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Bertholletia. In Mori, S. A. & G. T. Prance. 1990. Lecythidaceae - Part II. The zygomorphic-flowered New World genera (Couroupita, Corythophora, Bertholletia, Couratari, Eschweilera, and Lecythis)
... Eschweilera Martius ex De Candolle s.l. (1828: 293), a neotropical genus of Lecythidaceae centered in the Guayana floristic region (Guiana Shield + north-central amazon) in tropical South america, is distributed from veracruz in Mexico to southern Brazil (Mori et al. 1990(Mori et al. , 2017. The genus comprises ca. 100 species of trees that mostly inhabit non-flooded lowland forests, but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and andean cloud forests (Mori & Prance 1990, Mori et al. 2017. ...
... (1828: 293), a neotropical genus of Lecythidaceae centered in the Guayana floristic region (Guiana Shield + north-central amazon) in tropical South america, is distributed from veracruz in Mexico to southern Brazil (Mori et al. 1990(Mori et al. , 2017. The genus comprises ca. 100 species of trees that mostly inhabit non-flooded lowland forests, but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and andean cloud forests (Mori & Prance 1990, Mori et al. 2017. Eschweilera has been subdivided into four sections (Mori & Prance 1990): E. sect. ...
... The genus comprises ca. 100 species of trees that mostly inhabit non-flooded lowland forests, but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and andean cloud forests (Mori & Prance 1990, Mori et al. 2017. Eschweilera has been subdivided into four sections (Mori & Prance 1990): E. sect. Eschweilera (1990: 181), E. sect. ...
Eschweilera brevipetiolata and E. silverstonei, two new species of Lecythidaceae known from the pluvial Chocoan forests of western Colombia, are described. Eschweilera brevipetiolata and E. silverstonei both occur in the Bajo Calima area, between 50-100 m elevation, in the department of valle del Cauca. The new species are illustrated and their relationships with related species are discussed.
Resumen Se describen Eschweilera brevipetiolata y E. silverstonei, dos nuevas especies de Lecythidaceae de los bosques pluviales del Chocó en el occidente de Colombia. Eschweilera brevipetiolata y E. silverstonei se encuentran entre 50-100 m de elevación, en el área de Bajo Calima, en el departamento valle del Cauca. Las nuevas especies son ilustradas y sus relaciones con las especies relacionadas son discutidas.
... Lecythidaceae é uma família de árvores de sub-bosque, dossel ou emergentes, característica pela casca fibrosa, flores vistosas com morfologia zigomorfa do androceu única na natureza (formando capuz) e frutos indeiscentes ou deiscentes do tipo pixídio (Prance & Mori 1979, Mori & Prance 1990 (APG IV 2016). Apesar das controvérsias na classificação infrafamiliar, estudos baseados em dados moleculares indicam que representa um grupo monofilético bem sustentado dentro da ordem Ericales (Prance & Mori 2004, Mori et al. 2007, Huang et al. 2015, APG 2016, Mori et al. 2017. ...
... Lecythidaceae s.l. compreende 24 gêneros e aproximadamente 355 espécies (Prance & Mori 1979, Mori & Prance 1990, Prance 2012, Mori & Cornejo 2013, Prance & Jongkind 2015, Mori et al. 2017. A família possui distribuição pantropical e ocorre na África (incluindo Madagascar), Ásia, Austrália e América Central e do Sul (Mori et al. 2017). ...
... Todas as demais espécies neotropicais são membros da subfamília Lecythidoideae. Lecythidoideae concentra a maior diversidade da família compreendendo 10 gêneros e aproximadamente 210 espécies descritas (Prance & Mori 1979, Mori & Prance 1990, Mori et al. 2007, Huang et al. 2008. ...
O estudo da família Lecythidaceae está incluído no projeto “Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil”. A família está representada na área por dois gêneros e três espécies, a saber: Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze, Lecythis lanceolata Poir. e L. pisonis Cambess. São apresentadas chaves de identificação para os gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações, imagens fotográficas, bem como comentários sobre sua distribuição geográfica e fenologia.
... possui distribuição pantropical, compreendendo aproximadamente 17 gêneros e 300 espécies. A maior diversidade desta família ocorre nos neotrópicos, especialmente na região amazônica e nas Guianas (Mori & Prance, 1990). Nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros, a família está representada por 119 espécies (55 endêmicas) e oito subespécies pertencentes a dez gêneros (Smith et al., 2013). ...
... O estudo foi baseado em material herborizado proveniente do estado do Pará, incorporado aos herbários do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG), Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (IAN), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB). As amostras foram analisadas conforme a metodologia clássica utilizada em taxonomia vegetal, adotando-se as terminologias das partes vegetativas e reprodutivas, de acordo com Hickey (1973), Radford et al. (1974), Rizzini (1977), Mori & Prance (1990) e Gonçalves & Lorenzi (2011). A identificação do material foi realizada por meio de consulta à bibliografia especializada, por análise comparativa com as exsicatas revisadas por especialistas e também por comparação do material-tipo ou fotos dos tipos. ...
... De acordo com Mori & Prance (1990), Lecythis alutacea pode apresentar folhas elípticas a amplamente ovaladas, ápice curto-acuminado a acuminado, inflorescência terminal e axilar, porém, nas amostras estudadas, também foram encontradas folhas largo-elípticas e oblongas, ápice cuspidado e inflorescência apenas terminal. Na área de estudo, a espécie se difere das demais pela inflorescência espiciforme e anel estaminal subtriangular. ...
O presente estudo consiste no tratamento taxonômico de Lecythis da mesorregião baixo Amazonas, no estado do Pará. A metodologia desse estudo envolveu a análise dos espécimes depositados nos herbários Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG), Instituto Agronômico do Norte (IAN), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB). O gênero está representado na área por oito táxons: L. alutacea (A. C. Sm.) S. A. Mori, L. corrugata Poit. subsp. corrugata, L. lurida (Miers) S. A. Mori, L. retusa Spruce ex O. Berg, L. pisonis Cambess, L. poiteaui O. Berg, L. prancei S. A. Mori e L. serrata S. A. Mori. Destas, L. retusa, L. prancei, L. lurida e L. serrata são endêmicas do Brasil, sendo L. retusa e L. prancei novas ocorrências para o estado do Pará.
... The Lecythidaceae is a tropical plant family of 300 species in 20 genera and three subfamilies [1], of which one, Lecythidoideae, is exclusively neotropical. One genus in the Lecythidoideae, Eschweilera, is a speciose clade of trees (94 species: Mori and Prance [2,3]; Tropicos [4]-though see Mori et al. [1]). Although the genus occurs from southern Mexico (E. ...
... Miers) and Trinidad (3 spp., incl. E. decolorans Sandwith), Eschweilera has its greatest diversity in the Amazon basin [2]. The lowland Amazon may have 6-17 sympatric congeneric species in unflooded lowland forest (terra firme) [5,6,7], and members of the genus may dominate both numerically and by Importance Value Index [6,7,8,9,10]. ...
... [28] Ant ( Pollen and nectar Known to remove pollen from E. tenuifolia flowers, but may not be effective pollinators [32] 1 The hollow nature of their trunks means that terra firme members of the genus are used in this way by bats [22,33]. 2 In other flooded forest species, such as E. ovalifolia, seeds are surrounded by a thin white fleshy sarcotesta, and the seeds are ingested, then dispersed, by fish [34]. However, E. tenuifolia lacks any such arilate tissue and the seed coat is corky and acts only as a floatation device [35]. ...
Research Highlights: Our study establishes the biennial nature of flowering intensity as a life-time energy-conserving strategy; we show unexpectedly high flower:fruit ratios despite extensive predation of buds and flowers by insect larvae; ‘selective’ bud abortion may be a key annual energy-saving strategy. Background and Objectives: We aim to explain the strongly biennial flowering pattern of Eschweilera tenuifolia, an ecologically key tree species of Amazon blackwater-flooded forest, inundated for up to nine months annually, and with large flowers (6 cm in width). Materials and Methods: We quantified the insect infestation of central Amazonian Eschweilera tenuifolia buds and flowers; we measured nectar production from flower opening onwards, examined flower duration and monitored pollen theft. We tested the role of infestation in bud abortion, nectar production and fruit production initiation. Results: Our study shows extensive predation of buds and flowers by insect larvae, as well as selective abortion of heavily infested buds, and limited loss to pollen thieves which fed largely on infertile fodder pollen. Nectar production peaked in the morning, with no nocturnal nectar production recorded. Sucrose levels were similar to congeneric values (mean 37.4%), and near-constant during production. Flower duration (4–5 days) was longer than reported for other congenerics. Conclusions: Insect infestation of buds can play an important role in regulating flower:fruit ratios, thus setting limits on individual total seed set. Individual Eschweilera tenuifolia appear to invest highly in reproduction every second year. Extended flower duration may be a strategy to enhance pollination success, but increases overall reproductive investment. Abortion of heavily infested buds may minimize allocation of energy to malformed flowers, which have a lower chance of attracting pollinators, thus functioning as a short-term energy-saving strategy. Additionally, biennial flowering in E. tenuifolia is likely to be an energy-conserving response in a highly physiologically-challenging environment. Thus, E. tenuifolia exhibits energy-conservation strategies at two divergent temporal scales.
... Como evidência da problemática das múltiplas espécies conhecidas com um único nome ou derivações, as espécies Couratari guianensis Aublet, C. oblongifolia Ducke & Knuth, C. pulchra Sandwith e Cariniana micrantha Ducke são citadas como "tauari" na publicação Padronização da Nomenclatura Brasileira da Madeiras Tropicais Amazônicas (IBAMA, 1991). Mori & Prance (1990) consideram C. pulchra como um sinônimo de Couratari guianensis. ...
... A coleta botânica para a identificação seguiu métodos tradicionais de prensagem, conservação. A identificação foi feita por comparação com amostras pré-determinadas por especialistas botânicos, depositadas nos herbários e com a caracterização descrita nas revisões taxonômicas de Prance & Mori (1979) e Mori & Prance (1990). Foram considerados indivíduos estéreis e férteis (com flores e/ou frutos) para fins de identificação e confecção de exsicatas. ...
... caracteristicas> acessado em setembro de 2003). Informações do conteúdo de sílica nos poros da madeira foram tomadas de Mori & Prance (1990). É importante salientar que estas informações correspondem às espécies descritas, pois foram determinadas a partir de material botânico coletado, identificado e depositado em herbários indexados. ...
The vernacular names usually used in commercial inventories may group together distinct species. To investigate this problem, the botanical identification of trees called Tauari were examined were examined in commercial inventories of 100 ha located in the central and eastern lumber regions of the State of Pará. Field characters of each species were noted. Information about the relative distribution of this species, the technological characteristics of the timber of each species and Brazil's federal laws relating to forest management is discussed. In the central region, 112 individuals were recorded as Couratari guianensis and six individuals as Couratari sp. After revision, using botanical material collected from each tree and identified using herbarium material, the following species listed as Couratari guianensis were found: Couratari guianensis, C. oblongifolia and C. stellata (the most abundant) and specimens listed as Couratari sp. included both Cariniana micrantha and C. decandra. In the eastern region, 33 individuals were recorded by the company as Couratari guianensis, but the scientific identification showed the existence of two species: C. guianensis (the most abundant) and C. oblongifolia. C. tauari also was seen growing nearby. This study shows that correct determination of the can be obtained from field characters (leaves, branches and trunks). Botanical identification is demonstrated as fundamental for the knowledge of the regional diversity and essential for successful management plans.
... Based on descriptions and illustrations in Huang et al. (2015), Mori et al. (2015), Mori and Prance (1990), and Prance and Mori (1979). ...
... The most recent phylogenies Huang et al. 2015;Fig. 1, 2A) support the hypotheses that the actinomorphic-flowered genera Grias, Gustavia, and Allantoma, the tubular zygomorphic-flowered Cariniana, and the staminal zygomorphic-flowered Couratari, and Couroupita are monophyletic and correspond to the genera as circumscribed by Prance and Mori (1979) and Mori and Prance (1990). These conclusions are based on both morphological and molecular data Mori et al. 2015). ...
... There are 19 species in this clade. Mori and Prance (1990) recognized three sections: Couratari sect. Echinata, C. sect. ...
Figure 4 Illustration for "Observations on the Phytogeography of the Lecythidaceae Clade (Brazil Nut Family)
Available for direct download at:
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/images3/2301/528/PhytoN-LecythidaceaeBookmarks.pdf.
and
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/images3/2301/528/PhytoN-LecythidaceaeBookmarks.pdf.
... The Lecythidaceae have a pantropical distribution, and comprises approximately 17 genera and 300 species. The greatest diversity of this group occurs in the neotropics especially in the Amazon region and the Guianas (Mori & Prance 1990). These plants occur in many environments but are most abundant in non-flooding primary forests (Mori & Prance 1990) and are therefore considered indicators for preserved or little-disturbed areas ). ...
... The greatest diversity of this group occurs in the neotropics especially in the Amazon region and the Guianas (Mori & Prance 1990). These plants occur in many environments but are most abundant in non-flooding primary forests (Mori & Prance 1990) and are therefore considered indicators for preserved or little-disturbed areas ). ...
... there is still the need for more taxonomic and descriptive studies of this family as we do not yet have complete information about all species. The principal monographs concerning the Lecythidaceae were published in the Flora Neotropica (Prance & Mori 1979, Mori & Prance 1990) and included keys for the identification of each genus and detailed descriptions of each of the 197 species known at the time, together with maps of their distributions. Seventeen new neotropical species of Lecythidaceae have been described since that time, with the two most recent members being described in 2010 (Grias purpuripetala S.A. Mori, J.D. García-González, S. Angel & C. Alvarado, and Grias theobromicarpa Cornejo & S.A. Mori). ...
Lecythidaceae is the family of the Brazil nut, and comprises about 300 species belonging to 17 genera with pantropical distributions. One hundred and twenty-two species belonging to nine genera are distributed throughout Brazil, demonstrating its greatest diversity in the Amazon rainforest where Lecythidaceae is also one of the most abundant families. It is usually difficult to collect fertile material from these trees because of their canopy heights, and species determinations using sterile material can be complex because of their morphological similarities. There have been relatively few studies of this family even though it is one of the most important groups in the Amazon region, and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the species of Lecythidaceae in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve was therefore the goal of the present work. Ten species were found, Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex O.Berg) Miers, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Couratari tenuicarpa A.C.Sm., Lecythis poiteaui O. Berg; and six species of Eschweilera, the richest genus. The descriptions and identification keys of the species used 56 characters. The main reproductive characters useful for distinguishing the species were the pubescence of the inflorescence rachis, pedicel length and trichomes presence, floral symmetry, hood type, filament shape, stigma shape, fruit shape and size, and aril type. The most diagnostic vegetative characters were the type and color of the outer bark, inner bark color, midrib prominence, and petiole shape and pubescence.
... The most diverse and complex genus of the family is Eschweilera Mart. ex DC. (1828:293) as defined by Mori and Prance (1990), an exclusively Neotropical genus with more than 85 species (Mori et al., 1990;Mori et al., 2010;Huang et al., 2015) distributed from Veracruz, Mexico to Rio de Janeiro Brazil . Most species of Eschweilera are found in non-flooded lowland forests (Mori & Prance, 1990) but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and cloud forests (Mori et al, in review). ...
... The most diverse and complex genus of the family is Eschweilera Mart. ex DC. (1828:293) as defined by Mori and Prance (1990), an exclusively Neotropical genus with more than 85 species (Mori et al., 1990;Mori et al., 2010;Huang et al., 2015) distributed from Veracruz, Mexico to Rio de Janeiro Brazil . Most species of Eschweilera are found in non-flooded lowland forests (Mori & Prance, 1990) but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and cloud forests (Mori et al, in review). ...
... ex DC. (1828:293) as defined by Mori and Prance (1990), an exclusively Neotropical genus with more than 85 species (Mori et al., 1990;Mori et al., 2010;Huang et al., 2015) distributed from Veracruz, Mexico to Rio de Janeiro Brazil . Most species of Eschweilera are found in non-flooded lowland forests (Mori & Prance, 1990) but some are adapted to savannas, periodically flooded riverine forests, and cloud forests (Mori et al, in review). ...
Eschweilera donosoensis and Eschweilera rotundicarpa are described from the lowlands rainforest and cloud forest of the Caribbean slope of Panama. E. donosoensis is common in the lowland rainforests in the Donoso District, Colón Province and E. rotundicarpa is endemic to cloud forest in the General De División Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park, Coclé Province and also the lowland rainforest of Valle Grande in the Donoso District, Colón Province. In this paper these species are illustrated, and information on distribution, habitat, ecology, phenology and conservation status according to IUCN are provided.
... As identificações foram baseadas em bibliografia especializada (Prance & Mori 1979;Mori & Prance 1990;Teixeira et al. 2013;Freitas & Kinoshita 2015), amostras previamente identificadas por especialistas e análise de tipos disponíveis on line. A terminologia adotada para a elaboração das descrições morfológicas seguiu os conceitos de Harris & Harris (2001). ...
... Inflorescência paniculada, glabra, eixo primário 4-6 cm compr., eixo secundário 0,5-0,6 cm compr.; brácteas ca. 3 mm compr., naviculares, glabras; bractéolas decíduas. Flores zigomorfas, 4-meras, cálice lobado, estames conatos em um anel assimétrico e prolongado unilateralmente, curvando-se sobre o ovário (Mori & Prance 1990). Frutos cápsulas lenhosas, 7-9 × 7-9 cm, turbinadas, cálice decíduo. ...
... Eschweilera alvimii é endêmica da Floresta Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil (Smith et al. 2015) e ocorre desde as florestas de terras baixas do sul da Bahia até as florestas costeiras de Pernambuco (Mori & Prance 1990). De acordo com Venda et al. ...
The order Ericales in the Atlantic Forest remnants of Usina São José was partially published in the taxonomic treatment of Sapotaceae. Following the series of publications of Usina São José, in this paper the treatment of Ericales is updated with the families Lecythidaceae, Marcgraviaceae and Primulaceae. We recorded six genera and eight species for these families. Lecythidaceae is represented by three genera and four species, Marcgraviaceae by two genera and two species and Primulaceae by one genus and two species. For the genera Eschweilera and Myrsine we recorded two species each and for the other genera we recorded one species each. This paper has an identification key and descriptions for the species, ecological and taxonomic comments for genera and species.
... Eschweilera Mart. ex DC., recorded from Veracruz in Mexico to Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil, is the most speciose genus of Lecythidaceae with approximately 89 species divided into three clades (Mori and Prance 1990;Huang et al. 2015). In Brazil, approximately 51 species are recorded: 45 in the Amazon Forest, one from Cerrado, and seven in the Atlantic Forest (BFG 2015, Ribeiro et al. 2016). ...
... In Brazil, approximately 51 species are recorded: 45 in the Amazon Forest, one from Cerrado, and seven in the Atlantic Forest (BFG 2015, Ribeiro et al. 2016). Among Eschweilera species from the Atlantic Forest, it is possible that one also occurs in Amazonian forest (belonging to clade E. parvifolia); the other six species are endemic for that domain (belonging to clade E. tetrapetala) (Mori and Prance 1990;Mori 1995;BFG 2015). ...
... Although several areas in the state are currently considered high priority for biodiversity conservation (Loyola et al. 2014), almost half of the state's area lacks any records of the family due to low effort for sampling, especially in the south (Ribeiro et al. 2014). The identification was performed by consulting specialized bibliography (Mori and Prance 1990). ...
This paper provides the first record of Eschweilera compressa (Lecythidaceae) in Espírito Santo state,Brazil. According to IUCN criteria and the Brazilian government,this species is assigned as Critically Endangered globally and Endangered nationally,respectively. Herein,E. compressa is regionally assigned as Critically Endangered in Espírito Santo,Brazil,which is justified by urban expansion,a small area of occupancy,as well as its occurrence outside protected areas. A brief description,distribution map,and images of the species are presented.
... The flowers possess six petals, the androecia are zygomorphic (Fig. 4A), and the stamens arise from a staminal ring (Figs, 4D, 4L), a character common to all zygomorphic species except those of Cariniana (see below). Several characters are found in all species of Couroupita but infrequently in other neotropical Lecythidaceae: the strictly cauline or ramiflorous inflorescences (Fig. 4E) are not found in other species of large trees although they do occur in the smaller trees of Grias, Gustavia, and some species of eschweilera; the 6-locular ovary (Fig. 4C) of species of Couroupita also occurs consistently only in species of Gustavia related to G. hexapetala group; the presence of staminodes (Fig. 4D) is also found in all species of Corythophora, usually in species related to Lecythis pisonis Cambessèdes (1829: 377) and Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers for B, C, and D). Note that the placentae are located on the septa in the middle of the locule. ...
... The pimple-like structure in the middle of the apex of the fruit is the remnant style. G. Cross-section of a fruit (see Mori & Prance, 1990 for vouchers for G and H). Note that the interior of the fruit consists of six wedges that represent the six locules of the ovary. ...
... K. Flower (Hernández et al. 661). L. Medial longitudinal section of an androecium (see Fig. 35 in Mori & Prance 1990 for vouchers). Note there are appendages along the entire length of the ligule and, thus, this species has continuous stamens from the staminal ring to the end of the staminal hood. ...
The morphological features of all clades of neotropical Lecythidaceae subfam. Lecythidoideae (Brazil nut family) with actinomorphic androecia (Allantoma, Grias, Gustavia) as well as three clades with zygomorphic androecia (Cariniana, Couroupita, and Couratari) are described. These clades are those that were recovered by a phylogeny based on molecular data, and all, except Allantoma and Cariniana, have been recognized as genera without changes for over a hundred years. The latter two genera have recently been circumscribed such that they now also represent monophyletic clades; thus, the authors conclude that the clades discussed in this paper represent well-defined genera based on both morphological and molecular data. Morphological descriptions of these six clades of the non-Bertholletia clade are included and a key to the 16 clades of New World Lecythidaceae is presented.
... Fonte: Franco(2020).Além das duas espécies nativas citadas anteriormente, outra espécie nativa do ES com grande potencial para uso dos frutos é a sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis Cambess) -foi descrita primeiramente na então provínciado Espírito Santo, no ano de 1829 (CAMBESSEDES, 1829. As castanhas da sapucaia, que são as suas sementes, são saborosas ao paladar humano e muito apreciadas pela fauna, principalmente pelos morcegos que dispersam as suas sementes(MORI;PRANCE, 1990).Inclusive, as castanhas de sapucaia podem ser uma excelente alternativa para o suprimento de Selênio no nosso organismo, sendo um ingrediente alimentar funcional -alternativa às diversas castanhas consumidas(ROSA et al., 2020).Um exemplo para melhor ilustrar a possibilidade de utilização de SAF em APP pode ser a de uma propriedade em Marataízes (Figura 12), no litoral sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Figura 12. Área de preservação permanente em Marataízes. ...
... Fonte: Franco(2020).Além das duas espécies nativas citadas anteriormente, outra espécie nativa do ES com grande potencial para uso dos frutos é a sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis Cambess) -foi descrita primeiramente na então provínciado Espírito Santo, no ano de 1829 (CAMBESSEDES, 1829. As castanhas da sapucaia, que são as suas sementes, são saborosas ao paladar humano e muito apreciadas pela fauna, principalmente pelos morcegos que dispersam as suas sementes(MORI;PRANCE, 1990).Inclusive, as castanhas de sapucaia podem ser uma excelente alternativa para o suprimento de Selênio no nosso organismo, sendo um ingrediente alimentar funcional -alternativa às diversas castanhas consumidas(ROSA et al., 2020).Um exemplo para melhor ilustrar a possibilidade de utilização de SAF em APP pode ser a de uma propriedade em Marataízes (Figura 12), no litoral sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Figura 12. Área de preservação permanente em Marataízes. ...
... Moreover, problems in circumscription of some genera and complex group of taxa based on morphology can be observed (Mori et al., 2007;Prance & Kartawinata, 2013). Leaf epidermal characters has been proved to be a diagnostic characters for species identification of some genera in the family, such as Lecythis (Mori & Prance, 1990). Therefore, we studied leaves micromorphology of the family in order to establish some diagnostic characters to resolve the specific or generic identification problem. ...
... Nevertheless, the type and position of stomata, the presence of trichomes and papillae on abaxial leaf surface, and cuticular sculpturing can be used to distinguish some species. This study is agree with Mori & Prance (1990), who reported that the presence of papillae on abaxial leaf surface is important characters in identifications of some species. Thereby, the taxonomic value of the leaf epidermal characters in Lecythidaceae is limited. ...
The taxonomic implication of leaf epidermal characters of four genera and 46 species of the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae) in Southeast Asia including 37 species of Barringtonia, one each of Careya and Chydenanthus and seven of Planchonia were investigated. The leaf epidermis was examined by peeling method and studied under light microscopy and the cuticular sculpturing was investigated under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the epidermal cell shape is irregular, jigsaw-like or polygonal. Stomatal type is anomocytic, anisocytic or cyclocytic. The presence of non-glandular trichomes is found in many types such as multicellular-uniseriate hair, peltate hair and papillae or without trichomes. Cuticular sculpturing is psilate, striate or granulates. These characters cannot be used for generic and specific identification. However, the type and position of stomata, the presence of trichomes and cuticular sculpturing can be used to distinguish some species.
... Humans directly compete with native dispersers/predators for B. excelsa's palatable and energy-packed seeds (Yang, 2009) which are traded internationally and marketed as Brazil nuts. The 10-25 sizeable (∼4 × 2 cm) B. excelsa seeds per fruit are not released from their exceptionally large, globose woody capsule (10-16 cm) without animal intervention (Prance, 1990), except in the rare case when seeds germinate and establish while still "enclosed" in an aging and disintegrating capsule (Huber, 1910). The primary movement of B. excelsa diaspores is gravity-induced, with fruits synchronously falling from the tall, canopy emergent parent tree during the rainy season. ...
... B. excelsa is found in non-flooded (terra firme) forests throughout the Amazon basin (Prance, 1990), but is limited to areas where annual rainfall ranges from 1400 to 2800 mm yr −1 and a water balance deficit exists for two to seven months each year (Diniz et al. (1974)). Within our study region, individuals of B. excelsa are distributed rather irregularly (Wadt et al., 2005), though others have widely reported that adults are concentrated in groves (Mori and Prance, 1990;Müller et al., 1980;Peres and Baider, 1997). ...
Our study tracked intact whole fruits of the giant, large-seeded tropical tree Bertholletia excelsa for the first time during primary (fruitfall) and secondary mammalian fruit dispersal. The scatterhoarding Dasyprocta spp. is particularly important for B. excelsa, because it disperses and often buries seeds into spatially-scattered caches, facilitating seed germination and early seedling establishment. We asked: (1) Given a short and synchronous fruiting period, what patterns of primary and secondary fruit dispersal emerge? (2) Do rainfall and local vegetation affect dispersal? We monitored date of fruitfall and condition (visibly untouched, gnawed open with some seeds removed, or gnawed, but unopened) of individual fruits from 20 trees over a ∼ 20 ha area, sequentially visiting each study tree on average every 3–4 days. We evaluated potential influences of rainfall and subcanopy vegetation (arboreal, liana, bamboo or herbaceous) on dispersal in four 10 m² plots established under each tree crown. As expected, primary dispersal was fairly synchronous over an approximately 3-month period. Amount of rainfall in the 5 days previous to fruitfall was the best predictor of primary dispersal. Monitoring revealed that while the 6855 observed fruits were falling, scatterhoarders were removing some to outside the projection of the tree crown (4.1%) and opening a much smaller proportion (0.5%) under mother trees. Approximately one quarter of fruit opening or removal occurred within 5 days of fruitfall. More fruits were opened or removed when subcanopy vegetation had higher bamboo density or lower densities of saplings and trees – favorable microenvironments where rodents can gnaw fruits while remaining relatively hidden. Humans directly compete with native dispersers/predators for B. excelsa's seeds traded internationally as Brazil nut, and thus timing and intensity of harvests following fruitfall determines availability of this resource for dispersers. By mid-January when human harvesting typically begins in our study site, 94% of fruits had fallen from the tall trees, and our continuous quantification of disperser activity revealed that 197 fruits (2.9%) or 3341 seeds (assuming an average 17 seeds per fruit) were consumed or dispersed. Thus, human harvesters could safely collect and dispersers had weeks of unlimited resource access. Considering our dispersal findings, cumulative research results and collective understanding of the Bertholletia-Dasyprocta-Homo sapiens interactions, harvests in our study site and region boost incomes and likely do not threaten Brazil nut recruitment or maintenance of agouti populations.
... One of these clades comprises to Eschweilera sect. Tetrapetala (Mori & Prance 1990) and so on called Eschweilera tetrapetala clade by Huang et al. (2015). This clade is distinguished from the other two by the presence of horizontal scales on the inflorescence rachises, single-coiled androecial hood, presence of staminal appendages on both sides (outside and inside) of the single coil, lack of vestigial stamen nectaries, basal aril, seeds with impressed venation, and more than one row of ovules. ...
... Description, key and illustrations are based on live and dried material. Morphological terminologies followed Ellis et al. (2009), Mori & Prance (1990) and Huang et al. (2015). Voucher specimens were dried and pressed according to Mori & Prance (1987) and deposited at RB, with duplicates distributed to NY and VIES. ...
Eschweilera sphaerocarpa (Lecythidaceae) is described here as a new species for science. It is closely related to Eschweilera complanata. Due to an area of occupancy of less than 10 km2 this species is regarded as endangered according to the standards of the IUCN. This paper provides a description, illustration and, comments on geographic distribution and ecology. Additionally, a diagnostic key to the species of Eschweilera section Tetrapetala is provided.
... This would amount to about 150 species or three times the number listed in Table 2. In order to establish the status of those species and to qualify the degree of threat, I have applied the IUCN Red Data Book categories as defined by Mori and Prance (1990) in their monograph of neotropical Lecythidaceae. I have been able to recognize the following categories: _______________ (*) Dr. Angela Newton (pers. ...
... category includes narrowly endemic species known from areas which are not threatened with immediate deforestation, such as inner Amazonia and the Guianas, and neotropical species occurring over a wider range but nowhere common. The number of localities of species included in this category should be less than 10. Mori and Prance (1990) also recognized "Vulnerable Species", which are less threatened than the Endangered ones (at least at present) because of their occurrence in protected areas. Since the occurrence of bryophyte species in neotropical forest reserves is poorly documented, I have not been able to apply this criterion in my evaluation. ...
Tropical deforestation, inevitably, leads to the local loss of bryophyte species. Recent studies show that the degree of species loss may vary considerably and depends on the scale or amount of habitat change that has occurred. Predictably, the shade epiphytes are most seriously affected by disturbance. An estimated 10% of the bryophyte species of neotropical rain forests are under threat. Based on data from recent monographs, a first list of 19 endangered and 27 rare species of these forests is presented. Critical areas for threatened species include Costa Rica and Panama, the Greater Antilles, the Choco, southeastern Brazil, and parts of Amazonia. Protection of as much as possible of the remaining natural rain forest area seems the best approach to the conservation of the tropical bryophyte flora.
... We conclude that the Bertholletia clade informally recognized by Mori et al. (2007) and confirmed by Huang (2010) consists of ten zygomorphic flowered clades of Neotropical Lecythidaceae currently placed in Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera, and Lecythis as circumscribed by Mori and Prance (1990). Three other zygomorphic flowered genera (Cariniana, Couratari, and Couroupita) fall outside of the Bertholletia clade and these genera, along with three actinomorphic-flowered genera (Allantoma, Grias, and Gustavia), are discussed separately . ...
... Three other zygomorphic flowered genera (Cariniana, Couratari, and Couroupita) fall outside of the Bertholletia clade and these genera, along with three actinomorphic-flowered genera (Allantoma, Grias, and Gustavia), are discussed separately . Among the ten clades recognized in this paper, only Corythophora is monophyletic as defined by Mori and Prance (1990). Eschweilera is recovered as three separate clades (the E. tetrapetala, E. integrifolia, and the E. parvifolia clades) and Lecythis is recovered as five separate clades (the L. pisonis, L. ollaria, L. poiteaui, L. chartacea, and L. corrugata clades). ...
Lecythidaceae subfam. Lecythidoideae is limited to the Neotropics and is the only naturally occurring subfamily of Lecythidaceae in the New World. A subset of genera with zygomorphic flowers-Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis-comprises a group of about 125 species called the Bertholletia clade. A previous study based on plastid ndhF and trnL-F genes supported the monophyly of Corythophora but suggested that Eschweilera and Lecythis are not monophyletic. Using this study as a baseline, we sampled more taxa and sequenced more loci to address the taxonomic problems of the ambiguous genera and to determine relationships within the Bertholletia clade. Our results support the monophyly of the Bertholletia clade as previously circumscribed. In addition, Corythophora is monophyletic, and the two accessions of Bertholletia excelsa come out together on the tree. Results of the simultaneous analysis do not support the monophyly of Lecythis or Eschweilera. Lecythis consists of four main groups (the Lecythis pisonis, L. poiteaui, L. chartacea, and L. corrugata clades), the last of which is nested within Eschweilera, and Eschweilera consists of three clades (the Eschweilera integrifolia, E. tetrapetala, and Eschweilera parvifolia clades). We compare our results with the generic classification presented in the latest monograph of neotropical Lecythidaceae and make recommendations for a revised generic classification of the Bertholletia clade of Lecythidaceae.
... VARGAS Et AL., REcLASSIFIcAtIoN oF tHE BERTHOLLETIA cLAdE (LEcytHIdAcEAE) 165 taXOnOMy key tO genera OF the BerthOLLetia cLaDe See Prance and Mori (1990) and the NyBG Lecythidaceae Pages (Mori et al., 2010 and ongoing) for an explanation of the specialized fruit and floral terminology used in this key. ...
The Neotropical clade of Lecythidaceae—Lecythidoideae—comprises 10 genera and more than 230 woody species that are usually rainforest trees. Lecythidoideae range from Mexico to southeast Brazil but are most diverse and abundant in the central Amazon and Guiana Shield regions. Previous studies found weak support for monophyly in the two species rich Amazon-centered genera, Eschweilera and Lecythis, and ambiguous relationships within the Bertholletia clade (Eschweilera, Lecythis, Bertholletia and Corythophora). We performed a phylogenomic analysis of Lecythidoideae with focus on the Bertholletia clade, using target capture sequencing of 343 nuclear loci and 10 informative plastome regions. Our sampling included 206 individuals from 130 described Neotropical species and ca. 10 undescribed taxa. Our limited sampling outside the Bertholletia clade confirmed the monophyly of Grias, Gustavia, Couroupita, Allantoma, Cariniana, and Couratari. Within the Bertholletia clade, however, our work shows that Lecythis and Eschweilera, as currently circumscribed, are polyphyletic. To align Lecythidaceae taxonomy with phylogeny, we propose six genus name changes within the former Lecythis and Eschweilera. Our new circumscription maintains the core Lecythis (Ollaria clade) and Eschweilera (Parvifolia clade). For the clade comprising the Poiteau and Chartacea sections of Lecythis we reinstate Chytroma Miers.
For the former Pisonis section of Lecythis we reinstate Pachylecythis Ledoux. For the former Tetrapetala section of Eschweilera we propose Imbiriba gen. nov. For the Corrugata clade (formerly of Lecythis) we propose Guaiania gen. nov. We propose to elevate the Integrifolia clade of Eschweilera as a new genus, Scottmoria gen. nov. We determined that the Manaus-area endemic, Eschweilera amazoniciformis, is an isolated sister lineage to Corythophora and Imbiriba. We recognize this species as the monotypic genus Waimiria gen. nov. Our proposal for taxonomic changes highlights distinct evolutionary histories and eliminates paraphyletic and polyphyletic genera, resulting in 60 name changes for species or subspecies.
... Eschweilera ovata is characterized by its squamose bark, hood with a double coil, cupuliform pyxidia that are green when mature, and seeds with a lateral aril. Mori & Prance (1990b) note that this species has a conical hypanthium with a well-defined pedicel and cup-shaped fruit with a generally rounded base. The authors state that the species is morphologically similar to E. parvifolia Mart. ...
The Lecythidaceae clade has a pantropical distribution and comprises 24 genera and 355 species. Ten genera and 121 species occur in Brazil, where species richness is highest in Amazonia. Four genera and 14 species were recorded in Espírito Santo, as well as two cultivated species. Important characters used to identify the species are the morphology of the bark, shape and size of the leaves, presence and shape of trichomes on the leaves and inflorescences, inflorescence type, morphology and color of the perianth (especially the petals), morphology of the androecium, shape and dimension of the fruits and seeds, and morphology of the arils. Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations, and comments for the taxa are provided.
... A Amazônia brasileira representa cerca de um terço das florestas tropicais do mundo, caracterizando-se por sua elevada riqueza de espécies, das quais se estima que mais de 350 sejam extraídas e comercializadas no setor madeireiro (VERÍSSIMO; PEREIRA, 2014). Dentre essas, destacam-se as pertencentes à Lecythidaceae, que concentra sua distribuição na região neotropical, constituída por cerca de 25 gêneros e 300 espécies (MORI, 2001;MORI;PRANCE, 1990). No Brasil, a família apresenta 10 gêneros e em torno de 120 espécies, com aproximadamente 45% delas endêmicas do país, sendo o Amazonas o principal centro de diversidade da família (SMITH et al., 2012). ...
RESUMO Eschweilera coriacea, Eschweilera ovata e Lecythis idatimon são espécies arbóreas tropicais potencialmente comerciais, portanto, amplamente colhidas na Amazônia Oriental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de três funções de densidade probabilísticas no ajuste da distribuição diamétrica de três espécies de Lecythidaceae, para o período entre um e dez anos após a colheita florestal, em área manejada, em Moju, Pará. Foram selecionadas nove clareiras provenientes da exploração de impacto reduzido realizada em 1997. Em torno de cada clareira foram instaladas quatro faixas de 10 x 50 m, começando da bordadura da clareira para dentro da floresta, nas direções norte, sul, leste e oeste, perfazendo uma amostragem de 1,8 ha. Foram mensurados todos os indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm em duas medições (1998 e 2007). Foram testadas as funções de densidade probabilísticas Weibull 3P, Gamma e Weber. Para a seleção do melhor modelo, foram avaliados o valor D de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (α = 0,05), erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%), coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R² ajustado) e análise gráfica das curvas de frequências estimadas sobre o histograma das observadas. Em ambos os anos, a função Weibull 3P apresentou as melhores estatísticas de ajuste e maior precisão para descrever a distribuição diamétrica de Eschweilera coriacea e Lecythis idatimon, e o modelo de Weber para Eschweilera ovata. A função Gamma foi descartada para todas as espécies. Os resultados indicam a não viabilidade do uso de uma mesma função para descrever diferentes espécies, necessitando considerar as características intrínsecas de cada espécie. Palavras-chave: Exploração florestal; Diâmetro arbóreo; Função de densidade probabilística
... The family is characterised by alternate simple leaves, racemose or paniculate inflorescences or solitary flowers that are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic or zygomorphic with numerous stamens connate at morphology. This is problematic, as the circumscription of some complex groups of Lecythidaceae taxa based on morphology may be exceptionally difficult (Prance & Mori, 1979;Mori & Prance, 1990;Prance & Kartawinata, 2013). In other words, gross morphology by itself is insufficient to resolve the taxonomic problems in this family. ...
... The family is characterised by alternate simple leaves, racemose or paniculate inflorescences or solitary flowers that are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic or zygomorphic with numerous stamens connate at morphology. This is problematic, as the circumscription of some complex groups of Lecythidaceae taxa based on morphology may be exceptionally difficult (Prance & Mori, 1979;Mori & Prance, 1990;Prance & Kartawinata, 2013). In other words, gross morphology by itself is insufficient to resolve the taxonomic problems in this family. ...
The pollen morphology of four genera and 33 taxa of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia was investigated, including 26 taxa of Barringtonia, one taxon each of Careya and Chydenanthus, and five taxa of Planchonia to determine which, if any, taxonomically important characters were present and the implications they have for the systematics of the family. Acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen samples were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains were found to be monads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, small to medium-sized, syntricolpate or syntricolporate, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal, subprolate, suboblate or spherical in shape with marginal ridges. Marginal grooves and polar cushions are commonly present in most species. The polar ectoaperture may be open or sealed. The mesocolpial sculpturing is perforate-reticulate. The colpial surface is smooth, with sparsely or densely scattered verrucae-gemmae and with clavate to pilate elements scattered or aligned in longitudinal rows. The results indicated that pollen morphological characters can be used for identification and classification of some closely related species in the genus Barringtonia.
... é uma espécie comumente conhecida como matamatá, matamatá-vermelho, jatereu, ripeira (RIOS; PASTORE JÚNIOR, 2011). Pertencente à família Lecythidaceae, suas árvores podem atingir uma altura total de até 30 metros (MORI; PRANCE, 1990), ocorrendo naturalmente em alta abundância na Amazônia brasileira, com características físicas e químicas da madeira para uso energético (MOUTINHO et al., 2011) e potencial para serraria e laminação (SOUZA et al., 2006). Para que o manejo de espécies arbóreas com potencial econômico seja adequado, torna-se fundamental que informações sobre crescimento dessas espécies sejam conhecidas (TAFFAREL, 2014 O clima do município segundo a classificação de Köppen é do tipo "Am", caracterizado como tropical, possuindo uma estação seca de 2 a 3 meses por ano. ...
... é uma espécie comumente conhecida como matamatá, matamatá-vermelho, jatereu, ripeira (RIOS; PASTORE JÚNIOR, 2011). Pertencente à família Lecythidaceae, suas árvores podem atingir uma altura total de até 30 metros (MORI; PRANCE, 1990), ocorrendo naturalmente em alta abundância na Amazônia brasileira, com características físicas e químicas da madeira para uso energético (MOUTINHO et al., 2011) e potencial para serraria e laminação (SOUZA et al., 2006). Para que o manejo de espécies arbóreas com potencial econômico seja adequado, torna-se fundamental que informações sobre crescimento dessas espécies sejam conhecidas (TAFFAREL, 2014). ...
The changes in growth rate of Lecythis idatimom Aubl. (Lecythidaceae) was evaluated during 30 years in
a forest area in the Tapajós National Forest, municipality of Belterra, Pará state, where planned logging
and silvicultural treatments were performed. Five treatments were considered: T1 - harvest of trees with
DBH ≥ 45 cm; T2 - harvest of trees with DBH ≥ 55 cm + girdling of competing trees until reaching 20.8% of
the original basal area; T3 - harvest of trees with DBH ≥ 55 cm + girdling of competing trees until reaching
27.6% of the original basal area; T4 - harvest of trees with DBH ≥ 55 cm + girdling of competing trees until
reaching 53.2% of the original basal area; and T0 - unlogged forest. The periodic annual increment in diameter
(IPADAP), density, mortality and recruitment of trees were evaluated. The influence of solar radiation on crowns,
influence of the presence of climbers, and influence of forest growth phases on IPADAP were evaluated. Data
were collected in 1983, 1987, 1989, 1995, 2003, 2008 and 2012, totaling 30 years of monitoring. The results
showed that the growth of the Lecythis datimon Aubl. population is favored by canopy opening by logging
or by silvicultural treatments. The solar radiation on crowns allows a higher increase in diameter of trees,
mainly in the mature forest phase. But big canopy opening (such as reduction of 27.6 and 53.8% of basal
area in the present study) are practices that ecologically and possibly economically could prejudice the
conservation of this species as well as of other species populations. We recommend applying less intensive
thinning with lower basal area reduction (19.1% in the present study).
... Sua madeira é moderadamente pesada e muito utilizada como estacas, moirões dentre outras finalidades, possui fruto lenhoso e pode ser utilizado como adorno e como recipiente (LORENZI, 2002), em seu interior contem castanhas comestíveis sendo também muito apreciadas pelos animais, especialmente por morcegos que dispersam as sementes (MORI; PRANCE, 1990). Estudos realizados por CARVALHO et al. (2012) para a caracterização química da castanha-desapucaia, mostraram que a mesma apresenta altos teores de lipídios e proteínas, e podem ser indicadas como fonte de energia e proteínas em dietas. ...
The sapucaia-nut is a species with an average height of 30 meters, native of the Amazon region, with use from its shell until the seeds. The objective of this study was to characterize biometrically the fruits and seeds of two matrices Lecythis pisonis Cambess. The fruits were collected in the town of Mãe do Rio (PA). 23 fruits and 100 seeds of two matrices were analyzed. Biometrics was carried out for fruits, measuring length and diameter, in centimeters, using graduated calipers. The mass was measured in kilograms and obtained the number of seeds per fruits. A caliper was used for seed biometrics, measuring length, width, thickness in millimeters and the mass of the seeds was measured with and without aryl and expressed in grams. For fruits, we observed significant differences for all variables, especially matrix 1. For seeds, the matrix 1 was also higher than the matrix 2, and all variables were significantly different, except for the variable thickness. The sapucaia-nut seeds and fruits have biometric differences between the matrices analyzed, which can infer the
presence of morphometric variability between them.
... This is especially common when fruit from the Lecythidaceae are being processed. In this family, the fruit is a pyxidium and so resembles a lidded container (the proportions of which are variable by genus within the family: Mori and Prance, 1990). The result of this application is that the lid of the fruit pops off, exposing the seeds within. ...
Objectives:
Fruit husks are rarely uniformly hard, varying in penetrability via sulci and changes in thickness. We tested whether a hard-food specialist primate i) bites randomly on food fruit husk surfaces to access seeds, or ii) selects areas most easily penetrated by canines. We consider this would occur so as to minimize deployed mechanical force, energetic expenditure and risk of dental breakage when feeding.
Methods:
A sulcus is the natural line of weakness where a dehiscent fruit breaks open. Using fruits dentally opened for seeds by golden-back uacaris (Cacajao ouakary) we: 1) analysed bite mark distribution on surface of four fruits types (hard-with-sulcus, soft-with-sulcus, hard-no-sulcus, soft-no-sulcus); 2) quantified the force needed to penetrate hard and soft fruits at sulci and elsewhere on fruit surface; 3) measured fruit wall thickness and correlated it with bite-mark distribution in all four categories of fruit.
Results:
1) Bite marks were distributed at random only on surfaces of soft fruits. For other fruits types, bite locations were concentrated at the thinnest areas of husk, either over the entire surface (non-sulcate fruits), or at sulci (sulcate fruits). 2) For hard-husked fruits, areas where uacaris concentrated their bites were significantly easier to penetrate than those where they did not.
Conclusions:
This hard-fruit feeding specialist primate is not biting at random on the surface of diet fruits. To access seeds they are focusing on those areas requiring less force to penetrate. This may be to save energy, to minimize the risk of breaking teeth used in food processing, or a combination of both. The study shows, for the first time, the subtlety by which these powerfully-jawed animals process their diet items.
... G. and Amapá, Brazil) and L. poiteaui (F. G., Surinam, and eastern Amazonia) have somewhat restricted distributions, while C. stellata (Guianas, western and central Amazonia), E. coriacea (Guianas, the Amazon Basin, and west of the Andes in Panama and Columbia), and G. hexapetala (Guianas, Amazonia, and north-central Venezuela) are widespread (Mori & Prance, 1990. ...
Estimates of the total number of arthropod species in existence are based, in part, upon assumptions about both the host specificity of tropical insects and their restriction to the forest canopy. It has been difficult to evaluate these estimates because of the paucity; of available data. A newly discovered association between wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae) and their hose plants in the Brazil nut family (Lecythidaceae) inspired a year-long rearing project in the Neotropical rain forest of French Guiana. Branches severed from five species of Lecythidaceae yielded 1813 cerambycids belonging to 37 species. Three cerambycid species-Palame anceps (Bates), P. crassimana Bates, and P. mimetica Monne-accounted for almost half of the individuals reared. Each demonstrated a different pattern of host fidelity. Palame crassimana emerged from four of the five potential hosts, P. anceps emerged exclusively from a single host, and P. mimetica made a seasonal change in host affiliation. Although Palame spp. emerged from both ground level and canopy branches, they made a seasonal shift in stratum: they reproduced at both levels during the dry season, but exclusively at canopy level during the rainy season. Even specialized tropical insects may show greater flexibility in host utilization than some current hypotheses suggest. (C) 1999 The Linnean Society of London.
... Within each quadrat all trees, palms and lianas 10 cm dbh were counted and labelled with sequentially numbered aluminium tags. Field-collected samples were later identified at the Herbarium, Instituto National de Pesquisas da Amazonia , Manaus, by comparison with identified herbarium material and the keys and information in Gentry (1993), Ribeiro et al. (1999) and the 'Flora Neotropica' series (Mori and Prance 1990). In some cases (especially lianas) it was not possible to assign taxa beyond morphospecies. ...
Here we present data on a study of the species composition and structure of borokotóh, a habitat associated with central Amazonian seasonally black‐water flooded forests. Borokotóh appears never to have been specifically studied before, being mentioned only once or twice in the literature (and then not under this name). This is the first report on the phytosociology of this vegetation association.
Borokotóh is, on average, only some 20 m wide, but very species rich (107 species in 60 genera from 34 families in one 0.25‐ha plot). It consists of a series of rounded hummocks of fine‐grained mud, each 6–12 m in length and 2–3 m in height, separated by narrow sloughs. Hummocks are seasonally inundated almost to their flat tops, which remained dry in the years of the survey. Species are strongly stratified within the borokotóh, with over 78% of identified species being recorded in just one of the three hummock sub‐divisions: top, side or in between‐hummock slough. This specificity, almost certainly linked to inundation duration and waterlogging tolerance, may explain the high species diversity recorded. The study is significant in demonstrating that undescribed habitats still exist in Amazonia, and that biodiversity there may be structured in ways that are highly localized and habitat‐specific. There is clearly a need for more detailed work on borokotóh and similar vegetation associations where high biodiversity may be associated with very specific local features.
Cerú, ceruzeiro, serú, seruzeiro, tauarí, churú, xurú, cachimbeira, curanáou tauri
Eschweilera Mart. ex DC. s.l. (1828: 293), a neotropical genus of Lecythidaceae reportedly as ¨taxonomically difficult…¨, comprises ca. 100 species of often tall trees (Mori & Prance 1990, Mori et al. 2017), which is centered in the Guayana floristic region (Guiana Shield + north-central Amazon; Vargas & Dick 2020) in tropical South America, and it is distributed from Veracruz in Mexico to southern Brazil (Mori et al. 1990, 2015, 2017). Nineteen species of Eschweilera have been recorded for Ecuador from sea level up to 3.000 m, in moist to pluvial forests, and several species have not been formally described (Jørgensen & León 1999, Mori & Cornejo 2011), mainly because the insufficient herbarium material or inadequate collections. During herbarium and fieldwork carried out to document species of Lecythidaceae for the Flora of Ecuador (Cornejo & Mori, in prep.), a new species that belongs to the monophyletic Eschweilera integrifolia clade (Mori et al. 2017) has been found. Characters common to species of this clade include an androecial hood with three to four coils, style thick and very short or sometimes absent, and the geographic distribution on the Pacific slope of the Andes. This taxonomic novelty has been studied in the field by the author in two localities of northwestern Ecuador, and it is formally presented here.
We present a list of tree species of French Guiana, based on data collected from herbarium specimens and tree inventories, and verified against all available taxonomic literature to date. The list contains 1811 taxa representing 87 families and 421 genera, including 143 unnamed species which either may be species not previously recorded in French Guiana, or taxa new to Science. Original demographic data such as global abundance, local maximum frequency and geographic dispersion, are given for the 1293 species present in tree inventories. Our work has led to the recognition of certain taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties, including a new combination in Lecythis Loefl. (Lecythidaceae), several lectotypifications and new synonyms, as well as reinstatement of Sloanea acutiflora Uittien (Elaeocarpaceae), Eugenia sinemariensis Aubl. (Myrtaceae), and four species of Inga (Leguminosae). In addition, we provide the most comprehensive list available to date of corresponding vernacular names (4354 for 1157 species) in nine languages spoken in French Guiana: Palikur, Kali’na, Teko, Wayãpi, Wayana, Nengee tongo (Aluku/Ndjuka/Paramaka), Creole, French, and Brasilian Portuguese. The checklist is complemented by indexes of exsiccata, vernacular names and scientific names. The introductory part is available in French and English.
This guide is the result of a year of floristic studies in the protection strip of the reservoir, during which time we identified 661 species of plants, we selected 300 species with flowers and fruits, that have some degree of threat, and / or endemic and used as food by the fauna of the area or the communities. In approximately 4,000 hectares of the strip, we find two main ecosystems: Tropical Dry Forest and Tropical Rain Forest, which give it unique floristic composition characteristics, which must be known and protected.
Premise of the study: The tropical tree family Lecythidaceae has enormous ecological and economic importance in the Amazon basin. Lecythidaceae species can be difficult to identify without molecular data, however, and phylogenetic relationships within and among the most diverse genera are poorly resolved.
Methods: To develop informative genetic markers for Lecythidaceae, we used genome skimming to assemble de novo the full plastome of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) and 23 other Lecythidaceae species. Indices of nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic signal were used to identify regions suitable for genetic marker development.
Results: The B. excelsa plastome contained 160,472 bp and was arranged in a quadripartite structure. Using the 24 plastome alignments, we developed primers for 10 coding and non-coding DNA regions containing exceptional nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic signal. We additionally developed 19 chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) for population-level studies.
Discussion: The coding region ycf1 and the spacer rpl16-rps3 outperformed plastid DNA markers previously used for barcoding and phylogenetics. Used in a phylogenetic analysis, the matrix of 24 plastomes showed with 100% bootstrap support that Lecythis and Eschweilera are polyphyletic. The plastomes and primers presented in this study will facilitate a broad array of ecological and evolutionary studies in Lecythidaceae.
The Neotropical subfamily of Lecythidaceae (Lecythidoideae) is a clade of 10 genera with an estimated number of 232 species. Lecythidaceae is the third most abundant family of trees in Amazon forests, and its most diverse genus, Eschweilera (ca. 100 species) is the most abundant genus of Amazon trees. In this chapter we explore the diversification history of the Lecythidoideae through space and time in the Neotropics. We inferred a time-calibrated phylogeny of 118 species, which we used to reconstruct the biogeographic origins of Lecythidoideae and its main clades. To test for significant changes of speciation rates in the subfamily, we performed a diversification analysis. Our analysis dated the crown clade of Lecythidoideae at 46 Ma (95% CI = 36.5–55.9 Ma) and the stem age at 62.7 Ma (95% CI = 56.7–68.9 Ma), suggesting dispersal from the paleotropics long after the Gondwana breakup. Most major crown clades in the Lecythidoideae (Grias, Gustavia, Eschweilera, Couroupita, Couratari, and all Lecythis and Eschweilera subclades) differentiated during the Miocene (ca. 5.3–23 Ma). The Guayana floristic region (Guiana Shield + north-central Amazon) is the inferred ancestral range for 8 out of the 18 Lecythidoideae clades (129 species, ~55%), highlighting the region’s evolutionary importance, especially for the species-rich Bertholletia clade, which includes the genera Eschweilera, Lecythis, Corythophora and Bertholletia. Our results indicate that the Bertholletia clade colonized the Trans-Andean region at least three times in the last 10 Ma. We found no significant changes in the rate of diversification inside Lecythidoideae over the Cenozoic, and found no evidence of increased speciation during the Pleistocene. Lecythidoideae has diversified not in pulses, but in a pattern of steady accumulation, akin to a museum model of diversification.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
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Use este identificador para citar ou linkar para este item: https://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/3143
Tipo do documento: Tese
Título: Alterações no pulso de inundação: como reagem os igapós da Amazônia Central?
Autor: Resende, Angélica Faria de
Primeiro orientador: Schöngart, Jochen
Primeiro coorientador: Silva, Thiago S. F.
Segundo coorientador: Trumbore, Susan
Resumo: Os igapós de águas pretas são cobertos por florestas alagadas por águas ácidas e pobres em nutrientes, que ocorrem às margens de grandes rios como o Rio Negro, Rio Uatumã e outros da Bacia Amazônica, perfazendo mais de 140,000 km2. Naturalmente, esses ambientes possuem uma fase de águas altas (fase aquática) e uma fase de águas baixas (fase terrestre), caracterizando um pulso de inundação monomodal e previsível, o que permitiu a especialização e dependência da flora a condições semiaquáticas. Este trabalho buscou compreender como os igapós de duas sub-bacias na Amazônia Central se comportam em condições normais; sob influência de eventos hidro climáticos extremos que aumentaram drasticamente nas últimas três décadas (Rio Jaú, afluente do Rio Negro) e em condições severas de alteração no pulso de inundação (Rio Uatumã, afluente do Rio Amazonas) induzidas pela hidrelétrica de Balbina instalada nos anos 80. Para tal, a jusante do Rio Uatumã, no capítulo 1 mapeamos e classificamos os igapós para identificar áreas onde houve a mortalidade massiva de árvores e onde a mortalidade ainda está ocorrendo. O mapeamento foi feito com 56 imagens de radar de abertura sintética (ALOS/PALSAR) adquiridas em diferentes níveis de inundação entre 2006 e 2011. A classificação pelo algoritmo supervisionado (Random Forests) apresentou acurácia geral de 87,2%. Foi observada a mortalidade de 12% da floresta de igapó após os primeiros 43 km a jusante, ao longo de um trecho de 80 km. Com base nas imagens e dados hidrológicos, detectamos que 29% dos remanescentes de igapó vivos podem estar atualmente sofrendo mortalidade. Os resultados indicaram que principalmente as topografias baixas caracterizadas por macro-habitats dominadas pela espécie arbórea Eschweilera tenuifolia (O. Berg) Miers (Lecythidaceae) foram os mais impactados. Para estudar em mais detalhe a ecologia desta espécie arbórea os capítulos 2 e 3, comparam os macro-habitats nas duas áreas de estudo, visando compreender como e quando os distúrbios no pulso de inundação afetaram as populações desta espécie, altamente adaptada às condições de inundações prolongadas de até 10 meses por ano em média. Nos igapós do Rio Uatumã, coletamos discos de 30 árvores mortas e bastões de madeira (duas amostras por árvore retirados com trado dendrocronológico) de 62 indivíduos vivos. Em florestas de igapó adjacentes ao Rio Jaú, coletamos 21 discos de indivíduos mortos e bastões de madeira de 31 indivíduos vivos. O segundo capítulo aborda as relações entre crescimento arbóreo e fatores climáticos em ambientes naturais (Parque Nacional do Jaú - PNJ) e perturbados (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Uatumã - RDSU). Para isso foram construídas cronologias de anéis de crescimento em cada sítio de estudo que apresentam estatísticas robustas para os períodos 1927-1999 (PNJ) e 1920-2006 (RDSU). As cronologias foram relacionadas com parâmetros regionais de hidrologia (nível mensal da água) e clima (precipitação mensal) e com anomalias de temperaturas superficiais do mar (TSM) do Pacífico Equatorial e Atlântico Tropical. Os resultados sugerem fortes mudanças nas respostas das árvores de Eschweilera tenuifolia à intensificação do ciclo hidrológico, caracterizado pelo aumento da frequência e magnitude de cheias severas no sistema natural (PNJ) e pelo aumento do nível mínimo da água durante o período da operação da barragem de Balbina (RDSU). No PNJ as árvores indicam um aumento nas respostas às anomalias de TSM dos dois oceanos (correlação positiva) em resposta da intensificação do ciclo hidrológico, causada pelo aquecimento do Atlântico Tropical e o simultâneo esfriamento do Pacífico Equatorial resultando na intensificação da circulação de Walker, forte convecção de nuvens e aumento de precipitação nas secções norte e central da Bacia Amazônica. Na RDSU, os impactos das mudanças do regime hidrológico induzidas pela barragem de Balbina resultaram em respostas do crescimento arbóreo opostas ao período pré-barragem. O terceiro capítulo aborda o crescimento arbóreo e a mortalidade da espécie nos dois sítios por meio de análises de séries temporais de incrementos diamétricos e datação com radiocarbono para detectar mudanças nos padrões de crescimento e mortalidade e suas causas. Os resultados mostram que o incremento diamétrico médio (IMD) e a idade média para árvores do PNJ foram 2,04 ± 0,39 mm e 201 ± 103 anos (DAP médio: 43,9 ± 21,7 cm) , respectivamente, enquanto para árvores da RDSU o IMD foi 2,28 ± 0,69 mm e a idade média 213 ± 103 anos (DAP médio: 45,9 ± 24,6 cm). A trajetória de crescimento acumulado entre os dois sítios de estudo foi similar, ao considerarmos um período de 500 anos de modelagem do crescimento. O IMD foi comparado entre os dois sítios de estudo e entre períodos antes e após (a partir de 1982) das mudanças do ciclo hidrológico induzidas por mudanças de clima (PNJ) e UHE (RDSU). O período anterior à construção da usina hidrelétrica (UHE) de Balbina indica que o crescimento das árvores não diferiu entre os dois sítios de estudo. Da mesma forma, o IMD das árvores no PNJ não apresentou diferença entre os períodos antes e depois de 1982. Em contraste, a manipulação do pulso de inundação ocasionada pela operação da UHE resultou na diferenciação do IMD entre as duas áreas e entre os períodos no Rio Uatumã. As árvores do Rio Uatumã morreram cerca de dez anos após o início da construção da barragem enquanto as árvores do Rio Jaú não apresentaram um padrão distinto de mortalidade ao longo da cronologia avaliada. As árvores vivas do Rio Uatumã apresentaram um aumento no incremento entre 1982 e 2000 e um abrupto e forte declínio de IMD após o ano 2000, que perdura até hoje, caracterizando um padrão de supressão de crescimento induzido pelas condições permanentes de inundação que possivelmente resultará em mortalidade. Com isso, concluímos que a alteração do pulso de inundação, causou e continua causando anomalias no crescimento e mortalidade de Eschweilera tenuifolia, mesmo em mais de 30 anos após a perturbação. A espécie é altamente sensível às mudanças na amplitude e duração da inundação que impactam os macro-habitats dominados por ela. A mortalidade massiva de árvores pode levar a perda destes macro-habitats, serviços ecossistêmicos e até a extinção regional da espécie. É necessário que as leis para a instalação e funcionamento de UHEs na Amazônia sejam criteriosamente revisadas com base em estudos feitos em áreas alagáveis a jusante das barragens.
https://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/3143
Premise of the Study
The tropical tree family Lecythidaceae has enormous ecological and economic importance in the Amazon basin. Lecythidaceae species can be difficult to identify without molecular data, however, and phylogenetic relationships within and among the most diverse genera are poorly resolved.
Methods
To develop informative genetic markers for Lecythidaceae, we used genome skimming to de novo assemble the full plastome of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) and 23 other Lecythidaceae species. Indices of nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic signal were used to identify regions suitable for genetic marker development.
Results
The B. excelsa plastome contained 160,472 bp and was arranged in a quadripartite structure. Using the 24 plastome alignments, we developed primers for 10 coding and non‐coding DNA regions containing exceptional nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic signal. We also developed 19 chloroplast simple sequence repeats for population‐level studies.
Discussion
The coding region ycf1 and the spacer rpl16‐rps3 outperformed plastid DNA markers previously used for barcoding and phylogenetics. Used in a phylogenetic analysis, the matrix of 24 plastomes showed with 100% bootstrap support that Lecythis and Eschweilera are polyphyletic. The plastomes and primers presented in this study will facilitate a broad array of ecological and evolutionary studies in Lecythidaceae.
Der Affentopfbaum, Lecythis pisonis, wird im Alter ein mächtiger Baum von bis zu 50 m Höhe und überragt damit oft das umgebende Kronendach des Regenwalds. Die Art wurde vielfach als Nutz- und als Zierbaum gepflanzt, allerdings ist die ökonomische Bedeutung heutzutage gering. Die Gattung ist nach dem griechischen Wort λενθος für Ölgefäß benannt, das Art-Epitheton pisonis bezieht sich auf den niederländischen Arzt und Naturforscher Willem Piso (1611–1678), der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts in Brasilien lebte.
En esta guía ilustrada de la flora presente en áreas de influencia de la Central Térmica Termocentro en el Magdalena Medio (Colombia) se documentan 202 especies de plantas vasculares, con una breve descripción botánica, comentarios sobre su distribución geográfica y altitudinal, preferencias del hábitat e información general sobre sus usos en esta región de Colombia. Así mismo se incluye un listado de 1046 sp registradas en esta área del valle del rio Magdalena.
Der Paranussbaum, Bertholletia excelsa, hat eine nicht zu unterschätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Regelmäßig in der Vorweihnachtszeit kommen große Mengen von Paranüssen auf den europäischen Markt, die in keiner Nussmischung fehlen dürfen. Diese Paranüsse – eigentlich sind es Samen – stammen aus Bolivien, Brasilien oder Peru und werden in kleinbäuerlicher Landwirtschaft produziert. Bis 2003 konnte man ungeschälte Paranüsse kaufen, infolge einer EU-Entscheidung sind sie vom Markt verschwunden. Heute gibt es in Europa nur noch geschälte Nüsse.
Data are presented to show whether the terms for ‘tree’ in two different but related languages, Ka’apor or Urubu-Ka'apor (henceforth, Ka'apor) and Mbya-Guarani (henceforth, Mbya), are in fact cognate terms in having the same intensional meanings. These terms are myra (Ka'apor) and yvyra (Mbya). Data gathered from freelisting exercises among the two groups are compared to knowledge of architecture and dynamics of trees, basal area of trees, and local forestry in the two habitats to determine whether psychological salience rankings of taxa listed in the freelists match features of the environment and of the flora. Psychological salience is inferred by Smith's S. The data indicate that philosophical and linguistic axioms regarding trees as 'big and hard' tend to be supported statistically and ecologically with data from the two different languages in the two different forests of this study. Keywords: tree terms, Tupí-Guaraní languages, philosophical deduction, psychological salience
The species is native to north-central Venezuela. It is cultivated in northern South America and tropical Central America and in trial plantings in SE Asia.
L. zabucaja is indigenous to the equatorial rainforests of the Guianas, E Venezuela, central and W Amazonia.
Bertholletia excelsa is indigenous to tropical Amazonia – French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, and Amazonian Colombia. It forms large forests on the banks of the Amazons and Rio Negro, and likewise about Esmeraldas, on the Orinoco. It is most prevalent in the Brazilian states of Marahao, Mato Grosso, Acre, Para, Rondonia, and the Amazonas. Brazil nuts are harvested almost entirely from wild trees. Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations but production is low and it is currently not economically viable.
Cannonball tree is indigenous to the tropical rainforest of north-eastern South America, especially in the Amazon Basin. The tree is planted in gardens elsewhere in the tropics such as in India and Thailand Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, United States, Venezuela. The species is frequently planted as a botanical curiosity in other tropical and subtropical botanical gardens in many parts of the world.
One of the greatest challenges in achieving the goals of the World Flora Online (WFO) will be to make available the huge amount of botanical information that is not yet available digitally. The New York Botanical Garden is using the Flora Neotropica monograph series as a model for digitization. We describe our efforts at digitizing Flora Neotropica monographs and why digitization of hardcopy descriptions must be a priority for the WFO project.
Effect of logging, held in 1997, on structure and dynamics of some Sapotaceae species were evaluated in a dense tropical rain forest located in the municipality of Moju, Pará (02° 12' 26" S e 48° 48' 14" W). Two hundred ha out of 1,050 ha forest area were selectively logged for timber (23 m3 ha-1 logging intensity) in 1997.Twenty-two 0.5 ha permanent sample plots (11 ha sample) were established and all trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were identified and measured for dbh in 1995 (before logging), 1998 and 2010 (after logging). Parameters evaluated were Density (De) and Basal area (G-m2 ha-1). Sapotaceae presented a significant reduction of 7.7% on tree density (p=0.0147), and an dominance increase of 1.4% (p=0.7851). In the same period, decreases in density and basal area were observed to Pouteria laurifolia (Gomes) Radlk. (66.7 and 50.6%), Pouteria macrocarpa (Mart.) D. Dietr. (25 and 29.4%), Micropholis acutangula (Ducke) Eyma (20 and 11%), Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A. Chev. (16.4 and 17.7%) and Manilkara paraensis (Huber) Standl. (12.5 and 31.4%). The main commercial species M. Huberi did not recover its original density. On the other hand, three new species of the family were recorded in the focused period.
Phylogenetic systematics discovers pattern; ontogenetic systematics uncovers processes behind pattern. Plant diversity, as recognized in the field, herbarium, or library, stems from the diversity of plant form. How an organism develops determines its phenotype, and therefore differences among ontogenies are what generate diversity. The molecular basis for these differences is of fundamental importance to plant systematics, yet the topic remains poorly understood.
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