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The Coming Technological Singularity
Abstract
The acceleration of technological progress has been the central feature of this century. We are on the edge of change comparable to the rise of human life on Earth. The precise cause of this change is the imminent creation by technology of entities with greater-than-human intelligence. The chapter presents some possible projects that take on special significance, given the intelligence amplification (IA) point of view. These examples illustrate research that can be done within the context of contemporary computer science departments. This discussion of IA would yield some clearly safer approaches to the Singularity. The problem is not simply that the technological Singularity represents the passing of humankind from center stage, but that it contradicts our most deeply held notions of being. A closer look at the notion of strong superhumanity can show why that is.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a humanequivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.
... The notion of truth is arguably the biggest thorn in the heel of intelligent systems, and one may wonder whether singularity (Vinge, 1993) is possible at all. The problem stems from the inability to reduce the understanding of reality to a purely algorithmic process and to derive truths from presuppositions. ...
... Another definition comes from Vinge (1993), who asserted that "an ultraintelligent machine…defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever…it will be the last invention that man need make." He further defined singularity as "a point where our old models must be discarded and a new reality rules, a point that will loom vaster and vaster over human affairs until the notion becomes a commonplace." ...
Machine learning, and more broadly artificial intelligence (AI), is a fascinating technology and can be considered as the closest approximation to the Cartesian “thinking thing” that humans have ever created. Just as the industrial revolution required a new ethos, the age of intelligent machines will create its own, challenging the established moral, economic, and political presuppositions. This paper discusses the relationship between AI and society; it presents several thought experiments to explore the complexity of the relationship and highlights the insufficiency of the current normative paradigm in addressing technological expansion. I argue that many of the externalities, such as security risks, loss of privacy, and economic instability will result from trying to fit the emerging technologies into the existing frame of efficiency and utility, by redefining the notions of human value, identity, autonomy, purity, and truth, among others. The age of the intelligent machine is elevating alienation to new levels, treating the individual as mere patterns in data—its primary commodity. I further argue that while the possibility of unintended consequences, due to the potential misuse of AI is ever present, the intelligent machine per se is unlikely to engage in a zero-sum game for power on its own initiative. I question whether singularity is at all attainable and argue that technology will forever remain a proxy for human interests. I conclude by posing questions for charting the path forward. Through this analysis, I aim to provide a more nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between the AI and humans.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
p>Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.</p
... For that, technologies are categorized according to perspectives originating from cybernetics, economics and occupational science [7]. We further extend the taxonomy to incorporate Vinge's suggestion that technologies have physical and cognitive characteristics [8], [9]. Notice that Vinge originally called these characteristics "weak superhumanity" and "strong superhumanity" and applied them to technological entities. ...
... The focus on the cybernetic characteristics of technological innovations allows us to introduce characteristics of technologies originally developed by Vinge [8]. As Vinge explains, "I call [the] 'fast thinking' form of superintelligence 'weak superhumanity'" (a physical technological improvement), while "'strong superhumanity' would be more than cranking up the clock speed on a human-equivalent mind" (a cognitive technological improvement). ...
p>Aims: we propose a sociotechnical taxonomy for the analysis of socio-economic disruptions caused by technological innovations. Methodology: a transdisciplinary principled approach is used to build the taxonomy through categorization and characterization of technologies using concepts and definitions originating from cybernetics, occupational science, and economics. The sociotechnical taxonomy is then used, with the help of logical propositions, to connect the characteristics of different categories of technologies to their socio-economic effects, for example their externalities. Results: we offer concrete illustrations of concepts and uses, and an Industry 5.0 case study as an application of the taxonomy. We suggest that the taxonomy can inform the analysis of opportunities and risks related to technological disruptions, specially of those that result from the rise of cognitive machines.</p
... Os arautos da "boa" hecatombe(Chalmers, 2016) preconizam agora, fazendo induções muito extremistas contra a ideia de alguns, como Nicolelis (2023, online) eWatanabe (2022, p. 94), para quem a complexidade do cérebro humano e alguns dos seus feitos, nomeadamente a consciência, não podem ser replicados simpliciter, que a superação dos dotes intelectuais e cognitivos dos humanos é inevitável. Se esses arautos da singularidade estiverem corretos, havendo várias opiniões clássicas nesse sentido(Vinge, 1993;Kurzweil, 2005), a IPF humana poderá ceder em breve o seu lugar a duas IPF: uma humana e uma assente em inteligência artificial. Isto é o que acontece aliás atualmente nas competições de xadrez, havendo campeonatos para humanos e campeonatos para máquinas. ...
Explico a inevitabilidade de um cenário em que a atual indústria de produção filosófica se cruza com a inteligência artificial geral. Defende-se que esta última terá um impacto não negligenciável sobre a primeira, algo que os decisores devem antecipar e preparar. Proponho uma posição equilibrada a este respeito, uma atitude prudencial entre o pessimismo e o otimismo, bem como a substituição de um desiderato de quantidade nesta indústria por um desiderato de qualidade.
... The term borrows its metaphorical power from cosmology's singularity: the horizon point of a black hole, beyond which we cannot know anything. Vernor Vinge, the science fiction author and computer scientist who died in March 2024, has been credited with suggesting four possible scenarios for the singularity: sentient AI; sentient AI networks; the merger of humans and machines to become super-intelligent; or the enhancement of human intelligence to the point of a singularity (Vinge 2013). Numerous other accounts have since proliferated -some dystopian, others utopian. ...
... By holding up to the light some of these smaller organizations and initiatives and their practices, we hope to raise awareness that while small in size, their impact is significant. If funded adequately in terms of resources, labor, and a normative commitment to the idea, their potential looms large, for as Vernor Vinge reminds us, "even the largest avalanche is triggered by small things" (Vinge 1993). ...
... Defined by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin at the beginning of the twentieth century, Omega Point refers to the teleological idea of an ultimate point in humanity's evolution, reaching a state of maximum complexity and cognitive and spiritual development; a hypothetical 'final act of the global drama' (Zwart 2022: 221). Technological singularity refers to the hypothetical scenario where AI surpasses human intelligence, leading to exponential growth in intelligence by triggering an inevitable positive feedback loop (Vinge 2013). ...
In this article, I explore the evolving affordances of artificial intelligence technologies. Through an evocative dialogue with ChatGPT, a form of a postdigital duoethnography between a human and an artificial intelligence algorithm, I discuss issues of knowledge production, research methods, epistemology, creativity, entropy, and self-organization. By reflecting on my own lived experience during this dialogue, I explore how human-artificial intelligence synergies can facilitate new insights and amplify human creative potential. As human-artificial intelligence entanglements activate multiple possibilities, I emphasize how understanding the impact of technology on individuals and communities becomes a critical challenge. In an era where the postdigital becomes the dominant narrative of science and education, the human mind will never be the same again. However, it is not given how human beings and artificial intelligence technologies are going to coevolve as parts of a complex postdigital confluence. Although I make no specific prediction of the future, I make the call for a relationship between humans and technology, informed by complex living systems epistemology, that will promote a more empowering postdigital narrative for individuals and communities. To this direction, this article introduces a methodological framework for the practice of postdigital duoethnography.
... A cultural realignment could aid Vinge's (1993) "greater merging of competence." In this, early aspirations for AI to facilitate "intelligence amplification" and "symbiotic association" have the potential to be realized. ...
... Although it is a speculative concept, many AI theorists and futurists believe that superintelligence is a potential outcome of continued advancements in AI (Bostrom, 2014). Larson (2021) challenged the notion of superintelligent computers and singularity (Kurzweil, 2014;Vinge, 1993), argued that we are not close to achieving superintelligence, and questioned the basic premise of singularity. ...
As a result of OpenAI's ChatGPT, there has been increasing interest in AI and web-based natural language processing (NLP), including in academia. In this article, we provide an overview of the tools that can be used for academic purposes. The overview was conducted from the perspective of a university educator and was intended to guide educators in higher education on emerging AI technologies. The tools discussed ranged from searching the literature and attributions to peer-reviewed articles, scientific writing, and academic writing and editing. The objective is to foster an informed approach to the integration of AI tools in academic settings, ensuring that educators are well-equipped to leverage these technologies to enhance the quality and output of academic work.
... AI, in particular symbolic AI, and more recently Machine Learning (ML), as a particular form of AI are part of this domain. The discussion of the Singularity (Vinge 1993;Kurzweil 2005), the presumed state in which the artificial, in its ever-increasing variety, outperforms the living, was reignited by recent accomplishments. Large Language Model (LLM) developments, using the Transformer Architecture, integrate algorithms for mimicking understanding of language, and for generating similes of human language. ...
According to how AI has defined itself from its beginning, thinking in non-living matter, i.e., without life, is possible. The premise of symbolic AI is that operating on representations of reality machines can understand it. When this assumption did not work as expected, the mathematical model of the neuron became the engine of artificial “brains.” Connectionism followed. Currently, in the context of Machine Learning success, attempts are made at integrating the symbolic and connectionist paths. There is hope that Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) performance can be achieved. As encouraging as neuro-symbolic AI seems to be, it remains unclear whether AGI is actually a moving target as long as AI itself remains ambiguously defined. This paper makes the argument that the intelligence of machines, expressed in their performance, reflects how adequate the means used for achieving it are. Therefore, energy use and the amount of data necessary qualify as a good metric for comparing natural and artificial performance.
... Combining technology and biology, transhumanists (sometimes the term technohumanists is also used) promise a singularity in the context of technological progress that will contribute to the achievement of the so-called "critical point" after which life in the form known to man will no longer be possible (Ulam, 1958). The singularity represents the point of metamorphosis of a human being into a being with superintellectual capacities (Vinge, 1993), that is, the moment after which artificial intelligence becomes superintelligence, more advanced than humans in all aspects (Bostrom, 2014). One of the most incendiary representatives of transhumanism, Ray Kurzweil (2006), almost apocalyptically predicts the singularity as a technological hurricane that will imply a change in all aspects of human life, even death, and that will be reached in 2045. ...
... In that sense, the general intelligence of humans is vastly superior to even the most advanced AI, and there is considerable debate about when (or if ) AI may surpass human intelligence in a generalized, non-task-oriented way. Much scientific and philosophical debate has surrounded the concept of a "technological singularity," the moment when a greater-than-human technological intelligence drives progress, thus wresting human autonomy and subordinating human ambition to a technological master (Vinge, 1993). Surveys of AI scientists suggest that many researchers believe such a singularity may occur by 2050 (Baum, Goertzel, & Goertzel, 2011). ...
In the last two years, consumers have experienced massive changes in consumption – whether due to shifts in habits; the changing information landscape; challenges to their identity, or new economic experiences of scarcity or abundance. What can we expect from these experiences? How are the world's leading thinkers applying both foundational knowledge and novel insights as we seek to understand consumer psychology in a constantly changing landscape? And how can informed readers both contribute to and evaluate our knowledge? This handbook offers a critical overview of both fundamental topics in consumer psychology and those that are of prominence in the contemporary marketplace, beginning with an examination of individual psychology and broadening to topics related to wider cultural and marketplace systems. The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology, 2nd edition, will act as a valuable guide for teachers and graduate and undergraduate students in psychology, marketing, management, economics, sociology, and anthropology.
It is important to recognize that, while digitization has made significant advancements, it has largely overlooked everyday clothing, which remains a vital aspect of our lives. This gap can be attributed to the noticeable lag in the textile industry compared to the microelectronics sector. This concept review emphasizes the significance of creating smart clothing that features a digital interface and explores its potential benefits within the metaverse. our idea focuses on enhancing such garments to implement a human digital twin concept, which we believe, could enable an evolution of our innate abilities in the digital realm. To achieve this, we have identified essential requirements for the smooth integration of smart clothing into the metaverse and have elaborated on these needs. nonetheless, despite the anticipated benefits, our proposed model faces several challenges, that have been outlined, including issues related to energy consumption, production methods, safety standards, and sustainability considerations.
Religion and artificial intelligence are now deeply enmeshed in humanity's collective imagination, narratives, institutions, and aspirations. Their growing entanglement also runs counter to several dominant narratives that engage with long-standing historical discussions regarding the relationship between the 'sacred” and the 'secular' - technology and science. This Cambridge Companion explores the fields of Religion and AI comprehensively and provides an authoritative guide to their symbiotic relationship. It examines established topics, such as transhumanism, together with new and emerging fields, notably, computer simulations of religion. Specific chapters are devoted to Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, while others demonstrate that entanglements between religion and AI are not always encapsulated through such a paradigm. Collectively, the volume addresses issues that AI raises for religions, and contributions that AI has made to religious studies, especially the conceptual and philosophical issues inherent in the concept of an intelligent machine, and social-cultural work on attitudes to AI and its impact on contemporary life. The diverse perspectives in this Companion demonstrate how all religions are now interacting with artificial intelligence.
The core of Artificial Intelligence is to take over tasks that were previously reserved for humans. Through the ability of AI systems to analyze large data sets, recognize patterns, and generate “new” content, a wide range of applications open up. These range from processing human language and images to expert systems and robots that can independently perform a multitude of tasks. Ethical boundaries must be considered when using AI.
The article is devoted to the specifics of investment strategies in the forex market using the analytical system of multitrading. The strategy outlines a general plan for the tactical use of resources (time, money, fundamental and technical analysis systems) over an interval of predictable changes in the prices of financial instruments to achieve the trader’s goals (preservation or increase of capital). A promising strategy is determined by the duration and amplitude of the predicted oscillation (unidirectional change) of the price of a financial instrument. The preferred strategy depends on the time that the trader is ready to use for analytical activities and control of current orders, acceptable risks and expected profitability. The most profitable, high-risk and labor-intensive are intraday strategies (half-hour, 2-hour and 8-hour). Three intraday, two short-term (1.5-day and 1.5-week), medium-term (2-month) and long-term (8-month) strategies can be directly applied in the MetaTrader 5 trading terminal with the multitrading system toolset in the Trading Group consisting of three Analytical Windows with chart periods that are successively increased by 4 times. The Analytical Window contains a price chart with trend channels, fundamental event labels and 17 technical analysis indicators, distributed across 4 sections. Price trend change signals are generated in the Operational Window with the shortest period, verified in the Tactical Window and used in the Strategic Window of the Trading Group. Signal combinations of indicator states are used to determine the pivot points of Andrews' pitchfork trend channels and to set Tactical Arrows indicating the direction of the current trend. The current Strategic Window is identified by the concentration of three co-directed Tactical Arrows in its Trading Zone (the last 8 periods of the interval chart). Methods of using 2.5-year, 10-year, 40-year and two-century long-term strategies by means of fractals, fundamental events and Kondratiev waves are proposed. A set of preferred currency pairs of Forex Club and FxPro brokers is defined for all strategies. Regulations for creating strategic forecasts have been developed. Specific features of multitrading strategies should be taken into account when developing trading tactics.
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) caught Health Professions Education (HPE) institutions off-guard, and they are currently adjusting to a changed educational environment. On the horizon, however, is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) which promises to be an even greater leap and challenge. This Guide begins by explaining the context and nature of AGI, including its characteristics of multi-modality, generality, adaptability, autonomy, and learning ability. It then explores the implications of AGI on students (including personalised learning and electronic tutors) and HPE institutions, and considers some of the context provided by AGI in healthcare. It then raises the problems to address, including the impact on employment, social risks, student adaptability, costs, quality, and others. After considering a possible timeline, the Guide then ends by indicating some first steps that HPE institutions and educators can take to prepare for AGI.
L’histoire parallèle de l’évolution de l’intelligence humaine et de l’intelligence artificielle constitue un voyage fascinant, mettant en lumière les voies distinctes mais interconnectées de l’évolution biologique et de l’innovation technologique. Cette histoire peut être considérée comme une série de développements interconnectés, chaque avancée de l’intelligence humaine ouvrant la voie au prochain bond en avant de l’intelligence artificielle.
L’intelligence humaine et l’intelligence artificielle sont depuis longtemps liées, évoluant selon des trajectoires parallèles tout au long de l’histoire. Alors que les humains cherchent à comprendre et à reproduire l’intelligence, l’IA est devenue un domaine dédié à la création de systèmes capables d’accomplir des tâches qui nécessitent traditionnellement l’intellect humain.
Ce livre examine les racines évolutives de l'intelligence, explore l'émergence de l'intelligence artificielle, examine l'histoire parallèle de l'intelligence humaine et de l'intelligence artificielle, retraçant leur développement, leurs interactions et l'impact profond qu'elles ont eu les unes sur les autres, et envisage les paysages futurs où l'intelligence humaine et artificielle converge. Explorons cette histoire, en comparant les étapes clés et les développements dans les deux domaines.
В статье автор с позиций мировоззренческого подхода обосновывает необходимость понимания цифровой экономики как целостной, системной, комплексной проблемы. Формирование, развитие и реализация «Цифровой экономики» должно происходить на междисциплинарной основе, т.е. на стыке всех наук и духовных знаний, исходя из объективности цели развития человеческого сообщества и необходимости ее осознанного выбора и реализации. Это позволяет понять, какими должны быть отношения между людьми, т.е. какая модель жизнеустройства должна возникнуть, чтобы всесторонне оценить, и как можно полнее использовать открывающиеся созидательные возможности «Цифровой экономики». Главное — найти адекватный этой модели механизм ее функционирования, чтобы предупредить возникновение возможных рисков для каждого конкретного человека и общества в целом.
In this article the author, basing on the positions of the world-vision approach, substantiates the need to understand the digital economy as an integral, systemic and comprehensive problem. Formation, development and realization of the ‘digital economy’ must take place on the cross-disciplinary basis (i.e., at the juncture of all disciplines and spiritual knowledge) and proceed from the objective nature of the human community development goal as well as from the need of its intended choice and realization. Thus it would be possible to understand as what human relations are required – i.e., what model of life organization should emerge in order to assess comprehensively and to use as fully as possible the opening creative potentials of the ‘digital economy’. The main point is to find the most relevant mechanism for functioning of this model so that to prevent appearance of possible risks for each particular human individual and the society at large
The parallel history of the evolution of human intelligence and artificial intelligence is a fascinating journey, highlighting the distinct but interconnected paths of biological evolution and technological innovation. This history can be seen as a series of interconnected developments, each advance in human intelligence paving the way for the next leap in artificial intelligence. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence have long been intertwined, evolving in parallel trajectories throughout history. As humans have sought to understand and reproduce intelligence, AI has emerged as a field dedicated to creating systems capable of tasks that traditionally require human intellect. This book examines the evolutionary roots of intelligence, explores the emergence of artificial intelligence, examines the parallel history of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, tracing their development, interactions, and profound impact they have had on each other, and envisions future landscapes where intelligence converges human and artificial. Let's explore this history, comparing key milestones and developments in both realms.
La posible creación de formas de Inteligencia Artificial cada vez más cercanas, equivalentes o superiores a la inteligencia humana, nos plantea nuevos y complejos dilemas ético-jurídicos. Dada la creciente sofisticación de la IA, resulta crucial investigar si cabría dotarla de estatus moral y jurídico, y cómo ello se manifestaría en el reconocimiento de derechos y deberes para los entes artificiales. El objetivo es determinar las consecuencias iusfilosóficas derivadas del reconocimiento de derechos a la IA avanzada en relación a los fundamentos de los derechos humanos. Tras el necesario análisis conceptual, se concluye que se requiere un nuevo paradigma ético-jurídico que reconcilie cautamente unos hipotéticos derechos de las entidades con IA con los derechos de la especie humana.
Istoria paralelă a evoluției inteligenței umane și a inteligenței artificiale este o călătorie fascinantă, evidențiind căile distincte, dar interconectate, ale evoluției biologice și inovației tehnologice. Această istorie poate fi văzută ca o serie de evoluții interconectate, fiecare progres în inteligența umană deschizând calea pentru următorul salt în inteligența artificială. Iată o prezentare generală a acestei istorii paralele. Inteligența umană și inteligența artificială s-au împletit de mult timp, evoluând în traiectorii paralele de-a lungul istoriei. Pe măsură ce oamenii au căutat să înțeleagă și să reproducă inteligența, IA a apărut ca un domeniu dedicat creării de sisteme capabile de sarcini care necesită în mod tradițional intelect uman. Această carte analizează rădăcinile evolutive ale inteligenței, explorează apariția inteligenței artificiale, analizează istoria paralelă a inteligenței umane și a inteligenței artificiale, urmărind dezvoltarea lor, interacțiunile și impactul profund pe care l-au avut una asupra celeilalte, și imaginează peisajele viitoare în care converg inteligența umană și cea artificială. Să explorăm această istorie, comparând reperele cheie și evoluțiile din ambele tărâmuri.
This book considers David Hanson’s robots as a performative expression of our cultural moment, serving as a paradigm for the evolution of humanoid social robots. The author has worked with Hanson Robotics since 2005 and was, most recently, Creative Director for the company.
Mechanical beings have occupied the human imagination since antiquity. Now, they inhabit the pop-cultural imagination, embodying the apotheosis of humanity’s technological aspirations and dread. Sophia, Hanson’s most advanced robot, anticipates the future as she articulates the mythic pattern, narrative, anxieties, and hopes as old as humanity. Gendered as an attractive female with a face inspired by Queen Nefertiti and Audrey Hepburn, Sophia is a cipher, avatar, and turning point that brings humanity and technology a step closer to the emergence of a post-human species. The author is a transdisciplinary artist/scholar/educator working internationally in experimental performance, indigenous performance (ritual, shamanism), and social robotics. Hanson’s robots and Sophia are examined as performance media and events, as characters evolving as post-human narratives of technological beings. The emergent, complex, and collaborative relationships social robots have with technology, AI, performance, anthropology, mythology, psychology, sociology, popular culture, social media, politics, and economics are considered.
Marek Tamm and Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, in dialogue with Taynna M. Marino, discuss some of the main dilemmas and challenges of contemporary historical theory, from the scientific status and so-called crises within the discipline to discussions about new forms of temporality and historicity that can respond to the technoscientific, ecological and socio-political changes we are facing today. In this conversation, the authors emphasize the historians’ role in making history relevant for the future and the efforts to redefine historical knowledge to encompass diverse forms of life (more-than-human, better-than-human, nonhuman) and tackle disconnected pro-spects of the future. Finally, they call attention to the importance of a fruitful dialogue between historians and theorists of history and of collaborating with scholars from other sciences to develop new ways of making sense of the new historical condition.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie racji przemawiających za tym, że mamy moralne prawo oswoić sztuczną inteligencję, czyli podporządkować ją sobie. Uzasadnienia dla tej tezy poszukuję w dwóch głównych obszarach. Pierwszy obszar koncentruje się wokół negatywnych konsekwencji związanych z zastosowaniem sztucznej inteligencji w codziennym życiu. Drugi obszar wiąże się z próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy sztuczna inteligencja jest podmiotem moralnym. Przeprowadzone analizy prowadzą do dwóch wniosków. Po pierwsze, sztuczna inteligencja generuje i może generować negatywne, indywidualne lub społeczne konsekwencje. Po drugie, sztuczna inteligencja nie jest podmiotem moralnym, ponieważ brakuje jej istotnych, strukturalnych własności moralnych, którymi dysponują osoby ludzkie.
This paper seeks to trade on the Reformed archetype-ectype thinking to account for an ontological foundation of human sustainability in the age of technology. According to the technological Singularity, machines will eventually triumph over humans. As a result, human sustainability relies solely upon technology, and humans should transcend their biological conditions. By contrast, Reformed archetype-ectype thinking brings forth an ectypal ontology, which offers a holistic understanding of the human being and grounds human sustainability in the reality of the whole human person as the ectype and image of God. This holistic anthropology implies that human embodiment plays a significant role in human sustainability. From this vantage point, technology should not be seen as competing against human biological conditions. Rather, it extends human interaction with the physical world and strengthens human sustainability to create technomoral futures by embodying the moral quality of the imago Dei.
The aim of this paper is to conduct a descriptive and normative exploration of the most intriguing current biotechnologies. Firstly, biotechnological means capable of enhancing humans will be described, including the possibility of transferring the mind to a non-biological device. Secondly, the emerging discipline of welfare biology will be explored, subjecting it to a theoretical stress test. Well-founded concerns regarding the potential impact of biotechnologies exist, with a particular emphasis on the speculative nature of mind uploading. In contrast to large-scale welfare biology, small-scale welfare biology seems entirely plausible to reduce wild animal suffering.
This innovative and comprehensive collection of essays explores the biggest threats facing humanity in the 21st century; threats that cannot be contained or controlled and that have the potential to bring about human extinction and civilization collapse. Bringing together experts from many disciplines, it provides an accessible survey of what we know about these threats, how we can understand them better, and most importantly what can be done to manage them effectively.
These essays pair insights from decades of research and activism around global risk with the latest academic findings from the emerging field of Existential Risk Studies. Voicing the work of world leading experts and tackling a variety of vital issues, they weigh up the demands of natural systems with political pressures and technological advances to build an empowering vision of how we can safeguard humanity’s long-term future.
The book covers both a comprehensive survey of how to study and manage global risks with in-depth discussion of core risk drivers: including environmental breakdown, novel technologies, global scale natural disasters, and nuclear threats. The Era of Global Risk offers a thorough analysis of the most serious dangers to humanity.
Inspiring, accessible, and essential reading for both students of global risk and those committed to its mitigation, this book poses one critical question: how can we make sense of this era of global risk and move beyond it to an era of global safety?
In our contemporary and futuristic times, immortality is slowly being extracted from the divine/spiritual arena by means of science and technology. There is the optimism that through the scientific and technological revitalization of human nature, humans would probably attain eternal existence in this world. This optimism, and its underlying philosophy, is based on something known as transhumanism. In this chapter, we examine the implications of transhumanism for the question of life’s meaning, especially from an African perspective. Specifically, we pit transhumanism against three dominant traditional African notions of meaning viz. the God’s purpose theory, the vital force theory and the communal normative function theory in a bid to decipher which theory, amongst the three, best undergirds a meaningful transhuman existence. We conclude that the communal view is the most attractive of the three theories in terms of answering the question of how to live meaningfully as a transhuman/post-human being. According to the communal view, a meaningful life is one that strives to acquire personhood of the highest level by performing those acts that ensure harmonious living, communal flourishing, and the common good. Attaining personhood, thus, presents itself as one plausible overarching purpose for a transhuman existence.KeywordsAfricaCommunalImmortalityMeaning of lifeTranshumanism
Many transhumanists see their respective movement as being rooted in ancient ethical thought. However, this alleged connection between the contemporary transhumanist doctrine and the ethical theory of antiquity has come under attack. In this paper, we defend this connection by pointing out a key similarity between the two intellectual traditions. Both traditions are committed to the “radical transformation thesis”: ancient ethical theory holds that we should assimilate ourselves to the gods as far as possible, and transhumanists hold that we should enhance ourselves beyond the physical and intellectual parameters of being human so as to become posthuman. By considering the two views in tandem, we develop an account of the assimilation directive that is palatable to contemporary readers and provide a view of posthumanism worth wanting.
An impossibility theorem demonstrates that a particular problem or set of problems cannot be solved as described in the claim. Such theorems put limits on what is possible to do concerning artificial intelligence, especially the super-intelligent one. As such, these results serve as guidelines, reminders, and warnings to AI safety, AI policy, and governance researchers. These might enable solutions to some long-standing questions in the form of formalizing theories in the framework of constraint satisfaction without committing to one option. We strongly believe this to be the most prudent approach to long-term AI safety initiatives. In this paper, we have categorized impossibility theorems applicable to AI into five mechanism-based categories: deduction, indistinguishability, induction, tradeoffs, and intractability. We found that certain theorems are too specific or have implicit assumptions that limit application. Also, we added new results (theorems) such as the unfairness of explainability, the first explainability-related result in the induction category. The remaining results deal with misalignment between the clones and put a limit to the self-awareness of agents. We concluded that deductive impossibilities deny 100%-guarantees for security. In the end, we give some ideas that hold potential in explainability, controllability, value alignment, ethics, and group decision-making.
The article aims to determine the promising directions for the development of legal regulation in connection with the development of technologies of artificial intelligence and transhumanism and the economic impact of this development. Dangerous forecasts of technological development require analysis of prospects of legal regulation in this area. With the help of the "task-method-provision" methodology, the perspective tasks of legal regulation are formulated in connection with the hypothesis of artificial intelligence and in the context of the technological development of transhumanism. Legal regulation should ensure maximum diversification of technological choices. Technology should not be limited but, on the contrary, should be as diverse as possible. If the law creates conditions/requirements to create as many different technological solutions as possible, this will effectively prevent the development of negative impacts. The significance of the global problem becomes a question of legal safeguards for the effective development of the information environment. Vast amounts of information accumulated by humanity in a lifetime will require new legal mechanisms. Results. A method of assessing the prospects of legal regulation of social relations related to the use of technologies is proposed. It consists of consistent answers to questions concerning 1) the expediency of banning or regulating certain technologies, 2) the method of regulation, and 3) the ways of ensuring the implementation of norms regulating the development of technologies. The article substantiates the following theses: the impossibility of prohibiting the development of technology, the expediency of legal incentives for the efficient use and minimization of the risks of misuse of technology, the necessity to ensure the maximum diversification of technological solutions, the change of the range of legal professions against the background of the convergence of legal and technical sciences; legal guarantees for the efficient development of the economy and the information environment.
To understand many of the ethical questions that arise in relation to AI, we must understand how it is viewed as a technology. Different perspectives tend to shape some key questions, such as the ways in which humans and AI are compared and contrasted. The chapter gives an introductory overview of the philosophy of technology, highlighting issues that underlie some of the ethical questions we examine in later chapters. These include questions about the proper relation of technology to nature, such as whether it mimics or should attempt to exceed nature, the proper relation of humans to nature, the nature of scientific and technological knowledge, and the implicit values of technology. The philosophers discussed include Plato, Aristotle, and Heidegger. We also explore the ethical issues that may arise from the use of AI in communication technologies and the impacts on how communications are viewed and on relationships.KeywordsPlatoAristotleHeideggerPhilosophy of technologyAI ethicsNature
For many decades, the proponents of `artificial intelligence' have maintained that computers will soon be able to do everything that a human can do. In his bestselling work of popular science, Sir Roger Penrose takes us on a fascinating tour through the basic principles of physics, cosmology, mathematics, and philosophy to show that human thinking can never be emulated by a machine. Oxford Landmark Science books are 'must-read' classics of modern science writing which have crystallized big ideas, and shaped the way we think.
In John von Neumann’s death on February 8, 1957, the world of mathematics lost a most original, penetrating, and versatile mind. Science suffered the loss of a universal intellect and a unique interpreter of mathematics, who could bring the latest (and develop latent) applications of its methods to bear on problems of physics, astronomy, biology, and the new technology. Many eminent voices have described and praised his contributions. It is my aim to add here a brief account of his life and of his work from a background of personal acquaintance and friendship extending over a period of 25 years.
Quantitative estimates are derived for three classes of phenomena that may occur in an open cosmological model of Friedmann type. (1) Normal physical processes taking place with very long time-scales. (2) Biological processes that will result if life adapts itself to low ambient temperatures according to a postulated scaling law. (3) Communication by radio between life forms existing in different parts of the universe. The general conclusion of the analysis is that an open universe need not evolve into a state of permanent quiescence. Life and communication can continue for ever, utilizing a finite store of energy, if the assumed scaling laws are valid.
This article can be viewed as an attempt to explore the consequences of two propositions. (1) Intentionality in human beings (and animals) is a product of causal features of the brain. I assume this is an empirical fact about the actual causal relations between mental processes and brains. It says simply that certain brain processes are sufficient for intentionality. (2) Instantiating a computer program is never by itself a sufficient condition of intentionality. The main argument of this paper is directed at establishing this claim. The form of the argument is to show how a human agent could instantiate the program and still not have the relevant intentionality. These two propositions have the following consequences: (3) The explanation of how the brain produces intentionality cannot be that it does it by instantiating a computer program. This is a strict logical consequence of 1 and 2. (4) Any mechanism capable of producing intentionality must have causal powers equal to those of the brain. This is meant to be a trivial consequence of 1. (5) Any attempt literally to create intentionality artificially (strong AI) could not succeed just by designing programs but would have to duplicate the causal powers of the human brain. This follows from 2 and 4.
“Could a machine think?” On the argument advanced here only a machine could think, and only very special kinds of machines, namely brains and machines with internal causal powers equivalent to those of brains. And that is why strong AI has little to tell us about thinking, since it is not about machines but about programs, and no program by itself is sufficient for thinking.
Three components of a brain model operating on neuromolecular computing principles are described. The first component comprises neurons whose input-output behavior is controlled by significant internal dynamics. Models of discrete enzymatic neurons, reaction-diffusion neurons operating on the basis of the cyclic nucleotide cascade, and neurons controlled by cytoskeletal dynamics are described. The second component of the model is an evolutionary learning algorithm which is used to mold the behavior of enzyme-driven neurons or small networks of these neurons for specific function, usually pattern recognition or target seeking tasks. The evolutionary learning algorithm may be interpreted either as representing the mechanism of variation and natural selection acting on a phylogenetic time scale, or as a conceivable ontogenetic adaptation mechanism. The third component of the model is a memory manipulation scheme, called the reference neuron scheme. In principle it is capable of orchestrating a repertoire of enzyme-driven neurons for coherent function. The existing implementations, however, utilize simple neurons without internal dynamics. Spatial navigation and simple game playing (using tic-tac-toe) provide the task environments that have been used to study the properties of the reference neuron model. A memory-based evolutionary learning algorithm has been developed that can assign credit to the individual neurons in a network. It has been run on standard benchmark tasks, and appears to be quite effective both for conventional neural nets and for networks of discrete enzymatic neurons. The models have the character of artificial worlds in that they map the hierarchy of processes in the brain (at the molecular, neuronal, and network levels), provide a task environment, and use this relatively self-contained setup to develop and evaluate learning and adaptation algorithms.
A microelectrode array capable of recording from and stimulating peripheral nerves at prolonged intervals after surgical implantation has been demonstrated. The microelectrode array, fabricated on a silicon substrate perforated by multiple holes (referred to as via holes), is implanted between the ends of a surgically severed nerve. Regenerating tissue fixes the device in place to provide a stable mapping between the microelectrodes and the axons in the nerve. Processes were developed for the fabrication of thin-film iridium microelectrodes, micromachined via holes, and silicon nitride passivation layers. All fabrication methods were designed to be compatible with standard CMOS/BiCMOS processes to allow for on-chip signal processing circuits in future designs. Such arrays, implanted in the peroneal nerves of rats, were used to record from and stimulate the nerves at up to 13 months postoperatively.
Bruce 1998 Maneki Neko The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
- Sterling
/7)Vacuum Flowers. Serialized inIsaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine
- Swanwick Michael
Analog Science Fiction-Science Fact
- Greg Bear
Nature, Bloody in Tooth and Claw?
- Vernor Vinge
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- John R. Searle
Astounding Science Fiction
- Isaac Asimov
Emergent Computation
- S. Rasmussen
Advances in Computers
- Irving J. Good
Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life
- Karl Sims
The Coming of the Golden Age: A View of the End of Progress
- Gunther S. Stent
The Ethics of Madness
- Niven Larry
How We Will Build a Machine That Thinks.” A workshop at Thinking Machines Corporation
- Thearling Kurt
Maneki Neko.”The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
- Sterling Bruce
The earliest story I know about intelligence amplification via computer/brain linkage
- Anderson Poul
Early intelligence amplification story. The hero is the first experimental subject - a chimpanzee raised to human intelligence
- Vinge Vernor
Earlier essay on “the Singularity
- Vinge Vernor
Nature Bloody in Tooth and
- Vinge Vernor