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Effects of a graded supplementation of herbs and essential oils in broiler feed on growth and carcass traits
Abstract
Three studies with regard to the influence of herbs and essential oils on growth and carcass traits were carried out with male broilers over periods of 35 days (trials 1 and 2) and 84 days (trial 3), respectively. The effects of Oregano and its essential oil, Savoury, Nigella sativa L. and Cacao husks as feed supplements were investigated. Graded supplement of Oregano (0/2/4/10/20 g/kg) and its essential oil (0/0.1/0.2/0.5/1 g/kg) reduced daily feed intake of broilers compared to control animals. Enrichment with essential oil significantly improved feed efficiency. Savoury, Nigella sativa L. and Cacao husks increased daily feed intake of broilers in trial 2. In comparison to control animals live weight at the end of the feeding period was significantly higher in all experimental groups of trial 2 (10 g Cacao husks, 10 g Cacao husks + 5 g Nigella sativa L., 10 g Nigella sativa L. and 50 g Nigella sativa L.). N-balance analysis regarding protein accretion of broilers in the starter period (14th to 18th day of life) did not show any differences between control animals and groups fed with a supplement of 10 g and 20 g Savoury, 10 g Cacao husks or 10 g Nigella sativa L.. 5 g or 10 g of Savoury as feed additive improved daily feed intake over the entire feeding period in the long term trial (84 days). Up to the 35th day of life (trial 1) 10 g Savoury in the feed lead to a significantly improved daily live weight gain compared to control group and the group fed with a supplement of 5 g Savoury. At the end of trial 3 live weight of all animals was identical. In all three trials carcass traits of broilers were not influenced by feed supplement with herbs or essential oil.
... However, the BW gain increased when a diet supplemented with 5 g/kg oregano was fed to 42-day-old broilers (Florou-Paneri et al., 2006). Halle et al. (2004) observed no effect of oregano at 2, 4, 10 or 20 g/kg diet fed to broilers from day 1 to 35. ...
... Reduced FI observed already at lower oregano inclusion level can be due to higher active ingredient content such as carvacrol. Nevertheless, Giannenas et al. (2004), Halle et al. (2004) and Florou-Paneri et al. (2006) observed no effect on FI with an oregano supplementation at levels ranging from 2 to 20 g/kg. ...
... Only Florou-Paneri et al. (2006) reported a reduced FCR when diets contained oregano at 5 g/kg diet. Halle et al. (2004) andCross et al. (2007) observed no effect of oregano supplementation (2, 4, 10 or 20 g/kg diet) on FCR. ...
... However, the BW gain increased when a diet supplemented with 5 g/kg oregano was fed to 42-day-old broilers (Florou-Paneri et al., 2006). Halle et al. (2004) observed no effect of oregano at 2, 4, 10 or 20 g/kg diet fed to broilers from day 1 to 35. ...
... Reduced FI observed already at lower oregano inclusion level can be due to higher active ingredient content such as carvacrol. Nevertheless, Giannenas et al. (2004), Halle et al. (2004) and Florou-Paneri et al. (2006) observed no effect on FI with an oregano supplementation at levels ranging from 2 to 20 g/kg. ...
... Only Florou-Paneri et al. (2006) reported a reduced FCR when diets contained oregano at 5 g/kg diet. Halle et al. (2004) andCross et al. (2007) observed no effect of oregano supplementation (2, 4, 10 or 20 g/kg diet) on FCR. ...
... Some essential oils obtained from different sources were used in broiler diets to determine the effects on growth performance, digestibility and digestive systems [7][8][9][10]. Several researchers showed that the supplementation of some essential oils increased the live weight [11] and improved feed conversion ratio [12][13][14][15]. ...
... These positive responses of the finisher broilers in performance characteristics to the inclusion of Oregostim, irrespective of the type is attributed to the essential oils [33] in the active ingredients, which stimulates the digestive system [34], to increase the production of digestive enzymes and also improves the utilisation of digestive products through enhanced liver functions [7]. Thus improves feed intake, FCR [8,14,15], promoting a better sedimentation of muscle protein [35], and so improves the live body weight [11]. ...
The phytobiotic effects of feed-grade and liquid Oregostim were evaluated and compared on the performance characteristics, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broilers. 180 Marshal Broilers at 4wks were allotted into three treatments, T 0 (control), T 1 (3g/10kg feed-grade) and T 2 (3ml/10ltrs liquid), each was replicated thrice, with each replicate having 20 birds. Feed and water were given ad libitum, the feeding trial was for 4wks. The live BW for T 1 (1.73kg) is not significantly (p>0.05) different from T 2 (1.70kg), but T 1 and T 2 are greater than T 0 (1.52kg). The BWG, FCR and mortality % for broilers in T 1 and T 2 are significantly (p<0.05) superior to broilers in T 0 (control). The PCV for T 1 (24.33 ± 2.33) is not significantly (p>0.05) different from T 2 (23.30 ± 3.79), both are significantly (p<0.05) greater than T 0 (21.33 ± 3.28), the [Hb] and MCV are also the same for T 1 and T 2, but are significantly (p<0.05) greater than T 0 .There are no significant (p>0.05) differences among all the other parameters of performance characteristics (FI), haematological (RBC, WBC, MCV) and all serum biochemical indices across the treatments. Either feed-grade Oregostim (3g/10kg feed) or liquid Oregostim (3ml/10 ltr water) is recommended for use in finisher Broilers.
... Various studies that investigated the influence of oregano (dried leaf and oil) on the performance of broilers have led to the conclusion that oregano contributes to improving the performance of broilers by promoting their growth (Giannenas et al., 2003;Halle, 2001;Modeva et al., 2003;LiHua et al., 2007) and can reduce bacterial gastrointestinal tract populations such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli (Giannenas et al., 2004;Fukayama et al., 2007). However, the prediction of the oregano broiler's response is not very simple, because it is influenced by the variety of the plant (Fritz et al., 1992;Lee et al., 2003;Demir et al., 2003;Hassan et al., 2004;Halle et al., 2004), the level of inclusion in diets (Giannenas et al., 2004;Alçiçek, et al., 2003;Alçiçek et al., 2004;Ertas et al., 2005), sanitary and environmental conditions, nutritional composition of diet (Fritz et al., 1992;Fritz et al., 1991;Jamroz et al., 2006) and possible interaction with other additives. The literature data show distinct biological functions of the essential oils derived from aromatic plants, such as antibacterial, antimicrobial properties (Chen et al., 2016), antifungal (Hossain et al., 2016), antiviral (Gavanji et al., 2015), antioxidant (Shaaban et al., 2012) and antiproliferative properties (Park et al., 2014). ...
... The researchers concluded that it is necessary to include a higher level of oregano in diets for obtaining strong positive results from chicks to this. In another study on the effect of the inclusion of oregano in broilers diet, Halle et al. (2004) reported that the gradual introduction of the oregano plant and its oil in diets reduced the average daily fed intake and significantly improved the feed conversion ratio of chicks compared to the control group that received a conventional diet formulation. This finding is very similar to that of Amad et al. (2011) who investigated the effect of phytoaditives, respectively of oregano on the growth performance and ileal digestibility of nutrients of Cobb 500 broilers. ...
An experiment on 90, COBB 500 broiler chicks (14-42 days), reared under heat stress, evaluated the effect of the dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) powder and oil, on the balance of the intestinal microflora of broilers. The broilers, assigned to three groups (C, E1, E2), were housed in an experimental hall with 32°C constant temperature, humidity 36% and 23 h light regimen. The conventional diet C included monensin in the premix for the grower phase (14-35 days). Unlike the control group, the diet for the experimental groups included 0.01% oregano oil (E1), or 0.005% oregano oil plus 1% oregano powder (E2). Six broilers/ group were slaughtered in the end of the experiment (42 days), and samples of cecal and intestinal content were collected for bacteriological examination. The experimental results showed that the total Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Staphylococcus count was significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower both in the cecal microbiota and in the intestinal microbiota of the experimental groups than in group C, while the lactobacilli count was significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher in groups E1 and E2 than in group C.
... Some essential oils obtained from different sources were used in broiler diets to determine the effects on growth performance, digestibility and digestive systems [7][8][9][10]. Several researchers showed that the supplementation of some essential oils increased the live weight [11] and improved feed conversion ratio [12][13][14][15]. ...
... These positive responses of the finisher broilers in performance characteristics to the inclusion of Oregostim, irrespective of the type is attributed to the essential oils [33] in the active ingredients, which stimulates the digestive system [34], to increase the production of digestive enzymes and also improves the utilisation of digestive products through enhanced liver functions [7]. Thus improves feed intake, FCR [8,14,15], promoting a better sedimentation of muscle protein [35], and so improves the live body weight [11]. ...
The phytobiotic effects of feed-grade and liquid Oregostim were evaluated and compared on the performance characteristics, haematology and serum biochemistry of finisher broilers. 180 Marshal Broilers at 4wks were allotted into three treatments, T 0 (control), T 1 (3g/10kg feed-grade) and T 2 (3ml/10ltrs liquid), each was replicated thrice, with each replicate having 20 birds. Feed and water were given ad libitum, the feeding trial was for 4wks. The live BW for T 1 (1.73kg) is not significantly (p>0.05) different from T 2 (1.70kg), but T 1 and T 2 are greater than T 0 (1.52kg). The BWG, FCR and mortality % for broilers in T 1 and T 2 are significantly (p<0.05) superior to broilers in T 0 (control). The PCV for T 1 (24.33 ± 2.33) is not significantly (p>0.05) different from T 2 (23.30 ± 3.79), both are significantly (p<0.05) greater than T 0 (21.33 ± 3.28), the [Hb] and MCV are also the same for T 1 and T 2, but are significantly (p<0.05) greater than T 0 .There are no significant (p>0.05) differences among all the other parameters of performance characteristics (FI), haematological (RBC, WBC, MCV) and all serum biochemical indices across the treatments. Either feed-grade Oregostim (3g/10kg feed) or liquid Oregostim (3ml/10 ltr water) is recommended for use in finisher Broilers. INTRODUCTION Consumers today take a lot of interest in how their food is raised, whether their concerns have scientific merit or if they are simply responding to a story they read in a newspaper, we know they are worried about drugs in animal feed. Broiler producers therefore today need to be sensitive to consumer demands.
... Table 2). The slaughter analysis of birds is presented in Table 3. proportions of cuts and some internal organs in broilers (Halle et al., 2004;Hernandez et al., 2004;Çabuk et al., 2006;Omar et al., 2016). Table 4. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal and immunomodulatory die-tary supplements and their combinations on growth performance, slaughter traits and meat quality in male broiler chickens. A total of 210 one-day-old Ross 308 male chickens were randomly distributed after weighing in 7 groups (3 replicates in each, n=10 chickens). Broilers were reared on deep litter until 42 days of age and divided as follows: Group I – control (basal diet without supplements); Group II – supple-mented with 0.2% Immunoßeta; Group III – supplemented with 0.2% garlic powder; Group IV – supplemented with 0.2% herbal mix (0.05% ginger, 0.05% rosemary, 0.05% thyme and 0.05% yarrow); Group V – supplemented with 0.2% Immunoßeta + 0.2% garlic powder; Group VI – supplemented with 0.2% Immunoßeta + 0.2% herbal mix; Group VII – supplemented with 0.2% Immunoßeta + 0.2% garlic powder + 0.2% herbal mix. At the end of the experiment, chickens weighed from 2552±54 g (Group I) to 2689±55 g (Group IV) without statistically significant differences (Р>0.05). Feed conversion varied from 1.64 (Group IV) tо 1.74 (Group I). Meat pH, water holding ca-pacity, water absorption capacity, and tenderness were not influenced by the dietary supplement type. All supplements used did not show an adverse effect on health, and no mortality was found in the experimental groups. The obtained results show a clear trend towards a positive effect of the used feed additives and their combination mainly on the fattening characteristics of the broiler chickens, evident from the higher values of the two efficiency indices.
... In the present trial, it is detected that adding 2%pennyroyal individual or in combination with probiotic to laying hen diets influenced production performance. Researches that worked by medicinal herbs in poultry field reported an improved effects of these feed additives (pennyroyal and probiotic) on performance of broiler [14,15] and laying hens (by probiotic: Abdulrahim et al. [16]; by pennyroyal: Chalchat et al. [17]; Cook et al. [18]; El-Ghorab, [19]; Mahboubi and Haghi, [20]). ...
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic (Pr) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on performance of laying hens. Hy-Line laying hens (n=216), 34 wk old, were randomly housed in windowed cages in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of 3×2 with six treatments and three replicates (12 birds per each) and were fed 1 of 6 diets: control (treatment 1, T1), Probiotic (T2), 1% pennyroyal (T3), Probiotic + 1% pennyroyal (T4), 2% pennyroyal (T5), Probiotic + 2% pennyroyal (T6) throughout 12 wk experimental feeding period. Diets supplemented according to the manufacturer's recommendation with amounts of probiotic (0.005%). Results indicated that using 2% of pennyroyal significantly decreased egg production percent and egg mass (p<0.05). In interaction effects using 2% pennyroyal with probiotic significantly decreased the amounts of egg production per cent, egg mass and feed intake. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that using 2% pennyroyal individually, or in combination with probiotic, have adverse effects on performance of laying hens performance.
... These results are in agreement with those reported by Ocak et al. (2008) in that dietary supplementation of peppermint and thyme significantly improved body weight gain in broilers. Similarly, Halle et al. (2004) reported that graded oregano extracts and essential oil collected from oregano significantly improved feed conversion rate in broilers. Our results contrast with those of Calıslar et al. (2009) who found that phytogenic additives containing extracts from Origanum vulgare ssp. ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two herbal extracts (Emerald and Gundelia tournefortii L. Seed) on growth performance, serum biochemistry and intestinal bacterial population in broilers. A total of 280 Ross 308 1-dayold male broiler chicks were distributed into 5 groups of 7 in each consisting 8 replicates per treatment for 42 days. Five treatments were used; control group received basal diet (without any herbal extract supplementation), the Emerald at 100 mg/kg diet and G. tournefortii L. seed extracts (GTE) at 2, 4 and 8 g/kg diet were added to basal diet.
The addition of 4 and 8 g GTE to the diet resulted in significantly higher body weight compared with control group (P<0.05). Moreover, supplementing the highest level of GTE (8 g/kg diet) significantly increased intestinal lactic acid bacteria counts (P<0.05).However, no differences were observed among treatments for feed intake and feed conversion rate at the end of the study (P>0.05). In addition, serum uric acid (UA) and glucose (Glu) concentrations and aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were not affected by any treatment (P>0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that different dietary levels of GTE may improve the growth performance by increasing intestinal lactic acid bacteria counts.
... Aynı şekilde, Küçükersan ve ark.,(2017) keçiboynuzu ilavesi ile YYO'nun deneme gruplarında kontrol grubuna oranla %1.55 daha iyi sonuç verdiğini bildirmişlerdir. Mevcut çalışmamızın aksine yem tüketiminin, tüm deneme gruplarında azaldığı ve yemden yararlanma oranının da iyileştiği yönünde çalışmalar mevcuttur (Halle et al., 2004;Symeon et al., 2010;Feizi et al., 2013). Bu farklılığın sebepleri olarak, esans yağ bileşimine, esans yağ ve/veya yağların hayvanlara veriliş şekline, tek ya da kombine kullanımlarına ve çevresel faktörlerin etkisine bağlı olduğu düşünülmektedir. ...
Amaç: Bu araştırma broyler karma yemlerine kekik yağı ve keçiboynuzu tozu karışımının besi performansı, karkas parametreleri ve bazı iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine etkisini belirlemek için yapılmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmada, günlük yaşta 192 adet karışık cinsiyette civciv kullanılmıştır. Denemede 48’er civcivden oluşan 1 kontrol ve 3 adet deneme grubu olmak üzere toplam 4 grup oluşturulmuştur. Her grup 12’şerli 4 alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışma toplam 42 gün sürdürülmüştür. Kontrol grubuna bazal rasyon verilirken, diğer üç deneme gruplarına sırasıyla kekik yağı ve keçiboynuzu tozu karışımı içeren rasyonlar verilmiştir (0.5, 1 ve 2 g/kg). Hayvanlara yem ve su ad-libitum sağlanmıştır. Gruplara 1-14. gün yapısında % 23 ham protein (HP) 3000 kcal/kg metabolik enerji (ME), 15- 28. Gün %21 HP 3100 kcal/kg ME ve 29- 42.gün % 20 HP 3200 kcal/kg ME içeren rasyonlar verilmiştir.Bulgular: Deneme sonunda, kontrol grubuna oranla deneme gruplarında canlı ağırlık (CA), canlı ağırlık artışı (CAA), yem tüketimi (YT), yemden yararlanma oranı (YYO), karkas ve iç organ ağırlıkları bakımından istatistiksel olarak farklılık bulunmamıştır (P >0.05).Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, kekik yağı ve keçiboynuzu tozu karışımının broyler karma yemlerinde 1 g/kg düzeyinde güvenli bir şekilde ilave edilebileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.
... [8] Investigated the influence of oregano products (oil extract or its dried leaf) on broiler performance, concluded also that oregano has the potential to promote broiler performance and reduce bacterial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. However, prediction of the broiler response to oregano and other herbal supplements is not straightforward; it is highly influenced by herbal variety [17], [4], [11], [14], level of supplementation [2], [6], environmental and sanitary conditions (challenged vs. unchallenged), nutrient composition of the diet [13] and [5], and the possible interaction with other additives such as organic acids [5]. ...
A total of (120) day old Bounty Fresh colored broiler chickens were carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of different levels of oregano leaf meal (OLM) on the growth performance at a dietary levels of 0, 3 ,6 and 9% respectively. Results showed significant in terms of cumulative feed consumption, gain weight and feed conversion ratio. Broilers given 6% of level of oregano (T3) had the heaviest body weight on the seven week of age with a mean 1955.25 grams while the lightest was those broilers without the supplementation of oregano leaf meal (T1) with a mean of 1743.75 grams. The inclusion of OLM as fed diet were the most efficient feed converter and therefore, has the potential to increase rapid growth and improve vitality and livability of colored broiler chicken. Insignificant result was obtained in terms of the percentage rate of growth, dressing percentage with and without giblets and feed conversion ratio as revealed by the analysis of variance. However, in terms of the income over feed and chick costs, Colored broiler chicken fed with 6% oregano leaf meal had the highest return of Php 88.89 and the lowest return was those broilers without oregano with a return of Php 50.47.The results suggest that OLM at 6% level can be safely used as feed ingredients to the broilers without any deleterious effect.
... Several plants may improve the effect of digestive enzymes, feed consumption, feed utilization, and carcass traits [8]. However, Halle et al. [9] did not observe significant effects for some additives such as oregano and its essential oils, savory, Nigella sativa L. and cacao husks on live weight, and carcass parameters of broilers. ...
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves and/or seed powder on laying Japanese quail performance in terms of egg production, egg quality, blood serum characteristics, and reproduction. In total, 168 Japanese quails (120 hens and 48 males) at eight weeks of age in laying period were randomly distributed to four treatment groups, with six replicates per group and seven birds (five hens and two males) per replicate. The first group (G1) served as a control group, while G2, G3 and G4 groups were supplemented with M. oleifera leaves (ML) and M. oleifera seeds (MS) and their combination ((1 g/kg ML; 1 g/kg MS; and 1 ML g/kg + 1 MS g/kg (MSL), respectively). From the results, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, fertility and hatchability from fertile eggs, egg and yolk index, and Haugh unit were not affected by dietary treatments. However, egg production, egg mass, eggshell thickness, and hatchability were significantly increased and blood aspartate transaminase (AST) and urea decreased in the MS treatment. Both triglycerides and total cholesterol were reduced (p < 0.05) in all treatments with ML, MS, and MSL, with no significant differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, globulin, and A/G ratio among dietary treatment. Our results clearly indicated that the inclusion of M. oleifera seeds in Japanese quail diet significantly increased egg production and improved hatchability, along with some egg quality parameters, and also lowered some blood biochemical components.
... In this respect, Denli et al. (2004) reported that the addition of fennel essential oil to a quail diet improved feed conversion ratio. Also, Halle et al. (2004) noted that the addition of oregano and its essential oil reduced daily feed intake of broilers and significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). ...
... Based on several studies conducted and reported, oregano is an alternative feed additive that may have potential to replace subtherapeutic antibiotics in livestock feed [8,16] investigated the influence of oregano products (oil extract or its dried leaf) on broiler performance, concluded also that oregano has the potential to promote broiler performance and reduce bacterial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. However, prediction of the broiler response to oregano and other herbal supplements is not straightforward; it is highly influenced by herbal variety [4,11,14,17], level of supplementation [2,6], environmental and sanitary conditions (challenged vs. unchallenged), nutrient composition of the diet [5,13], and the possible interaction with other additives such as organic acids [5]. ...
... For the decreased feed consumption, one possible explanation is that essential oils possess an irritating smell, which renders the palatability of diet disagreeable to birds. Amad et al. (2011) and Halle et al. (2004) reported that daily feed intake of broilers was numerically decreased by increasing the dietary level of a blend of thyme, star anise, and origanum leaves, and its associated essential oils compared with control. Similarly, Cabuk et al. (2006) noted a significantly reduced feed intake of broilers from young breeders by graded inclusion of a cocktail of essential oils (oregano oil, laurel leaf oil, sage leaf oil, myrtle leaf oil, fennel seed oil, and citrus peel oil). ...
The increasing pressure of abolishing and/or decreasing the use of antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promoters for livestock calls for alternative solutions to sustain the efficiency of current livestock production. Among the alternatives, essential oils have a great potential and are generally considered natural, less toxic, and free from residues. Essential oils have been proven in numerous in vitro studies to exert antimicrobial effects on various pathogens. The current review touched on the basics of essential oils, and the in vivo effects of essential oils on growth, intestinal microflora, anti-oxidation, immune functionality, meat qualities as well as the possible modes of action in poultry and pigs, and the future research areas were proposed.
... The results of some other studies revealed that addition of phytogenic feed additives to the diet of broiler chickens and laying hens led to the depression in FI (Maass et al. 2005). In contrast, supplementing the diets with oregano herb (2-20 g/kg feed), or oregano oil (100-1000 mg/kg feed), in all cases, improved the performance of broiler chickens (Halle et al. 2004). Westendarp et al. (2006) reported that the addition of carvacrol (50 mg/kg feed), pcymene (25 mg/kg feed), and γ-terpinene (25 mg/kg feed) as pure substances showed no significant effects. ...
A total of 160 1-d-old ducklings (mixed gender) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary phytogenic supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility. Each treatment consisted of eight replications and five birds/replication. Treatments were: (T1) high nutrient diet; (T2) T1+phytobiotics; (T3) low nutrient diet; (T4) T3+phytobiotics. The results indicated that inclusion of phytobiotics and nutrients’ density of diets influenced body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P < .05). Feeding low nutrient diets had a negative effect on drip loss percentage. Cooking loss percentage increased (P < .05) by reducing nutrient density. Relative weights of breast muscle, abdominal fat and body organs, pH value, and colour of breast muscle were not affected by treatment diets. Supplementing the diets reduced TBARS value on d 14 post-slaughter (P < .05). Density of nutrients and phytogenic blend (P < .05) improved the digestibility of dry matter and energy, but the digestibility of calcium and phosphorous were not affected by treatments.
... Herbs were recommended to enhance metabolic processes and the health condition of livestock (Panagasa et al., 2012). Some herbs can support the digestive enzymes action, improve feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yields (Pietrzak et al., 2005), whereas, Halle et al. (2004) recorded no positive impact on broilers. ...
This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of Moringa Oleifera and/or Cichorium Intybus powder
supplementation on performance, biochemical parameters, immunology and carcass quality of broiler
chicks. Two hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross, 308 hybrid) were randomly allotted into four groups.
Each group contained 50 chicks with five replicates. Feed was offered ad libitum to all groups. Group C
were fed basal control diet. Chicks in the group M were fed basal diet supplemented with 1.5% M.
oleifera and chicks in group CI were fed basal diet supplemented with 1.5% C. Intybus, while the chicks
of group MC were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.75% M. oleifera plus 0.75% C. Intybus during
experiment time. Body weight and feed amount were recorded every 15 days. Carcass yields were
evaluated at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that supplements improved significantly
bird weights, whereas the group C has the least mean value among the treatments. Group MC had
better weight (239 3±80 g) than other groups (2180±48, 2020.5±97 1893±54 g, respectively for groups CI,
M and C). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was estimated 1.45, 1.48, 1.54 and 1.58 for MC, CI, M and C
groups, respectively. Supplements group have lower total cholesterol than control. Finally, the use of a
combination of C. Intybus and M. oleifera was recommended as good feed additives to improve
productivity and enhance immunity.
... Essential oils derived mainly from aromatic herbs and species may possess various biological properties, acting as antimicrobials (Cowan, 1999 andUltee et al., 2002), antioxidants (Basmacıoglu et al., 2004), antifungals (Shin and Lim, 2004), coccidiostats (Allen et al., 1997), and stimulating the digestive enzyme activity (Jamroz et al., 2005 andBasmacıog et al., 2010). The results of various field trials and experimental studies conducted under different management conditions over the last decade have shown that incorporation of essential oils in broiler diets can ensure improved weight gain ,feed efficiency, and reduced mortality, in addition to inhibiting common pathogenic bacteria growth (Halle et al., 2004;Mitsch et al., 2004;Çabuk et al., 2006). However, the bio-response (in terms of feed conversion ratio or body weight gain) to essential oil administration has not always been consistent (Kroismayr et al., 2008;Brenes and Roura, 2010) because the bioeffects of essential oils appeared to be influenced by environmental factors, including house hygiene, stocking density, nutritional status of the feed, and general health status of the bird (Botsoglou et al., 2004;Jamroz et al., 2005). ...
... Cross et al. (2007) reported the same effects when they studied the effect of herbs, among which oregano, and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Halle et al. (2004) reported that graded amounts of oregano and its essential oil reduced daily feed intake of broilers and significantly improved feed conversion compared with that of control birds. Roofchaee et al. (2011) reported completely different results when they investigated the effects of dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil on broiler performance. ...
The study used 96 day-old Cobb 500 chicks, weighed individually and housed in an experimental hall with 320C
constant temperature and 23 h light regimen. During the starter stage (1-14 days), all chicks received a conventional diet formulation with sodium monensin (50 g/kg premix). During the growth stage (14-35 days), when the actual feeding trial started, the chicks were weighed, assigned to three groups (32 chicks/group) and housed in the same experimental hall. Throughout the experimental period, the temperature was maintained at 320C, humidity 36%, 23 h light regimen. Like in the starter stage, the chicks had free access to the water and feed. Compared to the diet formulation for the control group (C), conventional formulation, with monensin in the premix, the formulations for the experimental groups included 2% dry oregano (E1), or 2% rosehip powder (E2), but no monensin in the premix. Throughout the experimental period were monitored the bodyweight and the intake. At the end of the feeding trial, 6 chicks from each group were slaughtered in order to make measurements of the relative weight of carcass cuts and internal organs of broilers. Samples of intestinal content were collected for bacteriological assessment (determination of the Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Lactic acid bacteria). Throughout the entire experimental period (14-35 days), the average daily feed intake was significantly higher in group C than in groups E1 and E2, but the average daily weight gain and the feed conversion ratio were not different among the three groups. The dietary phytoadditives given the broiler chicks reared under heat stress (320C) had a favourable action in maintaining the health of the intestinal tract, by preserving the balance of the populations of microorganisms colonizing the intestine. Throughout the experimental weeks under heat stress no mortalities were recorded in any of the three groups.
... Furthermore, between the 1 st and 42 nd day of treatment, the VOM-3 group showed enhanced FCR compared with the NC, PC, OVO, FVO and VOM-1 groups (P<0.001). Previous studies have shown that supplementing broiler diets with essential oils improves the FCR [1,21,23]. Additionally, HERNANDEZ et al. [22] observed that the effect of different additives containing thymol and carvacrol, pepper volatile oils (200 mg/ kg) or sage and rosemary extracts (5,000 mg/kg) improved the broiler performance. However, it was reported that the incorporation of oregano essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg in normal broiler diets had no effect on overall body weight and feed conversion ratio, and the results did not differ from the controls or from a group supplemented with 200 mg alpha-tocopherol acetate [31]. ...
Essential oils (herbal volatile oils) as alternatives to antibiotics are considered the most powerful natural feed additives. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of volatile oils and their mixtures (VOM) dietary supplementation on the performance, serum and tibia characteristics of broilers. A total of 800 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were equally divided into 8 groups of 100 chicks (10 replicates of 10 chicks each). The study included a control (NC) and diets supplemented with oils according to the following 7 treatments: 200 mg alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg (PC); 100 mg oregano oil/kg (OVO); 100 mg rosemary oil/kg (RVO); 100 mg fennel oil (FVO); oregano oil + rosemary oil + fennel oil - equally mixed - (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, VOM-1, VOM-2 and VOM-3, respectively). The experiment was conducted for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, no significant differences were observed in feed intake and carcass yield. Dietary supplementation with mixed volatile oils (VOM-2 and VOM-3) and OVO improved the final body weight. Dietary treatments significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and bone ash (P<0.001). Furthermore, the hot carcass weights of the OVO and RVO group and the volatile oil mixture group (VOM-2 and VOM-3) were significantly higher than for the NC group. FVO and VOM supplementation at both inclusion levels (VOM-2 and VOM-3) in the broiler diet significantly increased the bone Ca level compared with the other groups (p<0.001). Moreover, the bone phosphorus percentage of the same groups (FVO, VOM-2 and VOM-3) were also significantly enhanced (p<0.001) compared to the control groups (NC and PC). In conclusion, the results of this study showed encouraging improvement in performance and in tibia Ca levels in broilers when their diets were supplemented with VOM-3.
... Denli et al. (2004) reported that the addition of fennel essential oil to a quail diet improved feed conversion ratio. Also, Halle et al. (2004) noted that the addition of oregano and its essential oil reduced daily feed intake of broilers and significantly improved FCR. Furthermore, Ibrahim et al. (2000) showed an increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion when male weaned NZW rabbits fed diets supplemented with Peppermint leaves at 0.5 %. ...
... In this respect, Denli et al., (2004) reported that the addition of fennel essential oil to a quail diet improved feed conversion ratio. Also, Halle et al., (2004) noted that the addition of oregano and its essential oil reduced daily feed intake of broilers and significantly improved FCR. Furthermore, Ibahim et al., (2000) who showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion when male weaned NZW rabbits fed on diets with supplemented of Peppermint leaves at 0.5 %. ...
... hirtum at 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg in broiler diet improved feed intake and feed conversion ratio; however, no effect was observed on body weight and body weight gain (Calislar et al., 2009). Another study reported that graded supplement of oregano at 2, 4, 10, and 20 g/kg and its essential oil at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 g/kg in broiler diets resulted in improved feed conversion and reduced daily feed intake (Halle et al., 2004). Some studies demonstrated that inclusion of PFAs in poultry diet may not have any beneficial effect. ...
Inclusion of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) in feed may enhance performance of broilers. Levels of essential oils in powdered
form (characterized by menthol and anethole) at 150 mg/kg (P-150) and matrix-encapsulated form (characterized by carvacrol, thymol, and limonene) at 100 mg/kg (ME-100) were supplemented in diet to investigate their effect on performance (trial 1) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients (trial 2) in broilers. A total of 480 1-day-old broilers (Cobb 500) were used in trial 1 and 120 broilers in
trial 2. Broilers were distributed in 24 pens with 8 pens per treatment (trial 1) and 6 pens with 2 pens per treatment (trial
2), with 20 birds per pen. Feed and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental periods in both trials. In trial 1, body weight of birds at d 42 and overall body weight gain
from d 1 to d 42, was higher in treatment ME-100 than birds in control treatment (P = 0.023 and P = 0.024, respectively). Feed efficiency during finisher phase was improved in treatment ME-100 relatively to control and
P-150 treatments (P = 0.035). At d 21 in trial 2, the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in ME-100 treatment in comparison
with control and P-150 treatments (P < 0.001). Apparent ileal absorption (AIA) of phosphorus was higher in ME-100 treatment than control treatment (P = 0.028). AID of cysteine was higher in both phytogenic additive supplemented treatments in comparison with control treatment
(P = 0.001). In conclusion, inclusion of a powdered phytogenic additive characterized by menthol and anethole at 150 mg/kg had
no effect but only a tendency towards improved performance and AIA of phosphorus, whereas essential oils addition in encapsulated
form characterized by caravacol, thymol, and limonene at 100 mg/kg improved performance as well as apparent ileal digestibility
of nutrients in broilers, possibly due to improved secretion of digestive enzymes.
... In agreement with those reports, other authors have also indicated that including essential oils either alone (BASSETT, 2000;HALLE et al., 2004;ÇIFTÇI et al., 2005;BOZKURT et al., 2009b) or in combination (JAMROZ et al., 2003;ERTAŞ et al., 2005;ZHANG et al., 2005) in broiler diets increases BWG in broilers up to 42 days of age. ...
This study compares the performance-enhancing effects of adding an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), a commercial organic acid blend (OAB), a commercial, herbal, essential oil mixture (EOM) and an OAB - EOM combination to feeding regimens of broiler chicks. The corn and soybeanbased basal diet was supplemented with three doses of one of the following additives: AGP (Avilamycin, 10 mg/kg diet), OAB (0.9, 1.8, 2.7 g/kg diet, respectively), EOM (12, 24, 36 mg/kg diet, respectively) and OAB - EOM combination. Diets were fed as mash to 3,300 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross-308) that were randomly assigned to 11 groups, each with six identical subgroups. Birds were studied until they were 42 days old. At 21 and 42 days of age, the body weights of broilers in all treatment groups were significantly heavier than the body weights (BWs) of broilers in the control group (P < 0.01). A similar disparity in body weight gain (BWG) was observed between 22 and 42 days (P < 0.05). The OAB, EOM and OAB - EOM supplements promoted significantly growth when incorporated into the diets of broiler starters and growers, even at low levels. Likewise, broilers that received the diet supplemented with AGP exhibited a much better growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than broilers that received the unsupplemented control diet (P < 0.05). Amongst the treatment groups, there were significant differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 0 to 21, 22 to 42 and 0 to 42 day periods (P < 0.05). Throughout the experimental period, dietary supplementation with AGP, EOM and the OAB - EOM mixture significantly improved FCR, compared to the control treatment. The experimental treatments had no significant effect on the feed intake or mortality of broilers during the 42-day experimental period (P > 0.05). Gradually increasing the doses of OAB, EOM and the OAB - EOM mixture led to insignificant improvements in broiler performance, compared with their lower supplementation rates. In conclusion, introducing EOM into the diets of broiler diets either alone or in combination with OAB significantly improved body weight and feed efficiency of broilers without affecting mortality. Similar results were observed with AGP. Our results raise the prospect of replacing AGP with novel alternatives, such as OABs and EOMs.
... HERNANDEZ et al. [21] reported that the addition of plant extracts to feed mix-tures generates reasonably higher weights in broiler chickens. Furthermore, several researchers have reported a growth-promoting mode of action of essential oils in quails [14] and broilers [13,20,23]. In contrast to these findings, others have suggested that essential oils or oil combinations does not improve body weight gain [7,34,46]. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of myrtle oil dietary supplementation at four concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg/day) for 42 days on growth performance, erythrocyte parameters, meat quality and meat oxidation stability in quails fed with corn-soybean based diets. Whereas the weight growth was significantly delayed since the 14th day in quails receiving the highest dose compared to not supplemented controls, the 2 lowest doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg) have induced significant positive effects. In parallel, food intake was poorly affected and the food efficiency was significantly altered in birds supplemented with 5000 mg/kg/day. No significant effect of myrtle oil supplementation was evidenced on carcass traits, visceral organs, meat pH and sensory qualities. Haematocrit was markedly enhanced in birds supplemented with 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg while the other erythrocyte parameters remained unchanged. Lipid oxidation in meat reflecting by the tissue MDA (malondialdehyde) content was remarkably reduced after 7 and 15 days long storage at 4°C when quails have been supplemented with myrtle oil. These results show that because of its high content in antioxidants, myrtle oil added to diets, mainly at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day, may induce positive effects on growth and strengthen the meat oxidative stability in quails.
... These results are supported by the findings of YESILBAG et al. (2011) who reported that feed intake was not changed but FCR improved in birds receiving 200 mg/kg rosemary essential oil compared to control birds and those fed on diets supplemented with dried rosemary plant and 200 mg/kg α-tocopherol. Additionally, HALLE et al. (2004) reported that graded dietary levels of oregano and its essential oil suppressed daily feed intake in broilers and significantly improved FCR compared to that of control birds. This finding is very similar to the constant FI and improved FCR in the current study. ...
A total of 320 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used to study the effects of dietary supplementation of 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg SkEO or 200 mg/kg α-tocopherol on productive performance, organ weights, blood antioxidant stability and lipid constituents in birds raised in thermo-neutral or cyclic heat stress conditions in a 42-d experiment. Heat stress significantly suppressed FCR (P < 0.001) and performance efficiency index (P < 0.05) through day 42 of age. Dietary administration of 400 mg/kg SkEO promoted DWG (P < 0.05), FCR (P < 0.05) and EPEF (P < 0.05) through day 42 of age with no change in FI and mortality compared to the birds receiving α-tocopherol and control diets. Serum CHOL and LDL concentrations were decreased significantly in birds fed on a diet containing 400 mg/kg SkEO compared to control birds (P < 0.001). Lipid stability and antioxidant power of the blood were improved by inclusion of 200 and 400 mg/kg SkEO and 200 mg/kg α-tocopherol as shown by lowered serum MDA concentration and elevated GPx activity. Abdominal fat percentage tended to be decreased (P = 0.06) in heat stressed birds compared to those raised in normal thermal conditions at day 42 of age. Inclusion of 400 and 600 mg/kg SkEO and 200 mg/kg α-tocopherol in broiler diets significantly decreased abdominal fat in both heat stressed and non-stressed birds at day 42 of age. It was concluded that supplementation of SkEO in broiler diets at 400 mg/kg may result in economic benefits in broiler flocks through improved FCR and economic efficiency factor. The same dietary dose may cause decreased carcass fat and improved antioxidant capacity of the blood. The results did not demonstrate any clear advantage for dietary SkEO in heat stressed birds compared to those kept in normal temperature conditions.
... The results of various field trials and experimental studies conducted under different management conditions over the last decade have shown that incorporation of essential oils in broiler diets can ensure improved weight gain and feed efficiency, and reduced mortality, in addition to inhibiting common pathogenic bacteria growth (Jamroz et al., 2003;Halle et al., 2004;Mitsch et al., 2004;Çabuk et al., 2006). However, the bio-response (in terms of feed conversion ratio or body weight gain) to essential oil administration has not always been consistent (Windsch et al., 2008;Brenes and Roura, 2010) because the bioeffects of essential oils appeared to be influenced by environmental factors, including house hygiene, stocking density, nutritional status of the feed, and general health status of the bird (Hernandez et al., 2004;Botsoglou et al., 2004;Jamroz et al., 2005). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diet type, supplementation diet with an essential oil mixture (EOM), and bird gen-der on the growth performance, carcass yield, internal organ weight, immune response, and small intestine histology of broiler chickens. To do this, a 2¥2¥2 factorial arrangement was designed. The variables used were: two diet types (based on either wheat or corn), 2 feed additives (with or without EOM), and gender (male or female). EOM supplementation in the diet decreased body weight in corn-fed male birds at Days 21 and 42, but not in those fed the wheat-based diet, signifying a diet ¥ EOM ¥ gender interaction. Cumulative feed intake was not influenced by either the diet type or EOM. The feed conversion ratio was not affect-ed by diet type, whereas EOM improved feed conversion ratio over the 42-day growth period. Feeding birds on wheat decreased the carcass yield while it increased relative small intestine and large intestine weight. Relative weights of liver, bursa fabricius and serum infectious bur-sal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND) titers were not affected by any of the variables studied. EOM supplementation and feeding birds on corn increased jejunal villus height at both 21 and 42 days of age, while bird gender showed no effect. In general, EOM positively influenced body weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion in broiler chickens. Birds receiving the corn-based diet were more effi-cient in converting feed to body mass as com-pared to those fed on the wheat-based diet.
... Denli et al. (2004) reported that the addition of thyme essential oil to a quail diet improved feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, Halle et al. (2004) noted that the addition of oregano and its essential oil reduced daily feed intake of broilers and significantly improved FCR. Recently, Jamroz et al. (2005) used a maize-soyabean meal diet and a wheat-barley diet with male broiler chickens to evaluate the effect of carvacrol, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde. ...
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a herbal essential oil mixture on the performance of broilers produced by a young (30 wk) or an old breeder (80 wk) flock. One thousand and eight unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Ross-308) originating from the two breeder flocks were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 336 birds each. Dietary treatments were: a control and two diets containing 24 mg/kg or 48 mg/kg of an essential oil mixture. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on body weight of the broilers at 21 and 42 days. The effect of the age of the parents did not have a significant effect on body weight of the broilers at 21 and 42 days of age. Up to 21 days the feed intake of broilers from young breeders was reduced significantly as a result of the inclusion of the essential oil mixture in their diets, and a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was recorded in these birds. Difference in regression coefficients for feed intake and feed conversion ratio between broilers from young and old breeder flocks was significant. Carcass yield and some internal organ weights such as the liver, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were not affected by the addition of the essential oil mixture to the diet. Inclusion of essential oil mixture to the diet decreased mortality significantly at 21 days.
... Effect of Juniperus communis volatile oil on live weight, live weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of quail (mean ± SEM). broiler chickens (Jamroz et al., 2003;Halle et al., 2004;Çıftçı et al., 2005). In contrast to these findings, others have suggested that essential oils or oil combinations do not improve body weight gain (Botsoglou et al., 2002;Papageorgiou et al., 2003;Zhang et al., 2005). ...
Abstract 1. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of juniper oil on growth performance and meat quality in quails to determine its use as a safe and natural method to reduce overdependence on the use of antibiotic. 2. A total of 1000 1-d-old Pharaoh (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) quails, including both males and females, were divided into 4 groups containing 250 quails and treated as follows: (1) a control group with 0 mg volatile oil/kg diet; (2) 100 mg/kg juniper oil; (3) 150 mg/kg juniper oil and (4) 200 mg/kg juniper oil. The diets were prepared fresh for each treatment. The experiment was carried out for 42 d. 3. The results of the study showed that supplementation with juniper oil (100 and 150 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in live weight, live weight gain and carcass yields during the growing and finishing periods. Feed intake and feed conversion rate were not significantly influenced by treatments. 4. The quails given rations containing Juniper oil had reduced thiobarbituric acid levels in raw thigh meat samples at different storage times. Juniper oil was found to have significant antioxidant activity and prevented lipid oxidation in stored meat. 5. In conclusion, natural antioxidants such as a juniper oil can be used instead of synthetic antioxidants to retard lipid oxidation in animal diets to improve meat product quality and animal performance.
... Motejaded et al. (2013) came to the same result in which the FCR in broilers did not significantly affected by the dietary powder mint. However, Halle et al. (2004) reported that the reduced FI in broilers fed graded amounts of oregano and its essential oils was concomitant to improved FCR. Although the underlying mechanisms by which phytogenics affect bird performance is not yet clear, Amad et al. (2011) concluded that the variation in bird responses to phytogenics may be related to the differences in composition of the various bioactive substances, diet type, animal age, hygiene, and environmental factors. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Mentha spicata on growth performance, carcass attributes, blood variables, antimicrobial activity of the gut, and meat quality in growing Japanese quail. A total of three hundred, 7-day-old quail chicks were fed five experimental diets containing different levels of dietary Mentha spicata (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of diet) until 35 days of age. Statistical analysis showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly affected by dietary treatments during the experimentation. However, body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were significantly affected by different levels of dietary Mentha spicata from 7-14, 7-21, and 7-28 d of age. At earlier stage of rearing, high levels of dietary Mentha spicata significantly decreased BWG and FI in chicks (P < 0.05). Regarding the whole of experiment, no significant effects of treatment were observed on growth performance and carcass attributes of quail chicks. Dried Mentha spicata showed a hypocholesterolaemic effect on serum composition. Regression analysis revealed that the lowest cholesterol concentration may be obtained with 1.17% (0.79≤1.17≤1.53) of dietary Mentha spicata and the lowest low density lipoprotein (LDL) may be achieved with 2.46% (1.07≤2.46≤3.86) of dietary Mentha spicata. No significant differences were observed for protein components (e.g. total protein and albumin) in the sera of quail chicks. At 3% of diet, Mentha spicata significantly decreased the CFU of E. coli, whereas, the Lactobacilli population has been increased. The antioxidant potency of meat slices was increased with inclusion of Mentha spicata in the diet compared to control diet (1 and 2% of Mentha spicata). However, oxidative stability was significantly higher in thigh meat than breast meat. In conclusion, at lower levels of dietary Mentha spicata meat quality and blood profile could be improved and higher levels of dried Mentha spicata may be needed to improve microbial ecosystem of small intestine in quail chicks.
This study was realized to determine the effects of the mixture of herbal extracts added to broiler rations on performance carcass parameters and some internal organ weights. In this study, a total of 192 mixed-age broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into four groups, each with 48 chicks. The groups were divided into 4 subgroups, which included 12 animals. In the trial, groups were composed as control and three treatment groups. Basal diets were supplemented with herbal extract mix (HEM) at 1 g / kg, 2 g / kg and 4 g / kg levels, respectively. The experiment was continued for 42 days. The end of the experiment, performance parameters of HEM added to rations did not create statistically significant differences on cutting parameters and internal organ weights. In the study, it is thought that the extract was no effect on performance values is due to active molecules of the extract and the level of application to animals in broiler rations. As a result, it was concluded that the herb extract could not cause significant changes on the growth performance, carcass and internal organ weights, but determined the doses of the optimum mixtures of these additives and it would be beneficial to research the effects of the animals on different doses at different periods.
L’interdiction des antibiotiques comme facteur de croissance en élevage a dynamisé la recherche d’alternatives comme les extraits végétaux et en particulier les huiles essentielles. En aviculture, les huiles essentielles de thym, origan et romarin sont les plus étudiées. Leur composition en principes actifs est très variable, entraînant certainement une grande variabilité des réponses zootechniques. L’huile essentielle de thym semble favoriser le gain de poids, en particulier chez le poulet. Celle d’origan améliore l’indice de consommation et la vitesse de croissance chez le poulet de chair, et le taux de ponte et l’indice de consommation chez la poule pondeuse. Celle du romarin améliore aussi l’indice de consommation chez le poulet. Cependant, utilisées à forte dose, les huiles essentielles peuvent exercer des effets contraires. Toutefois, la consommation d’huiles essentielles aux doses utilisées (moins de 0,5 mg par kg de poids vif) ne dépasse pas le seuil de toxicité pour l’animal ou pour le consommateur.
Türkiye coğrafi konumu, iklim ve bitki çeşitliliği, tarımsal potansiyeli, geniş yüzölçümü sayesinde tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler ticaretinde önde gelen ülkelerden biridir. Kekik ilk çağlardan itibaren ilaç, gıda, içecek, tekstil, boya, parfümeri ve kozmetik gibi farklı alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Antimikrobiyal özellikleri nedeniyle organik hayvancılıkta yem rasyonlarına antelmintik (solucan düşürücü) ve antibiyotik amaçlı ilave edilebilmektedir. Kekik bitkisi ülkemizden ihracatı yapılan önemli türler arasındadır. Bu derlemede kekik türlerinin kullanım alanları, sınıflandırılması ve orijini, uçucu yağı ve bileşenleri, ekonomik önemi ve kalite kriterleri ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of dried oregano leaves (DOL) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites and immune response of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diet. One hundred sixty day-old female broiler chicks (Ross- 308) were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, 5 replicates, and 10 chicks each. The treatments included four levels of dietary supplementation of DOL (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2%). The experiment lasted up to 42d of ages and performance indexes calculated during 1-18, 19-30, 31-42, and 1-42d of ages. With increasing in dietary DOL levels, feed intake (FI) during 19-30d of ages and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 31-42 and 1-42d of ages were changed as a significant quadratic polynomial curve. Feed conversion ratio was the optimum in the birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.4% DOL. The dietary supplementation of DOL did not significantly affect on weight gain. As increased dietary DOL levels, the gastrointestinal intestinal tract (GIT) organs relative weight, blood serum triglyceride (TG) concentration linearly decreased, and carcass yield, humoral immune response to SRBC inoculation, thymus organ relative weight, and blood serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration decreased (P<0.05). This study revealed that wheat-based diets supplemented with 0.4% DOL can improve feed efficiency, carcass yield, and health status of broiler chickens.
Effect of Mentha piperita (peppermint) extract and its juice on performance, egg quality
traits, hematological and biochemical parameters in laying hens
Antibiotics are used to improve growth rate, to minimize or control the incidence of diseases and/ or increase the immune response. In the recent past a great concern regarding drug resistance has become an issuecame in light which has a major impact on human health. Resistance to antibiotics has launched a search and exploration for alternative products which can be used in poultry to improve performance and immune status. The present study has been designed to evaluate the effect of Menta extract having essential oils and Menta juice in feed and drinking water respectively, on the performance and immune parameters of laying hens. A total of 252 Hyline laying hens have been divided into 7 groups and each group has been divided into 4 subgroups having 9 hens in each. Group A served as a control while the other 6 groups were treatments groups. Group A was fed a Basic Diet without any supplementation. Group B, C and
D were offered diets supplemented with Menta extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of feed while groups E, F and G had the same dose of Menta juice in drinking water. Lighting schedule of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness was followed. Water and feed was offered ad libitum. The poultry were vaccinated against New Castle virus at the start of the trial for antibody determination in blood. The body weights were recorded at the start and end of the experiment. Feed intake was measured weekly. Eggs produced were recorded daily and weekly average egg production was calculated. Eggs were weighed one day per week. Three eggs from each replicate were collected randomly at the start, mid and end of trial and analyzed for egg quality parameters like egg weight, egg shell thickness, color index of the yolk, Haugh Unit and egg cholesterol level. At the end of the trial 3 eggs were collected from each replicate and analysed for internal egg quality traits while in storage at 0, 15 and 30 days at 4C. At the end of the trial three birds
from each replicate were selected and blood samples were collected from their hearts. Complete blood cell count, Lymphocyte, monocyte, blood Glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, total protein, liver enzymes like AST, ALT and blood Ca-P level were analyzed. Serum anti-ND antibody titer was determined. The results of the study showed non-significant difference in all the groups for all body weight, mean weekly egg weight, mean weekly egg mass, egg production, feed intake while FCR was observed significantly better in group C and D and lower in group G and F as compared with the control group during 8th week. Regarding egg quality traits egg shell breaking strength remained unaffected, yolk color index and haugh unit also showed no difference between all the groups and similarly no effect was seen on internal egg quality traits during storage at 40C for 0, 15 and 30 days. Hematological parameters and biochemical parameters were not affected by mentha oil and mentha juice supplementation. It is concluded that Menta oil and juice supplementation had shown a better effect on FCR during 8th week while other parameters remained unaffected. It has been observed that generally Menta oil and
juice exhibited similar results which explain the similar potential of juice with oil. Further
detailed studies are suggested to be conducted with multiple dose levels and for longer duration to investigate and explore the potential of mentha juice and oil.
Keywords: Mentha, extract, mentha juice, laying hen, performance, metabolism
Yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına kişniş yağı ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalite özellikleri, yumurta sarısı Tiyobarbitürik asit reaktif madde (TBARS) değerleri ve bazı serum parametreleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülen çalışmada, her biri 24 adet hayvandan oluşan 1 kontrol ve 3 deneme grubu olmak üzere toplam 96 adet 24 haftalık yaşta Lohmann beyaz yumurtacı tavuk kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubu (K-0) ticari yumurtacı tavuk yemiyle, diğer gruplar ise bazal yeme sırasıyla %0,1 (KY-1), %0,3 (KY-2) ve %0,5 (KY-3) düzeylerinde kişniş yağı ilavesiyle oluşturulan rasyonlarla 2 haftası deneme rasyonlarına alıştırma periyodu olmak üzere toplam 12 hafta süreyle beslenmiştir. Performans özelliklerinden günlük yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ve hasarlı yumurta oranına muamelelerin etkisinin olmadığı (P>0,05); ancak kontrole göretüm grupların yumurta verimini artırdığı (P<0,01), yumurta ağırlığını ise azalttığı (P<0,01) tespit edilmiştir. Yumurta kalite kriterleri üzerine muamelelerin etkisinin olmadığı (P>0,05) görülmüştür. Kişniş yağı serum kan parametrelerinden kolesterol değerini (P<0,01) düşürmesine rağmen diğer kan parametreleri muamelelerden etkilenmemiştir (P>0,05). Yumurtaların depolama süresince (0, 7, 14 ve 28 gün) yumurta sarısı TBARS değerleri bakımından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir (P>0,05). K-0, KY-1, KY- 2 ve KY-3 gruplarının 0, 7, 14 ve 28. günlerdeki TBARS değerleri üzerine depolama zamanının etkisinin önemli olduğu saptanmış ve 28. gündeki TBARS değerinin önemli derecede yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
El pollo es un alimento popular pero perecedero. El efecto de aceites esenciales en la dieta ha sido estudiado para evitar oxidación de lípidos. Sin embargo, aunque el impacto del aceite en la calidad sensorial ha sido minimizado, puede tener efectos sensoriales negativos que deben ser evaluados. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la calidad sensorial, así como el color y el pH, de la pechuga de pollos suplementados con aceite de orégano. Grupos de 126 pollos se alimentaron con dieta de maíz, soya y sorgo suplementada con cero, 200, 600 o 800 mg de aceite por kg de alimento. Las aves fueron manejadas y sacrificadas de acuerdo con los principios de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) y según la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM‐033‐Z00‐1995. El muestreo se realizó a edades de 28, 35 y 42 d y se realizaron dos pruebas en muestras crudas y cocidas. Una prueba triangular (25 jueces entrenados) fue realizada para identificar diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos y una prueba de aceptabilidad (50 consumidores) fue realizada para calificar apariencia externa, color y olor en pechugas crudas, así como apariencia, color, olor, sabor, jugosidad, textura y aceptabilidad general en pechugas cocidas. Adicionalmente se determinó color y pH. Los datos fueron analizados por ANOVA y Tukey (α = 0.05). Los resultados indicaron que el aceite no afectó la calidad sensorial de la carne de pechuga de pollo cocida. En pechugas crudas, mayores niveles de aceite mejoraron apariencia, color y olor.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with black seed on the performance in broilers. A total number of 120,1 day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated 4 treatments with 3 replications The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control, 3, 5 and 7% black seed added to the basal diet. Body weights and feed intake of broilers were measured weekly. As a result, supplementing black seed did not have significant effect on broiler body weight, feed consumption and carcass characteristics. However, it can be concluded that feeding low levels of black cumin seed tended to improve performance characteristics in terms of body weight, feed consumption and carcass characteristics. The black cumin seed may reduce lipoidosis in the broilers.
This study was conducted to evaluate economic value of clove and oregano cultivated in Iran on economic value of broiler chickens diets. About 271 day old Ross strain broiler chickens were allocated to 9 experimental diets with 3 replications in a 3X3 factorial experiment. Treatments were 0, 0.5 and 1% of clove and oregano (AH) that used as top-dress. A basal diet was formulated according to NRC recommendation for grower (14-21 days) and finisher (21-42) periods. The results showed that clove and oregano had significant effects on feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the cost of 1 kg feed and cost of 1 kg meat production (p<0.05).
This study was conducted to investigate the potential of essential oil as growth promoting agents and as a potential alternative to antibiotic. A total of 240 day-old-Arbor Acres broilers were divided into 3 equal groups as follows: negative control (no essential oil or antibiotic), positive control or antibiotic (100 ppm oxytetracycline) and essential oil (125 ppm including essential oil derived from oregano, anis and citrus peel). The experiment was performed in 4 replicate pens, with 20 birds, and carried out for 42 days. Birds were given feed and water ad libitum. Feed/gain ratio was improved in the essential oil group during the entire experimental period and in antibiotic group during the 0-21 day period. Both antibiotic and essential oil supplementation increased the survival rate by approximately 10%, as compared to the negative control group. Serum levels of cholesterol were reduced by either the treatment with antibiotic or essential oil, while birds receiving essential oil supplementation had lower VLDL levels and higher total polyphenolic compounds and total flavonoids. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antibody titer and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration were unaffected by either antibiotic or essential oil supplementation. A decrease in the Newcastle disease antibody titer was observed in the antibiotic treatment. Intestinal pH values of the different intestinal parts (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were unaffected by any treatment. Compared with the control group, concentrations of caeca total volatile fatty acids (VFA) decreased in birds fed with antibiotic. Ileum ammonia concentration was the lowest in birds fed with essential oil and antibiotic supplementation, and the highest in the control group. Total ileum microbiota counts were not affected by any treatment. Essential oil supplemented birds had longer duodenum villi, while jejunal and ileal villi heights as well as cryptal depth were similar among all groups. Breast muscles were more tender and thigh muscles were juicier for birds in the essential oil group, as compared to the control and antibiotic groups. The results showed that essential oil could be considered as a potential natural growth promoter, and may be used as an alternative to antibiotic.
In the current study, some volatile oils including carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol compounds with 15% solutions (added stabilizer) have been added on broiler litter material (pine shavings) in order to determine their antimicrobial properties. The litter material has been bedded as 10 cm height (3×2×0.1=0.6 m3 litter material for each unit) and 22,5 mL of volatile oil solution were pulverized on the material according to their treatment group for every 0.6 cubic meter litter material. A total of 500 one-day old male broiler chicks (Ross-308) were used in the study. The chicks raised on pine shaving litter material during whole rearing period. Four treatment groups were designed and five replicates (25 chicks in each replication) allocated for each treatment group and totally 125 chicks were used for each treatment group. In this trial, 0-6 wks feed consumptions (FC), feed conversion rates (FCR), live weight gains (LWG) and carcass rates have been evaluated. As result, there were not established any positive effects on production parameters of broiler when volatile oil compounds added on litter material. However, the number of dead birds were decreased when thymol and cinnamaldehyde volatile oils added to litter material. Therefore, further studies should be investigated particularly on thyme and cinnamaldehyde volatile oils to asses its effects on poultry production parameters.
zet Uzun yıllardır, kanatlı hayvanlarda gelişmeyi teşvik etmek amacıyla verim artırıcı olarak kullanılan antibiyotiklerin insan sağlığı üzerinde risk oluşturması nedeniyle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde ve ülkemizde antibiyotik kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bununla Abstract Due to hazard posed on human health, European Union and Turkey banned antibiotics that to be used for long time as growth promoters. However, recently there has been a trend toward organic agriculture and use of natural substances in animal production gained importance. With the ban of antibiotics that have become irreplaceable in poultry sector, search of new natural growth promoters became a current issue. In this direction, research has been conducted on medicinal and aromatic plants and was found that oil essence and active component of these oil essences had antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipidemic, antifungal, antivirutic and stimulative effect on digestive tract and in addition they had positive effect on growth, feed efficiency and survival rate. In this review, information on general benefits of aromatic plants, general characteristics of plants, mode of action and use of aromatic plants in poultry nutrition is provided.
BACKGROUND
Aromatic herbs as feed additives in animal production are encountering growing interest, but data on the fate of the aromatic compounds from the plant in the animal body are very scarce. In the present study, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) herb consisting of leaves and flowers without stems was used as an ingredient in the diet for broilers. The herb was fed for 35 days to five groups of broilers (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 1% w/w in the diet). Animal performance and the concentrations of the main essential oil component from thyme, thymol, were measured in gut contents, plasma and liver and muscle tissues using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTSThere were no differences between the groups in feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion and slaughter weight. Thymol was detected in gut contents, plasma and liver and muscle tissues. Increased intestinal thymol concentrations were found in the group with 1% thyme compared with the other groups (P<0.05). In liver and muscle tissues the thymol levels were close to the limit of quantification. CONCLUSION
The data do not indicate a positive effect of thyme on animal performance. With high dietary levels of thyme herb, thymol concentrations increased in gut contents and plasma but were very low in edible tissues such as liver and flesh. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A total of 405 mixed sex broilers with a BW of 42±1 g (1 d of age) were used in a 35-d trial to investigate the effects of phytogenic feed additive (PFA) containing essential oils of thyme and star anise as main active components on growth performance, energy and nutrient apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, meat color, and relative organ weight after oral challenge with Clostridium perfringens. Broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (9 replicate pens per treatment with 15 broilers per pen). Dietary treatments were: control (CON); antibiotics (ANT), CON+10 mg/kg of avilamycin); and PFA, CON+250 mg/kg of PFA. Broilers were oral challenged with 5 mL C. perfringens (107 cfu/mL) culture suspensions on d 19, 20, and 21. Broilers fed PFA diets had greater (P<0.01) feed conversion ratio than those fed CON and ANT diets during the finisher phase (d 21 to 35). Broilers fed PFA diet got lower (P<0.01) FCR than those fed CON diet during d 0 to 35. The chicks fed PFA had greater (P<0.01) ATTD of dry matter, and gross energy than that fed CON and ANT diets at d 21. The ATTD of crude protein and crude ash were increased (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation of avilamycin or PFA at d 21. Dietary supplementation of avilamycin or PFA improved (P<0.05) the ATTD of gross energy at d 35. At d 35, supplementation of PFA reduced (P<0.01) the serum total cholesterol (TC) content and increased (P<0.01) high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) than CON and ANT treatments. The HDL-C concentration was increased (P<0.01) by avilamycin inclusion in the diet compared with that of broilers in CON. The PFA inclusion reduced (P<0.01) C. perfringens and E. coli counts in small and large intestine. The lesion score of small intestine was also reduced (P<0.05) by supplementation of the diet with PFA compared with ANT and CON diets. In conclusion, our results indicated that supplementation of PFA improved growth performance, reduced blood TC, and also inhibited C. perfringens and E. coli proliferation in small and large intestines in broiler chicks under oral C. perfringens challenge.
The objective of this preliminary work was to evaluate the impact of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) fed at 0.05% in trial 1, and at 0.1% in trial 2 and at 0.1% mixtures of each two or three species in trial 3, as compared to the unsupplemented control group on growth performance of broilers. In trial 1 anise at 0.05% improved weight gains significantly by 19.1% and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 10.9% compared to the control group, and only FCR by 1.92% in trial 2. Supplementations with anise, ginger and fennel at levels of 0.05% or 0.1%, singly or as a mixture, had no significant effect on dressing and percentage of body organs in trials 1 to 3. Fat content of broiler meats was significantly decreased when anise was supplemented at 0.1% in trial 2. In trial 3, colour intensity was significantly improved when a mixture of 0.1% of anise plus fennel was supplemented to broiler diets. In conclusion, the effects of anise as an alternative environmental friendly feed additive in broiler diets should be retested in middle- or large-scale experiments.
This review presents findings on the influence of natural raffinose series oligosaccharides and synthetic (industrial) products on the productivity of broiler chicken. There is evidence of negative effects on animal health and productivity from the use of raffinose series oligosaccharides, but beneficial effects from synthetic oligosaccharides. Part of this contradiction may be due to differences in the chemical nature of the supplements, the level of supplementation or the duration of feeding. The future for synthetic oligosaccharides is bright, but further adoption of natural sources requires a greater understanding of their chemistry to facilitate the production of beneficial compounds and the elimination of detrimental fractions. Most current literature favours the inclusion of various oligosaccharides in the diet. The cost of production could be minimised by the use of natural ingredients which contain oligosaccharides, or by cheap synthetic products, sources of which are highlighted in this review.
The present study was focused on the observation of the growth performance of fast- (strain ROSS) and slow(strain ISA) growing broiler chickens in dependence on ad libitum or restrictive feeding and on different intensities of nutrition. Influences on carcass quality were investigated at 35 and 56 days of age. Digestibility of nutrients and of energy was determined at 3 and 8 weeks of age. Feed intake was lower in ISA-broilers in comparison to ROSS-broilers independent of feed. Body weight gain was 1950 g for ROSS-broilers and 1467 g for ISA-broilers fed ad libitum at 35 days of age. Body weight gain was 2462 g for ROSS-broilers and 2226 g for ISA-broilers fed restrictive feed at 56 days of age. The growth data was adapted on the basis of the Gompertz function. Maximum daily weight gain was reached by ROSS-broilers at 28-34 days of age and by ISA-broilers at 32-39 days of age. The extension of the growing period from 5 to 8 weeks increased meat (breast, thigh) mass by 40-50 % in all broilers. Feed restriction reduced muscle mass by 25 %. Digestibility of crude protein was higher by ISA-broilers then by ROSS-broilers. The concentration of N-corrected convertible energy (AMEN) content was 1 MJ higher in conventional diets for fast growing broilers as the alternative feed.
The purpose of this feeding trial with 245 male broilers (Ross) was to investigate the effect of the inclusion of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galaktooligosaccharides (= GOS) on the fattening performance over a period of 35 days. The feed contained 12.4 MJ ME and 21.8% crude protein. In the feed mixture barley was substituted by 0.2% FOS in group II and by 0.3% GOS in group III. Data of the weight performance and the feed conversion rate were recorded weekly. There was only a slight but not significant increase in the average daily weight gain by the addition of FOS (+0.9%) and GOS (+2.6%) compared with the control group (42.7 g per day). Also the feed conversion rate was not influenced significantly by the inclusion of FOS (1.97 g feed/g gain) or GOS (1.85) in comparison with the control group (1.85).
The effect of the dietary formulation supplemented with 3% and 6% of herbal mixture and green feed on the content of moisture, proteins, fat, fatty acids and cholesterol; sensory profiles and characteristic numbers of the goose abdominal fat were examined. From the obtained data results that - in case of male (Gr. 4) only the fat and the moisture contents in the abdominal fat were significantly different from the remaining samples; - from the practical point of view the fatty acid composition, except C 18:2 acid, was not affected by the dietary formulation and sex; - from the human nutrition point of view the goose abdominal fat is favourable; it comprises about 70% of the UFA and the cholesterol content is on the same level as in breast muscles of geese; - in spite of certain differences in evaluation of some sensory descriptors of both the raw and melted fat, the general evaluation of all the samples was very high (8.88 CU-9.76 CU); - the iodine, acid and saponification numbers were affected neither by sex nor by the dietary formulation.
Feed additives are renamed as microfeedingstuffs. They are subdivided into nutrients, pronutrients, conditioners and prophylactics in order to specify their nature and scientific functions in nutrition, to improve their public image and to facilitate the standardization of their terminology and use in international regulations.
Three Origanum essential oils, Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Origanum dictamnus, and a commercially available Origanum oil, were analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) and showed a high content of carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene representing 73.7%, 92.8%, and 87.78% of the total oil, respectively. The three essential oils exhibited high levels of antimicrobial activity against eight strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among the major components of the three oils, carvacrol and thymol exhibited the highest levels of antimicrobial activity, while their biosynthetic precursors γ-terpinene and p-cymene were inactive. The essential oil of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum was extremely bactericidal at 1/4000 dilution and even at dilutions as high as 1/50000 caused considerable decrease in bacterial growth rates. The same essential oil also exhibited high levels of cytotoxicity against four permanent animal cell lines including two derived from human cancers. Keywords: Origanum vulgare; Origanum dictamus; essential oils; carvacrol; thymol; antimicrobial activity; cytotoxicity; terpenes; cancer
Oligosaccharides from pea meal were extracted with 80% methanol; after filtration, the solid residue was dried and the methanolic extract concentrated under vacuum and lyophilized. Seven-day-old chicks were randomly divided into three groups of eight birds and placed in individual cages. The chicks received diets containing 65% oligosaccharide-free pea residue with or without supplemental oligosaccharide dried extract (56 and 28 g kg−1 diet). At 28 days old, the chicks were killed and their intestinal tracts removed; the digesta from the jejunum, ileum and caeca were analysed for starch.No significant differences in weight gain and feed utilization were found among chicks. However, there was a significant increase in the length of jejunum, ileum and caeca when the concentration of oligosaccharides in the diet was increased. The presence of oligosaccharides in the diet decreased slightly the percentage of starch digested at the ileum, but starch digestibility was very high and similar in all diets after passage through the small intestine and caeca. These results indicate that the oligosaccharide content did not measurably affect the nutritional qualities of peas for chicks.