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Gender gaps in potential for entrepreneurship across countries and cultures
... In this regard, Hayton et al. (2002), Jamali (2009) andNaser et al. (2009) argue that cultural norms-the values, beliefs and models of a group or territory-play a key role in the emergence of entrepreneurial intentions and in the launching of entrepreneurial ventures. Mueller (2004) reminds us that, within the framework of international studies, the entrepreneurial behaviors of established male and female entrepreneurs are relatively similar (Arenius and Minitti, 2005). However, the entrepreneurial intentions of men and women vary widely from country to country. ...
... However, the entrepreneurial intentions of men and women vary widely from country to country. Mueller (2004) and Langowitz and Minitti (2007) point out that while these contrasts are pronounced in developed countries they are less pronounced in underdeveloped countries. What, then, is the situation in Saudi Arabia, a rapidly developing country in which the government has launched a series of important initiatives in favor of female education and employment? ...
... Nevertheless, in terms of entrepreneurial intention, there are still pronounced contrasts between men and women. Taking inspiration from the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985), Mueller (2004) carried out a comparative international study in which he highlighted that women's entrepreneurial intentions were less ambitious than men's. He explained this phenomenon in reference to a minor locus of control and a propensity to take fewer risks in the female populations studied. ...
... GE is associated to Hofstede's dimension of masculinity vs. feminity, which considers two different aspects of societies: the inclination to be assertive and goal oriented, and the perception of role differences and inequalities (House et al., 2004). Scholars generally agree on the positive relationship between masculinity and entrepreneurship (McGrath, MacMillan, Scheinberg et al., 1992;Mueller, 2004;Hofstede et al., 2004). ...
... This is not easy in cultures which do not feel comfortable with risks and failures, but incentives, as well as the educational policies, can play an important role in improving performance orientation. Goal and success orientation are also typical of what Hofstede (1980) names masculine society, and this finding is coherent with all the contributions highlighting a positive impact of masculinity on entrepreneurship (McGrath, MacMillan, Scheinberg et al., 1992;Mueller, 2004;Hofstede et al., 2004). It is also coherent with the results reached by Stephan and Uhlaner (2010) on the positive effects of performance orientation on entrepreneurship. ...
... In addition, House et al. (2004) associate GE with femininitythe opposite of the masculinity dimension. This reinforces the coherence between our results and the previous contributions on the positive effects of masculinity on entrepreneurship (such as : Mueller, 2004;McGrath, MacMillan, Scheinberg et al., 1992;Hofstede et al., 2004). The output of our analysis reinforces the idea of a connection between PO and masculinity on one side, and between GE and femininity on the other, and suggests that the values associated with masculinity are the ones which affect EI the most. ...
Despite an abundance of research, still there is a gap in understanding the underlying cultural mechanisms behind entrepreneurial behavior of nations in the literature. This study contributes to the debate through a new perspective of analysis based on behavioral reasoning theory (BRT). Specifically, this research analyses the role cultural values play in formation of the reasoning behind entrepreneurial behavior. The data and variables are taken from the GLOBE project and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for a multiple regression analysis spanning from 2007 to 2017 for 50 countries. The results show that, with the exception of Institutional Collectivism, all of GLOBE’s cultural dimensions affect the reasoning justifications behind entrepreneurial intentions in various countries. Thus, the novel contribution of the present research is the application of BRT in explaining entrepreneurial intentions. This contribution is substantial to the international entrepreneurship field through clarification of the role of cultural values in the reasoning processes behind entrepreneurial activities of nations. Some findings are surprising with regard to the conventional understandings. These findings are fully discussed in the concluding sections.
... Apart from the paucity of research, the existing cross-cultural studies lack consensus about the role of GE in entrepreneurial cognitions (Engelen et al. 2009;Jones et al. 2011;Shneor et al. 2013;Paul and Shrivatava 2016). Some studies indicate a negative effect of gender egalitarianism on entrepreneurship (Hayton et al. 2002;Mueller 2004;Zhao et al. 2012). Some other studies find that GE facilitates the relationship between EIs and actual entrepreneurial behavior (Laffranchini et al. 2018;Cannavale and Nadali 2020). ...
... The gap between men's and women's self-employment rate is reducing, although this trend is not homogeneous across countries (Qui 2018;Fairlie et al. 2016). Women still represent lower levels of contribution in entrepreneurial endeavors globally (Reynolds et al. 2001;Reynolds et al. 2004;Baughn et al. 2006;Alsos et al. 2006), and scholars attempt to provide explanations for potential gender differences in entrepreneurial behaviors (Sandberg 2003;Hayton et al. 2002;Mueller 2004;Zhao et al. 2012). ...
Our study aims to investigate the effects of the cultural dimension known as gender egalitarianism (GE) on the cognitions behind entrepreneurial behavior. Following Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT), we verified the effects of reasoning for and reasoning against entrepreneurial behavioral choice on the individual’s attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and the effects of gender egalitarianism on them. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) provide us with data analyzed by a multilevel logit model, and findings indicate a negative moderation effect of GE on the direct effect of reason for on attitude: The significant role of reason for on a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship diminishes in societies with high values of GE.
... Na and Shin (2019) as well as Østergaard et al. (2011) discovered that women entrepreneurs tended to do more intensive innovations than men. But on the other hand, several studies have also found that male entrepreneurs actually innovate more than women, because men are more willing to take risks (Mueller, 2004) and have more transformational leadership traits (Reuvers et al., 2008). Apart from being associated with innovation, gender factors can also be linked to business networks. ...
... Female entrepreneurs tend to face more obstacles in business activities compared to male entrepreneurs (Aliyu, 2013), including in innovation activities. Men tend to be more willing to take risks (Mueller, 2004) and have more transformational leadership traits (Reuvers et al., 2008), so that male entrepreneurs innovate more than female entrepreneurs. On the other hand, female entrepreneurs are better at communicating and collaborating with their subordinates and business partners, as well as promoting group creativity, so that they can encourage innovation activities. ...
In this chapter, we delve into the mechanism that mobilizes embedded means in the process of new venture co-creation in a small community. We build on effectuation theory to explain the ways in which these means—readily available and unique to each individual and to the community as a whole—provide a foundation for the integration of resources. We examine these ideas using rich qualitative data from homestay entrepreneurs in a rural Malaysian community. Our findings reveal how trust transforms embedded means, such as a sense of community and an authentic culture, into resources, in the venture-creation process. We contribute to community-level entrepreneurship research by applying effectuation theory to illustrate the social construction of new ventures at the community level. Effectuation theory enables us to delineate the contextuality of entrepreneurial cognition and actions at this level. We also contribute to effectuation theory by applying it at the community level and extending the key concept of trust as a mechanism that transforms intangible means into new resources in this theory. In addition, we discuss the implications for practitioners and policymakers.
... Na and Shin (2019) as well as Østergaard et al. (2011) discovered that women entrepreneurs tended to do more intensive innovations than men. But on the other hand, several studies have also found that male entrepreneurs actually innovate more than women, because men are more willing to take risks (Mueller, 2004) and have more transformational leadership traits (Reuvers et al., 2008). Apart from being associated with innovation, gender factors can also be linked to business networks. ...
... Female entrepreneurs tend to face more obstacles in business activities compared to male entrepreneurs (Aliyu, 2013), including in innovation activities. Men tend to be more willing to take risks (Mueller, 2004) and have more transformational leadership traits (Reuvers et al., 2008), so that male entrepreneurs innovate more than female entrepreneurs. On the other hand, female entrepreneurs are better at communicating and collaborating with their subordinates and business partners, as well as promoting group creativity, so that they can encourage innovation activities. ...
A company’s goal in addition to achieving predetermined performance targets is also to maintain its existence. The sustainability of a business is related to its long-term performance, including for MSMEs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of MSME growth in a business growth strategy theoretical perspective. The total number of respondents was 112 MSME entrepreneurs from various sectors in the city of Salatiga, Central Java. The primary data collected was then analyzed using PLS-SEM, both for direct and indirect effects. The study, which was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrated that business networks did not have a positive effect on business growth, but business networks proved to have a positive effect on innovation. Innovation has a direct effect on business growth. Furthermore, gender moderation does not play a role in the influence of business networks towards innovation. Innovation is recognized to fully mediate the influence of business networks on business growth. The findings of this study contribute theoretically through testing the business growth strategy theory at the MSME level. The managerial implications are for MSME actors to take advantage of business relationships and proactively innovate to increase business growth, especially in times of a crisis or abnormal condition.
... In such studies, cultural values are considered as proxies of culture. While several scholars focus on the effects of gender on the development of EA (Zampetakis et al., 2017;Yang, 2013), just a few of them consider the cultural value of gender egalitarianism (GE) as a factor connected to the phenomenon (Zhao et al., 2012;Mueller, 2004). GE is a cultural value attributed by high social desire for equal opportunities and statuses for both genders. ...
... An explanation of this could be found in the fact that women have the same opportunities than men: in societies where GE is high, the possibility for women to do a good career and reach a good position reduces the inclination towards self-employment. This result is in accordance with the results of other scholars about the main reasons for self-employment, and about the risk avoidance of women (Hackett et al. 1992;Krueger et al., 2000;Kakabadse et al., 2018;Hayton et al., 2002;Zhao et al., 2012;Mueller, 2004). ...
... In such studies, cultural values are considered as proxies of culture. While several scholars focus on the effects of gender on the development of EA (Zampetakis et al., 2017;Yang, 2013), just a few of them consider the cultural value of gender egalitarianism (GE) as a factor connected to the phenomenon (Zhao et al., 2012;Mueller, 2004). GE is a cultural value attributed by high social desire for equal opportunities and statuses for both genders. ...
... An explanation of this could be found in the fact that women have the same opportunities than men: in societies where GE is high, the possibility for women to do a good career and reach a good position reduces the inclination towards self-employment. This result is in accordance with the results of other scholars about the main reasons for self-employment, and about the risk avoidance of women (Hackett et al. 1992;Krueger et al., 2000;Kakabadse et al., 2018;Hayton et al., 2002;Zhao et al., 2012;Mueller, 2004). ...
... Thus, many empirical studies have found evidence of a significant relationship between the probability of being or becoming an entrepreneur and individual attributes such as age, gender and education. The effect of gender on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur is demonstrated in several previous studies which found that males show a higher level of interest than females in creating new businesses (Minniti, Bygrave, & Autio, 2005;Mueller, 2004). Thus, women are less attracted to entrepreneurial activity than men. ...
... The effect of gender on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur is demonstrated in several previous studies which found that males show a higher level of interest than females in creating new businesses (Minniti et al., 2005;Mueller, 2004;Reynolds et al., 2002). On the contrary, the result of this research revealed that gender doesn't influences both preference and actual engagement in entrepreneurial activity. ...
Recently, entrepreneurship has been given serious devotion due to its importance on economic growth, job creation, sources of innovation and productivity. So, this paper aims to identify the determinants of entrepreneurial intention of engineering graduating students in Ethiopia. Stratified sampling technique was employed and data were collected via questionnaire from 921 students from the target population. The study utilized regression statistics to analyze the data. The data used for this study is hierarchally structured and hence multilevel binary logistic model was used to identify the relationship between predictor and outcome variables by taking into account both level-1 (students’ characteristics) and level-2 (universities characteristics) in regression relationships. The model result founds that personal attitude, perceived educational and relational support are the significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention of students at 5% level. The policymakers should facilitate entrepreneurship trainings to change attitude of students and strength the cooperation between students and fund raisers.
... The reviewed literature highlights entrepreneurship as a planned behavior that transforms an idea for formal businesses (Rusu, Isac, Cureteanu, & Csorba, 2012) and generates value (Lans, Blok, & Wesselink, 2014) by individuals with a specific set of traits (Mueller, 2004) who are potentially influenced by their environment (Lee, Lim, & Pathak, 2009). Dissanayake & Semasinghe (2014) recognized the importance of the environment in terms of the cultural attitudes, values, and behavior, but the results of validated prior research indicates a characterization gap between culture and entrepreneurship (Hayton, George, & Zahra, 2002). ...
... Beginning in the early 1980's, a number of empirical studies were undertaken in an attempt to relate certain psychological traits to entrepreneurial intention (Mueller, 2004). The traits approach to entrepreneurship has been pursued by many researchers to separate entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs and to identify a list of traits specific to an entrepreneur. ...
Editorship. Citation (APA format):
Carrión-Tavárez, Á. (Ed.) (2017). Fórum Empresarial, 22(2), 1-140.
... Collectivism/individualism is considered to be a sensitive dimension (Berry et al., 2011) because it has implications for the way in which individuals interact within their organisational structure (Hofstede, 2001;Sparrow, 1996), and it is also seen as highly relevant for organisational practices and leadership work (Gelfand et al., 2004;Gelfand et al., 2007;Hofstede, 2001). According to Mueller (2004), the more collectivist the national culture, the smaller the gap in entrepreneurial character attributes. This suggests that the gap between men and women in entrepreneurship is higher in societies whose culture shows more individualism than collectivism. ...
... When uncertainty avoidance is high, individuals prefer employment stability and formal rules, while individuals in low uncertainty avoidance cultures are likely to be open to change and prefer flexible jobs. Empirical evidence by Mueller (2004) revealed that men are more likely than women to buck dominant cultural values to become entrepreneurs and there is a greater gap in risk-taking between men and women in cultures where high uncertainty avoidance characterises the national culture. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of gender in the sport business by investigating gender differences in entrepreneurial leadership and cultural values using quantitative methods.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 241 surveys were completed by sport business owners in 4 countries in the Middle East.
Findings
The results revealed that gender differences and similarities are not only widely affected by national cultural values but also the effects of national cultural values vary between countries in the Middle East, despite these countries being similar in terms of habits, traditions, history, language and institutional systems. Additionally, it was found that entrepreneurial leadership is a role, task or responsibility that is related to both men and women in the sport business in the Middle East.
Research limitations/implications
Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, together with limitations and suggestions for future research.
Originality/value
This is the only study in the field of entrepreneurial leadership that examined the concept of entrepreneurial leadership in Middle East sport businesses.
... Mueller and Thomas (2001) multi-country study found that man are scoring higher on innovative orientation than female, while there was no significant difference among the gender with respect to the internal locus of control orientation. No difference with respect to the internal locus of control was also proven by the Mueller (2004) study across the entire sample of seventeen countries. On contrary, Molino et al. (2018) study on personality found higher levels of self efficacy and internal locus of control in males. ...
... Masters and Meier (1988) also found no difference between a sample of male and female entrepreneurs in risk-taking propensity. On the other hand, in terms of risk taking propensity, the gender gap was positive with males scoring higher than females at Mueller's (2004) and Sexton and Bowman-Upton's (1990) ...
Research dedicated to entrepreneurship has, from the very beginning, created a gender gap as it was mostly considered to be the masculine one. Studies with the main focus on psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs are mostly based on a comparison with other professionals, rarely approaching gender differences. Using the mixture of general personal and entrepreneurial traits, this study investigates entrepreneurial dilemma and answers the question whether entrepreneurship can or cannot be gendered, using a sample of potential entrepreneurs. Based on the multivariate analysis of variance, this study empirically proves that there are no statistically significant differences between the genders according to any criteria, except for the criterion of worry, which is more pronounced in women than in men. This study offers a good basis for the implementation of the existing models in different areas of entrepreneurship research, extending its understanding from the gender perspective. From the practical point of view, it provides a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial traits that might be critical for designing support and educational programs for enhancing (female) entrepreneurship.
... However, as results available on request show, our findings are confirmed when we estimate a model, including costs, on a restricted sample. 7 Indeed, there is a significant gap in the risk-taking propensity of men and women that is also determined by the culture of the country in which they operate(Mueller 2004).Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Although R&D activities can be effective means for firms to develop their innovation capacity, the current understanding of which informal institutions affect firms’ propensity to invest in R&D remains limited, especially in emerging and less-developed countries. Using a large sample of transition countries, this work investigates whether family ownership and political connections influence the firm’s propensity to invest in R&D, as well as in a specific type of open innovation (OI) strategy (i.e. performing simultaneously internal and external R&D activities). According to our evidence, both informal institutions seem encouraging firms to invest in R&D. Moreover, family and political connections appear increasing the engagement in the aforementioned OI strategy. Finally, the two kinds of networks seem to substitute each other in boosting the probability of investing in internal and external R&D activities.
... Similarly, Jorgensen and Savla [38] and Sang [39] indicated that financial knowledge positively influences financial attitude and consequently promotes awareness of sound financial behavior. Furthermore, Mueller [40] found that attitude toward behavior is influenced by different variables such as experience, knowledge, education, personal value, personality, etc. Thus, it has been argued financial knowledge positively affects the university student's attitude toward entrepreneurship because financial knowledge raises the advantages of engaging in investment activities [41]. ...
This research examines the impact of financial knowledge on risky investment intention via the lens of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The research developed a comprehensive model to test the mediation effect of the three TPB antecedents on the link between financial knowledge and risky investment intention. The research investigates the moderating effect of risk-taking on the link between three TPB constructs and risky investment intention. For these purposes, we used a pre-tested survey, was directed to senior university students in public universities in Saudi Arabia. The findings of SmartPLS showed a significant positive influence of financial knowledge on attitudes towards risky investment, subjective norms (SNs), and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Both SNs and PBC have a significant positive influence on risky investment intention. Nonetheless, the personal attitude of students failed to have a significant direct or mediating influence on risky investment intention. Additionally, risk-taking did not have a moderating effect on the link between personal attitude and risky investment intention. Students belong to a risk-adverse culture, which could justify the insignificant impact of their personal attitudes on risky investment intention. On the other side, SNs and PBC have a mediating effect on the link between financial knowledge and risky investment intention. Risk-taking has a moderating effect on the link between SNs, PBC, and risky investment intention. The research extends the use of TPB by validating its assumptions about driving the investment intention of university graduates.
... The population of this study consists of undergraduate students in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The choice of this target population was informed by some factors that suggested that students' samples are most suitable because of ease of accessibility and the capability to establish supervision over the study settings (Mueller, 2004). Additionally, it has been established that the areas flourishing with entrepreneurial undertakings today tend to be mostly located around university communities, as university environments in particular are locations where the entrepreneurs of tomorrow can be discovered (Cone, 2012). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among students of a university in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on their risk-taking propensity, social support and demographic variables.
Design/methodology/approach
Data for the study were collected from 350 undergraduates across seven faculties in Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, through a self-reported questionnaire. Descriptive and regression statistical analysis were used to estimate and test the relationship among entrepreneurial intention and social support, risk-taking propensity and demographic variables.
Findings
The results showed high entrepreneurial intention among the students. The push factors, such as perceived social support from families, risk-taking propensity and previous engagement in business, are key determinants of entrepreneurship intention among the students. The age and father’s occupation also showed a significant relationship with the level of entrepreneurial intention.
Practical implications
This result suggests that strengthening social support for entrepreneurship among students could enhance their desire to own a business during and after graduation. Improving entrepreneurship ecosystems in the university could further motivate those already practicing entrepreneurship while also stimulating intentions among others. For instance, provision of entrepreneurship infrastructure and incentives such as business incubators, innovation hubs, science parks and competitive business grants could enhance the risk-taking propensity among students and motivate them for venture creation.
Originality/value
Understanding the influence of social support and risk-taking propensity on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates is important for policy and practice. The result further reinforces the need to promote entrepreneurship education to create a critical mass of potential entrepreneurs in the university.
... Positive expected outcomes such as increased economic yield, autonomy, and independence lead students to have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior; nevertheless, undesirable behavior expectations of outcomes will discourage entrepreneurial enthusiasm [45]. According to Mueller [46], attitude is affected by several factors such as education, personality, personal values, earlier experience, etc. As a result, it has been suggested that entrepreneurship education can promote a positive personal attitude among university students by highlighting the benefits of entrepreneurship [47]. ...
This study examined the impact of university education support on entrepreneurial intention among higher education students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study adopts the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the theoretical foundation and examines the effect of constructs of TPB as mediating variables between university education support and entrepreneurial intention. The study adopted a quantitative research approach through a questionnaire survey directed to senior students at King Faisal University (KFU). The results of SEM “structural equation modeling” with AMOS software showed that university education support has a significant positive direct impact on entrepreneurial intention. It also has significant positive and indirect effects through the three constructs of TPB, which were found to have a significant impact on entrepreneurial intention among higher education students. This research result sends several important messages to higher education policymakers in relation to the promotion of entrepreneurship intention among higher education students. The results also have some theoretical implications for scholars, which are also discussed in the study.
... Berger (1991) states that national culture affects individuals' personality and behavior, political and legal system, companies, economic conditions, social norms and customs; therefore it is compulsory for entrepreneurial researchers to consider doing cultural studies. There are various studies in the literature connecting culture and entrepreneurship such as Shane (1994) or Mueller (2004). ...
In this study, we examined and drew attention to the entrepreneurial characteristics of students who were potentially at the beginning of an entrepreneurial process. Furthermore, we have analyzed the entrepreneurship literature to develop an understanding of the cultural dimensions that may have an impact on entrepreneurial process. A sample of students was selected as the study participants in the provinces of Kayseri and Yozgat. The data was collected employing face to face interviews. The results have indicated that culture has an impact on entrepreneurship and locus of control.
... This may be because Pakistan has a high score of uncertainty avoidance and power distance that has a negative relationship with risk taking (Kreiser et al., 2010). People from a high uncertainty avoidance culture tend to focus on security and stability potentially resulting in low risktaking (Mueller, 2004). Therefore, not only individuals, but also firms operating in such cultures are low in risk taking (e.g. ...
Purpose
Earlier studies have shown that individuals with business education and the personality traits listed in the big-five model are more inclined to pursue entrepreneurial activities. The Big-Five Model of personality is one of the prominent taxonomies, which highlights five fundamental human's traits. However, the big-five model does not cover all baseline personality features essential for pursuing an entrepreneurial career. Drawing on the trait-factor theory of career choice, this study discusses action-oriented traits as a driving force for individuals to pursue entrepreneurship as a foremost career choice in the context of developing economies.
Design/methodology/approach
Data of 599 recent graduates, who just completed their university degrees and about to join the job market, were collected through surveys and analyzed after achieving the model-fit.
Findings
Results highlighted that three action-oriented traits (innovativeness, risk-taking and competitiveness) aspire individuals to pursue entrepreneurial careers. In addition, a multi-group analysis of business vs. non-business educational backgrounds revealed that business related education is not the only strong precursor leading to the pursuit of an entrepreneurial career.
Originality/value
This study draws attention to the belief of higher educational consultants, institutes and policymakers that investment in certain trait development can increase the number of new entrepreneurs in an economy.
... In this study, the variable gender had a statistically significant effect on TVET and insignificant effect on University students' intention toward entrepreneurship. The result of TVET supported by (Blanchflower et al., 2001;Mueller & Stephen, 2004;Shook & Bratianu, 2010) and they also noted that male students found entrepreneurship more attractive than female students. However, for University students the finding was supported by (Krueger et al., 2000c;Gird & Bagraim, 2008) and they found that there were no statistically significant relationships between gender and entrepreneurial intentions. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare influencing factors of University and TVET graduate students intention towards entrepreneurship in Addis Ababa City. Both questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods of data collection techniques were carried out. For the questionnaire survey, 500 respondents were selected by using convenience sampling technique from TVETs and Universities which are found in Addis Ababa City. Additionally, ten focus group discussions were implemented and each group had eight members. A separate logistic regression model was developed for TVET and University graduate students that can predicate determinant factors of students’ intention. The entrepreneurial inclination of TVET students was significantly influenced by age, gender, field of study, income, subjective norms, entrepreneurial attitudes, internal locus of control and entrepreneurial education. For University students, the variable family work, field of study, entrepreneurship course, entrepreneurship test score, locus of control, entrepreneurial education, subjective norms and entrepreneurial motivation had a statistically significant effect on their intention towards entrepreneurship. The study used a mixed research approach for data triangulation purpose. The survey data were entered using SPSS version 20 and analyzed using STATA version 13 software. The qualitative data processed through thematic narration method. Based on the analyzed data, the study found that many graduate students from TVET programs would like to start their business compared to University students. Additionally, based on the descriptive analysis finding, University students had higher subjective norms and higher entrepreneurial attitude than TVET students. Also, for the study variables (subjective norms, entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurship education, locus of control and perceived behavioral control), descriptive result depicted that TVET students had an average mean value of 3.29 and University students had an average mean value of 3.89 for all variables. So, University students had higher entrepreneurial intention than TVET students. Finally, the study recommended that practical education, family business, students loan, free tax policy, business ethics, inclusive entrepreneurship policy, entrepreneurship education as a degree, targeting on indigenous entrepreneurs and sectors coordination should have to be addressed by the concerned body to enhance graduate students intention toward self-employment and personal business.
... The literature suggests that a positive entrepreneurial attitude enhances entrepreneurial intention (Robinson et al., 1991;Phan et al., 2002;Luthje and Franke, 2003), entrepreneurial intentions are central to understanding the entrepreneurial process (Katz, 1992;Krueger and Carsrud, 1993;Kolvereid, 1996;Crant, 1996;Bird and West, 1998a, b) and also entrepreneurial characteristics are regarded as a predictor of entrepreneurial intention (Rasheedand Rasheed, 2003). Also, past studies suggest that there exists low entrepreneurial intention among females as compared to males (Mueller, 2004;Asos et al.,2007;Koellinger et al., 2008;D ıaz-Garc ıa and Jim enez-Moreno, 2010;Yordanova and Tarrazon, 2010; Unemployment issue among engineering students Shinnar et al., 2012;Zeffane, 2015). In recent studies, it is seen that the researchers found keen interest concerning entrepreneurial intentions among the university students (Tkachev and Kolvereid, 1999;Autio et al., 2001;Veciana et al., 2005). ...
Purpose
Unemployment is the biggest issue for all the developing countries, especially India, where millions of educated people are passed out every year from different educational institutes, but against this, the jobs are not being generated. This situation will only be addressed effectively when the government/authorities make more efforts to identify/create potential entrepreneurs. The present study investigates the relationship of entrepreneurial characteristics on entrepreneurial attitude and intention among engineering undergraduates engaged in various technical institutions in Chhattisgarh state.
Design/methodology/approach
Stratified random sampling was used to collect sample of 1,000 engineering undergraduates enrolled in third and fourth year at different technical institutions of Chhattisgarh state.
Findings
Structural equation modelling and hierarchal multiple regression analysis were incorporated, and the analysis revealed that the entrepreneurial characteristic was found to be a significant predictor of entrepreneurial attitude and intention of engineering undergraduates. The study also discusses managerial implications, limitations and avenues for future research.
Originality/value
Looking at the current scenario, the present study discusses with several factors influencing entrepreneurial attitude and intention of engineering undergraduates, which might be the only solution to a significant issue, i.e. unemployment. In addition, there is a huge lack of research in addressing unemployment issue through entrepreneurship in the state of Chhattisgarh.
... The study has empirically identified the basic framework to empower women in rural communities to bridge the entrepreneurial gap between men and women. This has been a growing phenomenon and has not seen the needed approach it needs in recent years as emphasized by Mueller (2004) that gender entrepreneurial gap continuously widens in many economies where resources are predominantly owned and controlled by male population and has culminated into widening income gap between females and their male counterparts. Considering that women form majority of the world"s population, the inability of women to play active roles in entrepreneurship is a clear indication that the world is losing significant portion of her labour force. ...
This survey study examines the effectiveness of a Rural Enterprise Programme (REP) in improving the livelihood of rural women in Ghana, using ex-anti and ex-post income determinants of the programme. Some 217 beneficiary women drawn from farm-based, agro-processing, traditional craft, agro industrial and petty trading economic sub-sectors selected to participate in the survey using snowball sampling method. Using cross-sectional design, questionnaire with open and closed ended items was used to collect data. The IBM SPSS Statistics (SPSS version 20) was used to analyze the data and the results were qualitatively presented in tables and charts. The study found that the various inputs and strategies used in the Rural Enterprise Programme to empower women included education and training that equipped beneficiary with literacy skills to enhance their entrepreneurial roles and labour market. The result showed that the women empowerment strategies employed by the programme produced intermediate and long-term outcomes increasing the nominal income of the participants, indicating improvement in the well-being of the rural women. However, the study identified a gap in accessing affordable finance (credit) and high cost of inputs which presented challenge to the responsiveness of the REP to the beneficiary rural women economic well-being. The study corroborates the literature on rural women empowerment in West African that evidence a high degree of vulnerabilities of rural women's access to economic resources which are predominantly owned by men. The study recommends future ethnographically informed case study to investigate culturally responsive strategies that can work best in economically empowering women in African traditional rural men-dominated cultural and economic context.
... According to Reynolds et al. (1994), differences in entrepreneurial activities among countries can be explained by those cultural and economic factors in the means of financial support, infrastructure, policy, and capital. Mueller (2004) also confirms that some cultures and societies are more supportive to pursue entrepreneurial activity than others; and there are various results in national and regional differences in new venture creation rates. Türker & Selçuk (2009) Lüthje and Franke (2003) has also shown that perception of external factors (perceived contextual barriers and support) directly affected the entrepreneurial intention of students. ...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This book is concerned with the specific influence of individual and contextual background factors on formation of entrepreneurial intention, using SEM analysis. The presented research in the book uses Turkish university students as the sample group; it serves to the purpose of supporting entrepreneurship education and development in Turkey.
... Most of the authors such as Zao et al. (2005); Wilson et al., (2009) confirm the idea that men have a significantly higher entrepreneurial intention than women. This disparity is observed in both developing and developed countries (Mueller, 2004). In addition, the workwomen in developing countries have a lower entrepreneurial intention than those in developed countries. ...
... Most of the authors such as Zao et al. (2005); Wilson et al., (2009) confirm the idea that men have a significantly higher entrepreneurial intention than women. This disparity is observed in both developing and developed countries (Mueller, 2004). In addition, the workwomen in developing countries have a lower entrepreneurial intention than those in developed countries. ...
National Report based on the 2021 GUESSS "Global University Entrepreneurial Students' Spirit Survey" Survey
... On a global level, women represent more than one third of all people involved in entrepreneurial activity (Minniti et al.2005).Hence, women have played a significant role in the worldwide expansion of entrepreneurship (Jalbert 2000;Minniti et al. 2005). However, studies over the past decade show a persistent gap between men and women in the level of entrepreneurial activity , in entrepreneurial orientation and propensity (Mueller 2004;Langowitz and Minniti 2007), and in the motivation, desire, and intention to become an entrepreneur (Minniti and Nardone 2007). Some authors and practitioners have generally assumed that entrepreneurship was the same all over the world. ...
The study concentrated on the impact of small entrepreneurship on rural poor women in Bangladesh. It was executed by considering their participation in income generating activities to improved livelihood assets. The study comprised of a sample of 300 women household entrepreneurs selected randomly. Practically, tabular and statistical techniques were used to analyze the results. The results indicated that the impact on poultry and livestock rearing, fishing, homestead gardening was positive. Accordingly, distribution of household expenditure revealed both farm and non-farm entrepreneurs spent more money on food, cloth, health care, and housing than they did before involvement in entrepreneurship. Of concern also, most of the respondent household had brought positive changes in different types of livelihood assets, such as financial capital, natural capital, physical capital, human capital, and social capital. The study employed the sustainable livelihood analysis framework as an analytical tool to identify ways to advance the livelihood of small entrepreneurs. However, lack of institutional support, and poor government facilities are identified as constraints to developed women entrepreneurship.
... Scales representing 4 variables were used, personality characteristics scale (PC); Gavurová et al. (2018) used the 5-point Likert scale questions within the study. The scale developed by Mueller and Thomas (2001), Mueller (2004), was used to measure innovativeness (I) in the sample population. The need for achievement (NFA), Kaish and Gilad (1991), Kristiansen and Indarti (2004) scale was used. ...
Purpose: To evaluate the potential of university students in entrepreneurship and to analyze students' entrepreneurship thoughts.
Methodology: Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted with 510 university students. After factor and reliability analysis was done, using SPSS 25 and AMOS Program, path analysis was performed.
Findings: In the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the personality characteristics, innovativeness, thoughts and desires of success of university students are effective in choosing entrepreneurship as a career step.
Practical Implications: Mediation effect and personality characteristics, innovativeness, and need for achievement variables have a positive effect. The results of the study show that, in terms of the effects of personality characteristics on young people, cultural studies should also be conducted.
Originality: The article is intended to provide practical results using quantitative research methods along with theoretical information regarding variables. This study shows that university students prefer entrepreneurship ion their career path.
... All these factors are recognized to be gendered, with studies comparing women's characteristics with men's. For example, Mueller (2004) conducts an empirical cross-country study to identify gender gaps in terms of psychological/personality traits. Brush (2006) expands this focus to include economic, demographic, and business empirical data of men and women entrepreneurs. ...
The structure of the paper is divided three sections. First, we present an overview on gender literature intersected with each of the three research areas identified: entrepreneurship, innovation and agriculture. We include details on the literature search process and the general characteristics of the articles reviewed--discipline, geographical focus, methods, theoretical approaches, and type of journal (including a list of the most relevant specialized journals and authors). Next, we categorize and discuss the most relevant works in two: articles using a variable approach to gender; and those with an understanding of gender as a construct or process. This provides an indication on the type of published material addressing gender issues at the intersection of one, or all, the research areas previously identified, and situated in rural contexts of either developed or developing countries. We conclude the document highlighting how this literature review contributes to gender debates in development.
... Guo et al. (2017) proposed that women are characterized by higher levels of sensitivity and superior social skills, which positively help to create a work setting where knowledge is obtained from employees and shared among colleagues, whereby it greatly satisfies individuals who exhibit openness to experience. Drawing on the past research on the effects of gender differences in leadership style and effectiveness, innovativeness, individual's behavior and creativity (e.g., Eagly et al., 2003;Mueller, 2004;Norris, 2008;Reuvers et al., 2008;BarNir et al., 2011;Guo et al., 2017), the present study attempts to answer how the manager's gender moderates the mediating effects of self-leadership on the relationship between innovativeness and manager's innovative behavior. Therefore, taking the discussion above, we propose: ...
Innovative capability and creativity, particularly in high value-added industries, are viewed as core to the competitiveness of a firm. Firms can increase their innovative capability by taking advantage of individual innovative behavior. Individual innovation is also important for firms to sustain innovation processes by including a broad set of behaviors regarding innovation, such as opportunity exploration, recognition of problem, transformation of ideas into tangible outcomes and strategically planning these outcomes integrated into organizational practice. Herein, it is crucial to find out which individual and/or contextual factors promote individual innovation in the workplace. In response to promoting individual innovation, firm’s orientation toward innovation and individual’s self-leadership may motivate individuals to engage in innovative behavior in the workplace. Therefore, this research seeks to gain a better understanding of how firms’ tendency to be innovative and individuals’ self-leadership influence individual innovation behavior among managers. Prior research regarding the relationship between self-leadership and innovative behavior, have failed to determine which self-leadership strategies stimulate innovative behavior. Thereby, in this research, we fill this literature gap as we focus on the self-leadership strategies-innovative behavior relation. Additionally, promoting individual innovation depends on identifying not only individual and contextual factors, but also their interactions. Hence, in order to achieve a more holistic understanding of individual innovative behavior, we concentrate on the relation of innovativeness to managers’ innovative behavior by examining not only how innovativeness influences managers’ innovative behavior through self-leadership, but also whether the perception of risk-taking within organization and gender of the manager facilitates or impedes the process. To study these relationships, data were collected from a sample of 340 managers in banking sector. The results of the research show innovativeness, self-leadership and strategies of self-leadership are positively related to innovative behavior. Furthermore, the results indicate that self-leadership skills fully mediated the relationship between innovativeness and innovative behavior, as well as risk-taking and gender of managers moderate the mediating effect of self-leadership on the relationship between innovativeness and manager’s innovative behavior. Overall, our findings will contribute to an improved insight into the role of firms’ innovativeness, risk-taking, as well as manager’s gender and self-leadership skills in facilitating innovative behavior at work.
... These differences may be due to women having less desire to become entrepreneurs (Verheul et al., 2012), although other authors have stated that sex has no effect on the intention to start a business (Hatak et al., 2015). Gender differences are also reflected in the personality traits related to entrepreneurial activity, and are greater in more advanced economies (Mueller, 2004). In terms of the Big Five, female entrepreneurs or women who want to start businesses score higher than men in extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience (López-Núñez et al., 2020;Obschonka et al., 2014). ...
The analysis of sociodemographic variables such as age and sex has demonstrated their importance in entrepreneurial activity. Therefore, it is important to study the role these variables play in entrepreneurial personality. The aim of this research was to examine measurement invariance of the Battery for the Assessment of the Enterprising Personality (BEPE), and to study the differences in entrepreneurial personality as a function of sex, age, and being self-employed or not. The sample comprised 1170 participants (>30 years old: 76.1%; women: 60%; self-employed: 13%). We analyzed various levels of measurement invariance: configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance. The BEPE showed measurement invariance with respect to age, sex and type of employment at all of the invariance levels. We also found differences in entrepreneurial personality as a function of these sociodemographic variables.
... This result can be attributed to the risk-taking tendencies of female managers. Actually, Mueller (2004) states that there is a wide gap between the risk-taking levels of male and female managers in developing countries. However, considering the fact that developing market types are generally in more conservative and traditional cultures, women, who are already risk-averse managers, are especially careful not to take unnecessary risks including innovation (Na and Shin, 2019: 20). ...
... The positive anticipated results such as higher economic returns, independence, or autonomy may make people have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior; on the contrary, negative expectations of behavior results will discourage entrepreneurial enthusiasm [64]. Studies have shown that attitude is affected by personality, education, personal values, prior experience, etc. [65]. As such, it has been argued that entrepreneurship education can foster positive EA among college students by emphasizing entrepreneurship benefits [66]. ...
Given the major role of new enterprises founded by university alumni in creating employment and promoting economic development, it is well known that Chinese universities have implemented plenty of impressive initiatives to support students’ entrepreneurship. However, little is yet known about how students evaluate university entrepreneurship support and how it affects students’ entrepreneurial intentions. This study utilizes 13,954 recent college graduates from Chinese higher education institutions as a sample and aims to examine students’ perceptions of the support they received from universities and its influence on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The results illustrate that students are not very satisfied with various university entrepreneurship supports. Findings also indicate that university entrepreneurship support positively impacts students’ entrepreneurial intentions, although it is not a very strong relationship. Moreover, university entrepreneurship support positively affects entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which in turn determine entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy play a mediating role between university entrepreneurship support and entrepreneurial intention. The study contributes to the entrepreneurial literature theoretically and provides practical recommendations for policymakers and university administrators in China to reconsider and improve their entrepreneurship supports to encourage more students to become entrepreneurs.
... Koe 2016). Also, Ozaralli and Riverburgh (2016) citing Mueller (2004) explain that a sample of today's university students includes potential entrepreneurs and those who have no intention of becoming entrepreneurs. It is also expected that, as these students are leaving the university, they are more likely to develop the mindset of the careers they will pursue. ...
This study examined the factors that affect the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in a developing economy. Drawing from the entrepreneurial orientation discourse and network approach, the study investigated the effect of innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, and network ties on students' entrepreneurial intention. The study was conducted using 720 students selected from both private and public universities in Ghana. Data were collected using an online survey and analysed with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The findings reveal that individual entrepreneurial orientation dimensions of innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness influence entrepreneurial intentions. Also, the study found that network ties have a statistically significant effect on students' entrepreneurial intention. The type of university moderates the relationship between network ties, risk-taking behaviour, and entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of the study contribute to the development of policy and entrepreneurial education to enhance students' entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, the findings imply that students' entrepreneurial development efforts must focus on their level of risk-taking behaviour, innovativeness, proactiveness, and network ties.
... The results for gender diversity are mixed. Some papers find female top managers can reduce innovation (Schøtt and Cherghi [46], Ayub et al. [47], Mueller [48]). Others find gender diversity to improve innovation. ...
This study investigates the effects of on-the-job training and education level of employees on innovation in emerging markets using sample firms from BEEPS 2013(Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey 2013) datasets provided by the World Bank. The Heckman two-stage regression model is used in order to control for endogeneity over a final sample of 10,366 firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. To estimate innovation of firms, five indicators of innovation (product, process, organizational, marketing innovation, and R&D investments) are considered. The results of the study suggest that both on-the-job training and education level of employees have significant and positive impact on all forms of innovation. This finding implies that firms in Eastern European and Central Asian emerging markets can promote innovation by offering more on-the-job training programs or recruiting more educated employees.
... Furthermore, we suggest that female entrepreneurs in countries that prefer structured situations (i.e., are intolerant of uncertainty) will also be less likely to engage in social entrepreneurship because their tendency to be more risk averse than male entrepreneurs (Caliendo et al. 2009). Research finds that the risk-taking propensity of women decreases as uncertainty avoidance increases across countries (Mueller 2004). ...
This paper draws on practice theory to argue that the practiced culture of a society and gender interact to create cultured capacities for social entrepreneurship among entrepreneurs. We combine data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and World Bank (WB) to identify what cultural practices are most relevant for female entrepreneurs’ practice of social entrepreneurship across 33 countries. Our findings suggest that female entrepreneurs are more likely to engage in social entrepreneurship when cultural practices of power distance, humane orientation, and in-group collectivism are low, and cultural practices of future orientation and uncertainty avoidance are high, when compared to male entrepreneurs.
... It is possible that gender stereotypical beliefs about entrepreneurs reflect evolutionary selection pressures (Shahriar 2018), in which case, stereotypes will be largely consistent across different societies (Mueller 2004). Social role theory (SRT), however, posits that gender stereotypes result from the differential placement of men and women in society (Eagly 1987;Eagly and Wood 2012). ...
Considerable interest exists in understanding how people perceive and respond to entrepreneurs, more nominally referred to as implicit theories about entrepreneurship. A prominent aspect of people’s implicit theories is gender, perhaps because it is based on readily visible and universal biological attributes. Building on social role theory, we examine gender stereotypes associated with entrepreneurs in two culturally different countries, namely USA and India. Our investigation focuses on perceptions about entrepreneurs in general as well as entrepreneurs in specific venture forms (high-and low-growth ventures, commercial and social ventures). Results offer two new insights regarding gender stereotypes about entrepreneurs. First, despite some similarities across the two countries, there are crucial cross-national differences in how entrepreneurs are perceived. Second, gender stereotypes about entrepreneurs are quite cohesive and coherent in the USA, but considerably more fragmented and disjointed in India. Overall, our research suggests that there is significant cross-national variation in gender-typing of entrepreneurship, which provides support for the position that implicit theories about entrepreneurs result from socio-economic circumstances and cultural conditions of the society.
... Entrepreneurial failure can be a painful and disruptive experience, which can make entrepreneurs frustrated (Cope, [10][11] In this paper, we apply the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE, Chen et al., 1998), Bem's Gender Role Scale and Mueller's ( [17,18], 2004) entrepreneurial "process model" framework to study the impact of gender role identification on entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the four stages of entrepreneurial tasks. In terms of some conclusions (Peng and Lu, [19], 2013; Tang and Tang, [20], 2017), this paper analyzes the influence of androgyny personality on the ability to cope with entrepreneurial frustration, and provides guidance for Chinese college students to establish entrepreneurial personality and conduct entrepreneurial practice, so as to improve the quality of startup company created by college students. ...
... io of 1.9:1. The study states that the chances of new female entrepreneurs are better than those for new male ones. Some studies specify that men have a greater chance to start a new enterprise than women due to the different socialization of women in society, leading to a different perception of their future career advancement (Scherer et al, 1990. Mueller, 2004. ...
... Banks are unwilling to accept household items as collaterals because of conventional mindsets towards women (Haq, Mahbubul, Human Development Center (2000). Women also have no or very little access to knowledge, expertise or contacts that will enable them to identify new markets (Mueller, 2004). Consequently, many women owned SMEs cannot produce nor market their goods strategically. ...
... This fact is crucial because there is little empirical evidence showing the importance and nature of parents as models leading their children to become entrepreneurs (Hoffmann et al. 2015). Therefore, in these students, the influence of the family is critical for their career intentions (Jodl et al. 2001), especially if they are the educated elite of their nations (Mueller 2004;Shinnar et al. 2012), a situation that is especially visible in developing countries. This finding is consistent with Dunn and Holtz-Eakin (2000), who found that children from an entrepreneurial father are often more self-employed. ...
The objective of this chapter is to study how quality education influences entrepreneurial intention and to achieve sustainable human capital management. Methodology: We apply an ANOVA and the Levene’s test of homogeneity of variances in a sample composed of 1025 students from the 6 main faculty departments of Tecnológico de Monterrey in Guadalajara, Mexico, to study how gender, the level of studies, and parents’ schooling determine the entrepreneurial intention of students. Findings: (1) The type of studies chosen by studies affect to their entrepreneurial intention; (2) for the sample analyzed, women have a similar entrepreneurial intention than men, so gender is not a crucial factor for entrepreneurial intention; and (3) parents’ occupation and their higher level of studies positively determine the entrepreneurial intention on their children and allow reaching a sustainable human capital management.
... Guo et al. (2017) proposed that women are characterized by higher levels of sensitivity and superior social skills, which help to create a work setting where knowledge is obtained from employees and shared among colleagues, whereby it greatly satisfies individuals who exhibit openness to experience. Drawing on these studies and others on the effects of gender differences in (self) leadership style and effectiveness, innovativeness, the individual's innovative behavior and creativity (e.g., Eagly et al., 2003;Mueller, 2004;Norris, 2008;Reuvers et al., 2008;BarNir et al., 2011;Guo et al., 2017), it is expected that the managers' gender moderates the mediating effects of self-leadership on the relationship between innovativeness and manager's IIB. Based on the discussion above, we argue that the effect will be stronger for male compared to female respondents and hence propose: Hypothesis 5. Gender moderates the mediating effects of selfleadership on the relationship between POI and manager's IIB. ...
With the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), digital technology changes how banks translate new customer demands into new products and services. To achieve this translation, banks should increase their intrapreneurship capability through Individual-level Innovative Behavior (IIB). However, research on how to manage and promote manager's IIB in the workplace is still at the nascent stage. Therefore, this study investigates an under-researched topic: how Perceived Organizational Innovativeness (POI) affects manager's IIB through self-leadership strategies, and whether perceived organizational risk-taking and the gender of the respondents facilitate or impede the process. The study surveys 340 managers in the Turkish banking sector and analyses the results through SEM. The findings indicate that POI, self-leadership, and strategies of self-leadership are positively related to manager's IIB. Further, the results show that self-leadership fully mediates the relationship between POI and manager's IIB and that the perceived organizational risk-taking and gender of the respondents moderate the mediating effect of self-leadership on the relationship between POI and manager's IIB. Overall, the contribution of the research is not only to gain a more holistic understanding of manager's IIB antecedents but also to provide managers or practitioners with guidance on designing organizational environments that encourage innovation in the technology-driven sector.
... For instance, greater economic development is related to a larger gender gap in entrepreneurial activity (Klyver et al. 2013;van der Zwan et al. 2012;Minniti 2010;Baughn et al. 2006). There is also empirical evidence that cultural and institutional conditions affect the gender gap in entrepreneurship (Baughn et al. 2006;Mueller 2004;Shinnar et al. 2012;Elam and Terjesen 2010;Estrin and Mickiewicz 2011;Klyver et al. 2013). Klyver et al. (2013) present empirical evidence that a higher level of country-level gender equality in the areas of economy, education, politics, and health widens the gender gap in entrepreneurship. ...
Given the rising rate of migration across the globe, immigrant entrepreneurship is more than ever a topic of high theoretical and practical relevance. Immigrant entrepreneurship can offer host societies a win-win situation, generating incomes for immigrant entrepreneurs and contributing to knowledge transfer, innovativeness, and economic growth within the host economy. However, studies reveal that immigrant entrepreneurship is primarily male dominated and our understanding of the drivers and contextual factors that explain the gender gap is limited. Based on the mixed embeddedness approach, this multi-country study investigates the effects of immigrants’ embeddedness in supportive economic, social, and institutional environmental conditions on the gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship. Our key findings are threefold: First, the results confirm that a gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship exists. Female immigrants, compared with their male counterparts, are less likely to start and run their own business. Second, the results reveal that female immigrant entrepreneurship is encouraged by a supportive entrepreneurial environment, showing that policy can enhance female immigrant entrepreneurship through supportive conditions. Third, we find the same pattern of results for forced immigrants and opposite results for natives, suggesting that entrepreneurship is a “Plan A” employment strategy for (forced) female immigrants, whereas it is only a “Plan B” employment strategy for female natives.
... Experimental evidence points to the possibility that women are less capable of performing in competitive markets, even when they would perform as well as men in uncompetitive markets (Gneezy et al., 2003). Cross-country evidence reveals that individualism and avoidance of uncertainty are among the cultural factors driving the gender gap (Mueller, 2004). ...
This chapter begins with a brief exploration of the importance of entrepreneurial activity as a driver of global economic growth. The importance of entrepreneurship in developing economies is examined as are the traits, motivations, and drivers of entrepreneurs and the economic, social, cultural, legislative, and regulatory circumstances that encourage and in some cases discourage entrepreneurial activity. The impact of entrepreneurship training and education on encouraging women entrepreneurs is examined, the relative importance of women entrepreneurs is examined, and emphasis is placed on the relatively greater difficulties that are faced by women entrepreneurs particularly in regards to obtaining funding for starting new ventures. Opportunities are identified that may useful for policy makers, investors, and those that may seek to promote social entrepreneurship and economic growth in developing economies.
Compared to the past, business life has considerably developed in any area in the last century. All of the goods and services producing enterprises have made very important developments by taking advantage of science and technology at every stage of consumption and post-consumption processes starting from production. However, it can be said that the most important of these developments is the entry of the female workforce into the business life in the twenty-first century. The involvement of women in business life has not only changed the forms of production and presentation of the enterprises but also led businesses to achieve a completely different perspective.
Nationally, Tunisia is not entrepreneurial. It shows a deficit in the creation of innovative businesses. At the regional level, the revitalization of disadvantaged regions facing a problem of underemployment, in particular of highly educated graduates, is justified by the revitalizing entrepreneurial behavior in these areas. This observation is also valid in the sports sector, where unemployment has reached 100% since 2011. Because of this system crisis, which has broken out in Tunisia, we propose in what follows to consider the aspects relating to regional deficiencies by gender, in terms of sports entrepreneurship. The objective of this study is to identify the outlines of a regional catching-up strategy, so that the creation of a ludo-sports project is a challenge that graduates of stapsistes should take up that graduates of stapsistes should take up, pertaining the spirit of equity between the two sexes. This equality is not only desired for an objective of social justice, but also as an essential condition for complementarity and healthy economic development. The results of this quantitative study with 300 unemployed stapsistes belonging to three regions of Tunisia (Kef, Grand Tunis and Gafsa), revealed a favorable entrepreneurial behaviour towards a very favorable entrepreneurial reaction towards the creation of project and a positive correlation between gender, territory and entrepreneurship factors. However, only the Gafsois group seems to be different from the other groups, as it shows a very strong correlation, explained in particular by the socio-cultural factors related to the region.
Entrepreneurship development in India is accelerating at a very fast pace and women are playing an extremely dynamic role in this path of progress. They are rising to their highest potential, turning determination into reality. This evolution has given an impetus of growth to the communities which are coming their way. This study profile women entrepreneurs from India and studies their journey of growth partnering with communities thus becoming an active instrument of empowerment. The study focuses on potential resolutions and enablers which can further empower communities through these women leaders. The paper concludes that pioneering partnership are making large scale influences leading to novel opportunities and scalable impacts
The primary objective of this paper was to determine the level of personal entrepreneurial competencies of the members of IECEP of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. First, the study explored the demographic profile of the respondents based on their age, sex, civil status, length of service and employment level. Second, the study determined the level of personal entrepreneurial competencies of the respondents as a whole. Third, it determined on finding out the level of personal entrepreneurial competencies of the respondents when grouped by demographic profile. Last, it sought to determine if there was significant difference in the personal entrepreneurial competencies when grouped by demographic profile.
The main objective of this study, developed in the capital of Haiti, is to determine the effect of the business fabric to strengthen the social, economic, political and environmental structure of some variables of economic performance pertinent to the lack of alternatives and the need to meet basic daily needs and to identify innovation factors in different sectors to boost the economy in Haiti, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study (GEM, 2016). The methodology is based on qualitative descriptive study developed from 17 in-depth interviews to determine the economic strategies of sustainability from the informality in young people and women with a greater perspective of innovation and challenge in spite of the environmental catastrophes that have not allowed the continuous growth of the Business economy. The results suggest some basic elements to build integral and dynamic strategy that seeks to attack the structural aspects and the manifestations to create impacts in the enterprise achieving sustainable and sustainable companies that can achieve changes with capacity for innovation.
Compared to the past, business life has considerably developed in any area in the last century. All of the goods and services producing enterprises have made very important developments by taking advantage of science and technology at every stage of consumption and post-consumption processes starting from production. However, it can be said that the most important of these developments is the entry of the female workforce into the business life in the twenty-first century. The involvement of women in business life has not only changed the forms of production and presentation of the enterprises but also led businesses to achieve a completely different perspective.
This study compared Entrepreneurship and Leadership Self-Efficacy scores with groups of graduate students in India and Mexico. The independent variable was the national culture of the participants, and the dependent variables were three Entrepreneurship and one Leadership dimension. The results suggest that female participants in India have higher levels of self-efficacy than their Mexican counterparts in the Developing New Product and Market Opportunities and Initiation Structure factors. No statistically significant differences were identified between the Indian and Mexican male groups. Future research should be aimed at better understanding female entrepreneurial leadership across cultures.
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