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Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous: Celebrity Media Diet and the Cultivation of Emerging Adults’ Materialism
Mass Communication and Society
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The present study used cultivation theory to explore the relationships between celebrity media diet and materialism for a sample of 224 emerging adults. Results indicated main effects between both celebrity magazine consumption and celebrity TV news consumption on materialism. Total celebrity media diet was also significantly related to materialism. Findings suggest that a media diet high in celebrity culture and lifestyle has significant impact on emerging adults’ preoccupation with consumerism, particularly for women. This research contributes to a growing body of literature on the effects of a celebrity-saturated media environment and the cultivation of materialistic attitudes.
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... Estas últimas son conocidas «por ser conocidas» y pueden, o no, sacrificarse por los demás. En la misma línea, Lewallen et al. (2016) describen cómo los medios han puesto el foco de forma acentuada en las celebridades del entretenimiento, y como la versión más nueva de celebridad no se define por el talento o la habilidad sino por exhibir su vida a la vista del público. Se observa en la actualidad que los niños «ya no idolatran a las figuras creadas por las industrias de la cultura popular de las novelas y el cine» (Sugihartati & Egalita, 2019, p. 4), sino que empiezan a admirar y reconocer a la gente corriente que ha creado contenidos en línea únicos e interesantes, o a las personas que son famosas en las redes sociales o celebridades (Abidin, 2021). ...
... Por otra parte, existe una vinculación entre cómo interactúan los adolescentes con las celebridades y los valores personales y el autoconcepto de estos jóvenes (Lewallen et al., 2016). Varios estudios en la literatura revisada ponen el foco en las relaciones parasociales que surgen entre las comunidades de fans y su relación con celebridades, héroes e influencers (Ouvrein et al., 2019;De Veirman et al., 2019;Eyal et al., 2020). ...
... En este sentido, cada uno de los elementos de esta relación buscará las alianzas que se alineen o faciliten sus objetivos. Por su parte, Lewallen et al. (2016) apuntan a que «los medios presentan a las celebridades como una versión glorificada del consumidor» (p. 4), es decir, de lo que los consumidores creen ser o querrían llegar a ser (su autoconcepto). ...
El estudio de la influencia ejercida por ídolos, héroes, celebridades, y ahora influencers, sobre las comunidades de fans ha sido un tema recurrente a lo largo del tiempo y cobra especial relevancia ahora con la expansión digital. La pedagogía, la psicología y la comunicación han abordado estas cuestiones, pero observamos una falta de sistematización y consenso en torno a los valores que transmiten estas personalidades a través de las industrias culturales que las crean. Schwartz (1992, 2017), entre otros, ha realizado investigaciones en numerosos países sobre los valores, logrando un marco común. Partiendo de esta base, se realiza una revisión sistemática (Page et al., 2021), utilizando las bases de datos WOS y Scopus de la última década, para localizar estudios sobre los valores transmitidos por las industrias culturales a través de estas personalidades al fandom juvenil, y determinar si efectivamente utilizan un marco definitorio común como el de Schwartz. Se revisan un total de 45 artículos, y se concluye que existe una influencia significativa de las industrias culturales, a través de las personalidades estudiadas, sobre las comunidades de fans jóvenes y sus valores, que se acentúa con las interacciones digitales actuales. Sin embargo, faltan estudios que categoricen los valores predominantes.
... Online celebrity content refers to all types of coverage of celebrities distributed on online platforms (Lewallen et al., 2016). Celebrity content can be created and shared by journalists, online users, or celebrities themselves. ...
... Cultivation theory states that intensive exposure to media content influences one's perceptions of social reality (Gerbner & Gross, 1976), which aligns with the cognitive level of media responses, as described above. The literature distinguishes between firstorder cultivation effects-changes in perceptions about the prevalence of an issue-and second-order cultivation effects, which describe changes in beliefs or attitudes toward an issue (Lewallen et al., 2016). Cultivation processes following exposure to violent TV content and gaming have been extensively investigated (Gerbner & Gross, 1976;Rodenhizer & Edwards, 2019). ...
Most adolescents follow celebrity rumors daily. This study used a daily diary method to focus on adolescents’ (14–18 years old) regular engagement with celebrity content. Cognitive (attitudes of acceptability), affective (neutral feelings), and physiological (arousal) transitions in adolescents’ engagement were tracked and analyzed across a period of seven weeks and under contrasting conditions (positive/negative). More specifically, adolescents were asked questions seven times about self-selected celebrity items that they considered positive or negative. After seven weeks, we tested whether these transitions were related to their responses to a case of negative celebrity news. The results indicated that adolescents who focused on negative celebrity news showed a decrease in neutral responses to celebrity news, meaning that their emotional responses became more intense over time. This can be interpreted as a sensitization effect. The transition in emotional engagement was not significantly related to their responses in the post-measurement test, meaning that adolescents did not translate their less neutral feelings into their future expressions about celebrity news items. No significant changes were reported in the cognitive (attitudes of acceptability) and physiological (arousal) levels over time. For the positive condition, the intensity of the adolescents’ engagement remained constant.
... As with traditional media, the highly edited images on social media expose users to unrealistic appearances , and comparisons to seemingly perfect or having more attractive bodies lead to desires for a different and thinner body, through weight loss behaviours and restriction (Fardouly et al. 2017). Moreover, it has been shown that the endorsement of appearance ideals for women was related to higher social comparison online and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviours (Lewallen et al., 2016). Individuals may go online to compare their own eating habits with the "successful" eating habits of celebrities, models, and #fitspiration profiles (Raggatt et al., 2018). ...
Research has found that high social media use is associated with a greater tendency to compare oneself with others, which in turn may heighten body image concerns and problematic eating behaviours. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the mean association between online social comparison and body image concerns, eating disorder behaviours and positive body image. Eligible articles published between 2008 and 2024 were searched for in scientific databases. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the direct correlation between social comparison and body image and eating disorder outcomes. Results from 83 studies with 55,440 participants indicated that the weighted average correlation between higher online social comparison and greater body image concerns was significant (r = .454; 95 % CI = 0.409-0.498), as was the correlation between higher social comparison and eating disorder symptoms (r = 0.36; 95 % CI: 0.28-0.43). The mean association between higher social comparison and lower positive body image was also significant (r =-0.242; 95 % CI: − 0.329 to − 0.155). Meta-regression analysis revealed that the quality of studies, type of social media, country, type of social comparison, percentage of female participants moderated the associations. Findings revealed a moderate size association between higher online social comparison tendencies and worse body image and eating disorder symptoms outcomes, highlighting the need to develop interventions and policies to minimize appearance comparisons on social media.
... Initially, the celebrity identity should be built based on individuals' prosperity, achievements, beauty, and success stories (Lewallen et al., 2016); however, divas' success is naturally cyclical and has opposite poles, since aspects, such as insecurity, low self-esteem, and personal problems, also surround their success. Thus, divas create their brands by incorporating values such as effort, self-acceptance, trust and continuous improvement (Franssen, 2020). ...
Digital influencers who spread information about pop divas approach the deglamorization of their lives by paratextualizing activities carried out by them in their daily routines. Accordingly, this current study advocates that this deglamorization process points towards the “topification” of divas’ bodies, since it highlights their urgency to distance themselves from the utopianism required to keep their bodies as glamorized bodies. Thus, its aim is to analyze how Brazilian digital influencers paratextualize pop divas deglamorization process by subjecting influencers’ discourse to Foucault’s Discourse Analysis. The herein analyzed research file comprised news reports published on gossip blogs about pop divas. Results have evidenced two discursive formations: the first one refers to the formation and promotion of pop divas’ image and the second one reveals the support given to them. This result has shown that influencers paratextualize the deglamorization of pop divas by humanizing them.
KEYWORDS
Pop Divas; Digital Influencers; Paratext; Utopian Body; Foucault
... This theory is particularly relevant in advertising, where repeated exposure to advertising messages can influence consumers' perceptions and expectations regarding products, brands and social norms (Potter, 2014). In the context of celebrity endorsements, cultivation theory implies that consumers who are frequently exposed to celebrities endorsing products are more likely to develop favorable attitudes towards those products (Lewallen et al., 2016;Moyer-Gus� e, 2008). ...
Purpose
Male celebrities are increasingly being chosen to endorse female cosmetic brands by marketing managers, yet this practice has not received sufficient scholarly attention. This study aims to explore the dynamics of male celebrities endorsing cosmetic brands.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs the netnography approach to collect data from an online community.
Findings
The study contributes to the marketing literature by providing a conceptual framework of male celebrities endorsing cosmetic brands, highlighting the key attributes that contribute to the effectiveness of these endorsements, the evolution of relationships between fans, celebrities and brands, the features of this dynamic relationship and the influence of male celebrity endorsements on fans’ purchase decisions.
Originality/value
This research sheds light on an emerging trend in the marketing industry and provides valuable managerial insights for marketers seeking to effectively use male celebrity endorsements to promote female cosmetic brands.
... The second path, that concerning exposure to materialistic models, explains grosso modo, the relationships between young people's materialism and antecedents such as parents' materialism (Goldberg et al. 2003), parents' religiosity (Casabayó, Dávila, and Rayburn 2020), and exposure to celebrities (Dávila, Casabayó, and Singh 2017;Lewallen, Miller, & Behm-Morawitz, 2016;Reeves, Baker, & Truluck, 2012). Celebrities usually act as vicarious role models (adults that influence children and teenagers' behaviour in the absence of a bidirectional relationship). ...
An empirical study investigated whether Instagram use increases materialism among young people through two paths, as proposed by Kasser: feelings of insecurity and exposure to materialistic models. A total of 310 university students aged 17–26 years were surveyed, and the collected data were analysed using a Structural Equation Model. Instagram intensity was a significant predictor of materialism via social comparison (a path related to feelings of insecurity) and identification with influencers followed on Instagram (a path related to exposure to materialistic models). The proposed model sheds light on the possible mechanisms through which Instagram usage increases materialism.
... Out of 50 top profiles with maximum followers, 24 were from the category of television stars, social media personalities, actors, and actress 12 musicians 10 sports profile, and 4 are the brands accounts. So, we see how huge is the power of the actors & actress on social media [99]. Results of a study done on 224 emerging adults suggest that a too much of media exposure to celebrity culture and lifestyle has significant impact on preoccupation with consumerism, particularly for women. ...
Purpose: Smartphones and the other internet supported gadgets have brought us very close to the glamour industry. The intentional representation entertainment industry does of only the 'beautiful, most attractive and the perfect faces and bodies' hides the enormous sum of money that is invested into this depiction. What is hidden from us is an army of professionals to help them look the way they look. There are people to design them clothes suiting their body type and clothe them, apply flawless makeup to conceal defects in every visible area of their bodies and on top of it another professional to capture and edit those perfect videos and photos that we see. These celebrities have the money to afford the best dietician, cook and the fitness trainer so that they fit into the bodily statistics given to them by the industry. This research on literature was done to understand the existing literature about body image issues, the extensive role of media & various other factors, its occurrence across females and males in all age groups. It also studies the psychological effect that the body image issues can cause and the corrective measures taken by those who suffer and the clinicians. The researcher eventually aims to instil a feeling of responsibility in celebrities about how they do not represent reality but depict a false sense of perfect body image and also to raise alertness among the general public about the need of focusing on internal health and better life rather than idealising celebrities and their slender bodies. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is constructed on qualitative review of books, online articles, and research studies so as to better comprehend the effect of the celebrities on ordinary population including children. Findings/Result: The conclusions of this literature review show that celebrities and media are linked to body image disruption. As a result, this article delivers a complete review of the strength of the association between the use of social media and body image disturbance. Originality/Value: The study reviews the existing literature on the influence of media and media influencers on body image that may further lead to negative body image, behavioural and psychosocial disruption in human personality. Paper Type: Review of existing literature
Bu çalışmanın amacı; ekonomik ve sosyal yönden yıkıcı etkileri olan kompulsif satın alma davranışına etki eden unsurlardan; reklamlara yönelik tutum, reklamlarda ünlü kullanımının ve aile etkisinin materyalist tutuma etkisini belirlemektir. Bu doğrultuda 18 yaş üzeri 387 tüketiciye çevirim içi yoluyla anket yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Anket verileri SPSS 25 programıyla analiz edilmiş ve modelde oluşturulan hipotezler test edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda tüketicilerin reklamlara ve reklamlara yönelik tutumlarının materyalizm ve kompulsif satın alma tercihlerine etki ettiği, aile etkisinin ise materyalizm ve kompulsif satın alma tercihlerine etki etmediği anlaşılmış ve materyalist tutumun kompulsif satın alma niyetinin belirleyicilerinden olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca yaş değişkeninin, kompulsif satın alma niyeti değişkeni üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu, gelir durumunun ve eğitim düzeyinin ise kompulsif satın alma niyetinde etkisinin olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Materyalist eğilim, marka bilinci, lüks ve konfor arayışı, sembolik tüketim vb. davranışların temelini oluşturarak karar verme ve satın almalara önemli ölçüde yön vermektedir. Araştırmada da ortaya konduğu üzere bu ürünlerin reklamlarda çıkması, reklamlarında da ünlülerin kullanılması bu eğilimi daha da arttırmaktadır.
This book empirically tests, compares, and explains the effects of British and American legacy conservative press and far-right websites, on accordant political views and behavioural intentions.
Correspondingly, the 2016 Brexit Referendum and American Presidential election results are often attributed to the spread of fake news through social media, Russian Bots, and alt-right news websites. This has raised concerns about the impact of digital disinformation on democracy, as well as the rise of nativist parties and movements worldwide. However, this book argues that these causal attributions are largely based on unproven assumptions and deflect attention from the more influential and harmful role of traditional conservative media.
To support this argument, Leyva incorporates insights from various fields such as neurocognitive science, media-communication research, cross-cultural psychology, and sociology. Additionally, the book presents primary evidence from a series of experiments that examined the effects of candidate-related fake news and immigration coverage from both old and new media right-wing sources. These experiments focused on how such content influences anti-immigrant attitudes and voter preferences. By doing so, the book provides a nuanced and robustly tested theoretical account of how right-wing media affects political beliefs, sentiments, and practices at the neuronal level, and of how this can in turn negatively impact democratic multicultural societies.
Given its interdisciplinary approach, this book will be of interest to scholars in the social, behavioural, and cognitive sciences who are studying media psychology, online misinformation, authoritarian populism, political sociology, new media, and journalism.
Over the past half century, media scholars have generated a large literature of empirical studies, criticisms, and reviews that present many different ideas about what cultivation means. Those meanings are analyzed across three major components of the cultivation literature: George Gerbner’s macro theory, the Cultural Indicators Project design, and the large number of exploratory studies that have attempted to expand the explanatory ability of cultivation. These different meanings for cultivation are then evaluated on the criterion of their potential viability to increase our understanding about media processes and effects as we move into the future.
The purpose of this study was to examine how interest in celebrities relates to materialistic values and envy. We administered the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS), the nine-item version of the Material Values Scale (MVS), and a five-item envy scale to 248 participants from four institutions of higher learning. We hypothesized that those who tended to value materialism would also tend to worship celebrities, and that this would be particularly true for those whose favorite celebrity was associated with popular culture rather than humanitarian service. Results confirmed the first hypothesis but not the second. Those who scored high on the Borderline Pathological subscale of the CAS tended to score high on materialistic values and envy. Envy was positively correlated with MVS scores. The discussion focused on the difficulty of obtaining a meaningful sample of persons who favor humanitarian celebrities, and the dysfunctional similarities between materialists and those who score high on CAS - Borderline Pathological.
Each scale is prefaced by the same information. Details are provided of construct, description, development, samples, validity, scores, sources, references, and other evidence. The book includes a number of measures that have been used in several studies. The volume serves as a guide to the literature and may spur further refinement of existing measures in terms of item reduction, dimensionality, reliability, and validity. This Handbook also aims to help identify areas where measures are needed, thus encouraging further development of valid measures of consumer behavior and marketing constructs.
This paper presents the results of a content analysis study that examined the use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising. Advertisements appearing in 37 different magazines representing eight major classification categories were analysed to gain insight into the prevalence of use of celebrity endorsers in magazine advertising. Only 10% of the magazine ads run during the time period analysed contained a celebrity, which is much lower than estimates of their use often reported in the media. The findings show that the use of celebrities varies by magazine type with their use being highest for sports and teen publications. The use of celebrities also varies by product/service category as does the type of celebrity utilised, such as athletes, actors/actresses, entertainers and supermodels. Celebrity use was based primarily on the source characteristics of popularity/likeability followed by physical attractiveness. Celebrity use based on expertise occurs primarily for athletic products.