifolia L

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby

H: annual or perennial herb or undershrub, possibly introduced. D: ST.

*occidentalis L. (Fedegoso, Maioba, Maiopa, Manhanoca,

Munhanóca)

H: herb or undershrub with yellow flowers, on roadsides. M: 19; 27;

53; 57; 77; 98; 99; 103; 114; 135; 158. D: STP. V: Paiva 1067

(COI).

podocarpa Guill. & Perr. (Fia-zaia, Folha-zaia)

H: shrub with yellow flowers. M: 68; 146; 178. D: ST. V: Madureira &

Martins 309 (COI).

senna L. (Maloba)

angustifolia Vahl

H: shrub with yellow flowers. D: ST. V: Paiva 1288 (COI).

septemtrionalis Viv.

floribunda sensu auct. non Cav.

laevigata Willd.

Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

H: undershrub with yellow flowers, on roadsides. D: ST. V: Figueiredo

112 (K).

*siamea Lam.

H: tree with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*sophera L. (Maioba-beni)

H: shrub with yellow flowers. D: STP.

*spectabilis DC.

H: tree with yellow flowers. D: ST. V: Paiva 254 (COI).

*CENTROSEMA Benth.

*plumieri (Pers.) Benth.

H: climbing shrub. D: ST. V: Oliveira 913 (BRLU).

*pubescens Benth.

H: climber with purple flowers, on roadsides. M: 146; 186. D: ST. V:

Paiva 972 (COI).

*?CERCIS L.

*?siliquastrum L. (Olaia)

N: recorded by Exell (1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958) with-

out specimens.

56 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

CHAMAECRISTA Moench

pratensis (R.Vig.) Du Puy

Cassia mimosoides L.

H: herb with yellow flowers. D: ST. V: Lejoly 93/653 (BRLU).

CLITORIA L.

falcata Lam.

rubiginosa Juss. ex Pers.

H: climber with white flowers streaked with mauve or red. M: 64. D:

ST. V: Paiva 1198 (COI).

ternatea L. var. ternatea

H: perennial climbing herb. M: 64; 119. D: ST. V: Madureira & Mar-

tins 351 (COI).

?COLOPHOSPERMUM J.Kirk ex J.Léonard

?mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Kirk ex J.Léonard

N: doubtfully recorded by Exell (1973) based on a citation by Silva

(1958) without specimens.

CROTALARIA L.

doniana Baker

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

ochroleuca G.Don

H: annual herb. D: ST.

pallida Aiton var. obovata (G.Don) Polhill

mucronata Desv.

H: annual or perennial herb or shrub. D: STP.

retusa L. var. retusa (Maleboque, Malimboque, Marimboque)

H: herb with yellow and pink flower, ruderal. M: 146. D: STP. V:

Paiva 978 (COI).

trichotoma Bojer

zanzibarica Benth.

H: annual or perennial herb. D: ST.

CYNOMETRA L.

mannii Oliv. (Quebla-machado, Zungo, Zungu)

H: tree up to 20 m high, in forest. M: 33; 146; 186. D: ST. V: Figuei-

redo 245 (LISC).

DALBERGIA L.f.

ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. (Majá, Popian)

H: shrub or tree, in mangroves and coastal bush. D: STP. V: Paiva

1168 (COI).

?DANIELLIA Benn.

?oblonga Oliv.

N: very large tree, reported by Exell (1944) based on Chevalier 14227

(S.Tomé, Porto Alegre), a collection not seen by Exell nor by us.

*DELONIX Raf.

*regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.

H: tree with red flowers. O. D: ST. V: Paiva 800 (COI).

*DESMANTHUS Willd.

*virgatus (L.) Willd. (Fiá-foguete, Pau-foguete, Pó-fuguete)

H: undershrub with white or yellow flowers, on roadsides, ruderal. M:

5; 133. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 91 (K).

DESMODIUM Desv.

adscendens (Sw.) DC. var. adscendens (Fia-vintém, Pega-pega)

H: perennial herb with pink flowers. M: 3; 11; 174. D: STP. V:

Madureira & Martins 142 (COI).

gangeticum (L.) DC.

H: perennial herb or shrub. D: STP. V: Oliveira 1198 (BRLU).

*incanum DC. (Pega-pega, Vala-casé)

canum (J.F.Gmel) Schinz & Thell.

H: perennial herb with purple flowers, on roadsides and in plantations.

M: 61. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 45 (K); Paiva 1416 (COI).

*procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc.

H: herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7324 (BRLU).

ramosissimum G.Don (Pega-pega)

H: shrub with white and mauve flowers. M: 61; 112; 158; 168; 183.

D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 287 (COI); Stévart 160 (BRLU).

repandum (Vahl) DC.

H: perennial herb or shrub with orange red flowers, in secondary forest

and plantations. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 109 (K).

salicifolium (Poir.) DC.

H: perennial herb or shrub. D: ST. V: Stévart 16 (BRLU).

*tortuosum (Sw.) DC.

H: perennial herb or undershrub with purple flowers, on roadsides. D:

ST. V: Paiva 409 (COI).

triflorum (L.) DC.

H: annual or perennial herb. D: STP.

velutinum (Willd.) DC. subsp. velutinum (Valacasei)

H: woody perennial herb or shrub, in savanna. D: STP. V: Matos 7327

(LISC).

DIALIUM L.

guineense Willd. (Salambá)

H: tree. D: STP. V: Matos 7686 (LISC).

DIOCLEA Kunth

reflexa Hook.f. (Coda-ipé, Códó-plégo, Corda-iplé)

H: climbing shrub. D: STP. V: Matos 7276 (LISC).

ERYTHRINA L.

?caffra Thunb.

N: doubtful record of a South African species (Exell 1944) based on a

literature citation; no specimens known.

droogmansiana De Wild. & T.Durand

H: shrub or tree up to 20 m high, in forest. D: ST.

*fusca Lour.

H: tree. D: ST. V: Paiva 150 (COI).

*mitis Jacq.

umbrosa Kunth

N: recorded by Exell (1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958); no

specimens known.

*poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook (Litrina)

H: tree, in plantations and secondary forest. M: 58; 191. D: ST. V:

Figueiredo 118 (K).

variegata L. (Litrina)

indica Lam.

H: tree. M: 58; 191. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 234 (LISC).

*velutina Willd.

N: recorded by Exell (1944, 1973) and by Silva (1958); no specimens

known.

FAIDHERBIA A.Chev.

albida (Delile) A.Chev.

H: tree up to 18 m high with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*HAEMATOXYLUM L.

*campechianum L.

H: tree. D: ST.

INDIGOFERA L.

astragalina DC.

H: annual herb. D: ST.

colutea (Burm.f.) Merr. var. colutea

H: annual semi-woody herb. D: ST.

hirsuta L. var. hirsuta

H: annual semi-woody herb. D: ST.

spicata Forssk. var. spicata (Bancá)

H: perennial herb. M: 99; 126. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 286

(COI).

*suffruticosa Mill. (Agô)

H: undershrub, possibly introduced. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/294 (LISC).

tinctoria L. var. tinctoria (Agô, Agô-mato, Anileiro)

H: shrub. N: one of the original plants used to produce indigo dye. D:

STP. V: Matos 7321 (LISC).

trita L.f. var. subulata (Vahl ex Poir.) Ali

H: woody herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7231 (LISC).

*INGA Mill.

*edulis Mart. (Cajareiro, Cajaseiro, Ingareiro, Ingaseiro)

H: tree. E: fruits. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 53 (K).

*LEUCAENA Benth.

*leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Leucena, Pau-foguete)

H: shrub or tree with white flowers, ruderal. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 92

(K).

LONCHOCARPUS Kunth

sericeus (Poir.) Kunth (Colema, Colima, Colma)

H: shrub or small tree with lilac flowers, in savanna. M: 146; 175. D:

STP. V: Madureira & Martins 487 (COI).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 57

MACHAERIUM Pers.

lunatum (L.f.) Ducke

Drepanocarpus lunatus (L.f.) G.Mey.

H: shrub with purple flowers, in coastal areas. D: STP.

MILLETTIA Wight & Arn.

barteri (Benth.) Dunn (Cólima-doido)

H: shrub or liana. M: 147; 167. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 423

(COI).

griffoniana Baill.

Lonchocarpus griffonianus (Baill.) Dunn

H: tree up to 10 m high, with reddish purple flowers. D: ST.

thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Baker (Cólima, Cólima-fria,

Colma)

H: tree up to 18 m high, with reddish purple flowers. D: ST.

*MIMOSA L.

*polydactyla Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Fiá-malícia, Fissopé, Mafi-

-sopé)

H: perennial herb with white flowers. D: STP. V: Paiva 713 (COI).

*pudica L. var. hispida Brenan (Fia-malicha, Fia-malichia)

H: annual or perennial herb. M: 167; 170. D: ST. V: Paiva 156 (COI).

MUCUNA Adans.

flagellipes Hook.f.

H: liana with creamy white or yellowish flowers, in coastal areas. D:

STP. V: Matos 7651 (LISC).

pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens (Macunjá)

H: climber with violet flowers. E: seeds. M: 27; 98. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 284 (COI); Paiva 1874 (COI).

sloanei Fawc. & Rendle

H: climber with yellow flowers. D: ST.

NEONOTONIA J.A.Lackey

wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A.Lackey

Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc.

H: perennial climber with small white or mauve flowers. D: ST.

ORMOCARPUM P.Beauv.

sennoides (Willd.) DC. subsp. hispidum (Willd.) Brenan & J.Léonard

H: shrub with red-streaked yellow flowers. M: 22; 61; 150. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 332 (COI).

verrucosum P.Beauv. var. verrucosum

H: shrub with white or lilac, purple-striped flowers, in swamps and by

the sea. D: STP. V: Matos 7270 (LISC).

*?ORMOSIA Jacks.

*?dasycarpa Jacks.

N: record (Exell 1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958) without

specimens.

*PARASERIANTHES I.C.Nielsen

*falcataria (L.) I.C.Nielsen (Acácia, Molucana)

Albizia falcata (L.) Backer

A. falcataria (L.) Fosberg

H: tree, in disturbed forest. D: ST. V: Paiva 1061 (COI).

PARKIA R.Br.

biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don (Farroba, Luba, Lubá, Luva, Uluba)

oliveri J.F.Macbr.

H: tree with orange or red flowers, in savanna. E: seeds. D: ST. V:

Matos 7707 (BRLU, LISC).

*PELTOPHORUM (Vogel) Benth.

*pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne

H: tree up to 17 m high with yellow flowers. D: ST.

PENTACLETHRA Benth.

macrophylla Benth. (Moandim, Moandjim, Mondim, Muandi,

Muandim, Muange, Sicupira, Uba)

H: large tree with yellowish creamy flowers, in secondary forest. E:

seeds. M: 8; 95; 124; 149. D: STP. V: Paiva 11 (COI), 1475 (COI).

*PHASEOLUS L.

*lunatus L. (Feijão-cutelinho, Feijão-espadinho)

H: annual or perennial climber with white flowers. E: fruits, seeds. D:

ST.

*vulgaris L. var. vulgaris (Feijão)

H: annual climber with white or pink flowers. E: seeds. D: ST.

PSOPHOCARPUS Neck.

scandens (Endl.) Verdc.

H: perennial climbing herb with blue flowers, on roadsides. D: ST. V:

Paiva 946 (COI).

*PTEROCARPUS Jacq.

*indicus Willd.

H: tree with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*PUERARIA DC.

*phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. var. javanica (Benth.) Baker

H: climber. E: roots. D: ST.

RHYNCHOSIA Lour.

densiflora (Roth) DC. subsp. debilis (G.Don) Verdc.

H: climber. D: ST.

minima (L.) DC. var. prostrata (Harv.) Meikle (Sodom-campo)

H: prostrate herb with yellow flowers. M: 67; 96; 146; 167. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 327 (COI).

*SAMANEA Benth.

*saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Acácia-preta, Inga-saman, Pau-chuva)

H: large tree. D: ST.

SESBANIA Scop.

sericea (Willd.) Link

H: annual or biennial herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7406 (LISC).

SOPHORA L.

tomentosa L. subsp. occidentalis (L.) Brummitt

H: shrub with yellow flowers. D: ST.

*TAMARINDUS L.

*indica L. (tree: Tamanhã, Tamarindeiro; fruit: Tamarindo)

H: tree with yellow flowers with orange or red streaks. E: fruits. D:

STP. V: Paiva 817 (COI).

TEPHROSIA Pers.

*candida (Roxb.) DC. (Bancá)

H: shrub or small tree. O. M: 139. D: ST V: Madureira & Martins 569

(COI).

noctiflora Bojer ex Baker

H: annual or perennial herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7700 (LISC).

platycarpa Guill. & Perr.

flexuosa G.Don

H: annual herb woody at base, with pink or purple flowers. D: ST.

purpurea (L.) Pers. subsp. leptostachya (DC.) Brummitt var. pubes-

cens Baker

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

uniflora Pers. subsp. uniflora

H: perennial herb with pink flowers. D: ST. V: Matos 7328 (LISC).

vogelii Hook.f. (Baméa, Bancá, Cafoto)

H: woody herb with white or violet flowers. D: STP.

TERAMNUS P.Browne

labialis (L.f.) Spreng. subsp. arabicus Verdc.

H: climber with reddish flowers. D: STP. V: Paiva 979 (COI).

TETRAPLEURA Benth.

tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. (Cuspila, Cuspira)

H: tree with yellowish to pinkish flowers. D: ST.

URARIA Desv.

picta (Jacq.) DC. (Fiá-placela)

H: undershrub with pink, blue or reddish flowers, in savanna. D: ST.

V: Matos 7460 (LISC).

*?VICIA L.

*?faba L. (Fava, Faveira)

N: record (Exell 1973) based on a citation by Silva (1958) without

specimens.

VIGNA Savi

adenantha (G.F.Mey.) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier

Phaseolus adenanthus G.Mey.

H: perennial climber. D: ST.

gracilis (Guill. & Perr.) Hook.f.

H: twining herb with yellow flowers. D: P. V: Stévart 14 (BRLU).

58 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

VIGNA Savi (cont.)

luteola (Jacq.) Benth. var. luteola

oblonga sensu auct. non Benth.

H: perennial climber. D: ST. V: Matos 7517 (LISC).

racemosa (G.Don) Hutch. & Dalz.

H: perennial climbing herb with blue flowers. D: STP. V: Figueiredo

206 (LISC).

unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. alba (G.Don) Pasquet

alba (G.Don) Planch. ex Baker f.

unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana sensu auct. non (Harms) Verdc.

H: perennial herb with white or bluish-purple flowers. E: seeds. D: ST.

V: Matos 7620 (LISC).

*ZORNIA J.F.Gmel.

*latifolia Sm. var . latifolia

H: annual or perennial herb with yellow flowers, in savanna. D: P. V:

Matos 7764 (LISC).

FLACOURTIACEAE

CASEARIA Jacq.

barteri Mast. (Bôbô-bôbô, Inhé-bobô)

mannii Mast.

H: shrub or tree, in forest and secondary forest. D: STP. V: Figueiredo

242 (LISC).

FLACOURTIA Comm. ex L’Hér.

indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

flavescens Willd.

H: climbing shrub or tree, in forest. E: fruits. D: ST.

HOMALIUM Jacq.

africanum (Hook. f.) Benth. (Quebra-machado)

H: shrub, in forest. D: ST.

Ehenriquesii Gilg ex Engl. (Quebra-machado)

H: tree, in forest. M: 33; 146; 186. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 410

(COI).

ONCOBA Forssk.

spinosa Forssk. (Dibixi, Malebouque, Malimboque)

H: shrub, in forest and savanna. M: 168. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 243

(LISC).

OPHIOBOTRYS Gilg

zenkeri Gilg (Clacia, Claclá, Cuaco-bangana, Stlala-stlala)

H: shrub or tree, in forest. M: 17. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 624

(COI).

*FUMARIACEAE

*FUMARIA L.

*muralis Sond. ex W.D.J.Koch

H: herb with pink flowers. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/214 (BRLU).

GENTIANACEAE

ANTHOCLEISTA Afzel. ex R.Br.

microphylla Wernham

H: tree or climber with white flowers, in forest and secondary forest.

D: STP. V: Figueiredo 67 (K).

nobilis G.Don

macrophylla G.Don

H: tree with white flowers, in forest and secondary forest. D: STP. V:

Matos 7449 (LISC); Oliveira 221/98 (BRLU).

scandens Hook.f.

H: tree or climber with white flowers, in forest and secondary forest.

D: ST. V: Matos 7359 (LISC).

GESNERIACEAE

EPITHEMA Blume

tenue C.B.Clarke

H: herb, in forest. D: ST.

STREPTOCARPUS Lindl.

elongatus Engl.

thomensis Exell

H: herb up to 0.3 m high with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos

7674 (LISC).

nobilis C.B.Clarke

H: herb, in forest. D: ST.

GOODENIACEAE

SCAEVOLA L.

plumieri (L.) Vahl

H: shrub, in littoral regions. D: ST.

HERNANDIACEAE

HERNANDIA L.

Ebeninensis Welw. ex Henriq. (Bungá, Pau-candeia)

H: tree, in forest. M: 92; 160. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 22

(COI).

?*HYDRANGEACEAE

?*HYDRANGEA L.

?sp.

N: recorded by Exell (1944) based on a citation by Chevalier; no spec-

imens known.

HYPERICACEAE

HARUNGANA Lam.

madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Pau-sangue, Pó-sangue, Sangue)

H: shrub or small tree, in forest and secondary forest. M: 13; 124. D:

STP. V: Madureira & Martins 460 (COI); Paiva 1060 (COI).

*IRIDACEAE

*NEOMARICA Sprague

*caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague

D: STP.

IRVINGIACEAE

IRVINGIA Hook.f.

gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. (Manga-macaco)

H: tree, in forest. D: P.

JUNCACEAE

LUZULA DC.

mannii (Buchenau) Kirschner & Cheek subsp. mannii

campestris (L.) DC. var. mannii Buchenau

H: perennial herb. D: ST.

LAMIACEAE

ACHYROSPERMUM Blume

oblongifolium Baker (Beganssom, Folha-belga)

H: undershrub with green-white flowers. M: 5; 51. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 310 (COI).

?ELSHOLTZIA Willd.

?sp.

N: recorded for S.Tomé by Exell (1944) based on a literature citation;

no specimens known.

LEONOTIS (Pers.) R.Br.

nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. (Penicano, Pinicane, Pinincano)

H: herb up to ± 1.5 m high, with pink flowers. M: 5; 22; 54; 60; 61;

77; 123; 150; 158; 174. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 158

(COI).

*MENTHA L.

*rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (Letrão)

H: perennial herb. E: leaves. D: ST.

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 59

OCIMUM L.

*americanum L. (Fiá-mosquito)

canum L.

H: perennial herb, near cultivated areas. M: 79; 99; 134; 174. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 604 (COI).

*basilicum L. (Fia-mosquito, Madlicom, Mosquito)

H: perennial herb, near cultivated areas. E: leaves. M: 79; 99; 134;

174. D: ST. V: Paiva 1035 (COI).

gratissimum L. var. gratissimum (Fia-micoco, Micócó, Micoco-di-

-que, Pau-mosquito)

H: perennial herb with white flowers. E: leaves. M: 21; 27; 52; 79;

156; 166. D: STP. V: Paiva 1045 (COI), 1502 (COI).

*minimum L. (Madlicom)

basilicum sensu auct. pro parte, non L.

H: perennial herb, near cultivated areas. M: 27; 52; 76; 156. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 104 (COI).

PLATOSTOMA P.Beauv.

africanum P.Beauv.

H: herb up to 0.6 m high, in forest. D: ST.

*SALVIA L.

*coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl.

H: perennial herb with red flowers. O. D: ST.

*splendens Ker Gawl.

H: perennial herb with red flowers, on roadsides. D: ST. V: Paiva 1005

(COI).

SOLENOSTEMON Thonn.

monostachyus (P.Beauv.) Briq. (Fiá-manjoló, Magero, Manjoló)

H: annual or perennial herb with bluish flowers, in forest, secondary

forest, plantations, ruderal. E: leaves. M: 79; 94; 165; 169. D: STP.

V: Paiva 355 (COI).

*STACHYS L.

*arvensis (L.) L.

H: annual herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7229 (LISC).

*LAURACEAE

*CINNAMOMUM L.

*burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume (Canela-brava)

H: small tree. E: bark (spice: cassia). D: STP. V: Matos 7583 (LISC).

*camphora (L.) J.Presl (aromatic compound: Cânfora; tree: Can-

foreira)

H: tree, in secondary forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 150 (BRLU).

*verum J.Presl (Canela, Canela-d’obô, Caneleira, Pau-canela)

zeylanicum Blume

H: small tree with whitish flowers, in secondary forest. E: bark (spice:

canela). M: 173. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 49 (K).

*PERSEA Mill.

*americana Mill. (fruit: Abacate, Avacate, Avocado, Bacatche; tree:

Abacateiro)

H: large tree, with small yellowish flowers. E: fruits. M: 51; 57; 61;

64; 91; 137; 150; 161; 165; 168. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins

273 (COI).

LEEACEAE

LEEA L.

guineensis G.Don

H: shrub or small tree, with red, orange or yellow flowers. E: fruits. D:

ST. V: Oliveira 1429 (BRLU).

Etinctoria Baker (Celé-alé, Celé-celé, Cêlê-cêlê)

H: shrub or small tree with red or orange flowers. D: ST. V: Figueiredo

244 (LISC); Paiva 1925 (COI).

LEMNACEAE

LEMNA L.

aequinoctialis Welw.

perpusilla sensu auct. non Torrey

H: aquatic floating herb. D: ST.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

UTRICULARIA L.

mannii Oliv.

H: small, perennial epiphyte with yellow flowers, in forest. D: STP. V:

Joffroy 209 (BRLU); Paiva 1082 (COI).

striatula Sm.

H: small epiphyte, in forest. D: P. V: Paiva 1483 (COI).

LINACEAE

HUGONIA L.

platysepala Welw. ex Oliv.

H: climbing shrub or small tree, with white or yellow flowers, in for-

est. D: P.

LOBELIACEAE

LOBELIA L.

Ebarnsii Exell

H: herb, in mountain forest. D: ST. V: Matos 7703 (LISC).

molleri Henriq.

H: herb up to 0.6 m high with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Matos

7543 (LISC).

LORANTHACEAE

HELIXANTHERA Lour.

mannii (Oliv.) Danser var. mannii

H: parasitic shrub with pendent stems, in forest and plantations. D: ST.

V: Oliveira 855 (BRLU).

MALPIGHIACEAE

ACRIDOCARPUS Guill. & Perr.

longifolius (G.Don) Hook.f. (Micando-homem, Milandó-homem,

Milondó-homem)

H: small tree or climbing shrub with yellow flowers in secondary for-

est and plantations. M: 22; 167. D: STP. V: Paiva 1009 (COI).

HETEROPTERYS Kunth

leona (Cav.) Exell

H: climber with yellow flowers. D: STP.

MALVACEAE

*ABELMOSCHUS Medik.

*esculentus (L.) Moench (Iquiabo, Quiabo)

H: annual herb with yellow flowers, in plantations and on roadsides. E:

fruits. M: 95. D: STP. V: Paiva 781 (COI).

*moschatus Medik.

H: Perennial herb. E: leaves, fruits. D: ST.

ABUTILON Mill.

grandiflorum G.Don (Fiá-máliva, Máliva, Malva)

H: herb or shrub with yellow to orange flowers. M: 40; 61; 64; 89; 98;

103; 158; 174. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 112 (COI).

*grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet (Mandioca-brava)

H: perennial herb with yellow to orange flowers. D: ST. V: Paiva 1062

(COI).

*striatum Dicks. ex Lindl. (Mandioca-brava, Mata-boi)

venosum Lemaire

H: shrub with orange to purple flowers in secondary forest and on

roadsides. M: 139. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 473 (COI).

*GOSSYPIUM L. (U-u-dêçu, Algodão)

*barbadense L.

H: shrub with yellow flowers. M: 69; 111; 181. D: STP.

*hirsutum L.

H: shrub with yellow flowers. M: 69; 111; 181. D: ST.

HIBISCUS L.

*acetosella Welw. ex Hiern (Fia-mussa, Fia-mússua, Mussa, Mussa-

-blanco, Mússua)

H: annual or perennial herb or shrub, ruderal. E: leaves, flowers. M:

40; 60. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 649 (COI); Paiva 632

(COI).

60 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

HIBISCUS L. (cont.)

donianus D.Dietr.

H: annual herb. D: ST. V: Matos 7318 (LISC).

*mutabilis L.

H: shrub with white or pink flowers. D: STP.

physaloides Guill. & Perr.

H: woody herb. D: ST.

*rosa-sinensis L.

H: shrub with red flowers. D: STP. V: Madureira & Martins 650

(COI).

sabdariffa L.

H: annual or perennial herb with white to yellow flowers. D: ST.

surattensis L.

H: annual herb with yellow flowers. M: 57. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 148 (COI).

tiliaceus L. (Fiteira)

H: shrub or tree with yellow flowers in coastal areas or near water-

courses. D: ST.

*MALVASTRUM A.Gray

*coromandelianum (L.) Garcke (Itóto-doido, Otóto, Otótó-homé)

H: herb with pale yellow flowers. M: 158. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 193 (COI).

SIDA L.

acuta Burm.f. subsp. acuta (Itótó, Ototo, Otótó, Otótó-mualá, Ototo-

-pequeno, Ototo-piquina)

H: herb or undershrub with yellow flowers, ruderal. M: 143; 175. D:

STP. V: Paiva 631 (COI), 827 (COI).

cordifolia L.

H: shrub with yellow or white flowers. D: ST.

javensis Cav.

pilosa Retz.

veronicifolia Lam.

H: prostrate herb with yellow flowers. D: ST.

rhombifolia L. (Bobó-bobó, Catumba-jinji, Itoto, Ototo, Ototo-

-pequeno, Ototo-vento)

H: undershrub with yellow flowers, ruderal. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 73

(K); Paiva 637 (COI).

rigida (D.Don) D.Dietr.

H: herb or undershrub. D: ST.

urens L.

H: perennial herb or undershrub. D: ST.

*URENA L.

*lobata L. (Otótó-fogo, Otótó-glandje, Ototo-glandji, Ototo-grande,

Ototo-ome, Otótó-vento)

H: perennial herb or undershrub with pink flowers, ruderal. M: 61; 91;

158; 175; 183. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 42 (K); Paiva 1418 (COI).

WISSADULA Medik.

rostrata (Schumach.) Hook.f. (Ototo-vento, Otótó-vento)

amplissima (L.) R.E.Fries var. rostrata (Schumach.) R.E.Fries

H: undershrub. D: STP.

MARANTACEAE

CALATHEA G.Mey.

sp.

H: herb with red-purple flowers. D: ST. V: Lejoly 93/619 (BRLU).

*MARANTA L.

*arundinacea L.

H: herb cultivated for the fleshy rhizome. E: rhizome. D: STP.

THAUMATOCOCCUS Benth.

daniellii (Bennet) Benth. (Majunga, Mangungo)

H: rhizomatous herb. E: seed aril. M: 27; 60. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 302 (COI); Paiva 626 (COI).

MELASTOMATACEAE

CALVOA Hook.f.

Econfertifolia Exell

H: herb up to 0.4 m high, with pink flowers, in forest. D: ST.

Ecrassinoda Hook.f.

molleri Gilg

H: shrub up to 2.5 m high, with pink flowers, in forest and secondary

forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 199 (LISC).

grandifolia Cogn.

H: undershrub up to 1.2 m high, with pink flowers, in forest and sec-

ondary forest. D: STP. V: Figueiredo 202 (LISC); Oliveira 516

(BRLU).

hirsuta Hook.f.

henriquesii Cogn.

H: herb up to 0.3 m high, with white or pink flowers, in forest. D: STP.

V: Oliveira 569 (BRLU); Paiva 1079 (COI).

Eintegrifolia Cogn.

H: herb up to 0.4 m high, with pink flowers, in forest. D: ST.

sinuata Hook.f.

H: herb or shrub up to 1.2 m high, in forest. D: P. V: Figueiredo 160

(LISC).

DISSOTIS Benth.

barteri Hook.f. ex Triana

H: herb or shrub up to 2 m high, with pink flowers, in forest. D: P. V:

Stévart 259 (BRLU).

HETEROTIS Benth.

rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq.-Fél.

H: decumbent herb rooting at nodes, with pink flowers, in forest. D:

STP. V: Stévart 242 (BRLU).

MELASTOMASTRUM Naudin

capitatum (Vahl) A.Fern. & R.Fern.

H: perennial herb or shrub up to 0.9 m high. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1042

(BRLU).

MEMECYLON L.

sp.

H: shrub or small tree. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1407 (BRLU).

TRISTEMMA Juss.

coronatum Benth.

H: herb or undershrub with pink or white flowers. D: P.

hirtum P.Beauv.

H: herb or undershrub with pink flowers. D: STP. V: Matos 7638

(LISC).

littorale Benth. subsp. biafranum Jacq.-Fél. var. biafranum

incompletum sensu auct. pro parte non R.Br.

H: shrub. D: P.

Elittorale Benth. subsp. biafranum Jacq.-Fél. var. insulare Jacq.-Fél.

(Fiá-vela)

incompletum sensu auct. pro parte non R.Br.

H: shrub. M: 124; 129. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 503 (COI).

littorale Benth. subsp. littorale

H: shrub. D: P.

Emauritianum J.F.Gmel. var. mildbraedii (Gilg) Jacq.-Fél.

mildbraedii Gilg ex Engl.

H: shrub with pink to mauve flowers. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 251

(LISC).

Emauritianum J.F.Gmel. var. rozeiranum Jacq.-Fél. (Anjógó)

incompletum sensu auct. pro parte non R.Br.

H: shrub with pink to reddish flowers. M: 173. D: ST. V: Paiva 61

(COI).

Emauritianum J.F.Gmel. var. thomense (J.H.P.B.Ferreira) Jacq.-Fél.

thomensis J.H.P.B.Ferreira

H: shrub with pink to mauve flowers. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 211

(LISC).

WARNECKEA Gilg

membranifolia (Hook.f.) Jacq.-Fél. (Clossom-liso)

Memecylon membranifolium Hook.f.

M. fernandianum Gilg ex Engl.

H: shrub or tree. M: 154. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 181 (COI).

memecyloides (Benth.) Jacq.-Fél. (Glêlê-nhame, Toni-fachico)

Memecylon memecyloides (Benth.) Exell

H: shrub or tree with blue flowers. M: 79. D: STP. V: Madureira &

Martins 202 (COI).

MELIACEAE

CARAPA Aubl.

procera DC. (Gógó, Gogo-vermelho, Gôgo-viêmê)

H: tree with white and pink flowers, in forest and plantations. M: 13;

126; 183. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 403 (COI).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 61

*CEDRELA P.Browne

*odorata L. (Cedrela, Cidlela, Cidrela, Pau-cebola, Pó-cébóla)

H: tree with small white flowers. M: 60; 123; 175. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 441 (COI).

*MELIA L.

*azedarach L. (Lilás-do-Cabo, Sicomoro)

H: tree with small purple or lilac flowers. D: STP.

*TOONA (Endl.) M.Roem.

*ciliata M.Roem. (Pau-alho, Pó-alho)

H: tree with small white flowers. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1059 (BRLU).

TRICHILIA P.Browne

Egrandifolia Oliv. (Cola-de-macaco, Cola-macaco, Vêludo)

H: tree, in forest. M: 22; 189. D: ST. V: Matos 7576 (LISC).

TURRAEA L.

vogelii Hook.f. ex Benth. (Valaplê, Vara-preta)

H: woody climber or scandent shrub. M: 22. D: STP. V: Matos 7630

(LISC).

MENISPERMACEAE

CHASMANTHERA Hochst.

dependens Hochst.

H: liana up to 20 m high, with yellow flowers, in cultivated ground.

D: ST.

STEPHANIA Lour.

dinklagei (Engl.) Diels

H: liana up to 20 m high, in forest. D: P.

TILIACORA Colebr.

sp.

H: liana. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/268 (BRLU).

MORACEAE

*ARTOCARPUS J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

*altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (fruit: Castanha, Fluta, Fluta-pom, Fruta-

-pão; tree: Arteira, Árvore-da-castanha, Árvore-do-pão, Pau-

castanha)

H: tree. E: fruits. M: 8; 61. D: STP. V: Paiva 257 (COI).

*heterophylla Lam. (fruit: Jaca; tree: Jaqueira, Pau-jaca)

H: tree. E: fruits. M: 27; 87. D: STP. V: Paiva 494 (COI).

*CASTILLA Cerv.

*elastica Sessé ex Cerv.

H: tree up to 18 m high. D: STP.

*CECROPIA Loefl.

*peltata L. (Gófé, Gôfe)

H: tree up to 25 m high, with yellow or green flowers. D: ST. V: Paiva

93 (COI).

FICUS L.

*carica L. (Figueira)

H: tree. E: fruits. D: ST. V: Oliveira 246 (BRLU).

chlamydocarpa Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret subsp. chlamydocarpa

H: strangler fig, in forest. D: STP.

Echlamydocarpa Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret subsp. fernandesiana

(Hutch.) C.C.Berg (Figo-obata)

fernandesiana Hutch.

H: strangler fig, in forest. D: ST. V: Lejoly 97/231 (BRLU, LISC).

*elastica Roxb.

H: tree. O. D: ST.

exasperata Vahl (Memé, Pó-lixa)

H: shrub or tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 215 (LISC).

kamerunensis Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret (Mussandá, Mussundá)

H: tree or shrub, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 36 (BRLU).

lutea Vahl

vogelii (Miq.) Miq.

H: tree or shrub, in forest. D: ST.

mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho (Figo-de-porco, Figo-plôcô, Figu-plôcu)

sidifolia Welw. ex Hiern

H: tree, in forest. D: ST. V: Paiva 1937 (COI).

*pumila L.

H: climber. D: ST. V: Oliveira 66/98 (BRLU).

sur Forssk. (Figo-tôdô, Figo-tordo, Tôdô)

capensis Thunb.

H: tree, in forest. E: fruits. D: STP. V: Paiva 1181 (COI), 1333 (COI).

thonningii Blume (Lemba-lemba, Mussandá)

annobonensis Mildbr. & Hutch.

H: tree or shrub, in forest. M: 57; 75; 87; 94. D: STP. V: Figueiredo

87 (K).

MESOGYNE Engl.

insignis Engl.

henriquesii Engl.

H: tree up to 16 m with greenish flowers, in forest and cultivated

ground. D: ST.

MILICIA Sim

excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg (Amoreira, Moreira, Mucambá-vlémé,

Mulêla)

Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. & Hook.f.

H: large tree, in forest and plantations. M: 52; 87; 95; 153; 167. D:

STP. V: Oliveira 119 (BRLU).

MUSANGA C.Sm. ex R.Br.

cecropioides R.Br. (Gofé, Gófe, Gófé, Gofe-d’obô, Pau-sabrina)

H: tree up to 20 m high, with green flowers, in forest and secondary

forest. D: ST. V: Paiva 418 (COI).

TRECULIA Decne. ex Trécul

africana Decne. ex Trécul var. africana (Giquenge, Isa, Isa-quente,

Izaquente, Ogue, Opacala, Quicange, Quicuange, Zéquentche)

H: tree up to 25 m high with small white flowers, in forest. E: fruits.

M: 18; 39; 40; 57; 121; 125; 158; 191. D: STP. V: Paiva 1209

(COI).

TRILEPISIUM Thouars

madagascariense DC.

H: tree, up to 30 m high, in plantations. D: ST.

MUSACEAE

*ENSETE Horan.

*ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman

Musa ventricosa Welw.

D: ST.

*MUSA L.

* ×paradisiaca L.

M: 68; 79; 103; 116; 126. D: STP.

*balbisiana Colla

rosacea Jacq.

D: ST.

MYRISTICACEAE

*MYRISTICA Gronov.

*fragrans Houtt. (Noz-moscada)

H: small tree. E: fruits (spice). D: ST. V: Paiva 396 (COI).

PYCNANTHUS Warb.

angolensis (Welw.) Warb. (Cachão, Cashon, Cassa, Pau-caixão, Pó-

-cassom, Pó-cásson)

H: tree, in forest, secondary forest and plantations. M: 51; 61; 79; 87;

90; 125; 167; 175. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 218 (COI).

STAUDTIA Warb.

Epterocarpa (Warb.) Warb. (Pau-vermelho, Vermelho, Vlêmê)

H: tree in forest and secondary forest. M: 13; 56; 125. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 162 (COI).

MYRSINACEAE

ARDISIA Sw.

staudtii Gilg

Afrardisia cymosa (Baker) Mez

H: shrub or small tree with red flowers, in forest. D: STP. V: Matos

7440 (LISC).

62 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

MAESA Forssk.

lanceolata Forssk. subsp. borjaeana (Henriq.) White (Mutopa, Pau-

-cabra)

borjaeana Henriq.

H: shrub or small tree, with small white or yellowish flowers, in forest

and on roadsides. D: ST. V: Figueiredo 64 (K).

RAPANEA Aubl.

melanophloeos (L.) Mez

thomensis Exell

H: shrub or small tree, with small white or yellowish flowers, in forest.

D: ST. V: Matos 7507 (LISC).

MYRTACEAE

*EUCALYPTUS L´Hér.

*sp. (Calipto)

H: tree. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1326 (BRLU).

EUGENIA L.

*brasiliensis Lam. (Comoxama, Grumechame, Grumexava,

Grumixaba, Grumixama, Grumixameira, Grumixava)

dombeyi (Spreng.) Skeels

H: tree, in plantations. E: fruits. M: 99. D: ST. V: Madureira & Mar-

tins 669 (COI).

elliotii Engl. & Brehmer

H: shrub or small tree. D: ST.

*uniflora L. (Ameixa-do-Pará, Cereja-de-Caiena, Pitanga,

Pitangueira)

H: shrub or tree. E: fruits. M: 173. D: STP. V: Matos 7690 (LISC).

*MELALEUCA L.

*leucadendron (L.) L.

H: shrub, in savanna. D: ST. V: Matos 7462 (LISC).

*MYRCIARIA O.Berg

*cauliflora (Mart.) O.Berg (Jabuticaba, Jabuticabeira)

H: small tree. E: fruits. D: ST.

*PSIDIUM L.

*cattleianum Sabine (Gueva-quiô)

littorale Raddi

H: shrub. E: fruits. M: 27. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 652 (COI).

*guajava L. (Gaiaba, Gaiava, Goiaba, Goiabeira, Gueva, Guiaba)

H: shrub or tree. E: fruits. M: 19; 33; 57; 61; 67; 112; 135; 146; 175.

D: STP. V: Paiva 1520 (COI).

SYZYGIUM Gaertn.

*aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (Cravinho)

H: tree with red flowers. E: flower buds (spice). D: ST.

guineense (Willd.) DC. (Matazem, Matchanzoche, Matianzoche)

H: shrub or tree with white flowers, in forest. M: 22; 109; 125; 167;

183. D: ST. V: Madureira & Martins 328 (COI).

*jambos (L.) Alston (Jambo-jambo, Jamboeiro, Pau-jambre, Pialá)

H: tree with whitish flowers, in plantations and on roadsides. E: fruits.

M: 5; 40; 79; 158; 175. D: STP. V: Paiva 1031 (COI).

staudtii (Engl.) Mildbr.

H: tree up to 30 m high, in forest. D: ST.

NYCTAGINACEAE

BOERHAVIA L.

diffusa L. (Erva-tostão, Fia-plocôssom, Fia-plócssom)

coccinea Mill.

paniculata Rich.

H: perennial herb, ruderal. M: 77; 98; 114; 119; 149. D: STP. V: Paiva

384 (COI).

*BOUGAINVILLEA Comm. ex Juss.

*spectabilis Willd. (Buganvila)

H: climbing shrub with purple, red or white flowers. O. D: STP. V:

Paiva 287 (COI).

*MIRABILIS L.

*jalapa L. (Losa-bilança, Rosa-bilança)

H: perennial herb up to ± 1 m high, with white or red flowers. E:

leaves. M: 4; 51; 61; 63; 98; 125; 134. O. D: ST. V: Paiva 699

(COI).

OCHNACEAE

Note: recent nomenclatural changes at generic level were not consid-

ered. The taxonomy follows AFPD (2009).

CAMPYLOSPERMUM Tiegh.

reticulatum (P.Beauv.) Farron var. reticulatum

Ouratea brunneopurpurea Gilg

H: shrub or small tree. D: STP.

vogelii (Hook.f.) Farron var. molleri (Tiegh.) Farron (Dumo, Dumo-

-vermelho, Pau-dumo)

Ouratea molleri (Tiegh.) Exell

H: shrub or tree with yellow flowers in forest. D: STP. V: Lejoly

95/020 (BRLU, LISC).

OCHNA L.

membranacea Oliv. (Pau-dumo, Pó-dumo, Vilo)

H: shrub or tree in forest, secondary forest and savanna. D: ST. V:

Figueiredo 106 (K).

§multiflora DC.

H: shrub in forest. D: STP. V: Stévart 255 (BRLU).

OURATEA Aubl.

Enutans (Hiern) Exell

H: shrub with yellow flowers. D: P.

sp.

H: shrub. D: ST. V: Lejoly 98/267 (BRLU).

RHABDOPHYLLUM Tiegh.

arnoldianum (De Wild. & T.Durand) Tiegh.

Ouratea quintasii (Tiegh.) Exell

H: shrub, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1409 (BRLU).

OLACACEAE

HEISTERIA Jacq.

parvifolia Sm. (Nonó, Pau-preto)

H: tree, in forest and plantations. D: STP. V: Lejoly 97/272 (BRLU).

OLAX L.

gambecola Baill.

H: shrub with white or yellowish flowers. D: ST.

*XIMENIA L.

*americana L. (Limon-plé)

H: tree, in savanna. E: fruits. M: 22. D: ST. V: Matos 7725 (LISC).

OLEACEAE

JASMINUM L.

bakeri Scott-Elliot (Codó-qué-d’ôbô)

H: climber with white flowers, in forest. M: 79; 94. D: ST. V: Joffroy

135 (BRLU).

fluminense Vell.

H: climber with white flowers, in forest. D: ST.

Ethomense Exell

H: climber with white flowers, in forest. D: ST. V: Oliveira 1508

(BRLU).

OLEA L.

capensis L. subsp. hochstetteri (Baker) Friis & P.S.Green (Ipé, Pó-

ipé)

hochstetteri Baker

H: shrub or tree with small white flowers, in forest. M: 22. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 412 (COI).

capensis L. subsp. welwitschii (Knobl.) Friis & P.S.Green (Impé, Ipé)

welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg & Schellenb.

H: shrub or tree with small white flowers, in forest. D: ST.

*europaea L. (Oliveira)

N: recorded by Exell (1973) based on Silva (1958) without specimen

citation.

ONAGRACEAE

LUDWIGIA L.

erecta (L.) H.Hara (Áliba-gúia, Fiá-gúia)

H: annual herb with yellow flowers. M: 29; 46; 69; 88. D: ST. V:

Madureira & Martins 195 (COI).

Bothalia 41,1 (2011) 63

hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell (Fia-placela)

H: annual herb, in secondary forest, savanna and on roadsides. D: STP.

V: Paiva 1197 (COI).

leptocarpa (Nutt.) H.Hara

H: herb with yellow flowers. D: ST.

octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven subsp. octovalvis

H: annual or perennial herb with yellow flowers, in secondary forest

and plantations. D: ST. V: Matos 7261 (LISC).

ORCHIDACEAE

(Stévart et al. 2000; Stévart & Oliveira 2001)

AERANGIS Rchb.f.

Eflexuosa (Ridl.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in lowland dry forest. D: ST.

ANCISTRORHYNCHUS Finet

capitatus (Lindl.) Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in mid-elevation primary forest

and old secondary forest. D: P. V: Stévart 705 (BRLU).

crystalensis P.J.Cribb & Laan

H: epiphy tic herb with white flowers, in mid-elevation primary rain-

forest. D: P. V: Stévart 1608 (BRLU).

metteniae (Kraenzl.) Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, lip green, in lowland forest and

plantations. D: STP. V: Stévart 638 (BRLU), 1212 (BRLU).

ANGRAECOPSIS Kraenzl.

Edolabriformis (Rolfe) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb, flower colour and habitat unknown. D: ST.

Ethomensis Stévart & P.J.Cribb

H: epiphytic herb, flowers greenish white, in old secondary forest. D:

ST. V: Oliveira 1999/138 (BRLU, STPH).

ANGRAECUM Bory

aporoides Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in lowland and mid-elevation

forest. D: STP. V: Stévart 464 (BRLU), 667 (BRLU).

Eastroarche Ridl.

H: epiphytic herb, flower colour unknown, in old secondary forest. D:

ST.

distichum Lindl.

H: epiphytic herb, white flowers, habitat unknown. D: P.

doratophyllum Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in mist forest. D: STP. N:

endemic to Gulf of Guinea. V: Stévart 329 (BRLU), 678 (BRLU).

infundibulare Lindl.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, habitat unknown. D: P.

sacciferum Lindl.

H: epiphytic herb with greenish white flowers, in mist forest. D: ST. V:

Stévart 104 (BRLU).

BOLUSIELLA Schltr.

iridifolia (Rolfe) Schltr. subsp. iridifolia

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in plantations. D: ST. V: Stévart

503 (BRLU).

talbotii (Rendle) Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb. D: STP. V: Primo & Stévart 77 (BRLU); Stévart

510 (BRLU).

BRACHYCORYTHIS Lindl.

Ebasifoliata Summerh.

H: terrestrial herb with purple flowers, in open vegetation. D: STP. V:

Stévart 363 (BRLU), 436 (BRLU, K).

BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars

acutibracteatum De Wild. var. acutibracteatum

H: epiphytic herb with yellow-orange flowers, in summit forest. D: P.

V: Stévart 420 (BRLU, K).

calyptratum Kraenzl.

H: epiphytic herb with greenish to yellowish flowers, habitat unknown.

D: P.

cochleatum Lindl. var. cochleatum

H: epiphytic herb with yellow to purple flowers, in montane forest. D:

ST. V: Stévart 652 (BRLU).

cochleatum Lindl. var. tenuicaule (Lindl.) J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with red to purple flowers, in montane open vegeta-

tion. D: ST. V: Stévart 417 (BRLU).

comatum Lindl. var. inflatum (Rolfe) J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with green inflorescence and purple flowers, in open

vegetation on ridges. D: STP. V: Stévart 462 (BRLU, K), 1203

(BRLU).

curvimentatum J.J.Verm.

H: pseudobulb epiphyte. D: ST.

falcatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. var. falcatum

H: epiphytic herb with green to yellow flowers, in submontane forest.

D: STP. V: Rose 1023 (P); Stévart 71 (BRLU, K).

falcatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. var. velutinum (Lindl.) J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with green to yellow flowers, in lowland and sub-

montane forest, also in coastal vegetation and plantations. D: STP.

V: Stévart 1211 (BRLU), 1221 (BRLU).

imbricatum Lindl.

H: epiphytic herb with violet and yellow flowers, in plantations. D: ST.

V: Stévart 489 (BRLU).

intertextum Lindl.

H: epiphytic herb with green or purple flowers, in submontane and

montane forests. D: STP. V: Stévart 681 (BRLU).

Elizae J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with green to yellow flowers, in submontane and

montane forests. D: ST. V: Stévart 1882 (BRLU).

Eluciphilum Stévart

H: epiphytic herb with green to yellow flowers, in plantations. D: ST.

V: Oliveira 1999/41 (BRLU).

maximum (Lindl.) Rchb.f.

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish to greenish flowers, in lowland and

submontane forests, also in plantations. D: STP. V: Stévart 397

(BRLU), 497 (BRLU).

mediocre Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with orange, yellow or whitish flowers, in submon-

tane and montane forests. D: STP. N: endemic to Gulf of Guinea.

V: Stévart 622 (BRLU), 1890 (BRLU).

nigritianum Rendle

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish flowers, in plantations. D: ST. V: Sté-

vart 1158 (BRLU).

oreonastes Rchb.f.

H: epiphytic herb with orange to yellowish flowers, in ridge forests. D:

STP. V: Primo & Stévart 17 (BRLU); Stévart 407 (BRLU).

resupinatum Ridl.

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish to purple flowers, in lowland and

submontane forests. D: ST.

saltatorium Lindl. var. albociliatum (Finet) J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with greenish to brownish flowers with purple spots

and red pubescence, in mid-elevation ridge vegetation. D: P. V: Sté-

vart 422 (BRLU, K).

sandersonii (Hook.f.) Rchb.f. subsp. stenopetalum (Kraenzl.)

J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish to reddish flowers, in submontane

and montane forests, also in plantations. D: ST. V: Stévart 660

(BRLU).

CALANTHE R.Br.

Esylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. var. geerinckiana Stévart

H: terrestrial herb with white flowers and orange lip, in old plantations.

D: ST. V: Stévart 1194 (BRLU).

sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. var. sylvatica

H: terrestrial herb with white flowers and violet lip, in submontane and

montane forests, and in secondary forest in old plantations. D: STP.

V: Stévart 338 (BRLU), 1195 (BRLU).

CHAMAEANGIS Schltr.

Ethomensis (Rolfe) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish to orange flowers, in montane for-

ests. D: ST. V: Stévart 659 (BRLU).

Evagans (Lindl.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with yellowish to orange flowers, in lowland forests

and on ridges. D: P. V: Stévart 450 (BRLU, K).

CHEIROSTYLIS Blume

lepida (Rchb.f.) Rolfe

H: terrestrial herb with whitish flowers, in submontane and montane

forests. D: ST. V: Stévart 381 (BRLU).

CORYMBORKIS Thouars

corymbis Thouars

H: terrestrial herb with whitish and greenish flowers, in lowland for-

ests, and in secondary forest in old plantations. D: STP. V: Stévart

447 (BRLU), 665 (BRLU).

64 Bothalia 41,1 (2011)

CRIBBIA Senghas

confusa P.J.Cribb

H: epiphytic herb with orange flowers, in submontane and montane

forests. D: ST. V: Stévart 674 (BRLU).

Ependula la Croix & P.J.Cribb

H: epiphytic herb with pale greenish flowers, in submontane forests,

also in secondary forest at mid-elevations. D: ST. V: Stévart 1168

(BRLU).

Ethomensis la Croix & P.J.Cribb

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers, in montane forests. D: ST. V:

Stévart 1228 (BRLU).

CYNORKIS Thouars

anacamptoides Kraenzl. var. ecalcarata P.J.Cribb

H: terrestrial herb with violet flowers, in montane forests. D: ST. V:

Stévart 385 (BRLU).

debilis (Hook.f.) Summerh.

H: terrestrial herb with purple-spotted flowers, in montane forests. D:

ST. V: Stévart 42 (BRLU, K).

gabonensis Summerh.

H: terrestrial herb with pale whitish flowers, in lowland to montane

forests, also on ridges. D: STP. V: Stévart 444 (BRLU, K), 629

(BRLU).

CYRTORCHIS Schltr.

arcuata (Lindl.) Schltr. subsp. variabilis Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers and greenish to orange spur, in

coastal vegetation, in lowland secondary forest and plantations. D:

STP. V: Stévart 405 (BRLU, K ), 535 (BRLU).

henriquesiana (Ridl.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with white to yellow flowers, in lowland secondary

forest and on ridges. D: P. V: Stévart 664 (BRLU).

monteiroae (Rchb.f.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with white to yellow flowers, in lowland forest, sec-

ondary forest and plantations. D: STP. V: Stévart 205 (BRLU, K),

448 (BRLU).

ringens (Rchb.f.) Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with white flowers and pale rose spur, in secondary

forest. D: ST.

DIAPHANANTHE Schltr.

Eacuta (Ridl.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with whitish to yellowish flowers, in lowland and

mid-elevation forests. D: ST. V: Stévart 691 (BRLU).

Epapagayi (Rchb.f.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb, unknown flower colour, on rocky places in shade.

D: P.

pellucida (Lindl.) Schltr.

H: epiphytic herb with greenish to yellowish flowers, in lowland pri-

mary forest and old secondary forest. D: STP. V: Primo & Stévart

126 (BRLU); Stévart 1207 (BRLU).

rohrii (Rchb.f.) Summerh.

H: epiphytic herb with orange to yellowish flowers, in submontane and

montane forest and old secondary forest at high elevation. D: ST.

V: Stévart 494 (BRLU, K).

DINKLAGEELLA Mansf.

Escandens Stévart & P.J.Cribb

H: terrestrial herb with white flowers, in swamp meadow. D: ST. V:

Stévart 1888 (BRLU).

DISPERIS Sw.

reichenbachiana Rchb.f.

H: terrestrial herb with purple to whitish flowers in submontane and

montane primary forest and mid-elevation secondary forest. D: ST.

V: Stévart 370 (BRLU).

thomensis Summerh.

H: terrestrial herb with white flowers in submontane and montane pri-

mary forest. D: ST. V: Stévart 48 (BRLU).

GENYORCHIS Schltr.

apetala (Lindl.) J.J.Verm.

H: epiphytic herb with whitish, reddish and yellowish flowers, in sec-

ondary forest and in plantations. D: P. V: Stévart 1220 (BRLU).

GRAPHORKIS Thouars

lurida (Sw.) Kuntze

H: epiphytic herb with brownish and yellowish flowers, in second-

ary forest and in plantations. D: STP. V: Stévart 302 (BRLU), 437

(BRLU).

HABENARIA Willd.

barrina Ridl.

H: terrestrial with whitish to greenish flowers, in secondary forest and

plantations. D: STP. V: Oliveira 1999/33 (BRLU); Stévart 427

(BRLU).

buettneriana Kraenzl.

H: terrestrial with greenish flowers, in secondary forest and planta-

tions. D: ST. V: Stévart 483 (BRLU).

Eletouzeyana (Szlach. & Olsz.) P.J.Cribb & Stévart

H: terrestrial with whitish flowers, in old secondary forest and lowland

primary forests. D: P. V: Stévart 631 (BRLU).

malacophylla Rchb.f. var. malacophylla

H: terrestrial with whitish to greenish flowers, in submon

Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe

Abstract