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Gyoji Banshoya (1930–1998): a Japanese planner devoted to historic cities in the Middle East and North Africa
Abstract
Gyoji Banshoya (1930–1998) was a Japanese urban planner whose life-work was urban planning in the Middle East and North Africa. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of his work, which still remains unknown. His early masterpiece, the ‘Square House’, shows how he was influenced by Kiyoshi Seike to apply historic spatial composition to realize width and convertibility in low-cost housing. Following this, Banshoya studied under the supervision of Gerald Hanning and George Candilis at Ateliers de Bâtisseurs in Paris, and went to Algiers to engage in the study of ‘evolutionary habitat’. As a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) expert, he began working with Michel Ecochard in 1962 in Beirut, Damascus, and Aleppo. They were responsible for the elaboration of master plans for these three cities, and that of Damascus still remains as a legally active master plan today. Coupled with the Syrian political struggle since the 1980s, there has been some reaction against their modernist policies. However, the case is made for a detailed examination of Banshoya's work, and re-evaluation of its legacy for the urban planning history of the Middle East and North Africa.
... Wanting to tour the south, he drove to the oasis settlement of Ghardaia. 17 There, he gained an image of rural space and life before the Bidonville inhabitants left the village. 18 Accordingly, he decided to incorporate a plan for a large plaza at the heart of the district. ...
The purpose of this study is to clarify the planning achievements of the three districts of Algiers by Fernand Pouillon by critically examining their characteristics as the officially advocated “Moorish architecture.” Based on the conceptualization of “Moorish architecture,” the three districts are examined in terms of their official resources and, Pouillon's autobiography “Mémoire d'un architecte” which contains his concrete spatial philosophy and planning policy. As for planning analysis, based on various primary data, the plan of each district is modified to create a base map, and then photographs of each part are compared and analyzed item by item. As a result of this research, we found that his planning theory was conceived based on his thought, and it was reflected to a certain extent in the realized space. The view from the slopes affronted by the Mediterranean Sea was liberating. The stone as principal building material was massive, the spatial organization of the square, the colonnade, and the market were organized on a small scale, the water and the planting were well equipped, and the human‐scale space and the diversity of the district were assured. The purpose of this study is to clarify the planning achievements of the three districts of Algiers by Fernand Pouillon by critically examining their characteristics as the officially advocated “Moorish architecture”. As a result of this research, we found that his planning theory was conceived based on his thought, and it was reflected to a certain extent in the realised space.
... 202-203). Although this approach to city planning eventually reached its limits in Japan, Kenzō Tange became internationally renowned and sought after in the 1970s by governments seeking to establish a new and modernist vision for urban development, leading to invitations to develop proposals for new capitals in Africa such as Abuja, Nigeria (Tobin, 2017) and Dodoma, Tanzania (Beeckmans, 2018), as well as cities in the Middle East such as Amman, Jordan (Abu- Dayyeh, 2004) Damascus, Syria (Matsubara, 2016) and Doha, Qatar (Himes, 2018). 1 The growing global export of Japan's comprehensive planning approach and expertise throughout the 1970s and 1980s accompanied a new phase in Japanese ODA. During these years, Japan significantly expanded its ODA contributions for both economic and geopolitical reasons. ...
This article sheds light on the growing, but understudied role of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in supporting the local production of master plans across the African continent as a tool
for guiding long-term investments in urban development. To explore the multiple logics, actors and interests driving the conception, preparation and implementation of these plans, we approach urban master planning as a transcalar process, through which diverse investment, planning and governance arrangements are produced and mobilized in ways that transcend the city scale. We illuminate these dynamics by building on an analysis of the history of Japanese development cooperation and drawing on case studies of JICA master planning in Malawi, Ghana and Tanzania.
... Faedah M. Totah mentioned in her book 'Preserving the old city of Damascus' that, the master plan of Ecochard aimed to distort the identity of the city and the inhabitants (Totah, 2014). However, the urban plan had many serious issues and it was stopped after the independence of Syria by UNESCO in 1953 until the 1960s, Al-Baath party re-hired the French architect Ecochard to modernize the city and the Japanese architect Banjoya (Matsubara, 2015), they completed the unfinished masterplan and re-suggested 'modern' ideas including, 1. Replacing the inwardly 'close' plan in the walled part of the city, with a transparent 'outwardly' plan in the modern part (Al-Kodmany, 1995). Additionally, high-rise buildings were introduced to the city as a response to the rapid population where they are oriented randomly, which affect the surrounding buildings and prevent them from their right to natural ventilation and cool breeze. ...
The emergence of advanced technologies, globalization and modernization policies has affected architectural and urban practices negatively. Nowadays, buildings are considered the major source of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The urgent need to reduce energy consumption and design more self-sufficient buildings have made some countries comply with the Kyoto protocol. The directive of building’s energy performance (EPBD, 2002) that was published in 2002 has emphasized two aspects: reducing energy consumption and improving energy efficiency in buildings. Moreover, the published recast of the directive (2010) has decided that all buildings after 2020 have to be self-sufficient ‘nearly-zero energy’ buildings. Nevertheless, the building sector in Syria is accounted for 50% of total energy consumption. Furthermore, Syria is relying on fossil fuels to generate energy since the country has yet to develop renewable energy capacity. Nowadays, the energy sector is in chaos due to political conflict. Therefore, architects should enhance building performance and design energy-efficient buildings that can be achieved by referencing vernacular, regional strategies and understanding the dynamics of the region’s inhabitants to achieve environmental sustainability goals and to create meaningful places.
This dissertation is drawing on damascene houses, accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of the vernacular architecture and modern architecture of the city is conducted to propose an energy-efficient, regional design guide for the hot-arid climate of the region. Hence, the dissertation starts with discussing a brief contextualization of the previously done literature, it continues with the second chapter, which is providing a comprehensive analysis of the vernacular dwellings in Damascus in terms of the early settlements and the implemented regional, passive strategies. The third chapter is discussing regionalism in architecture, architectural identity, and the socio-cultural aspects that are affecting energy consumption. Thus, the chapter is investigating the tangible and intangible dimensions of Damascene buildings, besides; the abandoned vernacular strategies are discussed. After the first three chapters, the data is collected to propose design strategies in chapter four that could cope with the user(s) and the climate. Finally, a new design that is relying on an existing representative case is proposed. Thus, the dissertation aims to provide an energy-efficient, regional guide model for architects to follow.
Keywords: Energy-efficiency, Regional architecture, Vernacular dwellings, Damascene houses, Architectural identity.
... Constituted in 1943, the Republic of Lebanon was characterized by a free-market economy, a weak state overpowered by notable families and strong sectarian community identities, and a lack of civic belonging (Khalaf, 2006). The government initially adopted the French planning system, yet the 1963 Ecochard plan for Beirut and its suburbs was modified to prioritize road infrastructure as a form of nation building and to serve trade interests (Matsubara, 2016;Monroe, 2017;Salam, 1998;Tabet, 1996;Verdeil, 2011Verdeil, , 2012. Beirut's expansion was left to real estate developers in a laissez-faire approach, providing few new public spaces, often reduced to road medians and roundabouts or leftovers after planning (Salam, 1998). ...
Beirut, Lebanon, has been a nexus for the east and west, has undergone episodes of conflict including the civil war between 1975 and 1989, and still witnesses instability to the present. This status has affected its everyday life practices, particularly as manifested in its public spaces. Over time, Beirut’s population has reflected the ability to adapt to living with different states of public spaces; these include embracing new public space models, adjusting to living in the war-time period with annihilated public spaces, and establishing a reconnaissance with post-war reintroduced, securitized, or temporary public spaces. Lefebvre’s space production triad serves to distinguish among spaces introduced through planning tools, from spaces appropriated through immaterial space-markers, or spaces established through social practices. This article provides an overview of the evolution of Beirut’s public spaces, starting with the medieval city and through into the 19th century, before examining the impact of instability and the conditions leading to the emergence of social spaces in the post-war period. It particularly highlights public spaces after 2005—when civic activism played an important role in raising awareness on the right to inclusive public space—by referring to literature, conducting interviews with public space protagonists, and addressing a questionnaire survey to inhabitants. The cases of Martyrs Square, Damascus Road, and the Pine Forest are presented, among other spaces in and around Beirut. The article reflects on the ability of some public spaces to serve as tools for social integration in a society that was segregated in the bouts of Beirut’s instability.
... It is well-known that this plan was criticized by UNESCO in the 1980s, the age of transformation from modernism to the conservation of cultural monuments. 8 I do not describe any urban planning history in Syria here, but what I would like to point out is that the spatial transition roughly sketched by Sauvaget is quite important because it suggests the dwelling practice by residents or the "evolution." Already in 1953, Torres compared the urban tissue of Casbah and Mahieddine to find their similarity and continuity. ...
This paper aims to consider how Gyoji Banshoya's planning idea was formed through analysis of the panels presented by CIAM‐Alger in Aix‐en‐Province in 1953 on a shantytown called Mahieddine, which is defined as a primary source related to Banshoya's activities on the French side. At first, the points of his article “Apartments in Algeria” are summarized as the four criteria for analyzing of CIAM‐Alger's presentation panel. Then, CIAM‐Alger's presentation panel on Mahieddine is analyzed from the abovementioned four criteria where I discuss that they should be defined as dwelling practices of residents. Based on that, the realization of the Mahieddine project comprising of a “Cité de Recasement” and “HLM (Habitation à loyer modéré)” apartments, is examined. In conclusion, I indicate that Banshoya adopted the “courtyard,” “WCs and showers,” and “sight line planning.” Therefore, it is certain that he understood the importance of the Muslim tradition of privacy as well as improvement in sanitary conditions. Finally, I show some issues related to the further research framework centering around the “evolution” and modern urban planning, to reconsider the work of Gyoji Banshoya in Middle Eastern cities.
... Eventually, this period also witnessed the return of Michel Ecochard, who had developed another plan for Beirut in 1963, this time in collaboration with Japanese planner Gyoji Banshoya. While their work provided the basic structure for development in the city centre after the civil war, on-ground implementation remained limited at that time (Matsubara 2016). (1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990) The Lebanese Civil War not only marked a long era of decline in the downtown area, but also set the stage for new key players to enter its planning and development processes. ...
After becoming a no-man’s land during the civil war, Downtown Beirut underwent major reconstruction efforts to return what was lost of its vibrant character. Reconstruction was specifically organized as a flagship designed to reclaim Beirut’s status within the region. However, the environment has recently stagnated, with fewer visitors making their way to the downtown area. These circumstances are amplified by local instability and other related issues. As such, this study clarified the connection between reconstruction planning and the decline of urban vitality in Downtown Beirut by focusing on its historical centre. Based on analyses of planning documents, field observations, and interview surveys, this study specifically argues that neoliberalism and affiliated planning policies were associated with the aforementioned decline. This article first chronicles the planning development process and discusses the fluctuating state of vitality, then identifies the neoliberal policies involved in reconstruction and outlines their connection to the currently stagnated environment.
... And it faced resistance and rejection from a city that is "originally" formed by 5000 years of history (Lababedi, 2008). Some aspects of the masterplan were applied until 1953 UNESCO committee came to visit Syria in reaction against the proposal that would harm the Umayyad mosque and they asked Ecochard to prepare another masterplan of the city (Matsubara, 2015). ...
Abstract:
Cities reflect as well as shape their inhabitant’s values and outlooks in various ways” (Bell & De shalit, 2011)
Cities and their built environment are reflections of the cultural structure and the dynamics of local identity. hence, they are clearly revealing history, religious and ethnic settings of the region. the difference between each region’s environment, architecture, and beliefs are what creates the place’s identity and makes it unique. The middle east region has been known for its architectural and urban legacy, where inhabitants were raised to preserve and praise it. At the end of the 20th-century middle eastern countries have witnessed radical changes on several levels: economic, political, and social. The emergence of modernization and globalization policies in such region have affected it negatively, changed the region’s architectural and urban character from traditional (vernacular) to modern, and that date was a turning point of the region’s history. This paper aims to explain the impact of modern urban planning practices by foreign urban planners on the historical identity of Damascus city and its historical urban square “Al Marjeh square”, how modern “functional” masterplans could determine the fate of historical buildings and the architectural style of the city. Finally, the paper will draw on criticisms by activists, writers and architects who raised their voices to resist the concept of “modern functional city”
Keywords: Urban planning, Modernization, City identity, Historical buildings, Criticism.
Based on “evolutionary planning theory” as new facts by previous research, this paper examines the policy for the old city of Damascus in 1968 from the viewpoint of not only transportation policy but also their “Reconstitution of the Ancient City”. Firstly, it is shown that the criticism by UNESCO is limited to criticism of transportation planning. In chapter 2, the description related to the "ancient city" in the 1968 plan is extracted. Chapter 3 outlines space transformation and stratification in the Islamic era. Based on these facts, Chapter 4 will examine the actuality of the street cutting and widening called Dégagement from the text and the plans of the 1968 plan. In Chapter 5, some part of the “Reconstitution of the Ancient City” project has progressed, and the current situation is complementarily reviewed. In conclusion, we examine the whole picture of Hellenistic-based restructuring project and clarify future project prospects.
In this research, I clarify the planning idea, planning technique and methodology of the urban project plan for the old city of Aleppo in 1973 by the Japanese planner G.Banshoya. In Chapter 2, I will clarify the historical background of this program, including the participation of Banshoya, based on the past research. In Chapter 3, we will annotate the contents of all the texts and illustrations of the magazine article "Aleppo Old Town Space Development Project" which is the primary material of this program, and clarify its features. In Chapter 4, I discuss the relation between "evolutionary planning" which is one of the features found in the annotation and the previous planning theory of Banshoya. In Chapter 5, we clarify the validity of this plan mainly through comparing the plan with the old city map at the time.
As a continuation of my previous paper “Part 1” which is titled “Formation and change of an international exchange organization,” the scope of this paper encompasses the period of ATBAT (Atelier des Bâtisseurs)'s work in Morocco, via the manifestation at CIAM 9, up to the point of their separation. In this paper I also conduct certain planning studies for the purpose of examining how the “habitat pour le plus grand nombre (hereafter ‘housing for the greatest number’)” movement led to the “Évolutif (evolutionary)” concept; finally to the planning method known as “Habitat Évolutif (Evolutionary Housing)” is examined. The way in which this last method was concretized through the exchange of ideas proposed by members particularly those proposed by Banshoya are elaborately examined. The most important roles played by ATBAT was (1) to expand the idea of new housing style suggested by Le Corbusier based on their technical research, and (2) to examine it with general people including slum residents in the various cities in Francophonie, and (3) to find the planning methods of Habitat Evolutif. The beginning of the idea of Habitat Evolutif can be already seen in the theory of Le Corbusier, but it was ATBAT’s original contribution to give a theoretical framework in it based on their international and regional exchange activities. This figure shows a sketch drawn by George Candilis explaining the evolutionary process of "the Square House" of Gyoji Banshoya.
Presupposing the ATBAT (Atelier des Bâtisseurs) as an international exchange organization, this paper considers the historical meaning and position of the exchange activities of the newborn ATBAT from the viewpoints of four key members: Vladimir Bodiansky, George Candilis, Gérald Hanning, and Gyoji Banshoya. The scope of this paper encompasses the period of their work in Morocco, via the manifestation at the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne 9 (CIAM 9), up to the point of their separation. As a continuation of my previous paper “Part 1”, I employ the same historical methods and resources herein. However, in this paper I also conduct some planning studies, for the purpose of examining how the “Housing for the Greatest Number” movement led to the “Évolutif (evolutionary)” concept, and, finally, to the planning method known as “Habitat Évolutif (Evolutionary Housing).” Important consideration is given to the ways in which this last method was concretized through the exchange of members’ ideas, particularly Banshoya’s.
Following his struggles with Le Corbusier, and based on his experience working with Marcel Lods and Jean Bossu in African countries, Gérald Hanning became an independent urban planner. In this role, Hanning coordinated the environments around these architects’ masterpieces.
In 1951, ATBAT opened a branch in French Morocco, and Candilis became the director of that branch. Cooperating with Michel Ecochard who was the director of urban planning of the French protectorate government, ATBAT initiated the planning movement known as “Habitat Pour le Plus Grand Nombre (Housing for the Greatest Number).” As a well-known example, they realized their masterpiece “Nid d’Abeilles,” intended to provide housing suitable for the lifestyles of Moroccan people from rural areas. They advocated this movement at CIAM 9, held in Aix-en-Provence in 1953. It was here that they suggested the idea for “Évolutif (evolutionary)” housing.
In 1953, Gyoji Banshoya participated in ATBAT. Candilis was so willing to welcome him that he published Banshoya’s first masterpiece, “The Square House” in L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui. For Candilis, the square house seemed an advanced example of the idea of Habitat Évolutif.
This led me to conduct some analysis of the planning for their co-research project “La Série Trèfle (Clover Series).” This endeavour was supported by C.S.T.B. and published in Techniques et Architecture in 1954. I note that the key idea of separating the skeleton and mobile partition which partly stems from the design of the square house, can be clearly seen to play an important role in the planning concept of “La Série Trèfle.” Just after the project’s completion, Candilis resigned from ATBAT and began his career as an independent architect with the team of Candilis-Josic-Woods. There, he profited from the idea of Habitat Évolutif. Hanning and Banshoya also left ATBAT, and moved to Algiers.
The most important roles played by ATBAT were (1) expanding the idea of a new housing style suggested by Le Corbusier based on their technical research; (2) examining its applicability to the general public, including slum residents in various Francophonie cities; and (3) innovating the planning methods of Habitat Évolutif. It is the case that the beginning of this concept can already be seen in Le Corbusier’s theories. However, it was ATBAT’s original contribution to provide a theoretical framework, based on their field work, for the realization of Habitat Évolutif. In conclusion, I point out that these novel constructions were made possible by the international exchange activities among the young architects and planners of various origins who were members of ATBAT.
The chapter argues that the city’s segregation has been conditioned by the heritage conservation and management policies that have driven the redevelopment of Cartagena’s old town—fortress, port, and monuments—to the advantage of tourism over the local residents. Such redevelopment was focused on the preservation and conservation of the colonial heritage, linked to the European descendants, without taking into account the diverse local heritage, linked to the descendants of the indigenous people and former slaves. This has resulted in the gentrification of the old town by the upper social classes and consequently, in the increase of the land value that pushed the lower social classes to the areas outside of the old town.
The ATBAT (Atelier des Bâtisseurs), probably best known as the architectural design office of Le Corbusier that realized the Unité d'habitation of Marseille, was not solely Le Corbusier's main place of activity; many architects and engineers from various origins attempted to produce their own planning theory through activities all over the world.
Assuming the ATBAT is an international exchange organization, this research will clarify how its key members joined it, what they learned about the related area through cooperation both within and outside of the ATBAT, and how they finally became independent from Le Corbusier. Unknown previous experiences of the key members, who later became important architects and urban planners, are historically clarified. The result of this historical research will be meaningful for future studies examining the ATBAT's planning theory from the cultural and regional viewpoints.
The overall picture of the ATBAT, which has been an object of much praise, criticism, and reassignment from members, is complicated. In this research, four key members who represent the international exchange at the ATBAT are chosen and the background of their participation and collaboration with the ATBAT is clarified. The key members are Vladimir Bodiansky, George Candilis, Gérald Hanning, and Gyoji Banshoya. The contents of their exchanges, including points of opposition among them, will be examined by analyzing primary materials, such as their letters, business records, autobiographies, planning documents, and magazine articles, to clarify the history of the ATBAT's organizational transformation. In contrast, in this research, I will not examine the content of their plans; my consideration is limited to the simple facts of the members' footprints by studying the remaining documents and records. This research aims to clarify the history of the ATBAT organization as this aspect has not been systematically treated in previous studies in which planning-theory research was the main focus.
Based on the participation process of the key members and the work experience in the Unité d'habitation of Marseille, the history of the formation and transformation of the initial ATBAT was clarified. In the formation process, the key members worked for the creation of the CSTB, associated with the Syrian–Lebanese expert Michel Ecochard who could deal with historical urban spaces and modernism very well, and worked with the United Nations and the MRU. All their works can be regarded as international exchange activities in the ATBAT that were created for promoting the reconstruction of war-damaged France.
The organizational change of the ATBAT can be understood in the era of industrialization wherein architects and engineers were divided according to their specializations. Furthermore, Le Corbusier was a highly successful architect of the Unité d'habitation. In other words, the friendly relation between Le Corbusier and the ATBAT members at the beginning of the formation rapidly changed, and the engineers were adopted by the architects to work at a disadvantage. Therefore, the talented ATBAT members who had contributed to the project in Marseille had to explore their own path. Hanning willingly left Le Corbusier. Candilis was ambitious enough to be an architect himself. Bodiansky began pursuing an independent career as a consultant engineer. Since then, the ATBAT underwent a further major change, but its trigger was brought about by the work experience of the Unité d'habitation of Marseille, which is still a symbol of the era.
Another Modern focuses on the theory and practice of the architects Georges Candilis, Alexis Josic and Shadrach Woods, the French contributors to the influential architectural think tank, Team 10. Drawing for the first time on the archives of both Candilis and Woods, it re-situates the work of the Candilis-Josic-Woods partnership (1952-1970) within the international framework of CIAM (Le Corbusier's Congr s Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) as well as within the French context of decolonization and modernization during Les trente glorieuses, the 30 glorious years between 1945 and 1975. Author Tom Avermaete argues that the work of Candilis, Josic and Woods entails a new way of analyzing, understanding and conceiving the built environment--an approach that is radically different from those previously propagated within CIAM. He reveals how this new approach to the built environment was elaborated in architectural and urban projects for three realms that changed drastically during the post-war period: residential culture, urban culture and mass leisure culture.
The architect and planner Michel Ecochard has had a long career in developing countries, from its first works in Syria under the French rule, until the 1970's. He represented the modernist and functionalist approach to planning in a time of modernization. In this article, we concentrate on his work in Lebanon and Syria between the end of the 1950's and the 1960's. He prepared the master plans of Beirut and of Damascus. Those works represented the end of an era rooted in colonial planning. It was also the beginning of a new time, with the local planners taking on, sometimes sharing, sometimes contesting Ecochard's visions. Building on recent scholarship on the circulation of planning ideas, we focus on the reception of Ecochard's proposals. Though most political elites and planning professionals shared most Ecochard's views, the political circumstances and the changing social conditions led to adjustments and reorientations. The new planning framework was also a major factor of change.
This book chapter is Restricted Access. Algiers is a complex and confused city that is experiencing constant change at the administrative, political, social and economic levels. Its administrative status changed in 2000 from that of a region managed by a Governor Minister to that of a simple Wilaya (County). This change has meant that the new plan proposed by the former Governor of Algiers – the Grand Projet Urbain (Major Urban Plan) – that would lead to the establishment of Algiers as an effi cient metropolis, a regional hub or even a global city, is on hold. That said, for Algiers to achieve the status of a global city, it must meet several criteria, which up to now seem far from being part of its perceived growth and objectives. Nevertheless, before embarking on the analysis of Algiers development history and current challenges, there is a need to defi ne the central topic of this chapter, which is the urban transformation of Algiers during and after colonization. This chapter sets out to explore the spatial development and urban transformation of colonial and postcolonial Algiers by examining the pre-colonial medina or Casbah. This exploration reveals the complexity of the city’s development, its regional and international position and infl uence, and the extent to which globalization has affected its urban growth and architectural patterns. Algiers presents at least six stages of urbanization that produced distinct urban fabrics, namely, the Casbah; the colonial town (Algiers centre and surrounding neighbourhoods); colonial Grands Ensembles (large urban housing projects); postcolonial Grands Ensembles or ZHUN (Zone d’Habitat Urbaine Nouvelle); urban development by private builders on individual plots of land; and informal housing (bidonvilles or shanty towns and housing of the poor). It should be noted that Algiers’s early morphology, defi ned by the Casbah and the colonial quarters, has been retained. This chapter will examine the spatial development of Algiers by concentrating on two phases of its urban growth and transformation, the colonial period, from 1830 to 1962, and the postcolonial period covering 1962 to the present day. The infl uence of colonization on urban form and architectural trends will be emphasized. In addition, the effect of globalization on postcolonial Algiers and its impact on local identity and urban and architectural models will be discussed. Algiers’s most complex urban issue is the restoration and safeguard of the Casbah. A brief account of the Casbah’s decay and renovation projects will also be examined throughout the chapter. On 21st May 2003, Algiers and its surroundings experienced a devastating earthquake that put to the test both old and new buildings. The impact of this disaster on urban development actors and existing urban tissue so far will be briefly discussed. Restricted access
In this paper, I clarify the evolution of Japanese urban planning projects in order to examine the conditions that the projects can be continuous. In 1973, a specialist M.Okui elaborated some detailed plans entrusted from G.Banshoya. In 1999, a study on urban transportation planning was suggested to realize some important traffic improvements. In 2008, a development survey team lead by T.Hashimoto carried out a wide scope research about Damascus and suggested the concept of Damascus Metropolitan Area with realizing a great result of Capacity Development. This successful survey project was succeeded by a technical assistance project composed by two detailed plans for Qanawat historical area and for Gouta green area. In conclusion, I suggest that the confidence with counterparts should be most important to make the projects efficient.
This is the first book in English to relate the history of Damascus, bringing out the crucial role the city has played at many points in the region's past. Damascus traces the history of this colourful, significant and complex city through its physical development, from the city's emergence in around 7000 BC through the changing cavalcade of Aramaean, Persian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Mongol and French rulers right up to the end of Turkish control in 1918. In Damascus, every layer of the history has built precisely on top of its predecessors for at least three millennia, leaving a detailed archaeological record of one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The book looks particularly at the interplay between the western and eastern influences that have provided Damascus with such a rich past, and how this perfectly encapsulates the forces that have played over the Middle East as a whole from the earliest recorded times to the present. Lavishly illustrated, Damascus: A History is a compelling and unique exploration of a fascinating city.
At the present time of resurgence in Islamic beliefs, the question of the Islamic city has once again come to the fore. In many parts of the Arab world, and especially in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, urban planners with a new found respect for the great achievements of the past are searching for ways to reproduce in today's cities some of the patterns of city building that have been identified as Islamic. They have been influenced, whether wittingly or not, by a body of literature produced by western Orientalists purporting to describe the essence of the Islamic city. The purpose of this article is, in Part I, to examine and criticize some of the basic works in that tradition and then, after deconstructing the concept of the Islamic city, to build up, in Part II, a somewhat different, and hopefully more dynamic and analytic model. The article ends with a brief discussion of whether and in what ways it would be feasible or desirable to build contemporary cities on Islamic principles.
Les Annassers[The Annassers].” Alger-Revue printemps
- Anon
Maison de plan carré à Tokio [The Square House
- Gyoji Banshoya
Habitat pour le plus grand nombre [Habitat for the Greatest Number
- Georges Candilis
Rénovation du centre de Damas [Renovation of the Center of Damascus
- Ecochard
- Gyoji Michel
- Banshoya
Réadapter l'Autoconstruction Tentative Cambodgienne (1963) [Readapting of the Trial Self-construction in Cambodia
- Hanning
- Nobuo Gerald
- Setsuo Goto
- Okada
Japanese Cooperation for Evolutional Housing and Slum Upgrading Projects under Mayor Chevallier: Spatial Experience of Gyoji Banshoya in Algiers
- Kosuke Matsubara
Les Cités Khmères Modernes [The Modern Khmer Cities]. Phnom Penh: Reyum
- Molyvann
- Vann
Logements du « front Bassac » ou cité Sihanouk [Residents of « front Bassac » or the Sihanouk City]
- Lisa Ros
The Failure of Chehabist Planning 1960–1975.” In Recovering Beirut Urban Design and Post-war Reconstruction
- Tabet
Portrait de ville: Beyrouth [Portrait of the City: Beirut]. Paris: Institut Français d
- Jade Tabet
- Marlène Ghorayeb
- Eric Huybrechts
- Eric Verdeil
Algeria no Apart [Apartments in Algeria
- Banshoya
- Gyoji
Naissance d'une cité de 100,000 habitants [Birth of a City of 100,000 Habitants]
- Pierre Dalloz
Seike Kiyoshi to Gendai no Jukyo Design [Seike Kiyoshi and Moden Housing Design
- Shoji Hayashi
Mahieddine: vaste bidonville au coeur d'Alger va faire place à une cité H.L.M. moderne [Mahieddine: A Vast Squatter in the Heart of Algiers Will Give Place to Modern
- A Jahan
Damas et le temps d'Ecochard: Les temps de l'urbanisme, enquête d'histoire orale [Damascus and the Days of Ecochard: The Age of Urban Planning, a Survey of Oral History
- Kallaa
Phnom Penh: Capitale de l'Etat indépendant du Cambodge [Phnom Penh; Capital of the Independent State of Cambodia]
- Guy Lemarchands
History of ATBAT and Its Influence on French Architecture
- Marion
- Tournon-Branly
Syria koku Toshikeikaku Senmonka Sogo Hokokusho [General Report of the Specialist of Urban Planning in Syria]. Tokyo: Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency
- Okui
- L Masao
Direction Cantonale des Postes [Cantonal Directorate of the Post
- Richter
- Gyoji Max
- Banshoya
Projet d'aménagement de la vieille ville d'Alep [Project of improvement for the old city of Aleppo
- Banshoya
- Jean-Claude Gyoji
- David
The Conservation of the Old City of Aleppo
- A Bianca
- Jean-Claude Stefano
- Giovannni David
- Yves Rizzardi
- Bruno Beton
- Chauffert-Yvart
Alep, ville en guerre, urbanité en crise: de l'agora au non-lieu [Aleppo, City in a War, Urbanity in a Crisis: From Agora to Non-place
- Casagrande
- Antonin Jennifer
- Grégoire
Politique et urbanisme à Alep: le projet de Bab al-Faradj [Politics and Urban Planning in Aleppo: The Project for Bab al-Faradj]
- Jean-Claude David
Plan d'extension de la ville de Beyrouth [Extension Plan for the City of Beirut]. Beyrouth: La société de plans régulateurs de villes
- René Danger
La contribution de l'Agence du Plan [The Contribution of the Planning Agency]
- Jean-Jacques Deluz
Plan Directeur de la ville de Beyrouth et sa Banlieue [Master plan for the city of Beirut and its suburb
- Ecochard
- Grégoire Michel
- Gyoji Sérof
- R Banshoya
- Tager
Programme et rapport justificatif de l'aménagement d'Alep [Programme and Justificative Report of the Improvement of Aleppo
- André Gutton
Aleppo: A Struggle for Conservation
- Adli Qudsi
Aleppo: Bab-el-Faraj
- Sherban
- Kenneth Cantacuzino
- Brown
Front du Bassac: histoire triste d'un grand immeuble blanc [Front du Bassac: A Sad History of a Grand White Building]
- Mingui