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Fungi on grasses and sedges: Paratetraploa exappendiculata gen. et sp. nov., Petrakia paracochinensis sp. nov. and Spadicoides versiseptatis sp. nov. (dematiaceous hyphomycetes)
Abstract
Three new dematiaceous hyphomycetes are described, based on collections of decaying grass and sedge samples in Hong Kong. Paratetraploa exappendiculata gen. and sp. nov. has semi-macronematous conidiophores and Tetraploa-like conidia, which lack an apical appendage, but have conspicuous punctate wall ornamentation. Petrakia paracochinensis sp. nov. resembles Piricauda cochinensis in having conidia which are similar in size and shape. Spadicoides versiseptatis sp. nov. is a distinctive species in having both pseudosepta and eusepta in each conidium.
... Their macroconidia only have a superficial similarity to those of Petrakia spp. (Van der Aa 1968;Bedlan 2017;Wong et al. 2002) but differ in their structure. Sexual states are unknown. ...
... Host and distribution: on decaying culms of grasses in China (Wong et al. 2002). ...
... Subram. (Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales), which occur on rotten leaves of palms (Delgado et al. 2017;Wong et al. 2002). Both species are saprotrophic on decaying tissue of Monocots in the tropics. ...
The phylogenetic revision of the genera Petrakia and Seifertia using LSU, ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 sequences and the re-evaluation of their morphological characteristics lead to several reclassifications: The genus Pseudodidymella as well as the genera Mycodidymella and Xenostigmina are synonymized with the genus Petrakia. Based on ITS sequence comparisons, it was previously suspected that the leaf spot pathogen Pseudodidymella fagi, which occurs on the Japanese beech Fagus crenata in Japan, is conspecific to the pathogen attacking the European beech Fagus sylvatica in Switzerland and Germany since 2008. Herein, we show that Japanese and European collections represent separate species and describe the European one as Petrakia liobae new to science. Apart from that, we make the new combinations Petrakia fagi and Petrakia minima. The names Petrakia aesculi and Petrakia aceris are validated. A 60-year-old collection from Wisconsin USA, designated as Petrakia echinata on leaves of silver maple (Acer saccharinum), proved to be another species new to science and is described here as Petrakia greenei. Consequently, there is currently no evidence of the European P. echinata to occur in North America. In contrast, P. echinata was found to infect the North American big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) in Europe. Antromycopsis alpina, described in 1914, was rediscovered in the Swiss Alps from dry fruits of Rhododendron ferrugineum. It is combined in Seifertia as S. alpina, based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses. This anamorphic fungus appears to be native to Europe and does not cause a bud disease on Rhododendron in contrast to the closely related S. azaleae. Seifertia shangrilaensis is the third species of this genus that is closely related to Petrakia. Both genera belong to the family Melanommataceae.
... The genus Spadicoides S. Hughes was established by Hughes (1958) with S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes as the type species, and was mainly characterized by distinct, unbranched or sparingly branched conidiophores, and solitary, acropleurogenus, unicellular, euseptate or with both euseptate and distoseptate conidia seceding schizolytically from integrated, polytretic, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous pores (Hughes 1958;Ellis 1971;Goh and Hyde 1996;Ho et al. 2002;Wong et al. 2002;Seifert et al. 2011). The generic concept has been widened by adding species that produce catenate conidia (e.g. ...
... Castañeda (Castañeda-Ruíz 1988) was not discussed by Goh and Hyde (1996), but was included in the key to species of Spadicoides by Ma et al. (2014). Since then, 17 additional species have been described in the genus (Goh and Hyde 1998;Dulymamode et al. 1999;Zhou et al. 1999;Ho et al. 2002; Section Editor: Roland Kirschner Wong et al. 2002;Cai et al. 2004;Li 2010;Li et al. 2010;Ma et al. 2010Ma et al. , 2012Ma et al. , 2014Whitton et al. 2012;Xia et al. 2013;Heredia et al. 2015). Totaling 39 valid species including S. bicolores, 12 of which have been recorded from China (Lu et al. 2000;Xia et al. 2013;Ma et al. 2014). ...
Spadicoides lushanensis sp. nov., S. multiseptata sp. nov. and S. rostrata sp. nov. are described and illustrated from specimens collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in Lushan Mountain, China. Spadicoides lushanensis is characterized by obclavate, rostrate, pale brown, 40–65 × 4.5–5.5 μm, smooth, 6–8-euseptate conidia. Spadicoides multiseptata is easily distinguished by obclavate, smooth, 11–15-euseptate, 65–115 × 11.5–13 μm, brown to pale brown conidia with a subacute apex. Spadicoides rostrata differs from other described Spadicoides species by obclavate, rostrate, pale brown, 40–65 × 10.5–12.5 μm, smooth, predominantly 5-euseptate conidia. A dichotomous key to Spadicoides species is provided.
... Species were assigned in the respective genera based on conidial characteristics and the branching of conidiophores. Thus far, 33 species have been accepted in Spadicoides, 6 of which were described from China (Zhou et al. 1999;Wong et al. 2002;Ho et al. 2002;Cai et al. 2004;Li et al. 2010;Ma et al. 2010 (Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1991;Goh and Hyde 1998b;Wang and Sutton 1998;Li et al. 2010). The Selenosporella synanamorph was found on the host fungi. ...
Two new dematiaceous hyphomycetes, Spadicoides camelliae and Diplococcium livistonae, are described and illustrated based on specimens collected from the subtropical forests in Fujian Province, southeast China. They were collected on dead branches of Camellia japonica and Livistona chinensis, respectively. Spadicoides camelliae is characterized by polytretic, terminal conidiogenous cells with solitary, ovoid, versicolored, and mainly 2-septate conidia (15.0–22.0 9 7.0–10.0 μm). Diplococcium livistonae is distinguished by polytretic, terminal, and intercalary conidiogenous cells with catenate, cylindrical, concolored, and mainly 2-septate conidia (15.0–28.0 9 5.0–7.0 μm). They are compared with other similar species by their morphological characteristics.
... In this sense, Hyde (1996, 1998) in a reassessment of Spadicoides and Diplococcium assigned species in the respective genera based on their conidial characters and the branching of conidiophores. Over the years, this emended generic circumscription has been overtly accepted by numerous researchers in descriptions of several new representatives of Spadicoides e.g. S. subramanianii (Bhat 1985), S. obclavata (Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1991), S. cuneata (Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1991), S. goanensis (Bhat and Kendrick 1993), S. macrocontinua (Matsushima 1993), S. macroobovata (Matsushima 1995), S. palmicola (Goh and Hyde 1998), S. bambusicola (Zhou et al. 1999), S. hodgkissa and S. arengae (Ho and Yanna 2002), S. versiseptatis (Wong et al. 2002), S. minuta (Cai et al. 2004), all of which produced solitary conidia with normally simple conidiophores. ...
Spadicoides obovata occurring on the decaying leaf litter in Berinag forest, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India is described and illustrated. This rare newly recorded fungal species from India is characterized by single, straight or slightly curved, obovoid conidia with usually up to 2 septa appearing as thick dark bands, borne over the simple, erect, and proliferating conidiophores. Apart from it, the conidiogenous cells generally formed by terminal or subterminal cells, with several minute pores serve as another conspicuous feature. Notes, illustrations, descriptions based on natural substrates and comparisons with other related species based on morphological traits are provided in this paper. This represents the first report of S. obovata from India.
... While studying the saprophytic microfungi associated with plant debris in Hainan, China, an undescribed hyphomycete was discovered that is easily referable to Helminthosporium Link (Link 1809) and Spadicoides S. Hughes (Hughes 1958), except that its conidia are distoseptate and euseptate. Similarly, Helminthosporium apicale V. Rao & de Hoog, and Spadicoides hodgkissii and S. versiseptatis also have distoseptate and euseptate conidia (Rao & de Hoog 1986, Ho & al. 2002, Wong & al. 2002. These four species are not in accordance with the Helminthosporium and Spadicoides generic concepts; therefore we propose a new genus and species Varioseptispora chinensis and a replacement name and two new combinations for the Helminthosporium and Spadicoides species. ...
Varioseptispora chinensis, a new genus and species, collected on decaying twigs of unidentified plants in Hainan, China, is described and illustrated. The genus is characterized by macronematous, unbranched, conidiophores with polytretic, integrated, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, acropleurogenous distoseptate and euseptate, brown conidia. The illegitimate Helminthosporium apicale V. Rao & de Hoog is accommodated in Varioseptispora as the replacement name V. apicalis ; and two Spadicoides spp. are accommodated as the new combinations V. hodgkissii and V. versiseptatis . A synoptic table and key to Varioseptispora species are provided.
... Thirty-one Spadicoides species were revised, of which 21 species were accepted. Presently, 55 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (December 2018), and most of the species are reported from terrestrial habitats (Subramanian and Vittal 1974;Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1991a;Wong et al. 2002;Li 2010;Xia et al. 2014;. Seven species are known from freshwater habitats (Goh and Hyde 1996a;Ho et al. 2002b;Cai et al. 2004aCai et al. , 2006aZhuang 2001 (2000) Notes: introduced the genus Torrentispora with single species, T. fibrosa. ...
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. Freshwater Sordariomycetes play an important role in ecosystems and some of them have the potential to produce bioactive compounds. This study documents and reviews the freshwater Sordariomycetes, which is one of the largest and important groups of fungi in aquatic habitats. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce a new order Distoseptisporales, two new families, viz. Ceratosphaeriaceae and Triadelphiaceae, three new genera, viz. Aquafiliformis, Dematiosporium and Neospadicoides, 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys fluminicola, Aquafiliformis lignicola, Aquapteridospora fusiformis, Arthrinium aquaticum, Ascosacculus fusiformis, Atractospora aquatica, Barbatosphaeria lignicola, Ceratosphaeria aquatica, C. lignicola, Chaetosphaeria aquatica, Ch. catenulata, Ch. guttulata, Ch. submersa, Codinaea yunnanensis, Conioscypha aquatica, C. submersa, Cordana aquatica, C. lignicola, Cosmospora aquatica, Cylindrotrichum submersum, Dematiosporium aquaticum, Dictyochaeta cangshanensis, D. ellipsoidea, D. lignicola, D. submersa, Distoseptispora appendiculata, D. lignicola, D. neorostrata, D. obclavata, Hypoxylon lignicola, Lepteutypa aquatica, Myrmecridium aquaticum, Neospadicoides aquatica, N. lignicola, N. yunnanensis, Ophioceras submersum, Peroneutypa lignicola, Phaeoisaria filiformis, Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola, Rhodoveronaea aquatica, Seiridium aquaticum, Sporidesmiella aquatica, Sporidesmium lageniforme, S. lignicola, Tainosphaeria lunata, T. obclavata, Wongia aquatica, two new combinations, viz. Acrodictys aquatica, Cylindrotrichum aquaticum, and 9 new records, viz. Chaetomium globosum, Chaetosphaeria cubensis, Ch. myriocarpa, Cordana abramovii, Co. terrestris, Cuspidatispora xiphiago, Sporidesmiella hyalosperma, Stachybotrys chartarum,S. chlorohalonata. A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is presented based on updated literature. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1α dataset comprising species of freshwater Sordariomycetes are provided. Detailed information including their habitats distribution, diversity, holotype, specimens collected and classification are provided.
... Synanamorph Conioscyphopsis-like conidiogenous cells monophialidic, lageniform to globose, 6-8 × 4-5 µm, with an evident infundibuliform collarette, 2.5-3.5 µm deep, globose, unicellular, pale brown or gray-brown, smooth conidia, 1.5-3 µm diam., poorly sporulated, formed rarely, from the cruciate, flower-shaped, tri-or tetracellular, dictyoseptate conidia. ) is similar to Zelotetraploa in conidial morphology, but has cylindrical conidiogenous cells not differentiated from the assimilative hyphae that are punctate and smooth and lack synanamorph ( Wong et al. 2002, Silva & Gusmão 2017). The presence of twelve conidial forms (determined by varied pigmentation and number of septa) in Blastoheterospora catenata is unique among hyphomycetes ( Seifert et al. 2011). ...
Two new genera and species, Zelotetraploa aquatica and Blastoheterospora
catenata, are described and illustrated. Zelotetraploa aquatica is distinguished by monoblastic,
globose conidiogenous cells and rectangular to oblong, euseptate, dictyoseptate conidia
composed of four rows of cells that develop independently. Blastoheterospora catenata, which
arises conspicuously from the conidial cell rows of Z. aquatica, is characterized by branched
blastocatenate conidia that are polymorphic (unicellular, phragmoseptate, dictyoseptate, or
subchiroid) and variegated, with a Conioscyphopsis-like synanamorph arising rarely from
dictyoseptate conidia.
... Of the twelve species currently accepted in the genus (Conceição et al. 2016), five have been recorded from China (Wu & Zhuang 2005, Zhang et al. 2009, Ma et al. 2011 (Hughes 1958, Ellis 1971, Sinclair et al. 1985, Seifert et al. 2011). Forty-two species have been described, of which fifteen have been recorded from China (Zhou et al. 1999, Lu et al. 2000, Ho et al. 2002, Wong et al. 2002, Cai et al. 2004, Li et al. 2010, Ma et al. 2010, 2012, 2014). Goh & Hyde (1996) and Ma et al. (2016) have provided synoptic tables of relevant morphological characters of Spadicoides species. ...
Specimens of Linkosia longirostrata, Spadicoides klotzschii, and S. sylvatica were collected on dead branches of unidentified plants and identified as new records from China. They are described and illustrated based on the Chinese material. Keys are also provided to Linkosia and Spadicoides species recorded from China.
... Besides P. deviata, which was treated in this study, there are five other described species, namely P. cochinensis Subram. (on spathe of Cocos nucifera L. (Subramanian, 1957)), P. echinata, on living leaves of A. pseudoplatanus (Butin et al., 2013;Li et al., 2016), P. kambakkamensis Subram., on dead wood (Subramanian, 1957), P. paracochinensis M.K.M. Wong, Goh & K.D. Hyde, on grasses (Wong, Goh, Mckenzie, & Hyde, 2002) and P. irregularis, on dead wood (Van Der Aa, 1968). For the latter, newly generated ITS sequences showed only a distant relationship to P. deviata and P. echinata (~90%). ...
Pseudodidymella fagi is a leaf blotch pathogen of Fagus crenata in Japan. This pathogen is now reported for the first time on F. sylvatica in Switzerland and Germany. Species identity was verified by morphological assessment of the asexual and sexual morphs and by comparing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the type material from Japan and of freshly collected samples from Europe. ITS sequences proofed to be completely identical. The asexual morph Pycnopleiospora of Ps. fagi is formed on necrotic leaf spots during summer and autumn. In early spring, its sexual morph is formed in the litter of F. sylvatica. The connection between sexual and asexual morphs was verified by sequencing the ITS region of single conidium and ascospore isolates. The pathogenicity of Ps. fagi on F. sylvatica was tested by inoculations on detached leaves in vitro and Koch's postulates were fulfilled. The second pathogen we report in central Europe for the first time is Petrakia deviata, which causes a leaf blotch disease of field maple (Acer campestre). This species was collected only once in the central Caucasus region in 1929 and was never found again after its first discovery. Now it was rediscovered in two different locations in Switzerland on field maple (A. campestre) and on the new host Norway maple (A. platanoides). Species identity was verified by morphology and by comparison with the ITS sequence of the holotype specimen and freshly collected samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences suggested that Ps. fagi and P. deviata are closely related to each other. Whether these species were simply overlooked so far, profit from climate change, or represent newly introduced invasive species remains to be studied. Moreover, deeper phylogenetic analysis using multiple sequence markers should be conducted to verify species identities.
Cordana uniseptata sp. nov. occurring on submerged and terrestrial bamboo culms and Spadicoides minuta sp. nov. occurring on submerged bamboo culms were collected from Yunnan, China. Both species are described, illustrated and compared with similar taxa.
Spadicoides cordanoides sp. nov. occurring on submerged wood in north Queensland, Australia is described and illustrated. It differs from all previously described Spadicoides species in having predominately obpyriform, versicolored, two celled conidia, in which the apical cell is verruculose. The current generic concept of the genus is briefly discussed and the 21 accepted species are illustrated. A key to Spadicoides species is provided.
Cheiromyces lignicola sp. nov. is described and illustrated from a freshwater stream in Hong Kong. The species is characterized by chiroid, yellow-ish brown, distoseptate conidia that are composed of 3-5 arms, each terminating apically in an inflated cell. The developmental stages of the inflated apical cell are illustrated. Cheiromyces lignicola is compared with other Cheiromyces species, and other taxa that produce chiroid conidia with inflated apical cells. The taxonomic disposition of C. cubensis and C. wrightii in Cheiromyces is also discussed. Keys to spe-cies of Cheiromyces and to 26 anamorphic genera that produce chiroid conidia are provided.
Idriella mycophila anam. sp. nov., distinguished by non-septate, cylindrical to fusiform, slightly uncinate conidia, found on conidiophores and conidia of Chalara sp., and Spadicoides obclavata var. heterocolorata var. nov. are described and illustrated. Two new combinations into Paratrichoconis are proposed and three conidial fungi are recorded for the first time from Cuba.
A new species of Ommatomyces is described from senescent culms of Pennisetum purpureum and Thysanolaena maxima collected in Hong Kong. Didymosphaeria pardalina may be an earlier name for Ommatomyces coronatus, however there are several differences between this species and O. coronatus. Until further collections are made we maintain O. coronatus and combine Didymosphaeria pardalina as a third species of Ommatomyces. One of the most important characters of Ommatomyces is the short lacerate germ slits that occur at each end of ascospore and separates it from Cainia species.
K.D. (2000). Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti sp. novo from senescent culms of Schoenoplectus litoralis in Hong Kong. Fungal Diversity 4: 171-179. Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti sp. novo is described and illustrated, based on collections of senescent Schoenoplectus litoralis from Hong Kong. Ascospores are 3-celled, with the central cell markedly shorter than the two end cells. The ascospores are comparatively longer than those of all other species in the genus with 3-celled ascospores and these are surrounded by a wide spreading mucilaginous sheath. Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti is compared with P. concentrica, P. michotii, and P. microspora, which also consistently possess 3-celled ascospores.
L.L.P (1999). A new species of Spadicoides and other hyphomycetes on bamboo from Hong Kong. Fungal Diversity 3: 179-185. Spadicoides bambusicola sp. novo is described and illustrated from a dead culm of Bambusa textilis collected in Hong Kong. Spadicoides bambusicola resembles S. palmicola in having verruculose conidiophores producing verrucose, obclavate, multi-euseptate conidia, but differs from S. bambusicola in its bigger, concolorous conidia having a non-rostrate apex. Didymobotryum verrucosum, Janetia synnematosa, Penzigomyces flagellata, Veronaea coprophila and V. indica are introduced as new records for Hong Kong. Introduction In our study of the fungal diversity on bamboo in Hong Kong, an undescribed species of Spadicoides (Goh and Hyde, 1996a) and some other hyphomycetes were collected. This undescribed species of Spadicoides resembles S. palmicola Goh and K.D. Hyde (1998) in having verruculose conidiophores, producing verrucose, obclavate, and multi-euseptate conidia. Spadicoides palmicola, however, differs from this undescribed species in its conidia with a rostrate, subhyaline apex and the conidia of S. palmicola are smaller (x = 43 x 6 flm vs. 48 x 7 flm, n = 50). Spadicoides bambusicola sp. novo is therefore described in this paper. Several other interesting hyphomycetes were isolated and are introduced as new records for Hong Kong.
Intertidal decaying stems and leaf sheaths of Phragmites australis were randomly collected and their mycota examined. Sixty one species of fungi were associated with the decaying stems and leaf sheaths, including Antiptodera spp., Lignincola laevis, Phornatospora phragmiticola and Zopfiella latipes. The following new species are described, Halosarpheia phragmiticola, Massarina phragmiticola, Phomatospora phragmiticola and Cytoplacosphaeria phragmiticola. The fungal communities associated with decaying Phragmites australis permanently submerged in the gei wai (tidal shrimp farms) differ from those in the intertidal region. The diversity of these fungi are discussed in relation to the biodiversity of fungi in mangrove communities in Hong Kong and with those fungi of other salt marsh communities.
Four new species of ascomycetes, Ascotaiwania pennisetarum sp. nov., Diaporthe appendiculata sp. now., Diaporthe minutis sp. nov., and Oxydothis miscanthiecola sp. nov., are described from senescent culms of grasses in Hong Kong. Ascotaiwania pennisetarum is distinctive from other species in the genus as ascospores are narrower. Diaporthe minutis differs from the most similar Diaporthe species in having ascospores with bipolar mucilaginous pads, while Diaporthe appendiculata differs from other species in having ascospores with both a mucilaginous pad and appendages at both ends. Oxydothis miscanthicola differs from other species in the genus in having long fusiform ascospores, which taper to rounded apices or otherwise differ in shape and size. These new species are compared with existing species and illustrated with interference light micrographs. The Diaporthe species known to posses mucilaginous ascospore appendages are listed.
Phragmitensis nm, ina gen. et sp. nov, is described based on a collection from culms of Phragmites australis made in the intertidal region of Mai Po Marshes and Ting Kok, Hong Kong. The genus is characterized by ascomata forming in linear groups under a common pseudostroma, clavate asci lacking an apical structure and unicellular cymbiform hyaline ascospores which are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Phragmitensis marina is illustrated with interference contrast and scanning electron micrographs.
Samples of standing senescent culms of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Phragmites australis, Miscanthus floridulus, Saccharum arundinaceum and Thysanolaena maxima (Gramineae), and Schoenoplectus litoralis (Cyperaceae) were collected in Hong Kong between 1997 to 1999. A total of 205 fungal taxa were identified on these samples, including 61 ascomycetes, and 144 mitosporic taxa. Common fungal genera included Diaporthe, Leptosphaeria, Massarina, Ophiobolus and Ophioceras (ascomycetes), and Monodictys, Phaeoisaria, Periconia, Phoma, Phomopsis, Rhinocladiella, Septoria and Sporidesmium (mitosporic taxa). Different grass species were host to different fungal communities and diversities of taxa. Diversity indices for fungi on the hosts varied from 3.3 to 8.7, the highest index being from Pennisetum purpureum, and were overall higher from species offering more durable, strongly sclerenchymatic substrates. No single saprobic fungus collected in this study is thought to be specific to any one grass, however, certain fungi tended to reoccur on single grass species, but not on adjacent grasses. A ‘core fungal group’ was commonly associated with the decaying grasses and this ‘core’ was thought to be important in nutrient cycling in the grasses. A comparison of the fungi occurring on grasses with those on other monocotyledonous hosts is made. The numbers of fungi known to occur on Juncus roemerianus and Phragmites australis are briefly summarised.