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An Integrated Model-Based Approach to System Safety and Aircraft System Architecture Development
Abstract
Industry standards for aircraft development require consideration of System Safety objectives during all phases of System Architecture development and implementation. However, tools that have enabled Systems Engineers and Software Engineers to create high-fidelity models of System Architectures currently don't address the concerns of the System Safety Engineering discipline. A strategy is necessary to ensure that safety objectives are considered during System Architecture model development while maintaining the required organizational independence between System Safety and the domains with which they interface. This paper details an approach to include a view in an architectural model that addresses System Safety objectives.
... Several approaches focus on architectures specified using SysML as the basis of conducting an FHA. These include an approach by Villhauer and Jenkins [34], who demonstrate an FHA within a SysML environment using an aircraft pitch controller model as an example, and Jiang et al. [35], who implemented an FHA using SysML for the landing gear braking system test case from the ARP4761. Recent advances have been made by Jimeno et al. [36,37] in integrating FHA and top-level requirements into the system architecting process, thereby allowing FTAs to be generated for different system architectures. ...
A major challenge in developing novel aircraft concepts is demonstrating the safety of increasingly complex and multifunctional aircraft systems. Aircraft manufacturers are adopting model-based systems engineering approaches to develop these new aircraft. The safety assessment process follows suit with model-based safety assessment. However, system and safety engineers still transfer information that is mainly document-based during the system architecting process. This paper aims to improve this process. First, a framework for developing system architecture specification models is introduced using the Architecture Analysis and Design Integrated Approach (ARCADIA)/Capella methodology and tool, illustrated with an aircraft landing gear braking system. Secondly, the paper proposes enhancements to the system specification model to enable functional hazard assessment and to capture the results within the system architecture specification model, i.e., using color-coding of system functions according to the severity of their associated failures as a visual aid to the system architect. In addition, the proposed features in the system specification model can help the safety engineer analyze failure relationships better. In summary, the proposed method improves consistency between the system architect and the safety expert in making safety-informed architecting decisions early in the development process, improving its effectiveness.
... Maitrehenry et al. [31] highlight the importance of developing functional and operational system architecture models to support the FHA process and inform the development of subsequent safety models. Villhauer et al. [32] demonstrate an approach to conducting the FHA within a SysML environment using an aircraft pitch controller model as an example. Recent advances have been made by Jimeno et al. in integrating FHA and top-level requirements into the system architecting process, thereby allowing FTA's to be generated for different system architectures [33,34]. ...
... In his book named Normal Accidents, Perrow explains how integration of coupled systems can lead to accidents [31]. Need for integration of safety assessment with systems engineering has been discussed e.g. in [32][33][34]. SE handbook highlights human system integration (HSI). HSI considers domains such as human factors engineering (human performance, human interface, user centered design), workload (normal and emergency), training (skill, education, attitude), personnel (ergonomics, accident avoidance), working condition and health (hazard avoidance) [35]. ...
The challenges on the right-side of "the V model" are often more than its left-side for Systems Engineers. And so are the challenges of assembly of products comparing to taking them apart, integration of systems comparing to their decomposition, or testing systems comparing to their analysis. For System of Systems, this is even more confronting because a complete definition of system is not always available or often only a part of the system is changing. Referring to real-cases, this paper highlights the problem and suggests basis for integration primarily for rail transport.
The aviation industry aims to reduce its environmental footprint and meet ambitious environmental targets, prompting the exploration of novel aircraft concepts and systems, such as hybrid-electric or distributed propulsion. These emerging technologies introduce complexity to aircraft system architectures, requiring innovative approaches to design, optimization, and safety assessment, particularly for system architecting. Several aspects of system architecting specification and evaluation are typically performed separately, using different people and a mix of manual and model-based processes. Connecting these activities has the potential to make the design process more efficient and effective. This thesis explores how a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) specification environment can be structured and enriched to enable a better bridge to Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) and Model-Based Safety Assessment (MBSA) activities. The proposed MBSE approach focuses on enhancing system specifications, particularly for unconventional system architectures, which typically feature greater variability in early design stages. Using the ARCADIA/Capella MBSE environment, a multi-level approach is proposed to structure the system architecture specification. In addition, a catalogue of modeling artifacts is established to facilitate the development of various hybrid-electric system configurations. The MDAO link mechanism is demonstrated with an example from the collaborative AGILE4.0 project. Two test cases demonstrate the implementation of the approach: a hybrid-electric propulsion system and associated sub-systems for the overall approach and the landing gear braking system for the model-based Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA), as an example of an MBSA activity. Overall, this thesis helps improve the integration and collaboration between engineers working on MBSE, MDAO, and MBSA. This better integration will help to reduce the development time and risk. Therefore, the presented thesis contributes to a more efficient aircraft development process, enabling the industry to tackle the emerging needs of unconventional aircraft systems and their integration.
Causes and countermeasures for various kinds of hydraulic system failures in construction machinery generated by biodegradable hydraulic oil (bio-oil) are discussed. Previous component analytical methods can prevent all kinds of failures except hydraulic system malfunction, which requires a holistic approach for analysis. Using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), the cause of malfunctions can be understood, and the most effective countermeasure can be obtained. Integration of a component analysis method and a holistic analysis method for system development is proposed.
Causes and countermeasures for various kinds of hydraulic system failures in construction machinery generated by biodegradable hydraulic oil (bio-oil) are discussed. Previous component analytical methods can prevent all kinds of failures except hydraulic system malfunction, which requires a holistic approach for analysis. Using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), the cause of malfunctions can be understood, and the most effective countermeasure can be obtained. Integration of a component analysis method and a holistic analysis method for system development is proposed.
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