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Metabolomics-Based Analysis of Banana and Pear Ingestion on Exercise Performance and Recovery
Abstract
Bananas and pears vary in sugar and phenolic profiles, and metabolomics was utilized to measure their influence on exercise performance and recovery. Male athletes (N=20) cycled for 75 km while consuming water (WATER), bananas (BAN), or pears (PEAR) (0.6 g carbohydrate/kg each hour) in randomized order. UPLC-MS/MS and the library of purified standards maintained by Metabolon (Durham, NC) were used to analyze metabolite shifts in pre- and post-exercise (0-h, 1.5-h, 21-h) blood samples. Performance times were 5.0% and 3.3% faster during BAN and PEAR versus WATER (P=0.018 and P=0.091, respectively), with reductions in cortisol, IL-10, and total leukocytes, and increases in blood glucose, insulin, and FRAP. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) showed a distinct separation between trials immediately- (R2Y=0.877, Q2Y=0.457) and 1.5-h-post-exercise (R2Y=0.773, Q2Y=0.441). A total of 107 metabolites (primarily lipid-related) increased more than 2-fold during WATER, with a 48% and 52% reduction in magnitude during BAN and PEAR recovery (P<0.001). Increases in metabolites unique to BAN and PEAR included fructose and fruit constituents, and sulfated phenolics that were related to elevated FRAP. These data indicate that BAN and PEAR ingestion improves 75-km cycling performance, attenuates fatty acid utilization and oxidation, and contributes unique phenolics that augment antioxidant capacity.
... The PRISMA flow diagram for study selection is presented in Figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of 'omics' platforms and wearable technologie employed in the studies included in this review. Ten out of fifty-two studies (19%) focuse on nutrigenetics [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] (Table 1) and ten studies assessed metabolomics (19%) [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Additionally, one study each assessed proteomics (2%) [46], epigenomics (2%) [47], an lipidomics (2%) [48], while seven studies (13%) employed multi-omics approaches [49-5 ( Table 2). Eleven studies (19%) investigated metagenomics [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] (Table 3), while CGM was used in eleven studies [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] (Table 4). ...
... Overall, 31 (60%) of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which 20 (65%) were placebo-controlled and 19 (61%) adopted a crossover design [34,37 Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of 'omics' platforms and wearable technologies employed in the studies included in this review. Ten out of fifty-two studies (19%) focused on nutrigenetics [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] (Table 1) and ten studies assessed metabolomics (19%) [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Additionally, one study each assessed proteomics (2%) [46], epigenomics (2%) [47], and lipidomics (2%) [48], while seven studies (13%) employed multi-omics approaches [49][50][51][52][53][54][55] ( Table 2). ...
... No studies involving transcriptomics were identified. Overall, 31 (60%) of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), of which 20 (65%) were placebo-controlled and 19 (61%) adopted a crossover design [34,[37][38][39][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][52][53][54][55]63,64]. Furthermore, eleven studies (21%) were nonrandomized interventional studies [26][27][28][29]31,36,57,58,66,72,76], seven (13%) were longitudinal cohort studies [67,68,70,71,74,75,77], and three (6%) were case studies [61,69,73]. ...
Background: Endurance athletes require tailored nutrition strategies to optimize performance, recovery, and training adaptations. While traditional sports nutrition guidelines provide a foundational framework, individual variability in metabolic responses underscores the need for precision nutrition, informed by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. This scoping review evaluates the application of systems biology-driven sports nutrition for endurance athletes, focusing on ‘omics’ and wearable technologies. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Research questions, search strategies, and eligibility criteria were guided by the Population–Concept–Context framework with the following inclusion criteria: original research in English, involving endurance athletes, systems biology approaches, and nutritional interventions or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Results: Fifty-two studies were included, with distance runners as the most studied cohort. Eleven studies used metagenomics, eleven CGM, ten nutrigenetics, ten metabolomics, seven multi-omics, one proteomics, one epigenomics, and one lipidomics. Over half (n = 31; 60%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with generally high methodological quality. Conclusions: Most studies were proof-of-concept investigations aimed at assessing biomarkers; however, the evidence linking these biomarkers to performance, recovery, and long-term health outcomes in endurance athletes remains insufficient. Future research should focus on well-powered replicated crossover RCTs, multivariate N-of-1 clinical trials, 360-degree systems-wide approaches, and the validation of genetic impacts on nutritional interventions to refine dietary guidelines.
... Ten out of 47 studies (21%) focused on nutrigenetics [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (Table 1). Ten studies assessed metabolomics (23%) [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], with one additional report on metabolomics from a metagenomic study [44]. Additionally, one study each assessed proteomics (2%) [45], epigenomics (2%) [46], and lipidomics (2%) [47], while six studies (13%) employed multi-omics approaches [48][49][50][51][52][53] (Table 2). ...
... No studies involving transcriptomics were identified. Overall, 29 (62%) of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), of which 18 (62%) were placebo controlled and 17 (59%) adopted a crossover design [43,[35][36][37]39,40,41,43,[45][46][47][48][49][51][52][53]60]. Furthermore, ten studies (21%) were non-randomized interventional studies [24][25][26][27]29,55,56,61,67,69], five (11%) were longitudinal cohort studies [62,63,65,66,70] and three (6%) were case studies [59,64,68]. ...
... This research group has been instrumental in advancing the application of 'omics' technologies in sports nutrition, notably with their 2012 study comparing banana consumption with isotonic carbohydrate supplementation during a 75-km cycling trial [37]. Their research has primarily focused on investigating the impact of polyphenols from fruits, supplements, and nuts on exercise-induced immune system perturbations and recovery [38][39][40]47,[48][49][50][51][52][53]. Using a metabolomics-based approach, they showed that both blueberry and banana consumption attenuated exercise-induced increases in pro-inflammatory oxylipins in cyclists, with significant inter-individual variability in gut-derived phenolic metabolite levels [5,50]. ...
Background: Endurance athletes require personalized nutrition strategies to optimize performance, recovery, and training adaptations. While traditional sports nutrition guidelines provide a foundation for personalization, individual variability in metabolic responses underscores the need for precision nutrition, tailored to genetic, biological, and environmental factors. This scoping review evaluates the application of systems biology-driven sports nutrition for endurance athletes, focusing on ‘omics’ and wearable technologies. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science with the following inclusion criteria: original research in English, involving endurance athletes, systems biology approaches, and nutritional interventions or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Relevant data were extracted in a systematic way. Results: Forty-eight reports were included with running as most studied sport. Eleven reports used metabolomics, ten nutrigenetics, nine metagenomics, nine CGM, six multi-omics, one proteomics, one epigenomics, and one lipidomics. Over half (62%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Most studies were proof-of-concept investigations aimed at assessing biomarkers; however, the evidence linking these biomarkers to performance, recovery, and long-term health outcomes in endurance athletes remains insufficient. Significant inter-individual variability in responses to exercise and nutritional interventions was observed. Furthermore, many studies were constrained by small sample sizes and inadequate reporting of training status. Conclusions: While evidence is limited, some of the reviewed papers suggest a potential utility of systems biology-driven nutritional recommendations for endurance athletes. Future research should focus on well-powered replicated crossover RCTs, 360-degree systems-wide approaches, and validation of genetic impacts on nutritional interventions to refine dietary guidelines.
... During prolonged exercise, muscle glycogen breakdown can be reduced below the use of muscle glycogen, resulting in a depletion of muscle glycogen, leading to muscle fatigue and exhaustion (Seepika et al., 2022). In endurance running, nutrients, both macronutrients and micronutrients play an important role in increasing and maintaining blood glucose concentration, slowing muscle glycogen breakdown, and reducing muscle fatigue, all of which help runners improve their endurance running performance (Nieman et al., 2015). If half-marathon runners don't get enough nutrients from food and supplements to meet their energy needs, it can tire their muscles, lower the amount of glucose in their blood, and make them run slower. ...
... Therefore, the intake of ergogenic aids containing CHO has been one of the widespread strategies used in endurance running to ensure that runners will have enough energy throughout the prolonged event. Several ergogenic aids containing CHO, including drinks, bars, and gels, are available as energy sources for runners during endurance training and competition (Naderi et al., 2016, Nieman et al., 2015. Recently, the CHO supplement market has diversi ied from beverages containing CHO to highly concentrated energy gels (Kozlowski et al., 2021). ...
... The proximate content of BAN energy gel The mineral content of the BAN energy gel BAN energy gel had 66.75 ± 0.84 kcal and contained a high amount of carbohydrates with natural sugars: glucose (1.20 ± 0.02 g), sucrose (8.77 ± 0.08 g), and fructose (1.31± 0.01 g) (Table 3). BAN energy gel contains essential minerals such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium, which help muscle contraction during exercise and reduce muscle cramps (Knechtle et al., 2007;Nieman et al., 2015). From the results, the BAN energy gel contained 25.67 ± 0.13 mg of sodium, 14.07 ± 0.09 mg of magnesium, and 184.83 ± 0.5 mg of potassium (Table 4). ...
... These effects are expected and are consistent with other studies. In particular, the intake of bananas is recommended by most athletes and sports practitioners given their richness in carbohydrates and potassium and lower levels of sodium [278]. Besides, a recent study has already reported that these fruits can improve metabolic recovery and reduce COX-2 expression after exercise and the dependence on glycolysis for ATP production [279]. ...
... Besides, a recent study has already reported that these fruits can improve metabolic recovery and reduce COX-2 expression after exercise and the dependence on glycolysis for ATP production [279]. Their combination with pears is also beneficial, being able to improve cycling performance and to reduce iron, blood glucose, insulin, IL-10, cortisol, and total leucocyte count levels, and fatty acid utilization and oxidation after exercise [278]. ...
... Effect of 2-week supplementation of bananas and pears in cyclist men before their 75 Km trial Improves 75 Km cycling performance (+5.0% and 3.3% faster regarding banana and pear versus water), by ↑↑ the ferric reducing ability of plasma, blood glucose, and insulin levels ↓↓ fatty acid utilization and oxidation, IL-10, cortisol, and total leucocytes after exercise [278] Red grape skin Effects of 6-week supplementation (390 mg×3 times a day) in healthy male subjects subjected to interval swimming tests Improves antioxidant status by ↑↑ superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities Faster swimming performance ↓↓ CK and uric acid levels [281] Grapes and apples Effect of supplementation (500 mg/day) in physically active men ↑↑ maximal endurance and perceived exertion [280] Grapes, pomegranates, and green tea Effect of supplementation (1000 mg/day) in healthy recreationally-active men 1 h before exercise tests ↑↑ total power output (+5%), maximal peak power output (+3.7%), and average power developed (+5%), without inducing more fatigue or greater heart rate Oxidative homeostasis stabilized [262] Lemon Effect of 10-day supplementation (400 mg/day) in physically active men and female ...
In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
... Acute carbohydrate ingestion from a variety of sources including fruits during prolonged and intensive exercise attenuates postexercise increases in total blood leukocytes, IL-6, IL-10, and other biomarkers for inflammation (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). ...
... Procedures for the 75-km cycling time trial session were similar to what we have previously reported in other studies (1,2,4,5). During the 3-days period prior to the 75-km cycling trial, subjects tapered exercise training and ingested a moderate-carbohydrate diet using a food list restricting high fat foods, visible fats (e.g., oils, butter, margarine), and polyphenols. ...
... These data suggest that specific banana metabolites that increased strongly but in low concentrations during prolonged exercise may have little influence on CYP enzymes and sEH. Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged and intensive exercise attenuates plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-1ra, and this was confirmed for IL-1ra but not IL-6 in this study (1)(2)(3)(4). Limited data indicate that CYP activity is increased when IL-6 is elevated as supported by our positive relationship between the ARA-CYP oxylipins and plasma IL-6 during early recovery (40,41). ...
Oxylipins are bioactive lipid oxidation products, have vital regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes including inflammation, and can be impacted by diet. This study determined if 2-weeks of blueberry and/or acute banana ingestion influenced generation of n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins during recovery from exercise-induced physiological stress. Cyclists (n = 59, 39 ± 2 years of age) were randomized to freeze-dried blueberry or placebo groups, and ingested 26 grams/d (1 cup/d blueberries equivalent) for 2 weeks. Cyclists reported to the lab in an overnight fasted state and engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial (185.5 ± 5.2 min). Cyclists from each group (blueberry, placebo) were further randomized to ingestion of a water-only control or water with a carbohydrate source (Cavendish bananas, 0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min) during exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-2-weeks blueberry supplementation, and 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 24, and 48 h-post-exercise. Plasma oxylipins and blueberry and banana metabolites were measured with UPLC–tandem MS/MS. Significant time by treatment effects (eight time points, four groups) were found for 24 blueberry- and seven banana-derived phenolic metabolites in plasma (FDR adjusted p < 0.05). Significant post-exercise increases were observed for 64 of 67 identified plasma oxylipins. When oxylipins were grouped relative to fatty acid substrate [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA)], and enzyme systems [cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX)], banana and blueberry ingestion were independently associated with significant post-exercise reductions in pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP hydroxy- and dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs, DiHETrEs) (treatment effects, FDR adjusted p < 0.05). These trial differences were especially apparent within the first 3 h of recovery. In summary, heavy exertion evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins in cyclists, with a strong attenuation effect linked to both chronic blueberry and acute banana intake on pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP oxylipins.
... In addition to urine, plasma and serum concentrations of HIAA also increase after banana intake, as reported in four studies [41,42,47,48]. Tohmola et al. measured serum HIAA in response to 35 different foods and showed that walnuts (102 g) produced the highest (Table 1). ...
... Besides HIAA, the response of dopamine metabolites to banana intake has been widely studied, mostly in plasma and serum [42][43][44][46][47][48], with one publication on urine [49] (Table 1). Banana has a high dopamine content (73 ± 24 μg/g) [38] compared to other dietary sources such as avocado (4 μg/g), orange, cocoa powder, and tomato (< 1 μg/g) [65]. ...
... Y yes the criterion is fulfilled, Y* the criterion is partially fulfilled but requires further investigation, N no the principle has not been fulfilled after investigation, U unknown; further data is required to determine the validation of the criterion, 6-OH-MTβC sulfate 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline sulfate serum samples was included. Herein, dopamine, dopamine-3-O-sulfate, dopamine-4-sulfate, and 3methoxytyramine-sulfate were detected in plasma as highly discriminant metabolites for the banana intervention [42,44,47]. Other authors examined plasma dopamine responses using targeted methods. ...
Consumption of fruit and vegetable is a key component of a healthy and sustainable diet. However, their accurate dietary assessment remains a challenge. Due to errors in self-reporting methods, the available dietary information is usually biased. Biomarkers of intake constitute objective tools to better reflect the usual or recent consumption of different foods, including fruits and vegetables. Partners of The Food Biomarker Alliance (FoodBall) Project have undertaken the task of reviewing the available literature on putative biomarkers of tropical fruit intake. The identified candidate biomarkers were subject to validation evaluation using eight biological and chemical criteria. This publication presents the current knowledge on intake biomarkers for 17 tropical fruits including banana, mango, and avocado as the most widely consumed ones. Candidate biomarkers were found only for banana, avocado, and watermelon. An array of banana-derived metabolites has been reported in human biofluids, among which 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid, dopamine sulfate, methoxyeugenol glucuronide, salsolinol sulfate, 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-sulfate, and other catecholamine metabolites. Their validation is still at an early stage, with insufficient data on dose-response relationship. Perseitol and mannoheptulose have recently been reported as candidate biomarkers for avocado intake, while the amino acid citrulline has been associated with watermelon intake. Additionally, the examination of food composition data revealed some highly specific phytochemicals, which metabolites after absorption may be further studied as putative BFI for one or several tropical fruits. To make the field move forward, untargeted metabolomics, as a data-driven explorative approach, will have to be applied in both intervention and observational studies to discover putative BFIs, while their full validation and the establishment of dose-response calibration curves will require quantification methods at a later stage.
... Acute carbohydrate ingestion from a variety of sources including fruits during prolonged and intensive exercise attenuates postexercise increases in total blood leukocytes, IL-6, IL-10, and other biomarkers for inflammation (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). ...
... Procedures for the 75-km cycling time trial session were similar to what we have previously reported in other studies (1,2,4,5). During the 3-days period prior to the 75-km cycling trial, subjects tapered exercise training and ingested a moderate-carbohydrate diet using a food list restricting high fat foods, visible fats (e.g., oils, butter, margarine), and polyphenols. ...
... These data suggest that specific banana metabolites that increased strongly but in low concentrations during prolonged exercise may have little influence on CYP enzymes and sEH. Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged and intensive exercise attenuates plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-1ra, and this was confirmed for IL-1ra but not IL-6 in this study (1)(2)(3)(4). Limited data indicate that CYP activity is increased when IL-6 is elevated as supported by our positive relationship between the ARA-CYP oxylipins and plasma IL-6 during early recovery (40,41). ...
Objectives
Oxylipins are bioactive lipid oxidation products that have vital regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes including inflammation. This study determined if 2-weeks blueberry and/or acute banana ingestion influenced generation of in n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins during recovery from a 75-km cycling time trial.
Methods
Cyclists (n = 59, 38.6 ± 1.5 years of age) were randomized to freeze-dried blueberry or placebo groups, and ingested 26 grams/d (1 cup/d fresh blueberries equivalent) for 2 weeks. Cyclists reported to the lab in an overnight fasted state and engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial (185.5 ± 5.2 min). Cyclists from each group (blueberry, placebo) were further randomized to ingestion of water-only or water with Cavendish bananas (carbohydrate intake, 0.2 g/kg every 15 min) during exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-2- weeks supplementation, and then 0 h-, 1.5 h-, 3 h-, 5 h-, 24 h-, 48 h-post-exercise. Plasma oxylipins and phenolic blueberry and banana metabolites were measured with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC–MS/MS) using reference standards.
Results
Significant time × treatment effects (8 time points, 4 groups) were found for 24 blueberry-related and seven banana-related gut-derived metabolites in plasma (fdr P-value < 0.05). Significant and substantial post-exercise increases were measured for 64 of 67 identified plasma oxylipins. Oxylipins were grouped according to relevant fatty acid substrates [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and enzyme systems [cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX)]. Banana and blueberry ingestion were independently associated with significant post-exercise reductions in pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP HETEs and DiHETrEs (treatment effect, fdr P-value = 0.003). These trial differences were especially apparent within the first three hours of recovery from the 75-km cycling bout.
Conclusions
Prolonged and intensive exercise evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins, with a strong attenuation effect of ARA-CYP oxylipins linked to acute carbohydrate intake from bananas and 2-weeks ingestion of blueberries.
Funding Sources
Dole Foods, Westlake Village, CA.
... 40,83À91 Metabolomics-based approaches are particularly valuable in studies combining exercise and nutrition interventions because shifts in hundreds of metabolites from diverse pathways can be measured simultaneously. 2,40,84,86,90 A systematic review of 24 high-quality papers that were published during the past decade revealed that the primary focus of metabolomics-based exercise studies has been on acute metabolite perturbations due to long-duration, high-intensity aerobic exercise. 83 Little information is available regarding metabolite changes coupled with acute moderate bouts of exercise or those associated with long-term exercise training or athletic endeavor. ...
... In a typical study using an LC-MS/MS analytic platform, changes in more than 300 identified metabolites can be measured in plasma samples collected from human athletes exercising intensely for more than 2 h. 40,83,90,91 Large-fold changes have been reported for numerous and diverse lipidrelated metabolites during recovery from heavy exertion. This response includes postexercise increases in plasma mediumand long-chain fatty acids, ketone bodies, fatty acid oxidation products, and sulfated bile acids, with decreases in plasma triacylglycerol esters, primary and secondary bile acids, and phospholipids. ...
... 83,91 Postexercise increases in lipid-related metabolites are strongly mitigated when overnight-fasted athletes ingest carbohydrate compared to water only. 40,90,91 Fig. 2 summarizes mean fold increases for 26 metabolites that were selected for a targeted panel to represent the most important metabolites generated by prolonged and intensive exercise. 85,91 These metabolites were identified by bioinformatics procedures using variable importance in projection scores. ...
Several decades of research in the area of exercise immunology have shown that the immune system is highly responsive to acute and chronic exercise training. Moderate exercise bouts enhance immunosurveillance and when repeated over time mediate multiple health benefits. Most of the studies prior to 2010 relied on a few targeted outcomes related to immune function. During the past decade, technologic advances have created opportunities for a multi-omics and systems biology approach to exercise immunology. This article provides an overview of metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics as they pertain to exercise immunology, with a focus on immunometabolism. This review also summarizes how the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exercise, with applications to human health and immunity. Exercise-induced improvements in immune function may play a critical role in countering immunosenescence and the development of chronic diseases, and emerging omics technologies will more clearly define the underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding a multi-omics approach to exercise immunology and provides future directions for investigators.
... Acute and chronic physical activity causes extensive adaptations in organs and systems, leading to health benefits [1]. Improvements in technology have allowed investigators to quantify these adaptations using a biological systems approach, overlaying gene information with transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Combined data from multi-omics approaches will improve scientific understanding regarding the complex modulating effect that physical activity has on the phenotype at the individual level and related molecular mechanisms. ...
... More than half of the studies included in this analysis (62.5%; n = 15) measured metabolite responses to long-duration, high-intensity running (n = 8) [8,9,[12][13][14]19,22,24], cycling (n = 5) [5,7,17,18,20], soccer (n = 1), and swimming (n = 1) [16] (Table 2). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with or without GC-MS was used for metabolite identification in 11 [5,[7][8][9][12][13][14]17,19,20,24] of these studies, with GC-MS as the primary method in two studies [16,22], capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) in one study [21] and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for one study [18]. ...
... More than half of the studies included in this analysis (62.5%; n = 15) measured metabolite responses to long-duration, high-intensity running (n = 8) [8,9,[12][13][14]19,22,24], cycling (n = 5) [5,7,17,18,20], soccer (n = 1), and swimming (n = 1) [16] (Table 2). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with or without GC-MS was used for metabolite identification in 11 [5,[7][8][9][12][13][14]17,19,20,24] of these studies, with GC-MS as the primary method in two studies [16,22], capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) in one study [21] and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for one study [18]. Large-fold changes in metabolites from the lipid super pathway were reported by most investigators, including increases in plasma medium-and long-chain fatty acids, fatty acid oxidation products (dicarboxylate and monohydroxy fatty acids, acylcarnitines), and ketone bodies, with corresponding decreases in triacylglycerol esters (Table 2). ...
This systematic review provides a qualitative appraisal of 24 high-quality metabolomics-based studies published over the past decade exploring exercise-induced alterations of the human metabolome. Of these papers, 63% focused on acute metabolite changes following intense and prolonged exercise. The best studies utilized liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical platforms with large chemical standard libraries and strong, multivariate bioinformatics support. These studies reported large-fold changes in diverse lipid-related metabolites, with more than 100 increasing two-fold or greater within a few hours post-exercise. Metabolite shifts, even after strenuous exercise, typically return to near pre-exercise levels after one day of recovery. Few studies investigated metabolite changes following acute exercise bouts of shorter durations (< 60 min) and workload volumes. Plasma metabolite shifts in these types of studies are modest in comparison. More cross-sectional and exercise training studies are needed to improve scientific understanding of the human system’s response to varying, chronic exercise workloads. The findings derived from this review provide direction for future investigations focused on the body’s metabolome response to exercise.
... Limited evidence indicates that oxylipins are involved to some degree in regulating the transient immune and physiological responses to acute exercise bouts [15][16][17][18]. Each of the 12 PUFAs in the linoleic and ALA pathways is mobilized strongly from adipose tissue stores during intensive and prolonged exercise [19][20][21][22][23]. At the same time, a large number of exerciserelated oxylipins are produced, many of which are stable enough to be measured in plasma during several hours of recovery. ...
... Carbohydrate compared to water intake also resulted in an extensive reduction in post-exercise shifts in numerous lipid super-pathway metabolites including ketones, glycerol, longchain fatty acids, and 9,10 dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) [20,24]. Linoleic acid is a direct precursor to 9+13 HODEs and 9,10-DiHOME which are stable and abundant oxylipin products in human plasma. ...
... Post-exercise plasma ARA levels were significantly reduced with carbohydrate intake, and these data imply that PLA 2 activity was attenuated, perhaps in part due to higher glucose and insulin levels as extrapolated from diabetes-based investigations [26,37]. In a previous study conducted by our research group utilizing the same exercise model, we showed that serum insulin levels increased 29% after 75-km cycling with carbohydrate compared to a decrease of 28% with water only [20]. ...
Introduction
Oxylipins are bioactive oxidation products derived from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the linoleic acid and α-linolenic desaturation pathways.
Purpose
This study determined if carbohydrate intake during prolonged and intensive cycling countered post-exercise increases in n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins.
Methods
The research design utilized a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced approach with cyclists (N = 20, overnight fasted state, 7:00 am start) who engaged in four 75-km time trials while ingesting two types of bananas (Cavendish, Mini-yellow), a 6% sugar beverage, and water only. Carbohydrate intake was set at 0.2 g/kg every 15 minutes, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 h-, 0.75 h-,1.5 h-, 3 h-, 4.5 h-, 21 h-, 45 h-post-exercise. Oxylipins were measured with a targeted liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric method.
Results
Significant time effects and substantial fold-increases (immediately post-exercise/pre-exercise) were measured for plasma levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 43 of 45 oxylipins. Significant interaction effects (4 trials x 8 time points) were found for plasma ARA (P<0.001) and DHA (P<0.001), but not EPA (P = 0.255), with higher post-exercise values found in the water trial compared to the
carbohydrate trials. Significant interaction effects were also measured for 12 of 45 oxylipins. The data supported a strong exercise-induced increase in plasma levels of these oxylipins during the water trial, with carbohydrate ingestion (both bananas types and the sugar beverage) attenuating oxylipin increases, especially those (9 of 12) generated from the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme system. These trials differences were especially apparent within the first three hours of recovery from the 75-km cycling bout.
Conclusions
Prolonged and intensive exercise evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins, with a significant attenuation effect linked to acute carbohydrate ingestion for 28% of these, especially those generated through the CYP enzyme system.
Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, NCT02994628
... Limited evidence indicates that oxylipins are involved to some degree in regulating the transient immune and physiological responses to acute exercise bouts [15][16][17][18]. Each of the 12 PUFAs in the linoleic and ALA pathways is mobilized strongly from adipose tissue stores during intensive and prolonged exercise [19][20][21][22][23]. At the same time, a large number of exerciserelated oxylipins are produced, many of which are stable enough to be measured in plasma during several hours of recovery. ...
... Carbohydrate compared to water intake also resulted in an extensive reduction in post-exercise shifts in numerous lipid super-pathway metabolites including ketones, glycerol, longchain fatty acids, and 9,10 dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) [20,24]. Linoleic acid is a direct precursor to 9+13 HODEs and 9,10-DiHOME which are stable and abundant oxylipin products in human plasma. ...
... Post-exercise plasma ARA levels were significantly reduced with carbohydrate intake, and these data imply that PLA 2 activity was attenuated, perhaps in part due to higher glucose and insulin levels as extrapolated from diabetes-based investigations [26,37]. In a previous study conducted by our research group utilizing the same exercise model, we showed that serum insulin levels increased 29% after 75-km cycling with carbohydrate compared to a decrease of 28% with water only [20]. ...
Introduction
Oxylipins are bioactive oxidation products derived from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the linoleic acid and α-linolenic desaturation pathways.
Purpose
This study determined if carbohydrate intake during prolonged and intensive cycling countered post-exercise increases in n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins.
Methods
The research design utilized a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced approach with cyclists (N = 20, overnight fasted state, 7:00 am start) who engaged in four 75-km time trials while ingesting two types of bananas (Cavendish, Mini-yellow), a 6% sugar beverage, and water only. Carbohydrate intake was set at 0.2 g/kg every 15 minutes, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 h-, 0.75 h-,1.5 h-, 3 h-, 4.5 h-, 21 h-, 45 h-post-exercise. Oxylipins were measured with a targeted liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric method.
Results
Significant time effects and substantial fold-increases (immediately post-exercise/pre-exercise) were measured for plasma levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 43 of 45 oxylipins. Significant interaction effects (4 trials x 8 time points) were found for plasma ARA (P<0.001) and DHA (P<0.001), but not EPA (P = 0.255), with higher post-exercise values found in the water trial compared to the carbohydrate trials. Significant interaction effects were also measured for 12 of 45 oxylipins. The data supported a strong exercise-induced increase in plasma levels of these oxylipins during the water trial, with carbohydrate ingestion (both bananas types and the sugar beverage) attenuating oxylipin increases, especially those (9 of 12) generated from the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme system. These trials differences were especially apparent within the first three hours of recovery from the 75-km cycling bout.
Conclusions
Prolonged and intensive exercise evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins, with a significant attenuation effect linked to acute carbohydrate ingestion for 28% of these, especially those generated through the CYP enzyme system.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, NCT02994628
... Metabolomics requires sophisticated mass spectrometry platforms, exact quality control procedures, a large reference library of chemical standards, and precise biochemical identification protocols (Lu et al. 2017). Metabolomics-based approaches in exercise, diet, and lifestyle interventions improve the interpretation of the metabolic response by simultaneously measuring and identifying shifts in hundreds of metabolites from diverse pathways (Nieman et al. 2015a(Nieman et al. , 2017aRangel-Huerta et al. 2017). ...
... In a typical randomized clinical trial with human athletes exercising intensely for more than two hours, significant increases in at least 300 identified metabolites can be measured, with more than 100 increasing twofold or greater (Nieman et al. 2013a(Nieman et al. ,b, 2014b(Nieman et al. ,c, 2015a(Nieman et al. , 2018a. Intensive and prolonged whole-body exercise such as running and cycling depletes muscle and liver glycogen stores causing an extensive and prolonged shift in numerous and varied lipid superpathway metabolites with a pronounced fatty acid oxidation signature (Chorell et al. 2009;Lehmann et al. 2010;Lewis et al. 2010;Nieman et al. 2014cNieman et al. , 2015bNieman et al. , 2016Nieman et al. , 2017bNieman et al. , 2018a. ...
... Exercise-induced muscle tissue injury and inflammation invoke a strong innate immune response involving granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, and recent evidence indicates that oxylipins are involved in initiating, mediating, and resolving this process (Markworth et al. 2013(Markworth et al. , 2016b. Of the 12 n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs in the ALA and linoleic acid pathways (Figures 4 and 5), each is mobilized strongly from adipose tissue stores during intensive exercise, with increases in postexercise plasma samples ranging from two-to sixfold over pre-exercise levels (Nieman et al. 2014b(Nieman et al. , 2015a(Nieman et al. , 2018a. At the same time, a large number of exercise-related oxylipins are produced, and although some have a short half-life, act locally, and do not accumulate in human ...
Immunometabolism is an evolving field of scientific endeavor that merges immunology and metabolism and has provided valuable context when evaluating the influence of dietary interventions on exercise-induced immune dysfunction. Metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics provide a system-wide view of the metabolic response to exercise by simultaneously measuring and identifying a large number of small molecule metabolites, lipids, and proteins. Many of these are involved with immune function and regulation and are sensitive to dietary influences, especially acute carbohydrate ingestion from either sugar beverages or fruits such as bananas. Emerging evidence using large multi-omics data sets supports the combined intake of fruit sugars and phytochemicals by athletes during heavy exertion as an effective strategy to improve metabolic recovery, augment viral defense, and counter postexercise inflammation and immune dysfunction at the cell level. Multi-omics methodologies have given investigators new outcome targets to assess the efficacy of various dietary interventions for physiologically stressed athletes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology Volume 10 is March 25, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... Pear is mainly consumed fresh, but also canned and as juice. The available knowledge of the composition of pear, as well as the two studies performed by Nieman et al. [64] and Deisinger et al. [65] (Table 1), suggest that arbutin (hydroquinone-β-D-glucopyranoside) may be considered as a candidate biomarker of intake. Arbutin, along with other less specific phytochemicals such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and epicatechin, has been consistently detected in different cultivars of pear [66]. ...
... By applying an untargeted metabolomics approach, Nieman et al. [64] detected arbutin metabolites in human plasma samples after pear intake in a cross-over, randomized, controlled trial. In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of the intake of pear and banana on the physical endurance and recovery of 20 male athletes [64]. ...
... By applying an untargeted metabolomics approach, Nieman et al. [64] detected arbutin metabolites in human plasma samples after pear intake in a cross-over, randomized, controlled trial. In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of the intake of pear and banana on the physical endurance and recovery of 20 male athletes [64]. The results showed that arbutin and hydroquinone sulfate were the most discriminant metabolites of pear intake, along with various sugars, sugar acids (xylose, fructose, arabonate/xylonate, ribitol, mannitol/sorbitol, arabitol/xylitol), and some non-specific microbial metabolites of polyphenols (hippuric acid, 4-hydroxyhippurate, dihydroferulic acid, 4-allylphenol sulfate, vanillic alcohol sulfate, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate). ...
Abstract Fruit is a key component of a healthy diet. However, it is still not clear whether some classes of fruit may be more beneficial than others and whether all individuals whatever their age, gender, health status, genotype, or gut microbiota composition respond in the same way to fruit consumption. Such questions require further observational and intervention studies in which the intake of a specific fruit can be precisely assessed at the population and individual levels. Within the Food Biomarker Alliance Project (FoodBAll Project) under the Joint Programming Initiative “A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life”, an ambitious action was undertaken aiming at reviewing existent literature in a systematic way to identify validated and promising biomarkers of intake for all major food groups, including fruits. This paper belongs to a series of reviews following the same BFIRev protocol and is focusing on biomarkers of pome and stone fruit intake. Selected candidate biomarkers extracted from the literature search went through a validation process specifically developed for food intake biomarkers.
... Athletes experience regular cycles of physiological stress, inflammation, oxidative stress, and transient immune dysfunction. Various nutrition-based approaches including increased intake of fruits and phytochemicals are being explored by our research group as countermeasures to these exercise-induced indicators of metabolic stress [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. We have focused on the use of multi-omics methods (i.e., lipidomics, metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, epigenetics) to capture the complex biochemical interactions that occur in these types of sports nutrition investigations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
... Various nutrition-based approaches including increased intake of fruits and phytochemicals are being explored by our research group as countermeasures to these exercise-induced indicators of metabolic stress [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. We have focused on the use of multi-omics methods (i.e., lipidomics, metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, epigenetics) to capture the complex biochemical interactions that occur in these types of sports nutrition investigations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
Mangoes have a unique nutrient profile (carotenoids, polyphenols, sugars, vitamins) that we hypothesized would mitigate post-exercise inflammation. This study examined the effects of mango ingestion in moderating exercise-induced inflammation in a randomized crossover trial with 22 cyclists. In random order with trials separated by a 2-week washout period, the cyclists ingested 330 g/day mangoes with 0.5 liters water or 0.5 liters water alone for 2 weeks, followed by a 2.25-h cycling bout challenge. Blood and urine samples were collected pre- and post-2 weeks supplementation, with additional blood samples collected immediately post-exercise, and then 1.5-h, 3-h, and 24-h post-exercise. Urine samples were analyzed for targeted mango-related metabolites. The blood samples were analyzed for 67 oxylipins that are upstream regulators of inflammation and other physiological processes. After 2-weeks mango ingestion, three targeted urine mango-related phenolic metabolites were significantly elevated compared to water alone (interaction effects, p≤0.003). Significant post-exercise increases were measured for 49 oxylipins, but various subgroup analyses showed no differences in the pattern of change between trials (all interaction effects, p>0.150). The 2.25-h cycling bouts induced significant inflammation but no countermeasure effect was found after 2-weeks mango ingestion despite the elevation of mango gut-derived phenolic metabolites.
... Many pharmacological efects of these substances are mentioned above. Studies in the literature have shown that a fruit juice is usually given in order to reduce oxidative stress due to heavy exercise [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Te use of black currant, cherry, grape, watermelon, blueberry, pomegranate, and banana has been reported in detail in the studies on athletes [20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
... Studies in the literature have shown that a fruit juice is usually given in order to reduce oxidative stress due to heavy exercise [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Te use of black currant, cherry, grape, watermelon, blueberry, pomegranate, and banana has been reported in detail in the studies on athletes [20][21][22][23][24][25]. It has been reported that drinking pomegranate juice before Olympic-style weightlifting sessions reduces malondialdehyde levels and improves the enzymatic reactions of catalase and glutathione peroxidase [26]. ...
Background. In this study, the effects of pomegranate-black carrot juice mixture on serum and erythrocytes of sedentary individuals who had exhaustion test were investigated. Methods. A total of 20 men voluntarily participated in the study. Blood samples were obtained from participants on three conditions. First, before the study, blood samples of participants were collected (baseline). Second, the same participants performed in the 20-meter shuttle run test for 1 week each day and were subjected to oxidative stress. Lastly, the same participants were given a mixture of pomegranate-black carrot juices (100 ml/100 ml) for a week, 45 minutes prior to the 20-meter shuttle run test, and the stress + supplement was performed. Blood samples were taken at the end of each process. Results. In the erythrocytes, while the oxidative stress condition malondialdehyde (MDA) level and carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity levels increased compared to the baseline, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity levels decreased. In stress + supplement conditions, while GSH and GR levels increased according to oxidative stress conditions, CA and MDA levels decreased. While the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of the oxidative stress condition increased compared to the baseline, the LDH level of the stress + supplement decreased compared to the oxidative stress condition. Conclusions. Our results showed that the level of oxidative stress in subjects exposed to the exhaustion test decreased with the mixture of pomegranate-black carrot juices.
... In another study, two types of bananas (Cavendish and mini yellow) and a 6% CHO beverage led to similar performance times during a 75 km cycling TT, although none were improved compared to water alone [50]. The same research group also compared banana ingestion to pear ingestion or water alone during a 75 km cycling TT [51]. Twenty male cyclists ingested 400 mg·kg −1 BM CHO from either banana or pear alongside 5 mL·kg −1 BM of water, or water alone, 20 min prior to initiating exercise. ...
... Collectively, these studies show that food-based sources such as banana, honey and raisins are excellent alternative CHO sources to be ingested during exercise. They are as effective as commercial-based CHO supplements such as gels and sports drinks to improve prolonged endurance performance [35,49,[51][52][53][54]56,63,67]. However, the higher potential gastrointestinal distress risk related to a greater fructose ratio, fibre content and quantity to meet standard CHO doses (60-90 g·h −1 ) with CHO foods compared to CHO supplements may highlight the more effective role of CHO supplements to be ingested during exercise [63,67,68]. ...
Citation: Naderi, A.; Gobbi, N.; Ali, A.; Berjisian, E.; Hamidvand, A.; Forbes, S.C.; Koozehchian, M.S.; Karayigit, R.; Saunders, B. Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1367. https://doi. Abstract: Carbohydrate (CHO) supplements such as bars, gels, drinks and powders have become ubiquitous as effective evidence-based CHO sources that improve endurance exercise performance. However, athletes are increasingly turning to more cost-effective 'food-first' approaches for CHO ingestion to improve exercise performance. Mixed CHO foods including cooked lentils, oats, honey, raisins, rice, and potatoes are all effective pre-exercise CHO food sources. Caution is advised when selecting some of these foods as a primary CHO source, as some athletes may be prone to gastrointestinal discomfort-especially regarding those foods where the quantities required for recommended CHO intake may be voluminous (e.g., potatoes). Palatability may be another barrier to the ingestion of some of these CHO-rich foods. Although most of these CHO-rich foods appear effective for exercise performance or recovery when consumed pre-and post-exercise, not all are viable to ingest during exercise due to difficulties in the quantities required, transport, and/or gastrointestinal discomfort. Raisins, bananas and honey may be particularly useful CHO foods for consumption during exercise, as they are easily transportable. Athletes should trial CHO food sources before, during and/or following training before implementation during competition.
... As fruits are low-energy dense and rich in dietary fiber, they can provide stomach satiety with less caloric intake. Specifically, pears have a low energy density of 0.64 kcal/g with plentiful dietary fiber and showed beneficial effects on weight management in a number of different studies [67][68][69][70]. For example, the rats on highfat diets containing pear insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) did not share the same pattern of weight gain as the rats fed diets without pear IDF co-administration and had weights as low as the normal chow-fed group [67]. ...
... After 12 weeks of daily consumption of fresh pears, green Bartlett or D′ Anjou, leptin concentrations and waist circumference were lower in the pear group than control [71]. Bosc pears decreased the amount of post-exercise exposure to metabolites, leading to improved exercise performance [69]: Pears reduced cortisol levels in the participants by 22% immediately after exercise, promoting faster recovery from strenuous exercises. Many studies support the use of pears for obesity prevention by decreasing caloric intake and promoting exercise. ...
Background
Pears have been world-widely used as a sweet and nutritious food and a folk medicine for more than two millennia.
Methods
We conducted a review from ancient literatures to current reports to extract evidence-based functions of pears.
Results
We found that pears have many active compounds, e.g., flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids including arbutin, chlorogenic acid, malaxinic acid, etc. Most of researchers agree that the beneficial compounds are concentrated in the peels. From various in vitro , in vivo , and human studies, the medicinal functions of pears can be summarized as anti-diabetic,-obese, −hyperlipidemic, −inflammatory, −mutagenic, and -carcinogenic effects, detoxification of xenobiotics, respiratory and cardio-protective effects, and skin whitening effects. Therefore, pears seem to be even effective for prevention from Covid-19 or PM 2.5 among high susceptible people with multiple underlying diseases.
Conclusion
For the current or post Covid-19 era, pears have potential for functional food or medicine for both of communicable and non-communicable disease.
... Efforts to reduce stress in order to enhance performance has been made in various settings. In sports, attempts have been made to add sugar in drink or food resulting in improved performance of the sport, reduced cortisol levels and improved self-reported improved energy and ability to focus [17][18][19]. In academia similar interventions have been shown to improve scholastic achievement for students [20]. ...
... The effect of sugar on stress and performance has to our knowledge not been studied in a surgical environment before. In sports, athletes who ingested sugarcontaining drinks instead of water during competitions increased their performance in combination with a reduction in cortisol [17]. We expected sugar to have a positive effect on surgeons' stress levels, but it may have affected our salivary cortisol samples negatively. ...
Background
During surgery, surgeons often work under stressful conditions, which could affect patient safety. Reducing intraoperative stress for surgeons could benefit surgeons and subsequently patients. It is difficult to study stress and stress relief in real life situations due to the multitude of confounding factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate simulated intraoperative stressors on surgeons’ stress levels and the effect of an intervention (pause including a sugar-containing drink) during standardized experiments (simulated operations).
Methods
An experimental interventional study was conducted using a simulator. The healthy surgeon volunteers were randomized to intervention and control in a cross-over design. Primary endpoint was salivary cortisol difference between a pause including a sugar containing drink (intervention) and controls. Secondary endpoints were change in heart rate, change in self-perceived stress measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and experience of the intraoperative pause. Endpoints were calculated with a mixed effect analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model.
Results
Seventeen surgeons performed 32 experiments. There was no statistically significant difference in salivary cortisol between simulations with and without a pause including a sugar-containing drink; percent reduction, 8% (0.92 (95%CI:0.72;1.18)), p -value = 0.469. The surgeons’ self-estimation of intervention was positive, but there was no statistically significant difference in heart rate or STAI.
Conclusions
The surgeons’ experience of a pause including a drink was positive but there were no differences in physiological outcomes of the intervention. Lessons learned from this study could contribute to optimizing design of future studies.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04626648 , Registered November 6, 2020, retrospectively registered.
... Metabolite is another important factor to indicate fruit ripening and senescence. A characteristic change in metabolite profile occurs during fruit ripening [16][17][18]. Nieman et al. reported that fructose concentration increased during banana fruit ripening [17] while the profile of soluble metabolites exhibited complex accumulation patterns (some are upregulated and some are downregulated) during kiwifruit ripening [18]. Metabolomics can provide comprehensive qualitative and quantitative description of metabolites and then can help to understand better the mechanism of fruit quality during ripening and senescence. ...
... A characteristic change in metabolite profile occurs during fruit ripening [16][17][18]. Nieman et al. reported that fructose concentration increased during banana fruit ripening [17] while the profile of soluble metabolites exhibited complex accumulation patterns (some are upregulated and some are downregulated) during kiwifruit ripening [18]. Metabolomics can provide comprehensive qualitative and quantitative description of metabolites and then can help to understand better the mechanism of fruit quality during ripening and senescence. ...
Abstract Banana as a typical climacteric fruit soften rapidly, resulting in a very short shelf life after harvest. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is reported to be an effectively antibacterial compound. Here, we investigated the effects of NaDCC on ripening and senescence of harvested banana fruit at physiological and molecular levels. Application of 200 mg L−1 NaDCC solution effectively inhibited the ripening and senescence of banana fruit after harvest. NaDCC treatment reduced greatly ethylene production rate and expressions of genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, ethylene-responsive transcription factor and EIN3-binding F-box protein. Meanwhile, NaDCC treatment down-regulated markedly the expressions of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase and pectinesterase genes. Furthermore, NaDCC treatment affected significantly the accumulation of ripening-related primary metabolites such as sugars and organic acids. Additionally, NaDCC treatment decreased the production of hydroxyl radical and increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In conclusion, NaDCC delayed effectively the ripening and senescence of harvested banana fruit via the reduced ethylene effect and enhanced antioxidant activity.
... Pears is one of the top two consumed pome fruit among adults, behind apples, according to the extensive European food consumption database, with daily intake ranging from 23 to 108 g (Authority, 2011). Different varieties of pears fruit have consistently included various phytochemicals, such as arbutin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and epicatechin (Nieman et al., 2015), especially higher in young fruits. These bioactive compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, making pears a valuable source for nutraceutical applications (Ulaszewska et al., 2018). ...
To make full use of young pear fruit thinned from the trees for optimal fruit load during cultivation, this study explored the nutritional diversity in young fruit of seventy-nine different pear varieties, focusing on their bioactive compounds. Our results showed significant variability in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of pear varieties. The TPC values ranged from 0.317 ± 0.051 mg GAE/g to 0.0054 ± 0.021 mg GAE/g FW; the highest TPC value has been found in Lixian new bapan, mulberry pear, and red pear varieties, while the lowest value has found in yaqing, weining fragrant pear and apple pear varieties. Similarly, the TFC values demonstrated substantial differences, with Lijiang sesame pear (0.16 ± 0.01), Lixian new bapan (0.13 ± 0.04), and Xiangyuan (0.13 ± 0.02) pear exhibiting the highest flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, varied significantly, indicating diverse phytochemical profiles across the varieties. HPLC analysis showed that the high value of bioactive compounds is chlorogenic acid (17.86 ± 4.5), arbutin (2.57 ± 0.3), Epicatechin (1.57 ± 0.27), rutin (0.04 ± 0.03) and ferulic acid (0.30 ± 0.04) found in the mulberry pear variety. Molecular docking studies revealed that chlorogenic acid, Epi-catechin, Rutin, and Ferulic acid showed strong affinity towards proteins such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and iNOS, suggesting potential health benefits. These findings provide valuable insights for breeders, nutritionists, and the food industry, emphasizing the importance of the nutritional quality of pear fruits, and their recycling utilization in the production practice.
... DA3S is an endogenous metabolite, but a 20-fold increment was observed comparing the RBJ intake with placebo intake, with the physical activity intensity being equal. These results were in agreement with the increase in dopamine sulfate observed in cyclists exercising after banana intake, contributing to observed increment of antioxidant capacity [25]. It is noteworthy that banana pulp has about 3-10 mg of dopamine per 100 g of pulp, like red beetroot [26]. ...
Background:
Red beetroot is known to be a health-promoting food. However, little attention is placed on intestinal bioactive compound absorption. The aim of the study was to assess the urinary red beetroot juice (RBJ) intake biomarkers and possible differences in RBJ's micronutrient absorption at rest or after physical exercise.
Methods:
This is a three-armed, single-blind study, involving seven healthy volunteers which were randomly divided into three groups and alternatively assigned to three experimental sessions: RBJ intake at rest, RBJ intake with physical activity, and placebo intake with physical activity. For each session, urine samples were collected before and 120, 180, and 240 min after the intake of RBJ or placebo. The same sampling times were employed for the experimental session at rest. The RBJ metabolic composition was also characterized to identify the urinary biomarkers derived from the intake.
Results:
4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, dopamine-3-O-sulfate, glutamine, and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate were identified as RBJ intake biomarkers. Physical activity significantly increased only the dopamine-3-O-sulfate excretion 120 min after RBJ intake.
Conclusions:
Urinary dopamine-3-O-sulfate is related to RBJ dopamine content, while 4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid is a betanin or betalamic acid catabolite. The different excretions of these metabolites following physical activity suggest a possible effect on the RBJ uptake depending on different transport processes through the mucosa, namely diffusion-mediated transport for dopamine and saturable transcellular transport for betalamic acid derivatives. These results open new perspectives in improving the absorption of natural bioactive molecules through physical activity.
... Multiomics methods such as metabolomics and proteomics are used by sports nutrition investigators to capture the system-wide influence of nutritional interventions before and after stressful exercise workloads [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Lipid metabolites such as oxylipins have emerged as pivotal mediators of nutrition-exercise interactions [5,9]. ...
This study determined if 18 days of supplementation with blueberries (BL) compared to placebo (PL) could mitigate muscle soreness and damage and improve inflammation resolution in untrained adults (n = 49, ages 30–65 y) after engaging in a 90-minute bout of “weekend warrior” eccentric exercise. The BL freeze dried supplement provided 1 cup of fresh blueberries per day equivalent with 805 mg/d total phenolics and 280 mg/d anthocyanins. Urine levels of eight BL gut-derived phenolics increased after 14- and 18-days supplementation with 83% higher concentrations in BL vs. PL (p < 0.001). The 90-min exercise bout caused significant muscle soreness and damage during 4d of recovery and a decrease in exercise performance with no significant differences between PL and BL. Plasma oxylipins (n = 76) were identified and grouped by fatty acid substrates and enzyme systems. Linoleic acid (LA) oxylipins generated from cytochrome P450 (CYP) (9,10-, 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acids) (diHOMEs) were lower in BL vs. PL (treatment effect, p = 0.051). A compositive variable of 9 plasma hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (HDoHEs) generated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and lipoxygenase (LOX) was significantly higher in BL vs. PL (treatment effect, p = 0.008). The composite variable of plasma 14-HDoHE, 17-HDoHE, and the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) (specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, SPM, intermediates) was significantly higher in BL vs PL (treatment effect, p = 0.014). Pearson correlations showed positive relationships between post-exercise DHA-LOX HDoHEs and SPM intermediates with urine blueberry gut-derived phenolics (r = 0.324, p = 0.023, and r = 0.349, p = 0.015, respectively). These data indicate that 18d intake of 1 cup/d blueberries compared to PL was linked to a reduction in pro-inflammatory diHOMES and sustained elevations in DHA- and EPA-derived anti-inflammatory oxylipins in response to a 90-min bout of unaccustomed exercise by untrained adults.
... It is not well studied whether systemic changes are already visible in the basal state in healthy individuals with different habitual physical activity levels, reflected in differences in aerobic fitness. It is known that short-term exercise, e.g., a single bout of exercise, provokes acute systemic changes, which can last for up to 24 h [15][16][17]. It may be possible that these short-term exercise responses differ between individuals with high and low levels of aerobic fitness, due to the metabolic and physiological adaptations of the body to regular exercise [18,19]. ...
Biomarkers are important in the assessment of health and disease, but are poorly studied in still healthy individuals with a (potential) different risk for metabolic disease. This study investigated, first, how single biomarkers and metabolic parameters, functional biomarker and metabolic parameter categories, and total biomarker and metabolic parameter profiles behave in young healthy female adults of different aerobic fitness and, second, how these biomarkers and metabolic parameters are affected by recent exercise in these healthy individuals. A total of 102 biomarkers and metabolic parameters were analysed in serum or plasma samples from 30 young, healthy, female adults divided into a high-fit (V̇O2peak ≥ 47 mL/kg/min, N = 15) and a low-fit (V̇O2peak ≤ 37 mL/kg/min, N = 15) group, at baseline and overnight after a single bout of exercise (60 min, 70% V̇O2peak). Our results show that total biomarker and metabolic parameter profiles were similar between high-fit and low-fit females. Recent exercise significantly affected several single biomarkers and metabolic parameters, mostly related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, functional biomarker and metabolic parameter categories corresponded to biomarker and metabolic parameter clusters generated via hierarchical clustering models. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the single and joined behavior of circulating biomarkers and metabolic parameters in healthy females, and identified functional biomarker and metabolic parameter categories that may be used for the characterisation of human health physiology.
... Such down-regulation may be attributed to the destruction of organelle membranes, plasma membranes, and redox homeostasis, resulting in physiological disorder (Devi and Prasad, 1999;Zhang et al., 2019;Tan et al., 2022). Additionally, the up-regulation of phenolic acids (Mandelic acid) and amino acids (N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and 4-Hydroxyhippurate) might contribute to both chelation and antioxidation of G. bailiniae in the Cd treatment group (Tomaś- Barberań and Espıń, 2001;Michalak, 2006;Gülcin, 2007;Nieman et al., 2015;Yang and Shen, 2020;Khan et al., 2021). Furthermore, DAMs up-regulated pathways were mainly concentrated in phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, ubiquinone, and another terpenoid−quinone biosynthesis, as well as riboflavin metabolism. ...
Macroalgae can accumulate a wide array of metals, leading to their appliance as biomonitors of aquatic environments. With the rapid development of industrial and agricultural-based activities, Cd pollution in aquatic environments is considered an increasingly severe problem worldwide. Although La could alleviate the Cd stress in higher terrestrial plants, the response mechanisms of macroalgae to Cd and La are unknown. Along these lines, in this work, Cd significantly affected the growth, internal cellular structure, photosynthesis, pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation level of G. bailiniae. However, the presence of La alleviated these adverse effects from Cd. Furthermore, the response mechanism of G. bailiniae to Cd was attributed to the self-antioxidant ability enhancement, membrane defense, and programmed-cellular regulation. However, the presence of La mediated the biosynthesis of both flavonoids and lipids, which inhibited the Cd accumulation, modulated algal stress signalling networks, renewed the impaired chlorophyll molecule, maintained the activity of the crucial enzyme, enhanced antioxidant ability, and maintained the stabilization of redox homeostasis, alleviating the adverse impact from Cd and improve the growth of G. bailiniae. The experimental results successfully demonstrate a new detoxicant to alleviate Cd stress, promoting a more comprehensive array of macroalgal applications.
... High levels of physical activity has been shown to reduce insulin resistance (8), improve lipoprotein pro les (9), and lower interleukin (IL)6 levels on the long-term (10), which contributes to a lower chronic disease risk (11)(12)(13)(14). However, short-term exercise, e.g., a single bout of exercise, also provokes acute systemic changes, which can last for up to 24 hours (15)(16)(17). ...
Background
Biomarkers are important in the assessment of health and disease but are poorly studied in healthy individuals. Especially responses of biomarkers in the systemic circulation to longer-term and short-term lifestyle interventions are incompletely understood, neither is their relative response to each other. This study investigated how single biomarkers, functional biomarker categories and total biomarker profiles respond to a difference in longer-term physical activity and recent exercise in healthy individuals.
Methods
A total of 102 biomarkers were analysed in serum or plasma samples from 30 young, healthy, female adults divided into a high-fit (V̇O2peak ≥ 47 mL/kg/min, N = 15) and low-fit (V̇O2peak ≤ 37 mL/kg/min, N = 15) group, at baseline and overnight after a single bout of exercise (60 min, 70% V̇O2peak).
Results
Total biomarker profiles were similar between high-fit and low-fit females, with only significantly lower leptin levels in high-fit females (adj.Pgroup = 0.076). Recent exercise significantly affected several single biomarkers related to inflammation and lipid metabolism, and adiponectin (all adj.Pexercise < 0.01). Furthermore, functional biomarker categories corresponded to biomarker clusters generated via hierarchical clustering models.
Conclusion
This study provides insight in the single and joined behaviour of circulating biomarkers in healthy females and identified functional biomarker categories that may be used for characterization of human health physiology.
Trial registration
Registered in the Dutch trial register (ref.no. NL7891) on 2019-07-23.
... Besides the various beneficial health attributes [17][18][19], phytonutrient-rich fruits and vegetables are also well-known for their radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral/ microbial properties [18,20] that may aid in performanceenhancing and/or physiological recovery of athletes during and/or after exercise. To date, some of the foods that have been investigated for this particular purpose include cherries, blueberries, carrots, bananas, beetroot, blackcurrants, pomegranates, pears, etc. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Moreover, it has been proposed that the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) surpasses that of most other fruits and vegetables due to its abundant betalain, among other phytochemicals (polyphenols, vitamin C, rutin, epicatechin, etc.) content, which inhibits cyclooxygenase activity and disrupts nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [19]. ...
Background
Red beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L. ) is a multifunctional functional food that reportedly exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vasodilation, and cellular regulatory properties. This vegetable has gained a fair amount of scientific attention as a possible cost-effective supplement to enhance performance and expedite recovery after physical exercise. To date, no study has investigated the effects of incremental beetroot juice ingestion on the metabolic recovery of athletes after an endurance race. Considering this, as well as the beneficial glucose and insulin regulatory roles of beetroot, this study investigated the effects of beetroot juice supplementation on the metabolic recovery trend of athletes within 48 h after completing a marathon.
Methods
By employing an untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach, serum samples (collected pre-, post-, 24 h post-, and 48 h post-marathon) of 31 marathon athletes that ingested a series ( n = 7; 250 ml) of either beetroot juice ( n = 15 athletes) or isocaloric placebo ( n = 16 athletes) supplements within 48 h post-marathon, were analysed and statistically compared.
Results
The metabolic profiles of the beetroot-ingesting cohort recovered to a pre-marathon-related state within 48 h post-marathon, mimicking the metabolic recovery trend observed in the placebo cohort. Since random inter-individual variation was observed immediately post-marathon, only metabolites with large practical significance ( p -value ≤0.05 and d -value ≥0.5) within 24 h and 48 h post-marathon were considered representative of the effects of beetroot juice on metabolic recovery. These ( n = 4) mainly included carbohydrates (arabitol and xylose) and odd-chain fatty acids (nonanoate and undecanoate). The majority of these were attributed to beetroot content and possible microbial fermentation thereof.
Conclusion
Apart from the global metabolic recovery trends of the two opposing cohorts, it appears that beetroot ingestion did not expedite metabolic recovery in athletes within 48 h post-marathon.
... The shifts in fatty-acid-related metabolites were likely the result of reduced glycogen availability at the onset of aerobic exercise, as well as the 24 h of high fat (70% total kcal) refeeding after a bout of glycogen-depleting cycling. Past studies reported changes in metabolites post aerobic exercise that were predominately related to fatty acid metabolism [30][31][32][45][46][47][48]. Changes in fatty acid metabolites following prolonged aerobic exercise were linked to declines in muscle glycogen content post compared to pre exercise [30]. ...
This study used global metabolomics to identify metabolic factors that might contribute to muscle anabolic resistance, which develops when aerobic exercise is initiated with low muscle glycogen using global metabolomics. Eleven men completed this randomized, crossover study, completing two cycle ergometry glycogen depletion trials, followed by 24 h of isocaloric refeeding to elicit low (LOW; 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate, 3.0 g/kg fat) or adequate (AD; 6.0 g/kg carbohydrate 1.0 g/kg fat) glycogen. Participants then performed 80 min of cycling (64 ± 3% VO2 peak) while ingesting 146 g carbohydrate. Serum was collected before glycogen depletion under resting and fasted conditions (BASELINE), and before (PRE) and after (POST) exercise. Changes in metabolite profiles were calculated by subtracting BASELINE from PRE and POST within LOW and AD. There were greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in 64% of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolites and 69% of acyl-carnitine metabolites in LOW compared to AD. Urea and 3-methylhistidine had greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in LOW compared to AD. Changes in metabolomics profiles indicate a greater reliance on BCAA catabolism for substrate oxidation when exercise is initiated with low glycogen stores. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for anabolic resistance associated with low muscle glycogen, and suggest that exogenous BCAA requirements to optimize muscle recovery are likely greater than current recommendations.
... The average number of pathways identified as having significant metabolic changes in these exercise metabolomic studies was six. The lowest number of identified or significantly changed pathways was one, as reported by five different studies SPS:refid::bib53|bib54|bib 55|bib56|bib57 [53][54][55][56][57]. The highest number of significantly changed pathways identified was 23, as reported by Contrepois et al. [58], which was described earlier. ...
Background
Metabolomics is a field of omics science that involves the comprehensive measurement of small metabolites in biological samples. It is increasingly being used to study exercise physiology and exercise-associated metabolism. However, the field of exercise metabolomics has not been extensively reviewed or assessed.Objective
This review on exercise metabolomics has three aims: (1) to provide an introduction to the general workflow and the different metabolomics technologies used to conduct exercise metabolomics studies; (2) to provide a systematic overview of published exercise metabolomics studies and their findings; and (3) to discuss future perspectives in the field of exercise metabolomics.Methods
We searched electronic databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the SpringerLink academic journal database between January 1st 2000 and September 30th 2020.ResultsBased on our detailed analysis of the field, exercise metabolomics studies fall into five major categories: (1) exercise nutrition metabolism; (2) exercise metabolism; (3) sport metabolism; (4) clinical exercise metabolism; and (5) metabolome comparisons. Exercise metabolism is the most popular category. The most common biological samples used in exercise metabolomics studies are blood and urine. Only a small minority of exercise metabolomics studies employ targeted or quantitative techniques, while most studies used untargeted metabolomics techniques. In addition, mass spectrometry was the most commonly used platform in exercise metabolomics studies, identified in approximately 54% of all published studies. Our data indicate that biomarkers or biomarker panels were identified in 34% of published exercise metabolomics studies.Conclusion
Overall, there is an increasing trend towards better designed, more clinical, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies involving larger numbers of participants/patients and larger numbers of metabolites being identified.
... Unlike with apple polyphenols, the human metabolism of those found in pears has scarcely been studied. Among the exceptions, the study carried out by Nieman et al. [57] deserves mention. In this, the phenolic metabolites in plasma were analysed in male athletes after cycling 75 km while consuming water or pears equivalent to 0.6 g carbohydrate/kg each hour. ...
The Mediterranean diet (MD) has become a dietary pattern of reference due to its preventive effects against chronic diseases, especially relevant in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Establishing an objective tool to determine the degree of adherence to the MD is a pending task and deserves consideration. The central axis that distinguishes the MD from other dietary patterns is the choice and modality of food consumption. Identification of intake biomarkers of commonly consumed foods is a key strategy for estimating the degree of adherence to the MD and understanding the protective mechanisms that lead to a positive impact on health. Throughout this review we propose potential candidates to be validated as MD adherence biomarkers, with particular focus on the metabolites derived from the phenolic compounds that are associated with the consumption of typical Mediterranean plant foods. Certain phenolic metabolites are good indicators of the intake of specific foods, but others denote the intake of a wide-range of foods. For this, it is important to emphasise the need to increase the number of dietary interventions with specific foods in order to validate the biomarkers of MD adherence. Moreover, the identification and quantification of food phenolic intake biomarkers encouraging scientific research focuses on the study of the biological mechanisms in which polyphenols are involved.
... Various other factors, such as physical activity, pharmacological treatment, nutritional interventions, and exposure to other substances also affect the levels of metabolites in biological samples [100]. Significant alterations in the levels of lipid-related metabolites [101][102][103][104][105][106], tryptophan and other amino acid-related metabolites, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle components, including malate, aconitate, citrate, fumarate, succinate, and al-pha-ketoglutarate [106][107][108][109][110][111][112] were observed after endurance exercise. ...
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous short chain fatty acid that acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the mammalian brain. It has often been illegally abused or misused due to its strong anesthetic effect, particularly in drug-facilitated crimes worldwide. However, proving its ingestion is not straightforward because of the difficulty in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous GHB, as well as its rapid metabolism. Metabolomics and metabolism studies have recently been used to identify potential biomarkers of GHB exposure. This mini-review provides an overview of GHB-associated metabolic alterations and explores the potential of metabolites for application as biomarkers of GHB exposure. For this, we discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of GHB, analytical issues of GHB in biological samples, alterations in metabolic pathways, and changes in the levels of GHB conjugates in biological samples from animal and human studies. Metabolic alterations in organic acids, amino acids, and polyamines in urine enable discrimination between GHB-ingested animals or humans and controls. The potential of GHB conjugates has been investigated in a variety of clinical settings. Despite the recent growth in the application of metabolomics and metabolism studies associated with GHB exposure, it remains challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous GHB. This review highlights the significance of further metabolomics and metabolism studies for the discovery of practical peripheral biomarkers of GHB exposure.
... These methods have been used to evaluate changes in metabolites related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism at variable exercise intensities and durations in body fluids including blood, plasma/serum, saliva, and urine [29]. Studies have shown that metabolomics and lipidomics can reveal alterations in oxidative stress [30,31], changes in fuel use during exercise [32][33][34], and distinct metabolic phenotypes corresponding to physiological parameters such as VO 2max [35] and lactate clearance capacity [36]. While these studies focused predominantly on metabolic alterations present in plasma, serum, or whole blood, no studies have focused on metabolic alterations in red blood cells (RBCs) during acute exercise specifically or how these cells interact with the circulatory environment of the plasma. ...
Here we describe the effects of a controlled, 30 min, high-intensity cycling test on blood rheology and the metabolic profiles of red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from well-trained males. RBCs demonstrated decreased deformability and trended toward increased generation of microparticles after the test. Meanwhile, metabolomics and lipidomics highlighted oxidative stress and activation of membrane lipid remodeling mechanisms in order to cope with altered properties of circulation resulting from physical exertion during the cycling test. Of note, intermediates from coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis for conjugation to fatty acyl chains, in parallel with reversible conversion of carnitine and acylcarnitines, emerged as metabolites that significantly correlate with RBC deformability and the generation of microparticles during exercise. Taken together, we propose that RBC membrane remodeling and repair plays an active role in the physiologic response to exercise by altering RBC properties.
... Oxidative stress is defined as a result of an imbalance between reactive species production and intrinsic antioxidant defense [27]. For example, athletes participating in one bout of prolonged and intensive exercise such as marathon and ultramarathon race event show acute physiological stress reflected by muscle microtrauma, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gastrointestinal dysfunction [11,23,24,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
Exercise induces free radicals’ overproduction and therefore, an enhancement of oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive species and the intrinsic antioxidant defense. Redox activity of reactive species plays an important and a positive role on exercise adaptation, but these species at very high concentrations have detrimental effects. As a result, the use of antioxidant supplements for reducing oxidative stress can be an effective health strategy to maintain an optimal antioxidant status. In this sense, grapes are an important source of natural antioxidants due to their high content in polyphenols. They have shown antioxidant potential benefits for the reduction of intense exercise effect in athletes of different sport disciplines. Consequently, it is plausible to hypothesize that a strategic supplementation with grape based products may be a good approach to mitigate the exercise induced oxidative stress. The goal of this review is to present the state of the art of supplementation effects with grape beverages and grape extracts on the oxidative stress markers in athletes. The data of polyphenolic dosages, participant characteristics and exercise protocols are reported.
... High levels of physical activity were linked with higher concentrations of O-acetyl carnitine, a metabolite associated with the intake of animal protein. Although protein consumption was higher in the athlete group and included whey protein supplementation in several individuals, higher O-acetyl carnitine may also have been due to increased fatty acid mobilization and oxidation (23). In addition, there were lower concentrations of urinary succinate in athletes, likely due to increased systemic utilization through the TCA cycle. ...
We investigated the individual and combined effects of diet and physical exercise on metabolism and the gut microbiome to establish how these lifestyle factors influence host-microbiome cometabolism. Urinary and fecal samples were collected from athletes and less active controls. Individuals were further classified according to an objective dietary assessment score of adherence to healthy dietary habits according to WHO guidelines, calculated from their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) urinary profiles. Subsequent models were generated comparing extremes of dietary habits, exercise, and the combined effect of both. Differences in metabolic phenotypes and gut microbiome profiles between the two groups were assessed. Each of the models pertaining to diet healthiness, physical exercise, or a combination of both displayed a metabolic and functional microbial signature, with a significant proportion of the metabolites identified as discriminating between the various pairwise comparisons resulting from gut microbe-host cometabolism. Microbial diversity was associated with a combination of high adherence to healthy dietary habits and exercise and was correlated with a distinct array of microbially derived metabolites, including markers of proteolytic activity. Improved control of dietary confounders, through the use of an objective dietary assessment score, has uncovered further insights into the complex, multifactorial relationship between diet, exercise, the gut microbiome, and metabolism. Furthermore, the observation of higher proteolytic activity associated with higher microbial diversity indicates that increased microbial diversity may confer deleterious as well as beneficial effects on the host.
IMPORTANCE
Improved control of dietary confounders, through the use of an objective dietary assessment score, has uncovered further insights into the complex, multifactorial relationship between diet, exercise, the gut microbiome, and metabolism. Each of the models pertaining to diet healthiness, physical exercise, or a combination of both, displayed a distinct metabolic and functional microbial signature. A significant proportion of the metabolites identified as discriminating between the various pairwise comparisons result from gut microbe-host cometabolism, and the identified interactions have expanded current knowledge in this area. Furthermore, although increased microbial diversity has previously been linked with health, our observation of higher microbial diversity being associated with increased proteolytic activity indicates that it may confer deleterious as well as beneficial effects on the host.
... Stachydrine-the strongest biomarker of total citrus fruits and juices-was first identified in an acute feeding study [18] and then validated as a biomarker of habitual citrus fruit intake in several cross-sectional datasets [9][10][11][12][13][19][20][21] including our previous metabolomics study in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort [8]. Among the food biomarkers we identified in the CPS-3 DAS but not in CPS-II Nutrition Cohort, 4-allylphenol sulfate that is associated with apple/pear and blueberry intake is a nonspecific microbial metabolite of polyphenols [22], and has been reported as a biomarker of pears in a randomized trial [23]. Among the 75 vegetable-metabolite associations, 14 were found in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort [8]. ...
Previous metabolomic studies have identified putative blood biomarkers of dietary intake. These biomarkers need to be replicated in other populations and tested for reproducibility over time for the potential use in future epidemiological studies. We conducted a metabolomics analysis among 671 racially/ethnically diverse men and women included in a diet validation study to examine the correlation between >100 food groups/items (101 by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 105 by 24-h diet recalls (24HRs)) with 1141 metabolites measured in fasting plasma sample replicates, six months apart. Diet–metabolite associations were examined by Pearson’s partial correlation analysis. Biomarker reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). A total of 677 diet–metabolite associations were identified after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons and restricting absolute correlation coefficients to greater than 0.2 (601 associations using the FFQ and 395 using 24HRs). The median ICCs of the 238 putative biomarkers was 0.56 (interquartile range 0.46–0.68). In this study, with repeated FFQs, 24HRs and plasma metabolic profiles, we identified several potentially novel food biomarkers and replicated others found in our previous study. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on food-based biomarkers and provide important information on biomarker reproducibility which could facilitate their utilization in future nutritional epidemiological studies.
... Exercise blood metabolomics analyses help unveil the metabolic landscape of physical activity, with the caveat that interpretations must be considered in light of exertion level, type and length of exercise, and time frame of measurements (e.g., see Brugnara et al., 2012;Chorell, Moritz, Branth, Antti, & Svensson, 2009;Lewis et al., 2010;Davison et al., 2018;Hansen et al., 2015;Mueller-Hennessen et al., 2017;Nieman et al., 2014Nieman et al., , 2015Nieman, Sha, & Pappan, 2017;Peake et al., 2014;Zafeiridis et al., 2016). Our recent papers (Grapov et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2017) and the results herein represent some of the first data that relate the exercise metabolome with improved metabolic health and fitness in the same cohort, and provide first-ever information related to exercise metabolomics in women. ...
Very little is known about how metabolic health status, insulin resistance or metabolic challenges modulate the endocannabinoid (eCB) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived oxylipin (OxL) lipid classes. To address these questions, plasma eCB and OxL concentrations were determined at rest, 10 and 20 min during an acute exercise bout (30 min total, ~45% of preintervention V̇O2peak , ~63 W), and following 20 min recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant women under controlled diet conditions. We hypothesized that increased fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ~14-week training and weight loss intervention would lead to significant changes in lipid signatures using an identical acute exercise protocol to preintervention. In the first 10 min of exercise, concentrations of a suite of OxL diols and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) metabolites dropped significantly. There was no increase in 12,13-DiHOME, previously reported to increase with exercise and proposed to activate muscle fatty acid uptake and tissue metabolism. Following weight loss intervention, exercise-associated reductions were more pronounced for several linoleate and alpha-linolenate metabolites including DiHOMEs, DiHODEs, KODEs, and EpODEs, and fasting concentrations of 9,10-DiHODE, 12,13-DiHODE, and 9,10-DiHOME were reduced. These findings suggest that improved metabolic health modifies soluble epoxide hydrolase, cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP), and lipoxygenase (LOX) systems. Acute exercise led to reductions for most eCB metabolites, with no evidence for concentration increases even at recovery. It is proposed that during submaximal aerobic exercise, nonoxidative fates of long-chain saturated, monounsaturated, and PUFAs are attenuated in tissues that are important contributors to the blood OxL and eCB pools.
... However, efficiency of dietary polyphenols depends on their bioavailability (Manach, Williamson, Morand, Scalbert, & Rémésy, 2005). There is evidence that intense exercise is related to an improvement in the translocation of phenols derived from the gut into circulation (Nieman et al., 2015). Significant plasma concentration of anthocyanins can be observed between 0.5 and 4 h after consumption (Kay, 2006) and the maximum concentration reached in the plasma observed in some studies occurred between 1 and 2 h after consumption (Cardoso et al., 2015;Del Bó et al., 2013;Jensen et al., 2008;Mertens-Talcott et al., 2008). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of juçara juice on oxidative stress biomarkers and fatigue in a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session. Fifteen physically active men were assigned to drink 250 mL of juçara juice or water (control) 1 h before exercise. Blood samples were collected 1 h prior to exercise, immediately post exercise, and 1 h post exercise. From the relative average changes, a decrease in oxidative stress index was observed immediately post exercise (P = 0.020) and an increase in reduced glutathione 1 h post exercise (P = 0.044) in the juçara juice intake group in relation to the control. Juçara juice intake also promoted increases in plasma total phenols (P = 0.020), and uric acid (P = 0.001) over time. Moreover, individuals who consumed juçara juice presented lower fatigue compared to the control (P < 0.001). It is suggested that juçara juice intake may contribute to antioxidant responses and can attenuate fatigue after an HIIT session.
... Original research [21] BFIRev [22] Carotenoids Plasma Fruit and vegetable intake Systematic review and meta-analysis [23] Carotenoids with Vitamin C Plasma/serum Fruit and vegetable intake Combined marker (suggested as better biomarker than carotenoids or vitamin C alone) ...
A main challenge in nutritional studies is the valid and reliable assessment of food intake, as well as its effects on the body. Generally, food intake measurement is based on self-reported dietary intake questionnaires, which have inherent limitations. They can be overcome by the use of biomarkers, capable of objectively assessing food consumption without the bias of self-reported dietary assessment. Another major goal is to determine the biological effects of foods and their impact on health. Systems analysis of dynamic responses may help to identify biomarkers indicative of intake and effects on the body at the same time, possibly in relation to individuals’ health/disease states. Such biomarkers could be used to quantify intake and validate intake questionnaires, analyse physiological or pathological responses to certain food components or diets, identify persons with specific dietary deficiency, provide information on inter-individual variations or help to formulate personalized dietary recommendations to achieve optimal health for particular phenotypes, currently referred as “precision nutrition.” In this regard, holistic approaches using global analysis methods (omics approaches), capable of gathering high amounts of data, appear to be very useful to identify new biomarkers and to enhance our understanding of the role of food in health and disease.
... 167À172 Several studies using metabolomics and ex vivo cell cultures comparing ingestion of bananas with intake of water only or a 6% sugar beverage during prolonged and intensive cycling have shown large-fold increases in at least 18 banana-related metabolites. 31,163,164 Banana flesh contains many unique molecules including serotonin, dopamine, phenolics, and xenobiotics. Soon after ingestion, plasma levels of metabolites derived from banana flesh molecules increase, and may confer anti-inflammatory effects by countering cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression the morning after heavy exertion. ...
This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators: (1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, (2) clinical benefits of the exercise–immune relationship, (3) nutritional influences on the immune response to exercise, and (4) the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive time periods: 1900–1980, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic immune cell counts and function; 1980–1990, during which seminal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient immune dysfunction, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990–2010, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise immunology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in mass spectrometry allowed system biology approaches (i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and microbiome characterization) to be applied to exercise immunology studies. The future of exercise immunology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with application down to the personalized level. Additionally, these methodologies will improve mechanistic understanding of how exercise-induced immune perturbations reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.
Abstract This study determined if 18 days of supplementation with blueberries (BL) compared to placebo (PL) could mitigate muscle soreness and damage and improve inflammation resolution in untrained adults (n = 49, ages 18–50 years) after engaging in a 90-min bout of “weekend warrior” eccentric exercise. The BL freeze dried supplement provided 1 cup of fresh blueberries per day equivalent with 805 mg/day total phenolics and 280 mg/day anthocyanins. Urine levels of eight BL gut-derived phenolics increased after 14- and 18-days supplementation with 83% higher concentrations in BL vs. PL (p
Background:
Objective markers of ultra-processed foods (UPF) may improve assessment of UPF intake and provide insight into how UPF influence health.
Objective:
To identify metabolites that differed between dietary patterns (DPs) high in or void of UPF according to Nova classification.
Methods:
In a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial (ClinicalTrials.govNCT03407053), 20 domiciled healthy participants (mean ± SD: Age 31 ± 7 years, BMI 22 ± 11.6 kg/m2) consumed ad libitum a UPF-DP (80% UPF) and an unprocessed DP (UN-DP; 0% UPF) for two weeks each. Metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in EDTA plasma, collected at week 2, and 24-hr and spot urine, collected at week 1 and 2, of each DP. Linear mixed models, adjusted for energy intake, were used to identify metabolites that differed between DPs.
Results:
After multiple comparisons correction, 257 out of 993 plasma and 606 out of 1279 24-hr urine metabolites differed between UPF-DP and UN-DP. Overall, 21 known and 9 unknown metabolites differed between DPs across all timepoints and biospecimen types. Six metabolites were higher (4-Hydroxy-L-glutamic acid, N-Acetylaminooctanoic acid, 2-Methoxyhydroquinone sulfate, 4-Ethylphenylsulfate, 4-Vinylphenol sulfate, and Acesulfame) and 14 were lower following the UPF-DP; pimelic acid, was lower in plasma but higher in urine following the UPF-DP.
Conclusions:
Consuming a DP high in, compared to one void of, UPF has a measurable impact on the short-term human metabolome. Observed differential metabolites could serve as candidate biomarkers of UPF intake or metabolic response in larger samples with varying UPF DPs.
Clinical trial registration number:
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03407053 and NCT03878108.
Exercise immunology is the field that studies the effects of exercise on the immune system. In the 1990s, Dr. Nieman formulated the controversial “J-shaped hypothesis” to describe the relationship between acute exercise intensity and the risk of acquiring infections, such as upper respiratory tract infections. This hypothesis suggested that moderate exercise has the ability to improve immune function above sedentary levels, while high intensity exercise depresses the immune system. Since then, current knowledge has exposed some methodological limitations, challenging the idea that any form of exercise can be considered “immunosuppressive”. Overall, acute bouts of moderate exercise have shown to enhance immune-surveillance, while frequent exercise has been associated with an increased immunological competency. Actually, contemporary research interests are focused in understand how immune changes induced by exercise are able to reduce risk for common chronic diseases. To this end, the introduction of -omics approaches (metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metagenomics) is providing new insights on the interactions between exercise and immunity. In this chapter, we deep into the previous literature addressing the “immunity-exercise axis” in order to critically review the basis of the J-shaped curve and open window hypothesis. In addition, an overview of the components of the immune system and how are affected by exercise considering the gender dimension will help us to unravel the key role of regular physical activity in the prevention and treatment of disease.
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion before exercise has a performance-enhancing effect on high-intensity exercise. However, gastrointestinal symptoms can be a problematic side-effect. Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate can attenuate gastrointestinal symptoms following acute bicarbonate loading. In addition, the subsequent effects on exercise performance and metabolomics have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the anaerobic performance, physiological profile, and symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort after severe-intensity intermittent exercise. At the same time, targeted metabolomics was used to study the changes in urine metabolism after ingestion of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and to explore the characteristics of biological metabolism. In a randomized crossover design, twelve male college students completed four Wingate anaerobic 30-s cycling tests (WACT) after consuming a placebo (PL) and two experimental conditions: 0.2 g/kg body mass in enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate pills (ES) or general sodium bicarbonate pills (GS). Blood lactate (BLA), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and gastrointestinal–symptoms assessment questionnaire (GSAQ) were measured pre-exercise and post-exercise. In contrast, mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) were recorded immediately post-exercise. Urine samples were collected before formal tests and 50 min after the third WACT. Our findings indicate the following: 1) mean power and peak power showed no significant difference among conditions (MP: F2.0, 33 = 0.541, p = 0.587, η² = 0.032; PP: F2.0, 33 = 0.526, p = 0.596, η² = 0.031). The PP decline of the ES and GS after the third WACT was lower than that of the PL; 2) There were no significant differences in physiological responses, such as BLA (F2.0, 33.0 = 0.191, p = 0.827, η² = 0.011) and heart rate (F2, 33 = 0.418, p = 0.662, η² = 0.025), between the three conditions. Although blood lactate concentration after 10 min of the third WACT was lower with ES and GS than with placebo; 3) Fewer participants experienced gastrointestinal symptoms with enteric-coated than with general sodium bicarbonate; 4) The metabolites with differences among the three conditions 50 min after exercise were 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, and citrate. ES had higher levels of 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate than GS. The 3-phospho-d-glycerate, d-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate levels in GS were significantly lower than in PL. In contrast, the citrate level in GS was significantly higher than that in other experimental conditions. Compared to PL, the level of oxaloacetate was higher after exercise in ES. This data suggests that supplementation of enteric-coated and general sodium bicarbonate before exercise can alter energy metabolism following anaerobic exercise, involving the metabolism of 3-phospho-d-glycerate, D-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, citrate, and lactate. However, they do not affect anaerobic performance and blood lactate. The supplementation of acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and general sodium bicarbonate can enhance some of the weak effects of blood lactate clearance during anaerobic exercise, which may be beneficial for glycolytic energy supply. In addition, enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate intake mitigates gastrointestinal symptoms compared to general sodium bicarbonate.
The human small intestine remains an elusive organ to study due to the difficulty of retrieving samples in a non-invasive manner. Stool samples as a surrogate do not reflect events in the upper gut intestinal tract. As proof of concept, this study investigates time-series samples collected from the upper gastrointestinal tract of a single healthy subject. Samples were retrieved using a small diameter tube that collected samples in the stomach and duodenum as the tube progressed to the jejunum, and then remained positioned in the jejunum during the final 8.5 hours of the testing period. Lipidomics and metabolomics liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays were employed to annotate 828 unique metabolites using accurate mass with retention time and/or tandem MS library matches. Annotated metabolites were clustered based on correlation to reveal sets of biologically related metabolites. Typical clusters included bile metabolites, food metabolites, protein breakdown products, and endogenous lipids. Acylcarnitines and phospholipids were clustered with known human bile components supporting their presence in human bile, in addition to novel human bile compounds 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, N-acetylglucosaminoasparagine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate. Food metabolites were observed passing through the small intestine after meals. Acetaminophen and its human phase II metabolism products appeared for hours after the initial drug treatment, due to excretion back into the gastrointestinal tract after initial absorption. This exploratory study revealed novel trends in timing and chemical composition of the human jejunum under standard living conditions.
Metabolomics, is a comprehensive measure of small metabolites (<1500 Da), which has attracted enormous attention in the last two decades. Metabolomics, in particular investigates unique biochemical fingerprints left behind by specific cellular processes, which represent the metabolic status. Exercise metabolism researchers have started to use this method since 2007. Metabolomics has been used to study the metabolic response to exercise, supplementation and exercise, sport performance and exercise effects in clinical situation. The purpose of this study was to describe metabolomics and its application in exercise metabolism research and to review research literature (from 2007 to the end of 2018). To this end, to facilitate the analysis, Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched without date restriction. 58 valid studies were identified and divided into 5 groups, as follows: Metabolic response to exercise (27 studies), exercise nutrition (15 studies), sport performance (7 studies), clinical exercise studies (7 studies) and compare athletes metabolome (2 studies). Due to its high capacity, metabolomics can provide a suitable approach for exercise metabolism studies. On the other hand, because metabolites are the end point of physiological pathways, they can provide more reliable and useful information.
A prevalent desire in the sports world is the acceleration of post-exercise recovery; therefore, many studies have examined the use of dietary supplements before, during, and after exercise to determine the positive effects on athletes as a catalyst for recovery. Overall, studies have found that adaptations to regular exercise promotes advantageous reactions in the body to boost the immune system, prevent dyslipidemia and muscle loss, and increase bone density. However, exercise at an increased intensity or duration usually performed under competitive settings can deplete glycogen stores, increase lactic acid, form an excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase tissue damage, and decrease immunologic function. This review incorporated studies that tested the use of fruits as a strategy to attenuate the period by which the body buffers the increase in acidity and inflammation, scavenge ROS and to regenerate muscle damage after high intensity exercise. Therefore, the effect of fruit intake rich in vitamins and those containing polyphenolic ring-based flavonoids and carbohydrates was discussed. Nutrient supplementation can enhance recovery after high intensity exercise, particularly fruits of red-blue color such as cherries and blueberries seem to decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage. In summary, each fruit has specific targets to offset body regeneration, avoid over training, and improve overall performance.
Because the metabolome reflects the overall outcomes of the complex network of interactions in an organism, metabolomics studies have become essential tools for the scientific community. In this sense, it is known that homeostasis is constantly challenged by several factors, such as nutrition, diseases and stress, and that the final outcome reflects their ability to properly maintain the robustness of homeostatic. Hence, metabolomics studies allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in these processes and of biological problems. In this chapter, an updated review of the use of metabolomics in the evaluation of the response to metabolic disturbances, including chronic diseases, nutrition, physical exercise and biological rhythms, is presented.
Background:
Exercise changes the concentrations of many metabolites, which are small molecules (< 1.5 kDa) metabolized by the reactions of human metabolism. In recent years, especially mass spectrometry-based metabolomics methods have allowed researchers to measure up to hundreds of metabolites in a single sample in a non-biased fashion. To summarize human exercise metabolomics studies to date, we conducted a systematic review that reports the results of experiments that found metabolite concentrations changes after a bout of human endurance or resistance exercise.
Methods:
We carried out a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and searched for human metabolomics studies that report metabolite concentrations before and within 24 h after endurance or resistance exercise in blood, urine, or sweat. We then displayed metabolites that significantly changed their concentration in at least two experiments.
Results:
Twenty-seven studies and 57 experiments matched our search criteria and were analyzed. Within these studies, 196 metabolites changed their concentration significantly within 24 h after exercise in at least two experiments. Human biofluids contain mainly unphosphorylated metabolites as the phosphorylation of metabolites such as ATP, glycolytic intermediates, or nucleotides traps these metabolites within cells. Lactate, pyruvate, TCA cycle intermediates, fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and ketone bodies all typically increase after exercise, whereas bile acids decrease. In contrast, the concentrations of proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids change in different directions.
Conclusion:
Across different exercise modes and in different subjects, exercise often consistently changes the average concentrations of metabolites that belong to energy metabolism and other branches of metabolism. This dataset is a useful resource for those that wish to study human exercise metabolism.
Insulin resistance has wide-ranging effects on metabolism but there are knowledge gaps regarding the tissue origins of systemic metabolite patterns, and how patterns are altered by fitness and metabolic health. To address these questions, plasma metabolite patterns were determined every 5 min during exercise (30 min, ~45% of V̇O 2peak , ~63 W) and recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin resistant women under controlled conditions of diet and physical activity. We hypothesized that improved fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ~14 wk training and weight loss intervention would lead to fixed workload plasma metabolomics signatures reflective of metabolic health and muscle metabolism. Pattern analysis over the first 15 min of exercise-regardless of pre- vs. post-intervention status-highlighted anticipated increases in fatty acid tissue uptake and oxidation (e.g., reduced long-chain fatty acids), diminution of non-oxidative fates of glucose (e.g., lowered sorbitol-pathway metabolites and glycerol-3-galactoside [possible glycerolipid synthesis metabolite]), and enhanced tissue amino acid use (e.g., drops in amino acids; modest increase in urea). A novel observation was that exercise significantly increased several xenometabolites ("non-self" molecules, from microbes or foods), including benzoic acid/salicylic acid/salicylaldehyde, hexadecanol/octadecanol/dodecanol, and chlorogenic acid. In addition, many non-annotated metabolites changed with exercise. Although exercise itself strongly impacted the global metabolome, there were surprisingly few intervention-associated differences despite marked improvements in insulin sensitivity, fitness, and adiposity. These results, and previously-reported plasma acylcarnitine profiles, support the principle that most metabolic changes during sub-maximal aerobic exercise are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate (workload), regardless of fitness or metabolic health status.
Background
Purslane supplementation has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, skeletal muscle-relaxant activities. However, it is unknown if the ingestion of purslane will affect the oxidative stress and cytokines in exercise-induced muscle damage. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of purslane supplementation after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on oxidative stress, cytokines, and muscle damage level in young athlete male runners.
Methods
Seven healthy young male runners performed 2.5 km HIIE treadmill protocol. Athletes repeated this protocol following 10 days of purslane seed supplementation (1000 mg/day). Blood samples were collected at baseline and following HIIE protocol and analyzed for oxidative stress (9-HODE and 13-HODE), cytokines (IL-17, and TNF-α), and muscle damage (LDH) biomarkers.
Results
At baseline and following HIIE protocol, 9-HODE, 13-HODE, IL-17, TNF-α, LDH levels were significantly (p < 0.001) lower after purslane supplementation in compared to before purslane supplementation. HIIE protocol induced a significant increase in 9-HODE, 13-HODE, IL-17, TNF-α, and LDH before and after purslane supplementation.
Conclusion
Purslane seed supplementation was able to reduce oxidative stress (9-HODE, 13-HODE), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and TNF-α), and muscle damage (LDH) in male runners after HIIE performance compared to baseline levels. After 10 days of supplementation, the levels were reduced compared to levels pre-supplementation but not after HIIE supplementation in supplemented athletes.
Sports beverages formulated with fructose and glucose composites enhance exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, gut comfort, and endurance performance, relative to single-saccharide formulations. However, a critical review of performance data is absent. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of the effect of fructose:glucose/maltodextrin (glucose or maltodextrin) composites versus glucose/maltodextrin on endurance performance. Mechanistic associations were drawn from effects on carbohydrate metabolism, gut, and other sensory responses. Overall, 14 studies contained estimates of 2.5-3.0-h endurance performance in men, mostly in cycling. Relative to isocaloric glucose/maltodextrin, the ingestion of 0.5-1.0:1-ratio fructose:glucose/maltodextrin beverages at 1.3-2.4 g carbohydrate·min(-1) produced small to moderate enhancements (1-9 %; 95 % confidence interval 0-19) in mean power. When 0.5:1-ratio composites were ingested at ≥1.7 g·min(-1), improvements were larger (4-9 %; 2-19) than at 1.4-1.6 g·min(-1) (1-3 %; 0-6). The effect sizes at higher ingestion rates were associated with increased exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rate, unilateral fluid absorption, and lower gastrointestinal distress, relative to control. Solutions containing a 0.7-1.0:1 fructose:glucose ratio were absorbed fastest; when ingested at 1.5-1.8 g·min(-1), a 0.8:1 fructose:glucose ratio conveyed the highest exogenous carbohydrate energy and endurance power compared with lower or higher fructose:glucose ratios. To conclude, ingesting 0.5-1.0:1-ratio fructose:glucose/maltodextrin beverages at 1.3-2.4 g·min(-1) likely benefits 2.5-3.0 h endurance power versus isocaloric single saccharide. Further ratio and dose-response research should determine if meaningful performance benefits of composites accrue with ingestion <1.3 g·min(-1), relative to higher doses. Effects should be established in competition, females, other food formats, and in heat-stress and ultra-endurance exercise where carbohydrate demands may differ from the current analysis.
Dopamine sulfate (DA-3- and DA-4-S) have been determined in the human brain, but it is unclear whether they are locally formed in the central nervous system (CNS), or transported into the CNS from peripheral sources. In the current study, permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by DA-S was studied by injecting 13C6-labelled regioisomers of DA-S (13DA-3-S and 13DA-4-S) and dopamine (DA) subcutaneously (s.c.) in anesthetized rats, then analyzing brain microdialysis and plasma samples by UPLC-MS/MS. The results in the microdialysis samples demonstrated that brain concentrations of 13DA-S regioisomers clearly increased after the s.c. injections. The concentration of DA did not change, indicating the permeation of DA-S through an intact BBB. The analysis of plasma samples, however, showed that DA-S only permeates the BBB to a small extent, as the concentrations in plasma were substantially higher than in the microdialysis samples. The results also showed that the concentrations of DA-3-S were around three times higher than the concentrations of DA-4-S in rat brain, as well as in the plasma samples after the s.c. injections, indicating that DA-3-S and DA-4-S permeate the BBB with similar efficiency. The fate of 13DA-S in brain was followed by monitoring 13C6-labelled DA-S hydrolysis products, i.e. 13DA and its common metabolites; however, no 13C6-labelled products were detected. This suggests that DA-S either permeates through the BBB back to the peripheral circulation or is dissociated or metabolized by unexpected mechanisms.
Bioavailability studies are vital to assess the potential impact of bioactive compounds on human health. Although conjugated phenolic metabolites derived from colonic metabolism have been identified in the urine, the quantification and appearance of these compounds in plasma is less well studied. In this regard, it is important to further assess their potential biological activity in vivo. To address this gap, a cross-over intervention study with a mixed fruit purée (blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, strawberry tree fruit and Portuguese crowberry) and a standard polyphenol-free meal was conducted in thirteen volunteers (ten females and three males), who received each test meal once, and plasma metabolites were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. Sulfated compounds were chemically synthesised and used as standards to facilitate quantification. Gallic and caffeic acid conjugates were absorbed rapidly, reaching a maximum concentration between 1 and 2 h. The concentrations of sulfated metabolites resulting from the colonic degradation of more complex polyphenols increased in plasma from 4 h, and pyrogallol sulfate and catechol sulfate reached concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μm at 6 h. In conclusion, phenolic sulfates reached high concentrations in plasma, as opposed to their undetected parent compounds. These compounds have potential use as biomarkers of polyphenol intake, and their biological activities need to be considered.
Changes in chemical constituent contents and DPPH radical-scavenging activity in fruits of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars during the development were investigated. The fruits of seven cultivars (cv. Niitaka, Chuhwangbae, Wonhwang, Hwangkeumbae, Hwasan, Manpungbae, and Imamuraaki) were collected at 15-day intervals after day 20 of florescence. Vitamins (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), arbutin, chlorogenic acid, malaxinic acid, total caffeic acid, total flavonoids, and total phenolics were the highest in immature pear fruit on day 20 after florescence among samples at different growth stages. All of these compounds decreased gradually in the fruit during the development. Immature pear fruit on day 35 or 50 after florescence exhibited higher free radical-scavenging activity than that at other times, although activities were slightly different among cultivars. The chemical constituent contents and free radical-scavenging activity were largely different among immature fruits of the pear cultivars, but small differences were observed when they matured.
Introduction:
Dietary serotonin increases urinary secretion of 5-HIAA. A falsely elevated 5-HIAA may lead to incorrect suspicion of a neuroendocrine tumour. Therefore, we determined the effect and duration of dietary serotonin on serum 5-HIAA concentration. We also studied the distribution of 5-HIAA in serum fractions.
Methods:
We used serum samples from healthy volunteers (31 women and four men). All test subjects avoided serotonin-containing foods for three days before sample collection. They then ate either pineapple, banana, kiwi fruit, tomato or walnuts and additional blood samples were taken after 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. To study the distribution of 5-HIAA in serum, samples from a healthy individual, a test person who had ingested walnuts, and from a neuroendocrine tumour patient were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The fractions were analysed for 5-HIAA.
Results:
Serum 5-HIAA concentration increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) within 2 h after ingestion of serotonin-containing food. After 2 h, 5-HIAA concentration started to decrease and reached the baseline concentration within 24 h. A calculated half-life of 5-HIAA in circulation was 1.3 h. In fractionated serum, 5-HIAA was found not only in free form but also in the albumin and α2-globulin fractions.
Conclusions:
The increase of serum 5-HIAA caused by dietary serotonin is significant but transient. Therefore, serotonin-containing foods should be avoided for one day before blood sampling. In serum, 5-HIAA is free and apparently bound to albumin. Minor amounts were also found in the α2-globulin fraction. Our liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay measures free 5-HIAA in serum.
Moderate physical exercise leads the organism to adapt to this stressful situation. However, when exercise is exhaustive, it is also known to induce an overproduction of reactive species which can result in oxidative damage to macromolecules and tissues. Many studies have been carried out to evaluate the validity of dietary strategies or micronutrients in order to attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress. Polyphenols are a large group of compounds widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. This review summarizes recent evidence in relation to the effects of polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, using exercise as a model of study.
Fat and carbohydrate are important fuels for aerobic exercise and there can be reciprocal shifts in the proportions of carbohydrate and fat that are oxidized. The interaction between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation is dependent on the intracellular and extracellular metabolic environments. The availability of substrate, both from inside and outside of the muscle, and exercise intensity and duration will affect these environments. The ability of increasing fat provision to downregulate carbohydrate metabolism in the heart, diaphragm and peripheral skeletal muscle has been well studied. However, the regulation of fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise in the face of increasing carbohydrate availability and exercise intensity has not been well studied until recently. Research in the past 10 years has demonstrated that the regulation of fat metabolism is complex and involves many sites of control, including the transport of fat into the muscle cell, the binding and transport of fat in the cytoplasm, the regulation of intramuscular triacylglycerol synthesis and breakdown, and the transport of fat into the mitochondria. The discovery of proteins that assist in transporting fat across the plasma and mitochondrial membranes, the ability of these proteins to translocate to the membranes during exercise, and the new roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in regulating skeletal muscle lipolysis are examples of recent discoveries. This information has led to the proposal of mechanisms to explain the downregulation of fat metabolism that occurs in the face of increasing carbohydrate availability and when moving from moderate to intense aerobic exercise.
The objective of this article is to provide a review of the fundamental aspects of body fluid balance and the physiological consequences of water imbalances, as well as discuss considerations for the optimal composition of a fluid replacement beverage across a broad range of applications. Early pioneering research involving fluid replacement in persons suffering from diarrheal disease and in military, occupational, and athlete populations incurring exercise- and/or heat-induced sweat losses has provided much of the insight regarding basic principles on beverage palatability, voluntary fluid intake, fluid absorption, and fluid retention. We review this work and also discuss more recent advances in the understanding of fluid replacement as it applies to various populations (military, athletes, occupational, men, women, children, and older adults) and situations (pathophysiological factors, spaceflight, bed rest, long plane flights, heat stress, altitude/cold exposure, and recreational exercise). We discuss how beverage carbohydrate and electrolytes impact fluid replacement. We also discuss nutrients and compounds that are often included in fluid-replacement beverages to augment physiological functions unrelated to hydration, such as the provision of energy. The optimal composition of a fluid-replacement beverage depends upon the source of the fluid loss, whether from sweat, urine, respiration, or diarrhea/vomiting. It is also apparent that the optimal fluid-replacement beverage is one that is customized according to specific physiological needs, environmental conditions, desired benefits, and individual characteristics and taste preferences. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:575-620, 2014.
This study was performed to compare the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total triterpenes between peel and flesh of ten different pear cultivars. The monomeric compounds were analyzed by HPLC, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were also measured. Peel and flesh from Yaguang, Hongpi, Qingpi and Guifei varieties contained relatively more total phenolic, total flavonoids and total triterpene, and showed stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, while Lvbaoshi and Youran appeared to be weakest among them. All the chemical components found in the pear peel were approximately 6-20 times higher than those in the flesh of pear. For the monomeric compounds, arbutin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and rutin were the dominant components contained in the ten pear cultivars both in peel and in flesh. All of the analyses suggested that the peel of pear might be an excellent polyphenol and triterpenes source.
Polyphenol supplementation was tested as a countermeasure to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by 3-d intensified training.
Water soluble polyphenols from blueberry and green tea extracts were captured onto a polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC). Subjects were recruited, and included 38 long-distance runners ages 19-45 years who regularly competed in road races. Runners successfully completing orientation and baseline testing (N = 35) were randomized to 40 g/d PSPC (N = 17) (2,136 mg/d gallic acid equivalents) or placebo (N = 18) for 17 d using double-blinded methods and a parallel group design, with a 3-d running period inserted at day 14 (2.5 h/d, 70% VO2max). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-14 d supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running in subjects completing all aspects of the study (N = 16 PSPC, N = 15 placebo), and analyzed using a metabolomics platform with GC-MS and LC-MS.
Metabolites characteristic of gut bacteria metabolism of polyphenols were increased with PSPC and 3 d running (e.g., hippurate, 4-hydroxyhippurate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, 1.8-, 1.9-, 2.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05), an effect which persisted for 14-h post-exercise. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were induced by exercise in both groups, with more ketones at 14-h post-exercise in PSPC (3-hydroxybutyrate, 1.8-fold, P<0.05). Established biomarkers for inflammation (CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyls) did not differ between groups.
PSPC supplementation over a 17-d period did not alter established biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress but was linked to an enhanced gut-derived phenolic signature and ketogenesis in runners during recovery from 3-d heavy exertion.
ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier: NCT01775384.
The consumption of carbohydrate before, during and after exercise is a central feature of the athlete's diet, particularly those competing in endurance sports. Sucrose is a carbohydrate present within the diets of athletes. Whether sucrose, by virtue of its component monosaccharide's glucose and fructose, exerts a meaningful advantage for athletes over other carbohydrate types or blends is unclear. This narrative reviews the literature on the influence of sucrose, relative to other carbohydrate types, on exercise performance or the metabolic factors that may underpin exercise performance. Inference from the research to date suggests that sucrose appears to be as effective as other highly metabolizable carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, glucose polymers) in providing an exogenous fuel source during endurance exercise, stimulating the synthesis of liver and muscle glycogen during exercise recovery and improving endurance exercise performance. Nonetheless, gaps exist in our understanding of the metabolic and performance consequences of sucrose ingestion before, during and after exercise relative to other carbohydrate types or blends, particularly when more aggressive carbohydrate intake strategies are adopted. While further research is recommended and discussed in this review, based on the currently available scientific literature it would seem that sucrose should continue to be regarded as one of a variety of options available to help athletes achieve their specific carbohydrate intake goals.
During the past few years, the production of natural value-added compounds from microbial sources has gained tremendous importance. Due to an increase in consumer demand for natural products, various food and pharmaceutical industries are continuously in search of novel metabolites obtained from microbial biotransformation. The exploitation of microbial biosynthetic pathways is both feasible and cost effective in the production of natural compounds. The environmentally compatible nature of these products is one major reason for their increasing demand. Novel approaches for natural product biogeneration will take advantage of the current studies on biotechnology, biochemical pathways and microbiology. The interest of the scientific community has shifted toward the use of microbial bioconversion for the production of valuable compounds from natural substrates. The present review focuses on eugenol biotransformation by microorganisms resulting in the formation of various value-added products such as ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, vanillin and vanillic acid.
This study compared the acute effect of ingesting bananas (BAN) versus a 6% carbohydrate drink (CHO) on 75-km cycling performance and post-exercise inflammation, oxidative stress, and innate immune function using traditional and metabolomics-based profiling. Trained cyclists (N = 14) completed two 75-km cycling time trials (randomized, crossover) while ingesting BAN or CHO (0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min). Pre-, post-, and 1-h-post-exercise blood samples were analyzed for glucose, granulocyte (GR) and monocyte (MO) phagocytosis (PHAG) and oxidative burst activity, nine cytokines, F₂-isoprostanes, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and metabolic profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood glucose levels and performance did not differ between BAN and CHO (2.41±0.22, 2.36±0.19 h, P = 0.258). F₂-isoprostanes, FRAP, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, GR-PHAG, and MO-PHAG increased with exercise, with no trial differences except for higher levels during BAN for IL-10, IL-8, and FRAP (interaction effects, P = 0.003, 0.004, and 0.012). Of 103 metabolites detected, 56 had exercise time effects, and only one (dopamine) had a pattern of change that differed between BAN and CHO. Plots from the PLS-DA model visualized a distinct separation in global metabolic scores between time points [R²Y(cum) = 0.869, Q²(cum) = 0.766]. Of the top 15 metabolites, five were related to liver glutathione production, eight to carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and two were tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. BAN and CHO ingestion during 75-km cycling resulted in similar performance, blood glucose, inflammation, oxidative stress, and innate immune levels. Aside from higher dopamine in BAN, shifts in metabolites following BAN and CHO 75-km cycling time trials indicated a similar pattern of heightened production of glutathione and utilization of fuel substrates in several pathways.
Dopamine (DA) binds to five receptors (DAR), classified by their ability to increase (D1R-like) or decrease (D2R-like) cAMP. In humans, most DA circulates as dopamine sulfate (DA-S), which can be de-conjugated to bioactive DA by arylsulfatase A (ARSA). The objective was to examine expression of DAR and ARSA in human adipose tissue and determine whether DA regulates prolactin (PRL) and adipokine expression and release.
DAR were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting in explants, primary adipocytes and two human adipocyte cell lines, LS14 and SW872. ARSA expression and activity were determined by qPCR and enzymatic assay. PRL expression and release were determined by luciferase reporter and Nb2 bioassay. Analysis of cAMP, cGMP, leptin, adiponectin and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was done by ELISA. Activation of MAPK and PI3 kinase/Akt was determined by Western blotting.
DAR are variably expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in adipose tissue and adipocytes during adipogenesis. ARSA activity in adipocyte increases after differentiation. DA at nM concentrations suppresses cAMP, stimulates cGMP, and activates MAPK in adipocytes. Acting via D2R-like receptors, DA and DA-S inhibit PRL gene expression and release. Acting via D1R/D5R receptors, DA suppresses leptin and stimulates adiponectin and IL-6 release.
This is the first report that human adipocytes express functional DAR and ARSA, suggesting a regulatory role for peripheral DA in adipose functions. We speculate that the propensity of some DAR-activating antipsychotics to increase weight and alter metabolic homeostasis is due, in part, to their direct action on adipose tissue.
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch), a fruit of economic and nutritional importance, is also a model species for fleshy fruits and genomics in Rosaceae. Strawberry fruit quality at different harvest stages is a function of the fruit's metabolite content, which results from physiological changes during fruit growth and ripening. In order to investigate strawberry fruit development, untargeted (GC-MS) and targeted (HPLC) metabolic profiling analyses were conducted. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to explore the non-polar and polar metabolite profiles from fruit samples at seven developmental stages. Different cluster patterns and a broad range of metabolites that exerted influence on cluster formation of metabolite profiles were observed. Significant changes in metabolite levels were found in both fruits turning red and fruits over-ripening in comparison with red-ripening fruits. The levels of free amino acids decreased gradually before the red-ripening stage, but increased significantly in the over-ripening stage. Metabolite correlation and network analysis revealed the interdependencies of individual metabolites and metabolic pathways. Activities of several metabolic pathways, including ester biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the shikimate pathway, and amino acid metabolism, shifted during fruit growth and ripening. These results not only confirmed published metabolic data but also revealed new insights into strawberry fruit composition and metabolite changes, thus demonstrating the value of metabolomics as a functional genomics tool in characterizing the mechanism of fruit quality formation, a key developmental stage in most economically important fruit crops.
Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) is a well-known catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions including movement control. Here we report that the major extracellular metabolite of dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), can induce behavioral effects in a dopamine-independent manner and these effects are partially mediated by the trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Unbiased in vivo screening of putative trace amine receptor ligands for potential effects on the movement control revealed that 3-MT infused in the brain is able to induce a complex set of abnormal involuntary movements in mice acutely depleted of dopamine. In normal mice, the central administration of 3-MT caused a temporary mild hyperactivity with a concomitant set of abnormal movements. Furthermore, 3-MT induced significant ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse striatum, signaling events generally related to PKA-mediated cAMP accumulation. In mice lacking TAAR1, both behavioral and signaling effects of 3-MT were partially attenuated, consistent with the ability of 3-MT to activate TAAR1 receptors and cause cAMP accumulation as well as ERK and CREB phosphorylation in cellular assays. Thus, 3-MT is not just an inactive metabolite of DA, but a novel neuromodulator that in certain situations may be involved in movement control. Further characterization of the physiological functions mediated by 3-MT may advance understanding of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of brain disorders involving abnormal dopaminergic transmission, such as Parkinson's disease, dyskinesia and schizophrenia.
Metabolomics experiments involve generating and comparing small molecule (metabolite) profiles from complex mixture samples to identify those metabolites that are modulated in altered states (e.g., disease, drug treatment, toxin exposure). One non-targeted metabolomics approach attempts to identify and interrogate all small molecules in a sample using GC or LC separation followed by MS or MSn detection. Analysis of the resulting large, multifaceted data sets to rapidly and accurately identify the metabolites is a challenging task that relies on the availability of chemical libraries of metabolite spectral signatures. A method for analyzing spectrometry data to identify and Quantify Individual Components in a Sample, (QUICS), enables generation of chemical library entries from known standards and, importantly, from unknown metabolites present in experimental samples but without a corresponding library entry. This method accounts for all ions in a sample spectrum, performs library matches, and allows review of the data to quality check library entries. The QUICS method identifies ions related to any given metabolite by correlating ion data across the complete set of experimental samples, thus revealing subtle spectral trends that may not be evident when viewing individual samples and are likely to be indicative of the presence of one or more otherwise obscured metabolites.
LC-MS/MS or GC-MS data from 33 liver samples were analyzed simultaneously which exploited the inherent biological diversity of the samples and the largely non-covariant chemical nature of the metabolites when viewed over multiple samples. Ions were partitioned by both retention time (RT) and covariance which grouped ions from a single common underlying metabolite. This approach benefitted from using mass, time and intensity data in aggregate over the entire sample set to reject outliers and noise thereby producing higher quality chemical identities. The aggregated data was matched to reference chemical libraries to aid in identifying the ion set as a known metabolite or as a new unknown biochemical to be added to the library.
The QUICS methodology enabled rapid, in-depth evaluation of all possible metabolites (known and unknown) within a set of samples to identify the metabolites and, for those that did not have an entry in the reference library, to create a library entry to identify that metabolite in future studies.
Dietary polyphenols are components of many foods such as tea, fruit, and vegetables and are associated with several beneficial health effects although, so far, largely based on epidemiological studies. The intact forms of complex dietary polyphenols have limited bioavailability, with low circulating levels in plasma. A major part of the polyphenols persists in the colon, where the resident microbiota produce metabolites that can undergo further metabolism upon entering systemic circulation. Unraveling the complex metabolic fate of polyphenols in this human superorganism requires joint deployment of in vitro and humanized mouse models and human intervention trials. Within these systems, the variation in diversity and functionality of the colonic microbiota can increasingly be captured by rapidly developing microbiomics and metabolomics technologies. Furthermore, metabolomics is coming to grips with the large biological variation superimposed on relatively subtle effects of dietary interventions. In particular when metabolomics is deployed in conjunction with a longitudinal study design, quantitative nutrikinetic signatures can be obtained. These signatures can be used to define nutritional phenotypes with different kinetic characteristics for the bioconversion capacity for polyphenols. Bottom-up as well as top-down approaches need to be pursued to link gut microbial diversity to functionality in nutritional phenotypes and, ultimately, to bioactivity of polyphenols. This approach will pave the way for personalization of nutrition based on gut microbial functionality of individuals or populations.
Banana fruits are important foods, but there have been very few studies evaluating the phenolics associated with their cell walls. In the present study, (+) catechin, gallocatechin, and (-) epicatechin, as well as condensed tannins, were detected in the soluble extract of the fruit pulp; neither soluble anthocyanidins nor anthocyanins were present. In the soluble cell wall fraction, two hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were predominant, whereas in the insoluble cell wall fraction, the anthocyanidin delphinidin, which is reported in banana cell walls for the first time, was predominant. Cell wall fractions showed remarkable antioxidant capacity, especially after acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, which was correlated with the total phenolic content released after the hydrolysis of the water-insoluble polymer, but not for the posthydrolysis water-soluble polymer. The acid hydrolysis released various monosaccharides, whereas enzymatic hydrolysis released one peak of oligosaccharides. These results indicate that banana cell walls could be a suitable source of natural antioxidants and that they could be bioaccessible in the human gut.
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of foods and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This updated position paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements and ergogenic aids, nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes, and the roles and responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrient needs, especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Although exercise performance can be affected by body weight and composition, these physical measures should not be a criterion for sports performance and daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution, and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality. A qualified sports dietitian and in particular in the United States, a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics, should provide individualized nutrition direction and advice subsequent to a comprehensive nutrition assessment.
Glucose ingestion during exercise attenuates activation of metabolic enzymes and expression of important transport proteins. In light of this, we hypothesized that glucose ingestion during training would result in 1) an attenuation of the increase in fatty acid uptake and oxidation during exercise, 2) lower citrate synthase (CS) and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD) activity and glycogen content in skeletal muscle, and 3) attenuated endurance performance enhancement in the trained state. To investigate this we studied nine male subjects who performed 10 wk of one-legged knee extensor training. They trained one leg while ingesting a 6% glucose solution (Glc) and ingested a sweetened placebo while training the other leg (Plc). The subjects trained their respective legs 2 h at a time on alternate days 5 days a week. Endurance training increased peak power (P(max)) and time to fatigue at 70% of P(max) approximately 14% and approximately 30%, respectively. CS and beta-HAD activity increased and glycogen content was greater after training, but there were no differences between Glc and Plc. After training the rate of oxidation of palmitate (R(ox)) and the % of rate of disappearance that was oxidized (%R(dox)) changed. %R(dox) was on average 16.4% greater during exercise after training whereas, after exercise %R(dox) was 30.4% lower. R(ox) followed the same pattern. However, none of these parameters were different between Glc and Plc. We conclude that glucose ingestion during training does not alter training adaptation related to substrate metabolism, mitochondrial enzyme activity, glycogen content, or performance.
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of foods and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This updated position paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements and ergogenic aids, nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes, and the roles and responsibilities of the sports dietitian. Energy and macronutrient needs, especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins and to contribute energy for weight maintenance. Although exercise performance can be affected by body weight and composition, these physical measures should not be a criterion for sports performance and daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality. A qualified sports dietitian and, in particular, the Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics in the United States, should provide individualized nutrition direction and advice after a comprehensive nutrition assessment.
To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values.
A literature search identified 205 articles published between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 (P < 0.001).
These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
Carbohydrates are an important component of the diet. The carbohydrates that we ingest range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) to disaccharides (lactose, sucrose) to complex polysaccharides. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush border membrane (BBM) of enterocytes. For example, lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sucrase-isomaltase are two disaccharidases involved in the hydrolysis of nutritionally important disaccharides. Once monosaccharides are presented to the BBM, mature enterocytes expressing nutrient transporters transport the sugars into the enterocytes. This paper reviews the early studies that contributed to the development of a working model of intestinal sugar transport, and details the recent advances made in understanding the process by which sugars are absorbed in the intestine.
The influence of carbohydrate compared with placebo ingestion on changes in immune cell counts and functions following 2 h intensive cycling was studied in 12 trained cyclists who functioned as their own controls. The subjects performed two tests 2 weeks apart where they cycled for 2 h at approximately 64% Watts(max) while receiving 4 mL x kg(-1) x 15 min(-1) carbohydrate (6%) (Cho) or placebo (Pla) beverages. Blood samples were collected 30 min preexercise, and immediately and 1 h postexercise. The samples were assayed for plasma cortisol and epinephrine, blood leukocyte subset counts, PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell activity (NKCA). Compared with Pla ingestion, Cho attenuated exercise-induced changes in plasma cortisol, blood neutrophil, and monocyte counts, but not in total blood lymphocyte, T cell, and NK cell counts, PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and NKCA. Thus despite a strong attenuating influence of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced changes in plasma cortisol and blood neutrophil and monocyte counts, other immune measures related to lymphocyte subset counts, and function were unaffected.
We sought to determine whether lipolysis, fatty acid (FA) mobilization, and plasma FA oxidation would remain elevated for hours following isoenergetic exercise bouts of different intensities. Ten men and eight women received a primed-continuous infusion of [1,1,2,3,3-(2)H(5)]glycerol and continuous infusion of [1-(13)C]palmitate to measure glycerol and plasma FA kinetics. On Day 1 (D1), participants were studied under one of three different conditions, assigned in random order: (1) before, during and 3 h after 90 min of exercise at 45% V(O2)peak (E45), (2) before, during and 3 h after 60 min of exercise at 65% V(O2)peak (E65), and (3) in a time-matched sedentary control trial (C). For each condition, participants were studied by indirect calorimetry the following morning as well (D2). Rate of appearance (Ra) of glycerol (Ra(GL)) increased above C during exercise in men and women (P < 0.05), was higher in E45 than E65 in men (P < 0.05), and was not different between exercise intensities in women. During 3 h of postexercise recovery, Ra(GL) remained significantly elevated in men (P < 0.05), but not women. FA Ra (Ra(FA)) increased during exercise in men and women and was higher in E45 than E65 (P < 0.05), and remained elevated during 3 h of postexercise recovery in both sexes (P < 0.05), but with a greater relative increase in men than women (P < 0.05). Plasma FA oxidation (Rox) increased during exercise with no difference between intensities, and it remained elevated during 3 h of postexercise recovery in both sexes (P < 0.05). Total lipid oxidation (Lox) was elevated in both sexes (P < 0.05), but more in men during 3 h of postexercise recovery on D1 (P < 0.05) and remained elevated on D2 in men (P < 0.05), but not in women. There were no differences between E45 and E65 for postexercise energy substrate turnover or oxidation in men and women as energy expenditure of exercise (EEE) was matched between bouts. We conclude that the impact of exercise upon lipid metabolism persists into recovery, but that women depend more on lipid during exercise whereas, during recovery, lipid metabolism is accentuated to a greater extent in men.
Metabolic homeostasis in the organism is assured both by the nervous system and by hormones. Among a plethora of hormones regulating metabolism, serotonin presents a number of unique features. Unlike classical hormones serotonin is produced in different anatomical locations. In brain it acts as a neurotransmitter and in the periphery it can act as a hormone, auto- and/or paracrine factor, or intracellular signaling molecule. Serotonin does not cross the blood-brain barrier; therefore the two major pools of this bioamine remain separated. Although 95% of serotonin is produced in the periphery, its functions have been ignored until recently. Here we review the impact of the peripheral serotonin on the regulation of function of the organs involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Banana is a fruit with nutritional properties, both also with acclaimed therapeutic uses, cultivated widely throughout the tropics as source of food and income for people. Banana peel is known by its local and traditional use to promote wound healing mainly from burns and to help overcome or prevent a substantial number of illnesses, as depression.
This review critically assessed the phytochemical properties and biological activities of Musa spp fruit pulp and peel.
A survey on the literature on banana (Musa spp, Musaceae) covering its botanical classification and nomenclature, as well as the local and traditional use of its pulp and peel was performed. Besides, the current state of art on banana fruit pulp and peel as interesting complex matrices sources of high-value compounds from secondary metabolism was also approached.
Dessert bananas and plantains are systematic classified into four sections, Eumusa, Rhodochlamys, Australimusa, and Callimusa, according to the number of chromosomes. The fruits differ only in their ploidy arrangement and a single scientific name can be given to all the edible bananas, i.e., Musa spp. The chemical composition of banana's peel and pulp comprise mostly carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and biogenic amines. The biological potential of those biomasses is directly related to their chemical composition, particularly as pro-vitamin A supplementation, as potential antioxidants attributed to their phenolic constituents, as well as in the treatment of Parkinson's disease considering their contents in l-dopa and dopamine.
Banana's pulp and peel can be used as natural sources of antioxidants and pro-vitamin A due to their contents in carotenoids, phenolics, and amine compounds, for instance. For the development of a phytomedicine or even an allopathic medicine, e.g., banana fruit pulp and peel could be of interest as raw materials riches in beneficial bioactive compounds.
Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
The consumption of carbohydrate before, during, and after exercise is a central feature of the athlete's diet, particularly those competing in endurance sports. Sucrose is a carbohydrate present within the diets of athletes. Whether sucrose, by virtue of its component monosaccharides glucose and fructose, exerts a meaningful advantage for athletes over other carbohydrate types or blends is unclear. This narrative reviews the literature on the influence of sucrose, relative to other carbohydrate types, on exercise performance or the metabolic factors that may underpin exercise performance. Inference from the research to date suggests that sucrose appears to be as effective as other highly metabolizable carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, glucose polymers) in providing an exogenous fuel source during endurance exercise, stimulating the synthesis of liver and muscle glycogen during exercise recovery and improving endurance exercise performance. Nonetheless, gaps exist in our understanding of the metabolic and performance consequences of sucrose ingestion before, during, and after exercise relative to other carbohydrate types or blends, particularly when more aggressive carbohydrate intake strategies are adopted. While further research is recommended and discussed in this review, based on the currently available scientific literature it would seem that sucrose should continue to be regarded as one of a variety of options available to help athletes achieve their specific carbohydrate-intake goals.
Ferulic acid (FA) belongs to the family of phenolic acids and is very abundant in fruits and vegetables. Over the past years, several studies have shown that FA acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and enhancing the cell stress response through the up-regulation of cytoprotective systems, e.g. heme oxygenase-1, heat shock protein 70, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the proto-oncogene, Akt. Furthermore, FA was shown to inhibit the expression and/or activity of cytotoxic enzymes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, caspases and cyclooxygenase-2. Based on this evidence, FA has been proposed as a potential treatment for many disorders including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and skin disease. However, despite the great abundance of preclinical research, only a few studies were carried out in humans, the majority of which used foods containing FA, and therefore the clinical efficacy of this mode of administration needs to be further documented. New efforts and resources are needed in clinical research for the complete evaluation of FA therapeutic potential in chronic diseases.
Purpose: To determine the influence of 2 wk of quercetin (Q; 1000 mg·d−1) compared with placebo (P) supplementation on exercise performance and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in untrained, young adult males (N = 26, age = 20.2 ± 0.4 yr, V˙O2max = 46.3 ± 1.2 mL·kg−1·min−1).
Methods: Using a randomized, crossover design with a 2-wk washout period, subjects provided blood and muscle biopsy samples presupplementation and postsupplementation periods and were given 12-min time trials on 15% graded treadmills after 60 min of moderate exercise preloads at 60% V˙O2max.
Results: Plasma Q levels rose significantly in Q versus P during the 2-wk supplementation period (interaction P value <0.001). During the 12-min trial, the net change in distance achieved was significantly greater during Q (2.9%) compared with P (−1.2%; 29.5 ± 11.5 vs −11.9 ± 16.0 m, respectively, P = 0.038). Skeletal muscle messenger RNA expression tended to increase (range = 16-25%) during Q versus P for sirtuin 1 (interaction effect, P = 0.152), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (P = 0.192), cytochrome c oxidase (P = 0.081), and citrate synthase (P = 0.166). Muscle mitochondrial DNA (relative copy number per diploid nuclear genome) increased 140 ± 154 (4.1%) with Q compared with −225 ± 157 (6.0% decrease) with P (P = 0.098).
Conclusions: In summary, 1000 mg·d−1 Q versus P for 2 wk by untrained males was associated with a small but significant improvement in 12-min treadmill time trial performance and modest but insignificant increases in the relative copy number of mitochondrial DNA and messenger RNA levels of four genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis.
Headspace composition and glycosidically bound volatile compounds from two banana cultivars, Valery and Pequeña Enana, have been studied. Glycosides were isolated from aqueous extracts of banana pulp by means of an Amberlite XAD-2 column. Volatile compounds were released by enzymatic hydrolysis using almond β-glucosidase and further analyzed by HRGC/MS. Twenty-five main aglycons were analyzed for the first time in banana fruit pulp. These aglycons can be grouped in two biogenetically different groups: fatty acids and shikimic acid-derived compounds. Alcohols, such as decan-1-ol and 2-phenylethanol, and acids, such as 3-oxo-pentanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and benzoic acid, were quantitatively the most important aglycons in glycosides isolated from both banana cultivars. Keywords: Aroma; flavor; banana; headspace; enzymatic hydrolysis; glycosides; volatiles
Research on the performance effects of acute carbohydrate supplementation is comprehensive. Here we present the first meta-analytic review of this research.
Eighty-eight randomized crossover studies in which carbohydrate supplements were consumed with or without protein before and/or during exercise provided 155 estimates for performance effects in time-to-exhaustion tests or in time trials with or without a preload. For the mixed-model meta-analysis, all effects were converted into percentage changes in mean power in a non-preloaded time trial and weighted using percentage standard errors derived from exact p-values (in a minority of studies) or from estimated errors of measurement (in all other studies). Publication bias was assessed with a plot of t-values for the random-effect solutions versus standard errors. Probabilistic inferences were derived with reference to thresholds for small, moderate and large effects on performance of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.7%.
Publication bias was reduced by excluding studies with a standard error >1.25%. In the remaining 73 studies and 122 estimates, the meta-analysed performance effects of carbohydrate supplements ranged from clear large improvements of ∼6% to clear moderate impairments of ∼2%. The best supplement inferred from the analysis consisted of a ∼3-10% carbohydrate-plus-protein drink providing ∼0.7 g/kg/h glucose polymers, ∼0.2 g/kg/h fructose and ∼0.2 g/kg/h protein. Substantial increases in the benefit of a supplement were probably small with an additional 9-hour fast and with the inclusion of ∼0.2 g/kg/h of protein, probably small to moderate with ingesting the first bolus not at the start of exercise but 1-4 hours before exercise, and possibly small with increasing the frequency of ingestion by three boluses per hour. Substantial reductions in the benefit of a supplement were possibly moderate with a supplement providing >0.25 g/kg/h fructose, and possibly small with an increase in ambient temperature of 10°C. The effect in subjects with maximal oxygen consumption higher by 10 mL/kg/min was probably trivial, and the effects of exercise duration were dependent on the concentration of carbohydrate plus protein in the supplement. The effect of including salt was unexpectedly trivial, and the effect of gender was unclear.
Carbohydrate supplements with an appropriate composition and administration regimen can have large benefits on endurance performance. More research and better reporting are required to investigate the moderating effects of gender and salt.
• Variations in tissue development and spatial composition have a major impact on the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of ripe fleshy fruit, including melon (Cucumis melo). To gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms involved in these changes, we identified key metabolites for rational food quality design. • The metabolome, volatiles and mineral elements were profiled employing an unprecedented range of complementary analytical technologies. Fruits were followed at a number of time points during the final ripening process and tissues were collected across the fruit flesh from rind to seed cavity. Approximately 2000 metabolite signatures and 15 mineral elements were determined in an assessment of temporal and spatial melon fruit development. • This study design enabled the identification of: coregulated hubs (including aspartic acid, 2-isopropylmalic acid, β-carotene, phytoene and dihydropseudoionone) in metabolic association networks; global patterns of coordinated compositional changes; and links of primary and secondary metabolism to key mineral and volatile fruit complements. • The results reveal the extent of metabolic interactions relevant to ripe fruit quality and thus have enabled the identification of essential candidate metabolites for the high-throughput screening of melon breeding populations for targeted breeding programmes aimed at nutrition and flavour improvement.
In the present work, we report on a rapid and straightforward approach for the determination of biologically active compounds in bananas applying microchip electrophoresis (MCE). For this purpose, we applied label-free detection utilizing deep UV fluorescence detection with excitation at 266 nm. Using this approach, we could identify dopamine and serotonin, their precursors tryptophan and tyrosine and also the isoquinoline alkaloid salsolinol in less than 1 min. In bananas, after 10 days of ripening, we additionally found the compound levodopa which is a metabolite of the tyrosine pathway. Quantitative analysis of extracts by external calibration revealed concentrations of serotonin, tryptophan, and tyrosine from 2.7 to 7.6 μg/mL with relative standard deviations of less than 3.5%. The corresponding calibration plots showed good linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.985. For reliable peak assignment, the compounds were also analyzed by coupling chip electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. This paper demonstrates exemplarily the applicability of MCE with native fluorescence detection for rapid analysis of natural compounds in fruits and reveals the potential of chip-based separation systems for the analysis of complex mixtures.
Arbutin, a practically used skin-lightening agent, has been reported to possess a weak antioxidant activity compared to that of its precursor, hydroquinone. However, its antioxidant activity has not been systematically evaluated. Hence, this study reassessed its activity using five assay systems. Assays were first performed using model radicals, DPPH radical and ABTS(*+). Arbutin showed weak DPPH radical-scavenging activity compared to that of hydroquinone, but showed strong ABTS(*+)-scavenging activity. Its activity by ORAC assay was then evaluated using a physiologically relevant peroxyl radical. Arbutin exerted weak but long-lasting radical-scavenging activity and showed totally the same antioxidant activity as that of hydroquinone. Finally, it was shown that, in two cell-based antioxidant assays using erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts, arbutin exerted strong antioxidant activity comparable or even superior to that of hydroquinone. These findings indicate that the antioxidant activity of arbutin may have been under-estimated and suggest that it acts as a potent antioxidant in the skin.
To address the challenges associated with metabolomics analyses, such as identification of chemical structures and elimination of experimental artifacts, we developed a platform that integrated the chemical analysis, including identification and relative quantification, data reduction, and quality assurance components of the process. The analytical platform incorporated two separate ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS(2)) injections; one injection was optimized for basic species, and the other was optimized for acidic species. This approach permitted the detection of 339 small molecules, a total instrument analysis time of 24 min (two injections at 12 min each), while maintaining a median process variability of 9%. The resulting MS/MS(2) data were searched against an in-house generated authentic standard library that included retention time, molecular weight (m/z), preferred adducts, and in-source fragments as well as their associated MS/MS spectra for all molecules in the library. The library allowed the rapid and high-confidence identification of the experimentally detected molecules based on a multiparameter match without need for additional analyses. This integrated platform enabled the high-throughput collection and relative quantitative analysis of analytical data and identified a large number and broad spectrum of molecules with a high degree of confidence.
Observations on hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) were made in 6 men before and after running long enough to cause a 4% decrease in body weight. Subscripts B and A were used to denote before dehydration and after dehydration, respectively. Relations were derived between BV(b), BV(a), HB(b), Hb(a), Hct(b), and Hct(a) with which the percentage decreases in BV, CV, and PV can be calculated, as well as the concentration of hemoglobin in red cells, g/100 ml-1 (MCHC). When subjects reach the same level of dehydration the water loss from the various body compartments may vary reflecting the difference in salt losses in sweat. Changes in PV calculated from the increase in plasma protein concentration averaged -7.5% compared with -12.2% calculated from changes in Hb and Hct. The difference could be accounted for by a loss of 6% plasma protein from the circulation.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
A strong water-soluble antioxidant was identified in the popular commercial banana Musa cavendishii. It is dopamine, one of the catecholamines. For suppressing the oxygen uptake of linoleic acid in an emulsion and scavenging a diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, dopamine had greater antioxidative potency than glutathione, food additives such as butylated hydroxyanisole and hydroxytoluene, flavone luteolin, flavonol quercetin, and catechin, and similar potency to the strongest antioxidants gallocatechin gallate and ascorbic acid. Banana contained dopamine at high levels in both the peel and pulp. Dopamine levels ranged from 80-560 mg per 100 g in peel and 2.5-10 mg in pulp, even in ripened bananas ready to eat. Banana is thus one of the antioxidative foods.
alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-arafase) was purified from fruit of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). The enzyme solubilized from the cell wall by NaCl and Triton X-100 had the homogeneity of a single 62-kD polypeptide on SDS-PAGE after purification through the steps of hydroxyapatite, anion-exchange chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. A related cDNA clone was isolated (PpARF2). The transcript and related protein were detected solely in the ripening fruit corresponding to the increase of alpha-L-arafase activity. Transcripts of PpARF2 were not detected in buds, leaves, roots, or shoots of the Japanese pear. The deduced amino acid sequences of PpARF2 had low identity with those of other plants or bacteria. This alpha-L-arafase belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 3, which includes some beta-xylosidases. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed mainly p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside and also reacted bifunctionally with p-nitrophenyl beta-d-xylopyranoside. However, it released only arabinose from native cell wall polysaccharides prepared from Japanese pear and from sugar beet arabinan. The enzyme did not release xylose from arabinoxylan and xylan. The only activity of the alpha-L-arafase presented here was hydrolyzing the arabinosyl residue from native polysaccharides, whereas it showed bifunctional activity against artificial substrates. According to the expression pattern and properties of the enzyme, it is a new member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3 isolated from fruit, and it may be responsible for modification of the cell wall architecture during fruit softening.
With the increase in genomewide experiments and the sequencing of multiple genomes, the analysis of large data sets has become commonplace in biology. It is often the case that thousands of features in a genomewide data set are tested against some null hypothesis, where a number of features are expected to be significant. Here we propose an approach to measuring statistical significance in these genomewide studies based on the concept of the false discovery rate. This approach offers a sensible balance between the number of true and false positives that is automatically calibrated and easily interpreted. In doing so, a measure of statistical significance called the q value is associated with each tested feature. The q value is similar to the well known p value, except it is a measure of significance in terms of the false discovery rate rather than the false positive rate. Our approach avoids a flood of false positive results, while offering a more liberal criterion than what has been used in genome scans for linkage.
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