Content uploaded by Edda Villaamil Lepori
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Edda Villaamil Lepori on Apr 24, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Epidemiologia del hidroarsenismo cronico regional endemico (HACRE) en la Republica Argentina
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Edda Villaamil Lepori
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Edda Villaamil Lepori
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Una primera cuestión a plantear es la frecuente asociación del HACRE (Hidroarsenicismo Crónico Regional Endémico) de manera quasi automática con contenidos de arsénico relativamente moderados (0.05 mg/l o 0.10 mg/l en este caso) sin evidencias médicas ni ecotoxicológicas. Nadie duda lógicamente de la reconocida existencia del HACRE en vastas regiones de Argentina (Tello, 1981), pero con tenores de As mucho más altos y efectos comprobados en la población (Besuschio, 2000), pero suponer que contenidos como los aludidos implican desde ya que la comunidad usuaria del agua va a contraer la afección, carece de sustento científico y desata alarmas muchas veces injustificadas. ...
... Por supuesto que sería necesario un " blanco " de personas usuarias de agua sin As o de contenidos mínimos, para poder apreciar los denominados " valores normales " . Para tener una idea aproximada, Samles y Pate (en Besuschio, 2000) ofrecen tenores de 0.5 a 2.1 µg/g en cabellos, 0.82 a 3.5 µg/g en uñas de manos y 0.52 a 5.6 µg/g en uñas de pies y Smith 0.03 a 0.82 µg/g en cabellos, como valores " normales " . ...
182 pp. Los trabajos recogidos en este volumen se han agrupado en tres partes. La primera parte consta de una revisión del estado del conocimiento sobre el arsénico en el agua en Argentina y Chile y de los métodos nalíticos disponibles para la determinación de este elemento traza potencialmente tóxico en aguas. La segunda parte está dedica a distintos casos en diferentes áreas de las provincias argentinas de Catamarca, Córdoba, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero y Tucumán, que muestran la gran extensión geográfica del área afectada por la presencia de elevadas concentraciones de arsénico en el agua. La última parte está dedicada a aquellos trabajos focalizados en el tratamiento del agua arsenical y en la gestión de estos recursos. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Asociación Internacional de Hidrogeólogos – Grupo Argentino Instituto Nacional del Agua Peer reviewed
... La presencia de altos niveles de As en agua de consumo y su relación con efectos nocivos para la salud 5 , especialmente cáncer [4][5][6]11 , está descripta internacionalmente. Hay estudios sobre presencia de As en agua de algunas regiones de Argentina 1,17,18,[24][25][26][27][28][29] . En Jujuy, esos estudios son escasos 8 y, hasta la fecha, no se había estimado el nivel de riesgo carcinógeno al que están expuestos los pobladores locales debido a la ingesta crónica de agua con concentraciones de As. ...
INTRODUCTION: Chronic intake of arsenic (As) is associated with cancer. It is known that water from the Puna region of Jujuy contains As, and that many households do not have access to drinking water from public water supply, but the carcinogenic risk for inhabitants due to drinking local water had not been estimated yet. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the carcinogenic risk level for local inhabitants due to chronic exposure to As
through drinking water. METHODS: As concentrations in drinking water samples from hamlets of Cochinoca, Susques and Tumbaya was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Carcinogenic risk was calculated with mathematical models of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
RESULTS: As was found in all samples (range 0.041-0.34 mg/l/As), and 83% exceeded the maximum allowed for drinking water (0.05 mg/l/As). According to mean concentrations of As by department, the carcinogenic risk for inhabitants was between 2.44 x 10-3 and 5.89 x 10-3. Carcinogenic risk for those who consume drinking water from public supply was 2.36 x 10-3, and for those who consume water from other sources was 4.76 x
10-3. All values found exceeded the maximum risk acceptability associated to carcinogen exposure (10-5). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to implement risk communication programs and health policies to reduce risks due to water intake with arsenic content in this region.
... Of the remaining 171, 124 were excluded by full-text assessment and 47 were finally included (Fig. 1). The characteristics of the included studies are described in Table 1 (Gerstenfeld et al., 2012;Carballo et al., 2006;Aballay et al., 2012;Ameer et al., 2014;Auge, 2014;Bartolotta et al., 2011;Blanco et al., 2012;Bobillo et al., 2014;Bonafina and Ratto, 2009;Cabrera and Gomez, 2003a;Campaña et al., 2014;Concha et al., 2006;Corey et al., 2005;Engstrom et al., 2009Engstrom et al., , 2011Escalante et al., 2009;Esposito et al., 2011;Ferral et al., 2014;Gonzalez Uriarte et al., 2002;Guber et al., 2009;Heredia and Fernandez, 2009;Hick and Carballo, 2005;Matos et al., 2000;Medina et al., 2004;Molina et al., 2014;Moschione et al., 2014;Navoni et al., 2006Navoni et al., , 2012Olivera et al., 2006;Olmos et al., 2014;Paoloni et al., 2005Paoloni et al., , 2009Peluso et al., 2011Peluso et al., , 2012Pou et al., 2011;Rigacci et al., 2013;Roman et al., 2014;Rosso et al., 2011Rosso et al., , 2013Schenone et al., 2007;Schlebusch et al., 2013;Soria et al., 2014;Soria de et al., 2009;Soria de Gonzalez et al., 2011;Steinmaus et al., 2010;Vazquez et al., 2014;Villagra Cocco et al., 2014;Ward et al., 2014). Represented Argentine provinces were Buenos Aires (including the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, i.e. the Federal District), Chaco, Córdoba, La Pampa, Salta, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán. ...
This study is based on an investigation of the transport phenomenon, specifically the quantification of arsenic diffusion in carrots within a temperature range of 89 °C–99 °C using a thin plate model. Studying the diffusion of arsenic in carrots is important due to its toxicity, as it can concentrate during cooking. The World Health Organization considers arsenic as one of the ten chemical substances of public health concern. In this study, biennial hybrid carrots of the Nantesa variety were cooked whole with their epidermis in an aqueous solution containing diarsenic trioxide with an As concentration of 5 mgL⁻¹ at 89 °C, 94 °C, and 99 °C. The cooking times of the carrots at different temperatures were based on a specific degree of tenderness, with a value of ≤3 kg m⁻². The evaluated data showed consistency with increasing temperature. The calculated effective diffusion coefficients at temperatures of 89 °C, 94 °C, and 99 °C were 5.84E-09 m²s⁻¹, 1.08E-08 m²s⁻¹, and 2.51E-08 m²s⁻¹ for the flesh (DL), and 1.601E-11 m²s⁻¹, 2.15E-11 m²s⁻¹, and 4.39E-11 m²s⁻¹ for the epidermis (DE), respectively. The activation energy for diffusion was determined to be 159.54 kJmol⁻¹ for the and 110.68 kJmol⁻¹ for the epidermis. Similar behaviours were observed in different radial positions of the carrot, where the arsenic content decreased from the periphery to the centre, consistent with studies on diffusion phenomena with other solutes in food. The novelty was the detailed quantification of arsenic diffusion in the Nantes-type hybrid carrot matrix. This study is limited to a specific concentration of 5 mgL⁻¹ of arsenic solution. The findings of this study may have significant implications for public health and food safety.
Resumen El arsénico es un contaminante natural de aguas subterráneas en una amplia zona de Argentina, en particular el sudeste de la provincia de Córdoba es una de las regiones más afectadas. La información a nivel mundial acerca de la transferencia de arsénico a la cadena agroalimentaria particularmente a productos cárnicos es escasa. En este trabajo, se determinaron las concentraciones de arsénico en riñón, hígado, músculo esquelético y glándula mamaria en bovinos de la zona de estudio. Los órganos donde se registraron las mayores concentraciones de arsénico fueron hígado y riñón. Los niveles hallados en hígado estuvieron entre 27,0 y 46,5 ng/g y en riñón, entre 24,0 y 73,2 ng/g. En las muestras de músculo y glándula mamaria, las concentraciones estuvieron en todos los casos por debajo del límite de detección de la técnica utilizada. Las concentraciones de arsénico en los diferentes tejidos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites recomendados a nivel nacional. Palabras clave: (arsénico), (hígado), (riñón), (bovino). Arsenic levels in bovine tissues in the southeast of the province Córdoba, Argentina Summary Arsenic is a groundwater contaminant widely distributed in Argentina. One of the most affected area is the southeast of Cordoba province. The information about the transfer of arsenic to the food chain and meat products is scarce. In this study, the concentrations of arsenic in kidney, liver, muscle and udder in cattle in the study area were analyzed. The highest concentrations of arsenic were found in liver and kidney. The levels found in liver ranged from 27.0 to 46.5 ng/g while in kidney, ranged between 24.0 to 73.2 ng /g. In muscle and udder samples arsenic were below the detection limit of the technique in all cases. The levels of arsenic in the analyzed tissues were within the national recommended limits.
En el Departamento Robles, Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Republica Argentina, en un área de 200 Km2, la población rural consume agua de pozos someros, con un contenido en Arsénico > 0.05 mg/l, limite máximo fijado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, incrementándose en los últimos años los casos de hidroarsenisismo Se analizan las condiciones sedimentológicas, caracterizando la zona no-saturada, de edad Holoceno-Reciente. A poca profundidad fue identificada una capa de ceniza volcánica, miembro reconocido por su color, estructura y composición química que tiene su importancia en la hidrogeología del acuífero libre. Esta capa de posición topográfica discontinua, ocupa un 53 % del área estudiada y su techo se ubica en la zona de oscilación de la superficie freática. Químicamente corresponde a erupciones volcánicas de tipo ácido: riolitas o riodacitas, prevaleciendo el SiO2:en un 70.05 % y el Al2O3 con el 13.33 %. El Arsénico como oligoelemento presenta una concentración de 6 ppm. La ubicación de la ceniza volcánica en el subsuelo y la dinámica del flujo de agua de naturaleza pluvial e inducida, han alterado las condiciones mineralógicas de la misma, por desvitrificación produciendo una dispersión acelerada del Arsénico y la formación de arcillas como Halloysita, Caolín y Alofana
Lymphocyte cultures from individuals exposed to high levels of hydroarsenicism showed a slower cell cycle kinetics than cultures from low-exposed individuals. Since this difference in proliferation could be due to chronic arsenic exposure, the in vitro effects of inorganic arsenic in human whole blood lymphocyte cultures were investigated. When lymphocytes were exposed to concentrations of arsenite and arsenate similar to those found in the blood of exposed subjects (10(-7), 10(-8) and 10(-9) M) during the last 24 h before harvesting, a dose-related inhibition of proliferation was observed. Cultures were also treated with 10(-9) M of arsenite and arsenate for 2, 6 and 24 h at the beginning of the cultures in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Inhibition of stimulation and proliferation was directly related to the length of treatment. The results show that, at the concentrations tested, arsenite and arsenate impair lymphocyte stimulation and proliferation and confirm the fact that chronic arsenic exposure can affect the proliferation of whole blood lymphocytes.
Using a methodology that utilizes existing accessible public information, estimates of the amounts of arsenical pesticides historically applied to cropland, turf and golf courses in New Jersey were made to the county level. Specifically, estimates of the amounts of lead arsenate and calcium arsenate pesticides are presented. In New Jersey it is estimated that 49 000 000 pounds (lb) of lead arsenate and 18 000 000 lb of calcium arsenate were applied to soils in the state from 1900 to 1980. Of this, a cumulative total of approx. 15 000 000 lb of arsenic was applied during this time frame. It is important to assess the approximate quantities of arsenical pesticides in New Jersey because soils in the state have been shown to contain elevated levels of lead and arsenic. In order to target soil monitoring efforts, it is important to determine which counties are most likely to have received treatment. Furthermore, exposure assessments can be better evaluated when estimates of application for these pesticides are available.
Groundwaters from Quaternary loess aquifers in northern La Pampa Province of central Argentina have significant quality problems due to high concentrations of potentially harmful elements such as As, F, NO3-N, B, Mo, Se and U and high salinity. The extent of the problems is not well-defined, but is believed to cover large parts of the Argentine Chaco-Pampean Plain, over an area of perhaps 106 km2. Groundwaters from La Pampa have a very large range of chemical compositions and spatial variability is considerable over distances of a few km. Dissolved As spans over 4 orders of magnitude (<4–5300 μg l−1) and concentrations of F have a range of 0.03–29 mg l−1, B of 0.5–14 mg l−l, V of 0.02–5.4 mg l−1, NO3–N of <0.2–140 mg l−1, Mo of 2.7–990 μg l−1 and U of 6.2–250 μg l−1. Of the groundwaters investigated, 95% exceed 10 μg As l−1 (the WHO guideline value) and 73% exceed 50 μg As l−1 (the Argentine national standard). In addition, 83% exceed the WHO guideline value for F (1.5 mg l−1), 99% for B (0.5 mg l−1), 47% for NO3-N (11.3 mg l−1), 39% for Mo (70 μg l−1), 32% for Se (10 μg l−1) and 100% for U (2 μg l−1). Total dissolved solids range between 730 and 11400 mg l−1, the high values resulting mainly from evaporation under ambient semi-arid climatic conditions. The groundwaters are universally oxidising with high dissolved-O2 concentrations. Groundwater pHs are neutral to alkaline (7.0–8.7). Arsenic is present in solution predominantly as As(V). Groundwater As correlates positively with pH, alkalinity (HCO3), F and V. Weaker correlations are also observed with B, Mo, U and Be. Desorption of these elements from metal oxides, especially Fe and Mn oxides under the high-pH conditions is considered an important control on their mobilisation. Mutual competition between these elements for sorption sites on oxide minerals may also have enhanced their mobility. Weathering of primary silicate minerals and accessory minerals such as apatite in the loess and incorporated volcanic ash may also have contributed a proportion of the dissolved As and other trace elements. Concentrations of As and other anions and oxyanions appear to be particularly high in groundwaters close to low-lying depressions which act as localised groundwater-discharge zones. Concentrations up to 7500 μg l−1 were found in saturated-zone porewaters extracted from a cored borehole adjacent to one such depression. Concentrations are also relatively high where groundwater is abstracted from close to the water table, presumably because this zone is a location of more active weathering reactions. The development of groundwaters with high pH and alkalinity results from silicate and carbonate reactions, facilitated by the arid climatic conditions. These factors, together with the young age of the loess sediments and slow groundwater flow have enabled the accumulation of the high concentrations of As and other elements in solution without significant opportunity for flushing of the aquifer to enable their removal.
A human monitoring study was carried out to explore the effect on lymphocyte proliferation of chronic exposure to arsenic (As) via drinking water. Blood and urine samples were taken from volunteers from a town where levels of As in the drinking water averaged 412 micrograms/l, and from a matched group of individuals, with similar socioeconomic status, that drank water with As average levels of 37.2 micrograms/l. Exposure was assessed by questionnaires and by determining the levels of As in urine and water samples. The evaluation of the peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation was done at different culture times using labelling (LI), mitotic (MI) and replication indexes (RI) as endpoints. No significant differences were seen for either LI or MI, except for MI in 72 h cultures and in LI in males and females with skin lesions vs. those without lesions. Significant differences in RI were seen for exposed females but not for males. Correlations between LI and MI showed that progression from the initial S-to M-phase is altered in exposed individuals. Arsenic exposure as well as lead and mercury affect cellular immune response, making the endpoints of cell proliferation variables of interest in population monitoring study design, since they might provide information in health impairment due to exposure, which is important in risk assessment.
Studies in Taiwan and Argentina suggest that ingestion of inorganic arsenic from drinking water results in increased risks of internal cancers, particularly bladder and lung cancer. The authors investigated cancer mortality in a population of around 400,000 people in a region of Northern Chile (Region II) exposed to high arsenic levels in drinking water in past years. Arsenic concentrations from 1950 to the present were obtained. Population-weighted average arsenic levels reached 570 microg/liter between 1955 to 1969, and decreased to less than 100 microg/liter by 1980. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for the years 1989 to 1993. Increased mortality was found for bladder, lung, kidney, and skin cancer. Bladder cancer mortality was markedly elevated (men, SMR = 6.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8-7.4); women, SMR = 8.2 (95% CI 6.3-10.5)) as was lung cancer mortality (men, SMR = 3.8 (95% CI 3.5-4.1); women, SMR = 3.1 (95% CI 2.7-3.7)). Smoking survey data and mortality rates from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease provided evidence that smoking did not contribute to the increased mortality from these cancers. The findings provide additional evidence that ingestion of inorganic arsenic in drinking water is indeed a cause of bladder and lung cancer. It was estimated that arsenic might account for 7% of all deaths among those aged 30 years and over. If so, the impact of arsenic on the population mortality in Region II of Chile is greater than that reported anywhere to date from environmental exposure to a carcinogen in a major population.
This study concerns the metabolism of inorganic arsenic (As) in children in three villages in northern Argentina: San Antonio de los Cobres and Taco Pozo, each with about 200 microg As/l in the drinking water, and Rosario de Lerma, with 0.65 microg As/l. Findings show that the concentrations of As in the blood and urine of the children in the two As-rich villages were on average 9 and 380 microg/l, respectively, the highest ever recorded for children. The concentrations were about 10 and 30 times higher for blood and urine, respectively, than in Rosario de Lerma. Total As in urine was only slightly higher than the sum of metabolites of inorganic As (U-Asmet), i.e., inorganic As, methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA); this shows that inorganic As was the main form of As ingested. In contrast to previous studies on urinary metabolites of inorganic As in various population groups, the children and women in the present study excreted very little MMA. Thus, there seems to be a polymorphism for the enzymes (methyltransferases) involved in the methylation of As. Interestingly, the children had a significantly higher percentage of inorganic As in urine than the women, about 50% versus 32%. Also, the percentage of inorganic As in the children is considerably higher than in previous studies on children (about 13% in the two studies available) and adults (about 15-25%) in other population groups. This may indicate that children are more sensitive to As-induced toxicity than adults, as the methylated metabolites bind less to tissue constituents than inorganic As. In the children, the percentage inorganic arsenic in urine decreased, and the percentage of DMA increased with increasing U-Asmet, indicating an induction of As methylation with increasing exposure.
Images
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3