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Maataloustieteellinen
A
ikakauskirja
Vol.
60:
293—305,
1988
The
results
of
six-row
barley
breeding
and
the
genetic
origin
of
varieties
released
REINO
AIKASALO
Hankkija
Plant
Breeding
Institute
SF-04300
Hyrylä,
Finland
Abstract.
This
article
deals
with
the
results
achieved
in
the
breeding
of
six-row
barley
at
Hankkija
Plant
Breeding
Institute
since
the
beginning
of
scientific
barley
breeding
in
the
1910
s,
with
special
reference
to
earliness
and
genetic
origin
of
the
varieties.
In
Finland,
barley
is
grown
in
the
northern
border
of
plant
production
up
to
the 67th
parallel.
Through
centuries
it
has
been
an
important
cereal
but
a
rapid
expansion
in
the
acre-
age
occurred
only
in
the
mid-19705.
Today
the
acreage
of
barley
is
close
to
700,000
hectares.
Most
of
the
crop
is
used
for
feed, the
rest
for
malting.
Adaptation
to
Finnish
conditions,
with
a
short
growing
season
and
acid
soils,
has
always
been
the
major
aim
in
breeding.
The
genetic
basis
for
the
beginning
of
barley
breeding
was
locally
adapted
landraces
which
had
reached
Finland
from
east
and
west.
The
landraces
showed
extensive
genetic
variations.
Through
selection,
a
total
of
eight
varieties
three
four-row,
one six-row
and
four
two-row
varieties
were
developed.
The
most
important
was
the
extremely
early
variety
Olli
which
has
been
an
important
variety
not
only
in
Finland
but
also
in
Canada.
After
the
variation
of
landraces
was
fully
utilized,
the
positive
characteristics
of
different
varieties
were
combined
by
crossings.
A
total
of
eight
six-row
varieties
have
been
developed
since
Olli.
These
varieties
are
presented
in
brief.
It
is
worth
noticing
that
all
the
varieties
are
nearly
totally
of
Scandinavian
origin.
The
extremely
early
variety
Olli
is
included
in
the
pedigree
of
all
the
eight
varieties
released
since
Olli
(1927).
The
percentage
of
wide
crosses
is
minimal.
However,
in
spite
of
the
narrow
gene
pool,
breeding
work
has
produced
several
successful
varieties
which
have
covered
a
remark-
able
proportion
of
the
total
barley
acreage.
This
may
be
a
result
of
good
adaptation
of
land-
races
and the
first
cultivars
to
the
extreme
weather
and
soil
conditions
prevailing
in
Finland.
Furthermore,
although
the
earliness
of
landraces
or
Olli
has
not
been
exceeded,
improve-
ments
in
other
characteristics,
e.g.
yielding
potential,
straw
stiffness
and
malting
quality,
have
considerably
contributed
to
the
production
of
Finnish
barley.
Index
words:
Hordeum
vulgare,
six-row
varieties,
origin,
morphological
variation,
earliness,
lodging,
yield
breeding
293
JOURNAL
OF
AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE
IN
FINLAND
Introduction
Barley
is
the
oldest
cereal
in
Finland
(Sau-
li
1927).
As early
as
in
the
14th
century
barley
was
a
common
crop
both
on
the
coast
and
in
the
central
parts
of
the
country.
Barley
was
of
the
six-row
type
and
it
dominated
field
crop
cultivation
until
the
19th
century
when
it
was
replaced
by
rye
and
oats
(Grotenfelt
1919).
The
cultivation
of
two-row
barley
be-
gan
during
the
18th
century
in
the
southern
parts
of
the
country.
In
1920,
barley
covered
only
5.8
%
of
the
total
arable
land
area.
Barley
was
also the
most
important
cereal
for
human
consumption.
Landraces
still
dominated
barley
cultivation
in
the
1920
s
(Sauli
1927,
Pesola
1951).
At
this
time
the
four-row
type
was
the
predomi-
nating
type
and
had
replaced
the earlier
dominating
six-row
type.
Barley
cultivation
had
extended
from
south
up
to
the
69th
parallel
in
the
north
where
it
was
the
main
cereal.
The
first
bred
varieties
had
spread
to
Fin-
land
in
the
early
years
of
the
20th
century,
mainly
from
Sweden
(Pesola
1951).
Most
of
these
varieties
were
too
late,
which
restricted
their
cultivation
to
the
southern
parts
of
Fin-
land
(Huttunen
1955).
They
were
of
the
two-
row
type
and
not
adapted
to
extensive
culti-
vation
on
acid
soils.
However,
as
a
conse-
quence
of
both
these
and
new
varieties
result-
ing
from
domestic plant
breeding,
the
acre-
age
of
landraces
began
to
decrease
very
rapid-
ly (Pesola
1951).
During
the
first
half
of
this
century
the
acre-
age
of
barley
only
slightly
exceeded
100,000
hectares,
covering
5
—6
°7o
of
the
total
arable
land
(Paatela
1953).
Only
after
the
second
world
war
did
the
acreage
of
barley
start
to
increase,
exceeding
600,000
hectares
in
the
early
1980
s
(Table
1),
covering
more
than
20
°7o
of
the
total
arable
land.
The
total
production
of
barley
is
today
nearly
2
million
tons,
fivefold
that
of
the
early
19505,
because
also
the
yield
per
hectare
has
doubled
during
this
period.
Today
the
production
of
barley
exceeds
domestic
demand
and
new
industrial
uses
are
being
developed.
In
Finland,
barley
is
grown
between
the
60th
and
66th
parallels,
which
is
further
north
than
in
any
other
country
in
the
world.
Six-
row
varieties
dominate
today,
the
share
of
two-row
varieties
being
approx.
25
%.
The
reason
for
this
is
that
the
six-row
type
has
bet-
ter
adapted
to
our
short
growing
season
with
extremely
rapid
growth
rhythm.
In
these
con-
ditions
the
main
yield
component
of
six-row
barley,
the
number
of
grains
per
ear,
is
an
ad-
vantage
over
the
tillering
capacity
of
the
two-
row
barley
which
cannot
be
fully
utilized
in
our
conditions
(Äyräväinen
1976).
The
earliness
of
the
six-row
type
means
also
reliability,
because
the
often
rainy
harvesting
period
in
autumn
is
favourable
for
sprouting
in
the
ear
and
may thus
damage
the
crop
(Kivi
1966).
The
importance
of
earliness
in
barley
breeding
has
been
emphasized
by
other
»northern»
breeders,
too
(Guitard
1960,
Wiberg
et
al.
1986).
Since
1913,
both
six-row
and
two-row
barleys
have
been
bred
at
the
Hankkija
Plant
Breeding
Institute.
This
paper
presents
the
results
of
breeding
of
six-row
barley
and
the
genetic
origin
of
varieties
released.
The
genetic
variation
of
landraces
As
in
other
countries,
landraces
were
the
basic
material
for
the
start
of
plant
breeding.
Land-
Table
1.
The
acreage
of
barley
in
Finland
in
1910
—1985.
Year
1910 1920
1930
1939 1950
1960 1970 1980
1985
Acreage
1,000
ha
110 116
115
119
117
213
404
533
646
Official
Agricultural
Statistics
294
races
had
spread
to
Finland
from
the
west,
although
some
influence
of
eastern
(Manchu-
rian)
barleys
has
been
reported
(Hoffmann
et
al.
1970).
The
landraces
showed
extensive
genetic
variation,
which
was
studied
in
detail
by
J.
O.
Sauli,
the
first
Head
of
the
Hankki-
ja
Plant
Breeding
Institute
(Sauli
1927).
His
material
consisted
of
more
than
600
samples
collected
from
different
parts
of
the
country,
at
the
turn
of
the
century
and
in
1919
and
1920.
The
material
of
his
study
also
included
the
1,150
selections
collected
from
the
origi-
nal
material.
More
than
two
thirds
of
this
material
was
of
the
six-row
and
four-row
types
and
the
rest
of
the
two-row
type.
The
mor-
phological
variation
of
the
material
is
clearly
illustrated
by
the
following
taxonomic
classifi-
cation
made
by
Sauli.
Hordeum
sativum
Jess.
Subspecies
I.
Polyslichum
Doll.
Multi-row
type.
All
florets
monoecious,
fertile.
11.
Distichum
Lam.
Two-row
type.
Median
florets
monoecious,
fertile.
Lateral
florets
dioeicous,
having
the
male
reproductive
organs.
UI.
Deficiens
S
t
e
u
d.
Two-row
type.
Median
florets
monoecious,
fertile.
Lateral
florets
asexual,
greatly
reduced.
Varietates
H.
sal.
polyslichum
D
ö
11.
A.
Hexaslichum
L.
Six-row
type.
Short,
very
dense
ears.
Mean
rachis
internode
length
1.7—2.1
mm.
Spike-
lets
are
located
in
six
similiar,
separate
rows.
B.
Parallelum
Keke.
Six-row,
parallel
type.
Medium
short
ears,
rather
dense.
Rachis
internodes
2.1
2.8
mm.
Spikelets
are
located
in
six
similiar,
separate
rows.
C.
Tetrastichum
Keke
(vulgare
L).
Four-row
type.
Lax
ears.
Rachis
internodes
2.7—4.0
mm.
The
side
grains
overlap,
giving
a
pseudo
four-rowed
appere-
ance.
H.
sal.
distichum
Lam.
and
defideas
S
t
e
ud.
D. Zeocrilum
L.
Very
dense
ears.
Rachis
internodes
1.7—2.1
mm.
E.
Erectum
Schil
b
I.
Medium
dense,
erect
ears.
Rachis
internodes
2.1—2.8
mm.
F.
Nutans
S
c
h
ii
b
1.
Nodding,
lax
ears.
Rachis
in-
ternodes
2.7—4.0
mm.
Subvarielates
1.
Trifurcatum
Se
r.
Awns
replaced
by
hoods.
2.
Macrolepis
A.
B
r.
Glumes
very
broad,
at
least
as
long
as
the
grains.
3.
Inerme.
Awnless
ears.
4.
Nudum.
Naked
grains.
5.
Nigrum.
Black
or
dark
blue
grains.
6.
Laeve.
Smooth
awned.
In
addition,
according
to
the
morphology
of
the
rachilla
at
least
seven
different
types
were
presented.
The
genetic
variation
of
certain
grain,
ear
and
agronomic
characteristics
is
presented
in
Tables
2
and
3.
In
general,
the
values
of
ear
and
internode
length
were
higher
in
the
four-
row
type
than
in
the
six-row
type.
Also
the
thousand
seed
weight
was
somewhat
higher.
As
for
the
agronomic
characteristics,
land-
races
from
the
two
northern
provinces
were
the
earliest.
They
were
relatively
short
with
a
rather
stiff
straw
but
their
tillering
ability
was
lowest.
In
addition
to
variation
between
the
differ-
ent
seed
lots
collected
there
was
great
varia-
tion
also
within
the
lots.
Consequently,
the
following
step
was
to
make
single
plant
selec-
tions
by
which
most
of
the
characteristics
could
be
improved.
In
spite
of
the
great
variation
it
was
impos-
sible
to
find
a
lot
with
all
the
desirable
charac-
teristics.
The
most
desirable
characteristics
of
the
landraces
were
earliness
and
good
adapt-
ability
to
acid
soils.
Conversely,
straw
stiff-
ness
and
grain
quality
quite
seldom
reached
acceptable
levels.
However,
through
single
plant
selection,
a
total
of
eight
varieties
were
developed
(Sauli
1925, 1930,
Kivi
1980
a):
Variety
Two/six-row
Year
of
release
Piikkiö
two
1922
Uurainen
two
1922
Halikko
two
1924
Lappi
four
1924
Halikko
II
two
1925
Olli
six
1927
Perttu
four
1929
Lappi
II
four
1930
295
Table
2.
The
ranges
of
variation
of
certain
morphologi-
cal
characteristics
in
four-row
and
six-row
material
(Sauli
1927).
Characteristic
four-row
six-row
Internode
length,
mm
2.98
3.58
1.95
—
2.53
Length
of
ear,
mm
52.0
—75.1
36.9
—54.7
Thousand
seed
weight,
g
37.9
—48.8
36.6
—45.8
The
most
important
of
these
was
Olli
(0283)
which
conquered
a
remarkable
acreage
dur-
ing
the
following
two
decades
after
it
was
released
in
1927.
Varieties
originating
from
crosses
The
eight
six-row
(or
four-row)
varieties
released
since
the
varieties
developed
from
landraces
are
presented
in
brief.
Their
pedigrees
are
shown
in
Figure
1.
Also
the
Barley
Register
(Baum
et
al.
1981,
1985)
has
been
used
as
a
source
of
pedigrees.
The
agro-
nomic
characteristics
are
presented
in
Figures
2a—d.
Very
soon
the
natural
genetic
variation
was
utilized
and,
similarly
to
other
countries,
the
next
step
was
to
cross
varieties
selected
from
landraces.
Besides
these,
also
foreign
varieties,
mainly
from
Sweden,
were
used.
The
first
variety
originating
from
a
cross
was
Tammi
(05049)
released
in
1938
(Valle
et
al.
1938,
Kivi
1955
b).
It
originated
from
a
cross
between
the
extremely
early
Olli
and
the
late
Swedish
variety
Asplund.
Asplund
is
a
progener
of
a
Swedish
landrace. In
trials
con-
ducted
in
1933
—37
Asplund
was
eight
days
later
than
Tammi.
In
spite
of
its earliness
it
is
only
two
days
later than
Olli
Tammi
outyielded
both
of
its
parents,
Olli
and
Asplund,
by
14
and
6.5
%
respectively.
It
out-
yielded
even
the
acid
resistant
Vega,
which
is
two
days
later,
by
9
%.
Consequently,
it
is
an
excellent
combination
of
earliness
and
high
yield.
Tammi
has
also
a
much
stiffer
straw
than
Olli
and
Vega.
Fourteen
years
after
Tammi,
a
new
four-
row
variety,
Pirkka
(Ta
04459),
was
released
in
1952
(Brummer
1950,
Kivi
1955
b,
1955
c,
1968).
It
is
a
cross
between
two
breeding
lines,
the
first
of
them
originating
from
the
Nor-
wegian
Maskin
and
a
Finnish
landrace
and
the
latter
from
Olli
and
a
Manchurian
landrace.
Pirkka
is
extremely
resistant
to
soil
acidity
and
possesses
good
malting
quality.
It
is
also
a
relatively
early
variety,
maturing
3
—4
days
later than
Tammi,
but
is
not
as
high
yielding
as
Tammi
on
average.
However,
in
central
parts
of
Finland
where
soil
acidity
is
a
limit-
ing
factor
for
barley
production,
Pirkka
has
clearly
outyielded
Tammi.
Pirkka
has
also
been
superior
in
yielding
capacity
and
straw
stiffness
to
Vega,
the
Swedish
acid
resistant
variety
(Kivi
1955
c).
The
six-row
Otra
(Ta
08098)
originates
from
a
cross
between
Tammi
and
Edda
(Kivi
1960).
The
two
parents
of
the
Swedish
varie-
ties
Edda,
Asplund
and
Vega
originate
from
landraces
from
northern
Sweden
(Hagberg
and
Persson
1962).
Thus
it
represents
the
third
generation
after
landraces.
Otra
is
an
early
variety,
only
one
day
later than
Tammi,
with
a
straw
stiffness
equal
to
that
of
Tam-
mi.
The
most
remarkable
improvement
com-
pared
to
Tammi
was
the
yielding
ability.
Table
3.
The
ranges
of
variation
of
agronomic
characteristics
of
four-row
landraces
collected
from
different
provinces
(Sauli
1927).
Provinces
presented
in
order,
from
the
north
to
the
south.
Province
Days
to
Tillers/
Straw Straw
maturity
plant
length
stiffness
cm
scale
1
—lO
Oulu
N
94—92
1.4—2.4
60—103
5
9
Vaasa
87—95
1.4—2.1
78—
97
6—lo
Kuopio
&
Mikkeli
90
—94
1.9
—3.0
74
97
5
9
Viipuri
89—92 1.6—2.5
75
86
5
9
Häme
S
92—95 1.8—2.8
73
97
6
7
296
Although
the
trials
at
Tammisto
Experimen-
tal
Farm
showed
only
a
5
%
difference
for
Otra
compared
to
Tammi,
the
difference
ac-
cording
to
local
trials
all
over
the
country
was
B—ll8
—
11
%
(Kivi
1960).
Although
Otra
rather
readily
adapts
to
different
soils,
it
is
not
as
acid
resistant
as
Pirkka.
Fourteen
years
after
Otra,
a
new
six-row
variety
was
developed.
The
previous
variety
Otra
was
crossed
in
1954
with
Paavo,
which
was
released
by
The
State
Agricultural
Research
Center
in
1960
(Multamäki
and
Kaseva
1983),
resulting
in
the
variety
Hank-
kija-673
(Hja
32661)
(Rekunen
and
Kivi
1975).
Consequently,
new
genes
had
been
in-
troduced
to
Finnish
breeding
material
because
Paavo
includes
the
Swedish
two-row
Gull
and
the
American
six-row
OAC
21
in
its
pedigree.
Hankkija-673
is
only
one
day
later
than
Otra,
but
has
a
shorter
and
slightly
stiffer
straw.
As
to
grain
yield,
trials
in
southern
Finland
have
shown a
5
%
difference
for
Hankkija-673.
The
six-row
Hankkijan
Eero
(Hja
34715),
released
in
1975,
is
a
result
of
a
new
breeding
system
originating
from
a
cross
between
the
Swedish
variety
Mari
and
the
six-row
Otra
(Rekunen
and
Kivi
1975
b).
Mari
is
an
early
two-row,
ea
8
mutant
from
Bonus
(Hagberg
and
Persson
1962).
It
is
insensitive
to
day-
length,
being
the earlier the
farther
south
it
is
grown.
The
purpose
has
been
to
combine
two
different
genes
of
earliness
into
one
geno-
type
(Kivi
1977).
Eero
is
an
extremely
early
variety
but
only
in
short
daylength
conditions.
Fig.
I.
Genetic
origin
of
Hankkija’s
six-row
varieties.
Year
of
release
or
country
of
origin
(foreign
varieties)
is
indicated
after
the
variety
name.
The
codes
Ta
and
Hja
refer
to
Hankkija
selections,
Jo
to
The
State
Agricultural
Research
Center.
Based
on
information
published by
J.O.
Sauli,
E.
Huttunen,
E.
Kivi,
M.
Rekunen,
O.
Pohjanheimo,
R,
Manner
and
K,
Multamäki
&
A.
Kaseva.
297
It
has
inherited
Mari’s
reaction
to
daylength
and
is
10
days
later than
Otra
in
northern
Fin-
land
(approx.
66th
parallel)
compared
with
a
difference
of
about
three
days
in
the
south.
As
to
other
characteristics,
Eero
is
a
trans-
gressive
variety
for
shortness
and
stiffness
of
straw
which
was
a
drastic
improvement
com-
pared
to
previous
varieties.
Originating
from
a
cross
between
two-row
and
six-row
types
Eero
has
high
growth
requirements.
This
means
that
the
high
yielding
potential
based
on
its
good
tillering
capacity
can
be
utilized
only
in
optimal
growing
conditions.
The
genetic
yielding
potential
of
six-row
barley
can
be
increased
by
increasing
its
tiller-
ing
capacity
by
crossing
it
with
a
two-row
type
(Takahashi
et
al.
1975).
Hankkijan
Eero
is
an
excellent
example
of
this
method.
Another
argument
for
crossing
six-row
barley
with
the
two-row
type
is
to
increase
the
straw
stiffness
of
the
former
type.
During
the
19705,
a
great
number
of
this
kind
of
crossings
were
made
298
(Kivi
1980
b).
The
variety
Hankkijan
Pokko
(Hja
70352),
released
in
1980
(Rekunen
and
Kivi
1980,
Ai-
kasalo
1985),
also
includes
genes
from
the
two-row
type
in
its
pedigree.
It
originates
from
the
varieties
Porno
and
Pirkka
of
which
the
former
is
a
cross
between
the
six-row
and
two-
row
types.
During
the
time
of
release,
Pokko
was
ranked
among
the
highest
yielding
varie-
ties.
Pokko
is
six
days
later than
the
long
term
standard
variety
Otra,
being,
however,
suit-
able
for
cultivation
even
in
central
Finland.
The
influence
of
the
two-row
component
can
be
seen
also
in
the
good
straw
stiffness
com-
pared
to
previous
varieties
except
for
Hank-
kijan
Eero.
All
the
previous
early
varieties
had
too
weak
a
straw
for
modern
intensive
barley
produc-
Fig.
2.
Relative
yield
(a),
difference
in
growing
time
(b),
plant
height
(c)
and
straw
stiffness
(d)
of
varieties
com-
pared
to
the
long-term
standard
variety
Otra
based
on
the
official
trials
during
1977—86
(varieties
released
after
Otra)
and
on
the
main
cultivar
trials
at Tammisto
before
1955
(varieties
released
before
Otra).
299
tion.
A
considerable
improvement
was
achieved when
Hankkijan
Potra
(Hja
72802)
was
released
in
1983
(Aikasalo
1985,
Kesälä
1985
b).
It
is
a
good
combination
of
earliness,
straw
stiffness
and
yielding
ability,
being
only
two-three
days
later
than
the
parent
variety
Otra.
Compared
with
other
six-row
varieties
grown
in
Finland,
Potra
has
an
exceptionally
large
grain. The
difference
in
the
thousand
seed
weight
is
4.8
g
for
Potra.
The
earliness
of
Potra
is
derived
from
Otra,
the
share
of
which
in
Potra’s
genome
is
dominating.
Also
the
other
parent,
the
Indian
naked
and hooded
variety
Andie
(Cl
728)
is
early
in
Finnish
con-
ditions.
In
1972,
Eero
was
crossed
with
Olli
in
order
to
enhance
earliness
and
adaptability.
This
programme
resulted
in
the
selection
Hja
77061
which
was
given
the
name
Hankkijan
Eero
80
in
1985,
because
it
is
morphologically
similar
to
its
parent
variety
Hankkijan
Eero.
Conse-
quently,
it
is
not
a
new
registered
variety. No
additional
earliness
was
achieved
but
the
new
selection
outyields
Hankkijan
Eero
by
6
%
(Kesälä
1985
a).
This
was
the
main
reason,
besides
the
better
grain
quality,
for
starting
commercial
seed
production
to
replace
the
»old
Eero»
in
commercial
seed
trade.
The latest
variety
released
is
Pohto
(Hja
78003),
released
in
1987.
It
originates
from
the
varieties
Hankkija-673
and
the
Ethiopian
two-
row
variety
Hiproly
(Aikasalo
1987,
1988).
It
represents
the
fifth
generation
after
lan-
draces
and
belongs
to
the
family
originating
from
the
cross
between
Olli
and
Asplund
made
in
1926.
Pohto
is
not
a
very
early variety.
It
is
four
days
later than
the
parent
variety
Hankki-
ja-673,
possibly
due
to
the
influence
of
the
two-row
Hiproly
in
the
pedigree.
Pohto
com-
bines
the
high
yielding
potential
of
Hankki-
ja-673
and
the
straw
stiffness
and
good
tiller-
ing
capacity
of
the
two-row
parent.
Today
it
is
clearly
the
highest
yielding
variety
in
Fin-
land
(Rekunen
1987).
In
spite
of
the
high-ly-
sine
variety
Hiproly
in
its
pedigree
Pohto
has
only
a
medium
protein
content
and
normal
protein
quality.
Development
of
earliness,
lodging
resistance
and
yielding
capacity
Two
different
periods
can
be
distinguished
in
the
breeding
history
of
barley
at
the
Hank-
kija
Plant
Breeding
Institute.
The
first
peri-
od
is
between
the
1910
s
and
1960
s
when
earli-
ness,
straw
stiffness
and
yielding
potential
were
the
main
breeding
aims.
Actually,
con-
siderable
progress
was
achieved
in
grain
yield
(Kivi
1963).
As
to
straw
stiffness
during
that
period,
Tammi
was
a
remarkable
improve-
ment
compared
with
Olli
but
the
varieties
Pirkka,
Otra
and
Hankkija-673
differed
only
slightly
from
Tammi.
Mainly
during
the
19505,
1960
s
and
1970
s
the
increase
in
fertilization
level,
especially
in
the
use
of
nitrogen,
as
well
as
the
introduc-
tion
of
combine
harvesting
emphasized
the
de-
mand
for
stiff
strawed
varieties.
This
challenge
was
taken
into
consideration
in
breeding
programmes
and
the
result
was
Hankkijan
Eero
which
is
a
really
stiff
strawed
variety.
It
is
poorly
adapted
to
different
soils,
calling
for
further
breeding
efforts
to
be
devoted
to
this
characteristic.
All
the
three
varieties,
Hankkijan
Pokko,
Hankkijan
Potra
and
Pohto,
released
after
Hankkijan
Eero
have
fulfilled
this
aim,
being
both
stiff
strawed
and
high
yielding
in
nearly
all
environments.
As
to
yielding
capacity,
the
genetic
gain
was
most
remarkable
during
the
first
40
years
be-
fore
the
19605,
whereas
the
improvement
af-
ter
the
release
of
Otra
has
not
been
as
remark-
able
as
in
many
other
countries
(Aikasalo
and
Karjalainen
1986).
On
the
contrary,
the
better
straw
characteristics
of
varieties
released
since
the
mid-1970s
have
enabled
farmers
to
use
higher
amounts
of
nitrogen,
which
has
resulted
in
a
considerable
increase
in
total
barley
production
without
loosing
reliability.
Trial
results
during
the
1980
s
indicate,
however,
that
gains
in
grain
yield
are
forth-
coming.
The
best
breeding
lines,
including
the
latest
variety
Pohto,
outyield
the
previous
va-
rieties
by
10
—15
%
(Aikasalo
and
Kesälä
1985).
It
is
worth
noticing
that
the
earliness
of
300
landraces
could
not
be
exceeded.
On
the
con-
trary,
the
latest
varieties
are
several
days
later
than
e.g.
Olli,
the
extremely
early
variety
originating
from
a
landrace.
Consequently,
breeding
for
higher
yielding
capacity
as
well
as
the
use
of
two-row
genotypes
in
breeding
programmes
has
resulted
in
the
loss
of
some
of
the
earliness.
Results
of
breeding
for
malting
quality
Most
of
the
barley
produced
in
Finland
is
used
for
feeding
purposes.
Today,
only
6
—7
%
is
used
for
malting.
However,
even
during
the
first
decades
of
this
century
malting
characteristics
were
included
in
the
breeding
aims
(Valle
et
al.
1938).
The
Finnish six-row
malting
varieties
are
characterized
by
high
en-
zyme
activity
which
can
be
utilized
especially
in
the
production
of
enzyme
malts
used
in
the
production
of
distilled
drinks.
The
first
variety
which
was
used
for
malt-
ing
was
six-row
Olli.
Although
it
originated
from
a
landrace,
the
quality
of
grain
was
good
enough
to
satisfy
the
requirements
of
malting
industry
at
that
time.
It
was
classified
as
a
malting
variety
in
Canada
(Malaher
1961)
although
the
domestic
malting
industry
used
only
the
two-row
varieties
Binder
and
Balder
as
raw
material.
Twenty-five
years
after
Olli
a
new
malting
variety,
Pirkka,
was
released.
Pirkka
originates
from
a
cross
between
two
breeding
lines
of
which
the
male
parent
includes
Olli
and
Manchurian
barley
in
the
pedigree.
Pirk-
ka
is
of
the
four-row
type
with
along,
nod-
ding
ear.
The
internodes
are
long.
This
type
of
barley
was
considered
to
be
the
most
suit-
able
for
malting
(Wiebe
and
Reid
1961).
The
kernels
are
large
and
plump,
exceeding
even
the
level
of
the
later
varieties
Porno
and
Hank-
kijan
Pokko
(Table
4).
Pirkka
is
internation-
ally
probably
the
most
famous
Finnish
varie-
ty
because
of
its
high
enzyme
activity,
and
it
has
often
been
subjected
to
studies
on
the
en-
zymes
of
barley
(Smirnova-Ikonnikova
and
Petrova
1964,
Linko
and
Enari
1966,
Kivi
1968,
Enari
and
Linko
1969).
In
Finland,
Pirkka
was
the
dominating
enzyme
mall
va-
riety
from
the
1950
s
to
19705.
The latest
malting
variety
is
Hankkijan
Pokko.
In
addition
to
its
use
as
an
enzyme
malt
variety
it
has
been
accepted
for
brewing
purposes.
The
kernels
are
not
as
large
and
plump
as
those
of
Pirkka
but
the
enzyme
ac-
tivity,
especially
a-amylase,
is
higher
than
in
either
parent
(Table
4).
Because
of
the
superi-
or
agronomic
characteristics
compared
with
Pirkka,
Pokko
has
been
the
predominating
enzyme
malt
variety
in
Finland
during
the
1980
s.
The
significance
of
Hankkija
varieties
on
barley
cultivation
in
Finland
Before
commercial
varieties
were
devel-
oped,
landraces
were
grown.
In
the
1910
s,
however,
the
first
varieties
had
spread
to
Fin-
land.
They
were
foreign,
mainly
Swedish
va-
rieties.
The
most
important
were
the
two-row
Svanhals,
Primus
and
Gull,
the
four-row
Vega
as
well
as
the
six-row
Asplund
and
the
Dan-
ish
two-row
Binder
(Paatela
1953).
Along
with
these
as
well
as
with
the
first
domestic
varieties
developed
during
the
19205,
the
acre-
age
of
landraces
began
to
decrease.
The
first
important
domestic
variety
was
Olli,
followed
by
Tammi
at
the
end
of
the
19305.
There
is
no
exact
information
availa-
ble
about
the
acreage
of
Olli,
but
Olli’s
proportion
of
the
samples
collected
by
the
State
Seed
Testing
Station
in
1935
was
10
%.
Since
the
early
19405,
Tammi
started
to
replace
Olli
and
reached
its
maximum
acre-
age
around
1955
(Fig.
3).
It
was
grown
main-
Table
4.
Certain
quality
characteristics
of
Finnish
enzyme
malt
varieties
(Home
1979).
Pirkka
Porno
Pokko
Protein
%
13.1
12.4
11.9
Grading
>
2.5
mm
86.5 84.0 80.5
Extract
%
79.4 79.0 80.7
a-amylase,
DU
87 96
117
Diastatic
power,
WK
650
600
670
Number
of
samples
3x5 3x9
3x12
301
ly
in
central
and
northern
parts
of
the
coun-
try,
whereas
the
Danish
two-row
Binder
and
the
Swedish
Balder
predominated
in
the
barley
production
in
the
south
(Paatela
1953).
Since
the
mid-19505,
Pirkka
has
been
replacing
Tammi.
The
most
important
advan-
tage
of
Pirkka
over
Tammi
was
the
extreme-
ly
good
resistance
to
soil
acidity,
wherefore
it
replaced
also the
Swedish
acid
resistant
Vega.
In
1950,
Vega
still
covered
more
than
20
%
of
the
total
barley
acreage.
Otra
and
Hankkija-673
continued
the
se-
quence
of
early
varieties,
conquering
a
remarkable
growing
area,
the
former
for
more
than
20
years
and
the
latter
for
more
than
10
years.
Both
of
them
are
still
grown
to
some
extent
in
central
and
northern
parts
of
the
country.
Varieties
released
since
the
mid-1970s
have
not
covered
as
large
an
area
as
many
earlier
ones.
Firstly,
continuous
draining
and
liming
of
fields
have
resulted
in
improved
soil
con-
ditions,
making
it
possible
to
grow
more
two-
row
varieties
with
high
soil
requirements.
The
Swedish
variety
Kustaa (Svalöf
1979)
is
a
good
example
covering
approx.
20
%
of
the
barley
acreage
since
the
mid-1980s.
Secondly,
the
to-
tal
number
of
barley
varieties
grown
in
Fin-
land
has
increased
during
the
last
10
years,
resulting
in
a
smaller
acreage
per
variety.
Still
in
1985,
Hankkija’s
six-row
varieties
covered
nearly
50
%
of
the
total
barley
acreage.
Utilization
of
Hankkija
varieties
in
other
countries
There
are
several
examples
of
utilization,
either
in
crossings
or
in
barley
production,
of
Hankkija
varieties
in
other
countries.
The
main
reason
for
this
utilization
has
been
the
earliness.
Olli
has
been
used
as
a
parent
variety
for
the
Canadian
malting
barley
Gateway
(Wie-
be
and
Reid
1961).
Furthermore,
Olli
itself
(a
single
plant
selection
from
Olli)
has
been
grown
extensively
in
some
provinces
of
Cana-
da,
especially
in
central
and
northern
Alber-
ta
and
Saskatchewan
(Wiebe
and
Reid
1961,
Guitard
et
al.
1965).
In
these
regions
earli-
ness
is
a
prerequisite
for
cereal
production
(Guitard
1960).
The
climate
is
characterized
by
a
short
growing
season,
monthly
tempera-
tures
averaging
10
—16°C
in
May
to
Septem-
ber.
In
1960,
Olli
covered
an
acreage
of
more
Fig.
3.
Proportion
of
Hankkija’s
six-row
varieties
of
the
total
barley
acreage
in
Finland
since
1950
(Official
Statistics
of
Agriculture).
302
than
1.0
million
hectares
in
Alberta
(Mala-
her
1961).
Even
in
the
1980
s
Olli
has
been
in-
cluded
among
the
early
varieties
recommend-
ed
to
be
grown
in
certain
provinces
of
Canada.
Both
Olli
and
Hankkijan
Eero,
which
is
insensitive
to
daylength,
have
been
used
as
a
source
of
earliness
in
the
breeding
programmes
of
the
CIMMYT
institute
(Anon.
1978).
Similarly,
the
earliness
of
Tammi
has
been
transferred
to
the
extremely
early
Swedish
two-row
variety
Arla
(Hörberg
1964).
Two
varieties,
Pirkka
and
Otra,
have
been
grown
quite
extensively
in
the
Soviet
Union.
The
success
of
these
varieties
in
northwestern
parts
of
the
country
can
be
explained
not
only
by
their
earliness
but
also
by
their
good
adap-
tation
to
acid
soils
and
extensive
cultivation
with
low
level
of
fertilization
(Denisova
1961).
During
the
1970
s
and
1980
s,
Otra
has
been
the
most
popular
barley
variety
in
Esto-
nia
(Lepajoe
1986).
Conclusion
Due
to
the
short
growing
season
earliness
has
always
been
a
major
breeding
aim
in
Fin-
land
together
with
straw
stiffness,
wide
adap-
tation
and
yielding
potential.
Landraces
have
been
of
considerable
value
as
a
source
of
both
earliness
and
adaptation.
They
were
used
as
the
basic
breeding
material
when
scientific
barley
breeding
started
in
the
early
20th
cen-
tury.
A
total
of
eight
varieties
were
developed
from
them,
Olli
being
the
most
important.
Thereafter
breeding
continued
by
crossing
the
already
developed
domestic
varieties
with
new
foreign
ones.
The
varieties
developed
all
have
the
extremely
early
Olli
more
or
less
in
their
pedigree,
with
as
many
as
five
of
them
belonging
to
the
same
family.
Thus
Olli
has
had
a
very
dominant
influence
in
the
breeding
of
six-row
barley.
The
pedigree
chart
(Fig.
1)
illustrates
clearly
that
breeding
has
been
based
on
a
rather
narrow
gene
pool.
All
the
eight
varieties
are
mostly
based
on
Scan-
dinavian
varieties.
Only
a
few
gene
sources
outside
Scandinavia
have
been
introduced
to
breeding
programmes.
Nevertheless,
breeding
has
resulted
in
several
productive
varieties
which
have
conquered
a
remarkable
acreage.
There
are
excellent
examples
of
the
use
of
local
germ
plasm
as
the
main
gene
source
in
other
countries,
too
(Wych
and
Rasmusson
1983,
Wiberg
et
al.
1986),
which
suggests
that
there
is
substantial
opportunity
for
genet-
ic
gain
within
a
narrow
germ
plasm
base.
Wych
and
Rasmusson
(1983)
have
also
point-
ed
out
that
judging
germ
plasm
diversity
on
the
basis
of
pedigrees
is
speculative
and
that
considerable useful
genetic
diversity
may
ex-
ist
within
what
is
assumed
to
be
a
narrow
gene
pool.
The
earliness
of
landraces
or
the
extremely
early
Olli
has
not
been
exceeded.
Breeding
for
yield
capacity
and
straw
stiffness
has
occurred
at
least
partly
at
the
expense
of
earliness,
es-
pecially
after
the
19605.
Considerable
progress
in
genetic
yield
potential
has
been
achieved
since
the
landraces.
It
was
previously
shown
by
Kivi
(1963),
using
five-year
periods,
that
in
1925
—1957
barley
breeding
in
Finland
ac-
counted
for
9
%
of
the
total
increase
in
yield
(37
%)
for
six-row
barleys.
The
largest
and
steadiest
increase
in
yield
occurred
between
the
late
1940
s
and
early
1960
s
when
Otra
replaced
Tammi,
the
most
productive
cultivar
in
previ-
ous
decades.
The
rate
of
increase
during
those
five-year
periods
ranges
from
3.7
%
to
5.5
%.
Thereafter
the
genetic
yield
improvement
has
been
less
remarkable
than
in
many
other
coun-
tries
(Aikasalo
&
Karjalainen
1986).
However,
during
this
decade
it
seems
that
a
genetic
gain
in
yield
is
possible,
the
latest
breeding
lines
being
approx.
10
—15
%
higher
yielding
than
the
varieties
released
at
the
turn
of
the
1970
s
and
1980
s
(Aikasalo
&
Kesälä
1985).
Considerable
improvement
in
other
charac-
teristics,
especially
in
straw
stiffness
but
also
in
malting
quality,
has
been
achieved
too.
303
References
Aikasalo,
R.
1985.
New
six-row
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Hankkijan
Pokko,
Hankkijan
Potra.
Barley
Newsletter
28:
76—77.
1987.
Barley.
New
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and
breeding
prospects
1987;
B—9.8
—9.
Hankkija
Plant
Breeding
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1988.
New
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Pohto.
Barley
Newslet-
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31.
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&
Kesälä,
P.
1985.
Ohra.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1985:
54—72.
&
Karjalainen,
R.
1986.
Genetic
yield
improvement
of
spring barley
under
marginal
growing
conditions
in
Finland.
Proc.
Fifth
Intern.
Barley
Genet.
Symp.
1986,
Okayama,
(in
press).
Anon.
1978.
Barley.
Cimmyt
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1978:
84
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1910—1985.
Off.
Agric.
Statist.,
Board
of
Agric.
Helsinki.
Baum,
8.R.,
Thompson,
8.K.,
Bailey,
L.G.
&
Brown,
M.
1981.
Barley
Register.
First
Report.
Research
Branch,
Agriculture
Canada.
—,
Bailey,
L.G.
&
Thompson,
B.K.
1985.
Barley
Register.
Agriculture
Canada,
Pubi.
1783
B.
Brummer,
V.
1950.
Ohra.
Summary:
Barley.
Hankk.
Sie-
menjulkaisu
1950,
1:
38—47.
Denisova,
P.V.
1961.
Recommended
varieties
for
Lenin-
grad
district,
(in
Russian).
Enari,
T-M.
1969
&
Linko,
M.
1966.
Significance
of
barley
and
malt
amylases.
Ann.
Agric.
Fenn.
8:
149—156.
Grotenfelt,
G.
1919.
Suomalainen
peltokasviviljelys
11.
517
p.
Helsinki.
Guitard,
A.A.
1960.
The
influence
of
variety,
tempera-
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and
stage
of
growth
on
the
response
of
spring
barley
to
photoperiod.
Can.
J.
Plant
Sci.
40:
65
—80.
—,
Taylor,
R.L.,
Brinsmade,
J.C.,
Gilbey,
J.A.,
New-
man,
J.A.
&
Tsukamoto,
J.Y.
1965.
Growth
of
spring
cereals
in
northwestern
Canada
and
Alaska.
Canada
Dept.
Agric.
1220:
1
—ll.
Hagbero,
A.
&
Persson,
G,
1962.
Svalöfs
kornsorter.
Summary:
The
Svalöf
barley
varieties.
Sver.
Utsädesf.
Tidskr.
72:
337—351.
Hoffmann, W.
&
Plarre,
W.
1970.
Gerste.
Lehrbuch
der
Ziichtung
landwirtschaftlicher
Kulturpflanzen
2;
37
—71.
Berlin
und
Hamburg.
Home,
S.
1979.
Biotekniikan
laboratorion
tutkimustu-
loksia.
Mimeogr.
(Available
at
Biotechn.
Lab.
of
the
State
Techn.
Res.
Center,
Helsinki,
Finland).
Huttunen,
E.
1955.
Tammiston
kasvinjalostustoiminnan
historiikkia
v.
1913
—1954. Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1955:
180—202.
Hörberg,
Y.
1964.
Weibulls
original
Arlakorn.
Ny,
mycket
tidig
2-radssort.
Weibulls
ärsbok
för
växtför-
ädling
och
växtodling
59:
B—l3.8
—13.
Kesälä,
P.
1985a.
Hankkijan
Eero
-ohran
uusi
valio.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1985;
174
—177.
1985b.
Hankkijan
Potra
-ohra.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1985:
153—155.
Kivi,
E.
1955
a.
Ohra.
Summary:
Barley.
Hankk.
Sie-
menjulkaisu
1955:
35—43.
—1955
b.
Ohranjalostus
Tammistossa.
Summary:
Barley
breeding
at Tammisto. Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1955;
123—133.
—1955
c.
Pirkkaohra.
Summary:
Pirkka
barley.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1955:
115—118.
1960.
Otraohra.
Summary:
Otra
barley.
Hankk.
Sie-
menjulkaisu
1960:
194
—198.
1963.
Domestic
plant
breeding
for
the
improvement
of
spring
cereal
varieties
in
Finland.
A
review
based
on
the
activity
of
The
Plant
Breeding
Institute
of
Hank-
kija.
Selostus:
Kotimainen
kasvinjalostus
kevätviljain
lajiketason
kohottajana.
Suom.
Maatal.
tiet.
Seur.
Julk.
100,
3:
1—37.
1966.
The
response
of
certain
pre-harvesting
climatic
factors
on
sensitivity
to
sprouting
in
the
ear
of
two-
row
barley.
Acta
Agr.
Fenn.
107:
228—246.
1968.
Pirkka
a
high
enzyme
six-rowed
barley.
Peal
&
Plant
News
1,1:
12
—15.
1978.
Short
season
barley
breeding.
Fourth
Intern.
Winter
Cereal
Workshop.
Amman,
Jordan,
p.
109—118.
—1980
a.
Hankkijan
kasvinjalostuslaitoksen
lajikkeet
1919
—1980.
Summary:
List
of
varieties
released
by
The
Hankkija
Plant
Breeding
Institute
from
1919
—1980.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1980:
158
—162.
—1980
b.
Ohra.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1980:
40
—52.
Lepajoe,
J.
1986.
Oder.
Tallin,
Valgus.
152
p.
Linko,
M.
&
Enari,
T-M,
1966.
High
Amylolytic
Activi-
ties
in
Barley
Malt.
Brewer
&
Distiller
I,
1:
I
—l2.
Malaher,
W.G.
1961.
Malting
Barley
in
Western
Cana-
da.
Searle
Grain
Company
Ltd.
Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
31
p.
Multamäki,
K.
&
Kaseva,
A.
1987.
Domestic
varieties.
The
State
Agric.
Res.
Center,
Comm.
11/1987.
Paatela,
J.
1953.
Tärkeimmät
viljalajikkeemme
ja
niiden
viljelyalueet.
Summary:
The
Most
Important
Varieties
of
Cereals
Grown
in
Finland
and
their
Grow-
ing
Areas.
Suom.
Maatal.
tiet.
Seur.
Julk.
80,
1:
I—7B.
Pesola,
V.A.
1951.
Lantsträsädes-
och
ärtsorternas
tidigare
och
nutida
utbredning
i
Finland,
deras
egen-
skaper
och
betydelse
för
växtförädlingen
samt
till-
varatagningen
av
desamma.
Maatal.
tiet.
Aikak.
23:
193—210.
Rekunen,
M.
1987.
Satoisa
ja
lujakortinen
Rohto-ohra
tulee
myyntiin.
Kylvösiemen
1987,
2:
23—25.
&
Kivi,
E.
1975a.
Monitahoinen
ohra
Hankkija-673.
Summary:
The
six-rowed
barley
Hankkija-673.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1975:
143
—148.
&
Kivi,
E.
1975b.
Hankkijan
Eero
-ohra.
Summary:
Hankkija’s
Eero
barley.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1975:
148—152.
&
Kivi,
E.
1980.
Hankkijan
Rokko
-ohra.
Summary:
Hankkija’s
Rokko
barley.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1980:
121
124.
304
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J.O.
1925,
Kertomus
Hankkijan
kasvinjalostus-
laitoksen
toiminnasta
vv.
1921
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Siemen-
julkaisu
1925:
18—29.
1927.
Suomen
maatiaisohrat
ja
niiden
jalostusarvo.
Referat:
Die
Finnischen
Landgersten
und
ihr
zuchterischer
Wert.
Suom.
Maatal.tiet.
Seur.
Julk.
16.
139
p.
Helsinki.
1930.
Selostus
Tammiston
uusimmista
kauppaan-
lasketuista
jalosteista.
Hankk.
Siemenjulkaisu
1930;
180—183.
Smirnova-Ikonnikova,
M.I.
&
Petrova,
T.M.
1964.
Amylolytic
and
proteolytic
activity
of
enzymes
in
the
grain
and
malt
of
malting
varieties
of
barley.
Vestn
Selskhoz
Nauk
12:
64—69.
Takahashi,
R.,
Hayashi,
J.
&
Moriya,
I.
1975.
Basic
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on
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Barley
by
the
Use
of
Two-Rowed
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Six-Rowed
Varietal
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Vai
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,
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E.
&
Rancken,
G.
1938.
Tulok-
sia
vertailevista
laatukokeista
Tammistossa
1935—1937.
Referat:
Ergebnisse
vergleichender
Sortversuche
auf
Tammisto
1935
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Siemenjulkaisu
1938:
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A.,
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S.
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1986.
Breeding
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Svalöf
1886—1986.
Research
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results
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(Ed.
by
G.
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252
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Wiebe,
G.A.
&
Reid,
D.A.
1961.
Classification
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States
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Canada
in
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United
States
Dept,
of
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Techn.
Bull.
1224.
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p.
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R.D.
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Rasmusson,
D.C.
1983.
Genetic
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1920.
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23;
1037—1040.
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K.
1976.
Yield
composition
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Sci.
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48:
13
—31.
Ms
received
1988
SELOSTUS
Monitahoisen
ohran
jalostus
ja
lajikkeiden
perinnöllinen
tausta
Reino
Aikasalo
Hankkijan
kasvinjalostuslaitos
04300
Hyrylä
Lyhyestä
kasvukaudestamme
johtuen
aikaisuus
on
ai-
na
ollut
keskeinen
jalostustavoite
korrenlujuuden,
viih-
tyvyyden
ja
sadontuottokyvyn
ohella.
Monitahoinen
ohra
on
aikainen
kasvilaji,
jonka
jalostustyöstä
Hankkijan
kas-
vinjalostuslaitoksella
vuodesta
1913
kerrotaan
tässä
ar-
tikkelissa.
Aikaiset
maatiaisohrat,
jotka
sisälsivät
runsaasti
muun-
telua,
muodostivat
jalostustyön
lähtökohdan
vuosisadan
alussa.
Valintajalostuksen
tuloksena
laskettiin
kauppaan
yhteensä
8
jalostetta,
joista
4
oli
monitahoista.
Näistä
mer-
kittävimmäksi
muodostui
erittäin
aikainen
Olli.
Valintajalostusvaiheen
jälkeen
myös
risteytysjalostuk-
sen
tuloksena
on
laskettu
kauppaan
kahdeksan
lajiket-
ta,
joiden
jokaisen
perimään
sisältyy
Ollin
geenistöä,
ja
joista
5
kuuluu
samaan
sukuun.
Useimmat
lajikkeet
pol-
veutuvat
pääosin
Skandinaviasta
peräisin
olevista
lajik-
keista,
vain
muutamia
kaukaisia
lajikkeita
on
sisällytet-
ty
jalostusohjelmiin.
Siitä
huolimatta
jalostustyö
on
tuot-
tanut
lukuisia
menestyksekkäitä
lajikkeita,
joista
jokai-
sesta
on
lyhyt
kuvaus.
Jalostustyön
tuloksena
ei
ole
pystytty
kehittämään
Ollia
aikaisempia
lajikkeita.
Päinvastoin,
satoisuuden
ja
kor-
renlujuuden
parantaminen
perustuen
kaksitahoisen
oh-
ran
perimän
käyttöön
risteytysohjelmissa
on
johtanut
kasvuajan
pidentymiseen.
Satoisuus
on
jalostustyön
tu-
loksena
parantunut
huomattavasti
maatiaisten
tasosta.
Sadonnousu
on
ollut
voimakkainta
1940-,
1950-
ja
1960-luvuilla
keskimääräisen
viisivuotiskauden
nousun
ol-
lessa
4
—5
%.
1970-
ja
1980-luvun
alun
lajikkeet
ovat
vain
lievästi
satoisampia
kuin
Otra,
Kuluvan
vuosikymmenen
tulokset
osoittavat
kuitenkin,
että
lähiajan
uudet
lajik-
keet
tulevat
olemaan
10—15
%
Otraa
satoisampia.
Satoisuuden
ohella
myös
muita
ominaisuuksia,
erityi-
sesti
korrenlujuutta,
on
pystytty
parantamaan
huomat-
tavasti.
Tämä
on
mahdollistanut
aikaisempaa
voimape-
räisemmän
viljelyn
ja
viljelyalan
kasvun
myötä
ohran
ko-
konaistuotannon
nousun
nykyiselle,
lähes
kahden
miljar-
din
kilon
tasolle
vuodessa.
Eräitä
lajikkeita
on
sekä
hyödynnetty
jalostustyössä
ai-
kaisuuslähteenä
että
viljelty
muissa
maissa,
mm.
Kana-
dassa
ja
Neuvostoliitossa.
305
