Content uploaded by Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed on Apr 16, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
Aperito Journal of Bacteriology,
Received: Oct 14, 2015
Accepted: Nov 05, 2015
Virology and
Parasitology
Published: Nov 08, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Mini Review
Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Aperito J Bacteriol Virol Parasitol 2015, 2:1
Anti-Parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger): A Brief Review
Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed1٭ and Magda Mostafa El-Saka2
1Medical Parasitology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza - Egypt
2 Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza- Egypt
Abstract
Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) is a perennial herb with
several medicinal properties. Development of modern drugs
from Z. officinale can be emphasized for the control of various
diseases. The feasibility of using Z. officinale to treat parasite
infections has received considerable interest nowadays.
Therefore, this review focused on the anti-parasitic activity of Z.
officinale. Method of this literature search was conducted on
PubMed, Elsevier Scopus database and Google Scholar with no
limitation on language or year of publication databases. Z.
officinale was found to have a significant antihelmintic activity
against Schistosoma mansoni, Toxocara canis, Dirofilaria
immitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Aniskis simplex,
Hymenolepis nana and hydatid cysts either in vitro or in vivo.
Also, it has an anti-protozoal effect against Toxoplasma gondii,
Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Blastocystis
species. Additionally, it was found to have insecticidal,
molluscicidal and anti-leech effects.
Keywords: Zingiber officinale; Active constituents; Anti-
parasites
٭Corresponding Author : Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Medical
Parasitology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology,
Giza- Egypt; E-mail: nagelsaka@hotmail.com;
nag.elsaka@yahoo.com
Introduction
Human infections that caused by endoparasites, including
protozoa, nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes, affect more than
1–2 billion of people, particularly in tropical developing
countries and lead to several million deaths every year [1]. Due
to the lack of a licensed vaccine for any human parasitic disease
together with a lack of affordable, safe and effective drugs for
some diseases or the parasites resistant to the available synthetic
therapeutics, it is important to search for alternative sources of
anti-parasitic drugs [2]. Despite recent advances that are helping
to fuel drug discovery efforts, such as the sequencing of several
parasites genomes and the establishment of public–private
partnerships to specifically focus on tropical disease drug
discovery and development, there are numerous challenges
facing research in this area particularly, the large cost associated
with progressing compounds, together with the poor financial
incentives to big pharma [3, 4].
The search for bioactive plants which can be used as
unconventional anti-parasitic drugs has received considerable
attention in recent times and it is estimated that 20,000 species of
higher plants are used medicinally throughout the world. Natural
product screening provides the chance to discover new
molecules of unique structure with high activity and selectivity
which can be further optimized by semi- or fully synthetic
procedures [5]. Success in natural products research is
conditioned by careful plant selection, based on various criteria
such as chemotaxonomic data, information from traditional
medicine, field observation, or even random collection [6].
A number of medicinal plant extracts have been screened
for their anti-parasitic activities and have proven to be more
effective than the currently used therapies [7-11]. These extracts
often interfere with central targets in parasites, such as DNA
(intercalation, alkylation), membrane integrity, microtubules and
neuronal signal transduction [2, 8, 9].
Zingiber officinale as natural herbal medication
Z. officinale (ginger) (Figure 1) is a perennial herb belonging
to the family Zingiberaceae. It is a pungent, aromatic spice
which adds a special flavor and zest to the food. Z. officinale is
widely distributed in tropical Asia and it is the most common
spice, used all over the world. More than 60 active constituents
are known to be present in ginger, which have been broadly
Copyright: © 2015 AJBVP. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Version 3.0, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol Virol
Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Page 2 of 7
divided into volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Volatile
components include hydrocarbons mostly monoterpenoid
hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene that impart distinct aroma and
taste to ginger. While, nonvolatile compounds include gingerols,
shogaols, paradols, and zingerone [12].
Figure 1: Zingiber officinale A) Plant, B) rhizome [10]
Numerous experimental and clinical trials have proven
ginger for its range of therapeutic activities such as antiemetic,
stomachic, expectorant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic,
hypolipidaemic nephroprotive, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic,
antioxidant, immunostimulant, anticarcinogenic and anti-
inflammatory activities. Besides, it possesses biological actions
like increasing respiratory burst, phagocytic activity, and disease
resistance against pathogens [13]. Moreover, it behaves as an
appetite stimulant, anxiolytic, antithrombotic, radiation protection,
and inhibits the reactive nitrogen species which are important in
causing Alzheimer's disease and many other disorders. All these
biological activities are attributed to phytochemical constituents
of this medicinal plant [12].
Anti-parasitic activity of Zingiber officinale
Several in vitro and in vivo studies have proven that Z.
officinale and its constituents exert significant nematocidal,
cestocidal, trematocidal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, molluscicidal
and anti-leech effects (Figure 2). There is speculation that the
mechanism of action of ginger may be both central and peripheral,
i.e., anticholinergic and antihistaminic [14]. Neal [15] suggested
that nematode muscles contain excitatory neuromuscular junctions
with acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. Gilani and Ghayur [16]
reported that ginger exhibits gastrointestinal pro-kinetic activity
via activation of cholinergic receptors. Iqbal et al. [17] suggested
that the cholinergic component of ginger is responsible for its
anthelmintic activity.
Figure 2: Anti-parasitic activity of Zingiber officinale
1- Nematocidal effect of Zingiber officinale
Nematocidal activity of Z. officinale was reported against
Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Anisakis simplex larvae.
Angiostrongylus cantonens is a parasitic nematode which causes
angiostrongyliasis, the most common cause of eosinophilic
meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin. Anisakis
simplex is a parasitic nematode, which present in fish and other
marine mammals. Human get infected by consuming infected raw
seafood and diseases is called anisakiasis. From the roots of Z.
officinale, [6]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, [10]- shogaol, [6]-shogaol
and hexahydrocurcumin were isolated. These compounds
exhibited larvicidal activity against the larvae of the above
mentioned nematodes by direct killing or reducing spontaneous
movement. It was revealed that [10]-gingerol showed higher
larvicidal than mebendazole and albendazole and resulted in
to100% lethality against the larvae of Anisakis simplex [18, 19].
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol
Virol Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-11
2
Page 3 of 7
Human toxocariasis is an accidental parasitic disease due
to infection by larval stages of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati,
the common roundworms of dogs and cats, respectively. Two
well-defined clinical syndromes are classically recognized:
visceral larva migrans (a systemic disease caused by larval
migration through major organs) and ocular larva migrans (a
disease limited to the eyes and optic nerves) [20]. Z. officinale
seemed to be effective as albendazole against T. canis infection. It
had a significant inhibitory effect on the larval recovery rates in
the liver, lungs, and brains after 28th days post-infection compared
to the infected controls. Z. officinale improved the induced
pathological changes by Toxocara in the studied organs that
regressed to near normal picture after its combination with
albendazole. In addition, treatment with Z. officinale separately or
in combination with albendazole revealed a significant
improvement in the levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
as an indication of its hepatoprotective effect [11].
Dirofilaria immitis is a parasitic nematode that is common
in domestic and wild animals. Human dirofilariasis is transmitted
by the bite of an infected mosquito and represents as pulmonary
and subcutaneous nodules [21]. Isolated extracts from the rhizome
of ginger have anthelmintic activity against Dirofilaria immitis in
vivo and in vitro [22, 23].
Additionally, crude powder and aqueous extract of dried
ginger were used in sheep naturally infected with mixed species of
gastrointestinal nematodes, including Trichostrongylus
colubriformis, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichuris ovis and
Strongyloides papillosus to investigate its anthelmintic activity
[17]. Also, the nematocidal activity of ginger was studied on the
poultry nematode, Ascaridia galli. It was concluded that ginger in
all used concentrations exhibited a higher wormicidal effect [24].
2- Trematocidal effect of Zingiber officinale
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a tropical helminthic disease
characterized by parasite egg-induced granulomatous
inflammation. Liver and intestinal fibrosis is a major sequel to
granulomatous schistosomiasis mansoni mostly responsible for
portal hypertension, formation of esophageal varices, and
intestinal bleeding of infected humans. Several investigations
have been undertaken regarding the trematocidal activity of Z.
officinale against Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni).
It was found that Z. officinale displayed some degree of
anti-schistosomal activity by reducing of S. mansoni eggs output
(53.8 %), worm burden (16.5 %) and the size of liver granuloma
(66.35%) in the infected animals [25]. Also, Mostafa et al. [26]
assessed the effect of Z. officinale aqueous extract, on the
oxidative status, antioxidant defense system and liver pathology
of S. mansoni infected mice. Infection by S. mansoni exhibited a
suppression of liver antioxidant capacity, and depleted reduced
glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities.
Also, the hepatic lipid peroxidation was elevated in S. mansoni
infected mice. Z. officinale treatment at a dose of 500 mg/kg,
orally administered daily for five weeks from the 5th week post-
infection showed improvement in the liver functions; the hepatic
total protein, ALT and AST.
3- Cestocidal effect of Zingiber officinale
Hymenolepis nana is the most common tapeworm in
humans. It is also known as the dwarf tapeworm. The infection is
transmitted by fecal-oral rout resulting in non-specific symptoms
such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea, flatulence,
weight loss, irritable behavior, anal pruritus and delayed growth.
Some constituents from the roots of ginger were found to exert a
cestocidal effect against Hymenolepis nana in vitro and in vivo. It
was demonstrated that [10]-shogaol and [10]-gingerol exhibited
dose- and time-dependent cestocidal effect with respect to
spontaneous parasite oscillation and peristalsis movement.
Additionally, in morphological examination, Hymenolepis
nana adult worms destroyed by these constituents, especially in
scolox or arc or triangle proglottid segment [27].
Moazeni and Nazer [28] investigated the effectiveness of
methanolic extract of Z. officinale on the protoscolices of hydatid
cyst, a larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Echinococcosis
(hydatid disease), a zoonosis, is characterized by frequent hepatic
involvement. Scolicidal activity of Z. officinale extract at a
concentration of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL was after 60, 40 and 30
min of its application respectively. Also, Baqer et al. [29]
determined in vivo efficacy of ethanolic extract of Z. officinale as
antiprotoscolices.
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol
Virol Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Page 4 of 7
4- Anti-protozoal effect of Zingiber officinale
Protozoal infections are of great importance in public
health because of their high prevalences, distribution and their
effects on the population. The drugs currently used to treat these
diseases have serious side effects, so it is relevant to look for new
pharmacological alternatives. From this point of view, anti-
protozoal activity of Z. officinale was evaluated by several
investigators.
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan, is
the most frequent protozoan causing opportunistic infections in
immunocompromised individuals resulting in the infection
dissemination that causing serious complications in the form of
encephalitis, myocarditis and pneumonitis with higher mortality
rates. Choi et al. [30] evaluated the anti-protozoal effect of Ginger
root Extract (GE) and GE/F1 (fraction 1 obtained from GE)
against Toxoplasma gondii both in vitro and in vivo. They
demonstrated that GE/F1 not only induces anti-Toxoplasma
gondii effects causing the inactivation of apoptotic proteins in
infected host cells through the direct inhibition of Toxoplasma
gondii but also has anti-parasitic properties which inhibit
inflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo.
The potential therapeutic effect of dichloromethane ginger
extract on Giardia lamblia infection in albino rats was studied.
This protozoon is responsible for intestinal infection and diarrhea
that may lead to nutritional deficiencies, especially in children.
Ginger treatment caused reduction of Giardia lamblia fecal cyst
and trophozoites counts. Also, exposure to this extract revealed
evident improvement of intestinal mucosal damage produced by
Giardia lamblia infection and direct structural injury to the
trophozoites [31].
In addition, in vivo anti-protozoan effect of Z. officinale
extract on experimentally infected mice with Blastocystis spp. was
evaluated by Abdel-Hafeez et al. [32]. Anti-protozoal activity of
this herb was determined by monitoring Blastocystis shedding in
stools and histopathological changes of the intestine of infected
mice. Additionally, its antioxidant effect (via measuring the level
of malondialdehyde (MDA) production) and Nitric Oxide (NO)
production were assessed. Treatment of infected mice with ginger
reduced the shedding of cysts significantly compared to the
infected untreated group. As well, histopathological examination
revealed that Blastocystis was frequently observed within the
lumen, at the tip of the epithelium, and/ or infiltrated in an
enterocyte in the infected group without treatment compared to
that of the infected treated ones. Furthermore, treatment of
infected mice with ginger reduced the elevated levels of NO and
MDA
Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping
sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by
infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the
genus Trypanosoma. Antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic
extract of Z. officinale on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected
Wistar mice was investigated by Kobo et al. [33]. Administration
of methanolic extract of Z. officinale increased body weight and
survival time of mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. It
also reduced the level of parasitemia in infected mice.
5- Insecticidal effect of Zingiber officinale
Various species of mosquitoes are important insect vectors
of human diseases including Anopheles (a vector of malaria),
Culex (a vector of lymphatic filariasis) and Aedes aegypti (a
vector of dengue) [34]. Vector borne diseases not only cause high
levels of morbidity and mortality but also inflict great economic
loss and social disruption on developing countries. Z. officinale
showed insecticidal, ovicidal and repellent activities against
Anopheles stephensi, Adese aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus
[35]. This mosquito larvicidal activity was attributed to Z.
officinale compounds; (4)-gingerol, (6)-dehydro -gingerdione and
(6)-dihydrogingerdione that were isolated from its rhizome [36].
6- Molluscicidal effect of Zingiber officinale
Many aquatic snails act as intermediate hosts for the
trematodes. Biomphalaria alexandrina is the snail vector of S.
mansoni. Control of this intermediate host disrupts the life cycle
of the parasite, stopping the transmission of infection. However,
the high costs and toxicity of synthetic molluscicides have
stimulated renewal interest in plant molluscicides [37]. Z.
officinale was reported to have molluscicidal and antischistosomal
effect against S. mansoni miracidia and cercariae [38]. Bakry et al.
[39] studied the effect of Z. officinale on the survival rate, egg
production, electrophoresis analysis, biochemical aspects of
Biomphalaria alexandina snails infected with S. mansoni. Their
results showed that a rapid decline in survival rate and egg
production of infected snails with S. mansoni exposed to ginger
and also, showed that the glucose concentrations in infected snails
exposed to ginger were increased in the hemolymph, while soft
tissue glycogen decreased. In addition, the activities of glycogen
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol
Virol Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Page 5 of 7
phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-
phosphatase in homogenate tissues of infected snails were reduced
in response to exposure to ginger.
7- Anti-leech effect of Zingiber officinale
Limnatis nilotica (L. nilotica), an internal leech is
commonly found in Southern Europe, North Africa, and the
Middle East. It attaches itself to the mucous membranes of the
pharynx, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oesophagus. Patients
infested with L. nilotica often present with epistaxis, hemoptysis,
or hematemesis [40]. The anti-leech effects of the methanolic
extract of Z. officinale with levamisole were evaluated. It was
found that methanolic extract of Z. officinale (600 mg/ml) killed
leeches at an average time of 33.3±11.4 min while, the average
time for death with levamisole (100 mg/ml) was 10.7±1.9 min
[41].
In another experimental study, anti-parasitic effect of Z.
officinale on L. nilotica leech was evaluated. After treating the
leeches with Zingiber officinale (32 × 104 ppm) and the positive
controls with chlorine (4 × 106 ppm), formalin 37% (4 × 103 ppm)
and savlon (4 × 103 ppm) for 30 min, the mean death time of L.
nilotica was measured. The mean death time for Z. officinale was
24 ± 4.07 min and for chlorine, savlon and formalin were 1.62 ±
0.51, 3.37 ± 1.9, 5.12 ± 1.9 min, respectively. These results offer
an opportunity for using ginger medicinal plant as anti-parasitic
and disinfectant [42].
Conclusion
Z. officinale has an effective anti-parasitic activity against
several parasites and can be used for prevention of drug resistant
parasitic diseases. However, further evaluation is necessary to
isolate the active constituents, and determines their toxicity, side
effects and pharmaco-kinetic properties.
References
1. Peters W, Pasvol G (2007). Atlas of Tropical Medicine and
Parasitology, 6th ed.; Mosby-Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA.
2. Wink M (2012). Medicinal plants: a source of anti-parasitic
secondary metabolites. Molecules 17:12771-12791.
3. Chatelain E, Ioset JR (2011). Drug discovery and development
for neglected diseases: the DNDi model. Drug Des Dev Ther
5:175–181.
4. Jakobsen PH, Wang MW, Nwaka S (2011). Innovative
partnerships for drug discovery against neglected diseases.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(9):e1221.
5. Holzgrabe U, Bechthold A (1999). Paradigmenwechsel in der
Entwicklung antiinfektiver Chemotherapeutika. Chemother J
8:69–78.
6. Queiroz EF, Wolfender JL, Hostettmann K (2009). Modern
approaches in the search for new lead antiparasitic compounds
from higher plants. Curr Drug Targets. 10(3):202-211.
7. El-Sayed NM, Issa RM (2008). In vitro effect of Wheat germ
agglutinin and Nigella sativa aqueous extract as natural herbal
medication on growth and motility of Trichomonas vaginalis
trophozoite in comparison to metronidazole. Egypt J Med Sci
29(1-2): 263-278.
8. El-Sayed NM (2009). Evaluation the in vitro effects of ethanol
extracts of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) and Thymus
vulgaris (thyme) for anti- Blastocystis hominis activity. Egypt
J Med Sci 30 (2): 1229-1243.
9. El-Sayed NM, Ismail KA, Ahmed SAG, Hetta MH (2012). In
vitro amoebicidal activity of ethanol extracts of Arachis
hypogaea L., Curcuma longa L. and Pancratium maritimum L.
on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Parasitol Res 110(5):
1985-1992.
10. El-Sayed NM, Safar EH (2014). A brief insight on anti-
Toxoplasma gondii activity of some medicinal plants. Aperito
J Bacteriol Virol Parasitol 1:107.
11. Muhammed DA (2015). Anthelmintic effect of Zingiber
officinale (ginger) extract on Toxocara canis infected mice.
M.Sc. Thesis Fac Med Benha University Egypt.
12. Ahmad B, Rehman MU, Amin I, Arif A, Rasool S, et al.
(2015). A review on pharmacological properties of Zingerone
(4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone). Sci World J
2015:816364.
13. Imtiyaz S, Rahman K, Sultana A, Tariq M, Chaudhary SS
(2013). Zingiber officinale Rosc.: A traditional herb with
medicinal properties. TANG 3(4): e26.
14. Quian DS, Liu ZS (1992). Pharmacologic studies of
antimotion sickness actions of ginger [Chinese]. Chung Kuo
Chung His Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 12: 95–98.
15. Neal MJ (2002). Medical Pharmacology at a Glance.
Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 88–89. sfjdkslfklsdfkldssfjkl
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol
Virol Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Page 6 of 7
16. Gilani AH, Ghayur MN (2005). Ginger: from myths to reality.
In: Gottschalk-Batschkus, C.E., Green, J.C. (Eds.),
Ethnotherapies in the Cycle of Life, BOD-Books on Demand.
Ethnomed Institut f ̈ur Ethnomedizin e.V., Munchen, pp. 307–
315.
17. Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Akhtar MS, Ghayur MN, Gilani AH
(2006). In vivo anthelmintic activity of ginger against
gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. J Ethnopharmacol
106:285-287.
18. Lin RJ, Chen CY, Chung LY, Yen CM (2010a). Larvicidal
activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against
Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Acta Trop 115: 69-76.
19. Lin RJ, Chen CY, Lee JD, Lu CM, Chung LY, et al.
(2010b). Larvicidal constituents of Zingiber officinale (ginger)
against Anisakis simplex. Planta Med 76(16):1852-8.
20. Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto J H, Ferreira MU
(2010). Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide
seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and
ocular forms. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104 (1): 3–23.
21. Biswas A, Reilly P, Perez A 4th, Yassin MH (2013). Human
pulmonary dirofilariasis presenting as a solitary pulmonary
nodule: A case report and a brief review of literature. Respir
Med Case Rep 10:40-42.
22. Datta A, Sukul NC (1987). Antifilarial effect of Zingiber
officinale on Dirofilaria immitis. J Helminthol 61:268-270.
23. Merawin LT, Arifah AK, Sani RA, Somchit MN, Zuraini A, et
al. (2010). Screening of microfilaricidal effects of plant
extracts against Dirofilaria immitis. Res Vet Sci 88(1):142-
147.
24. Bazh EK, El-Bahy NM (2013). In vitro and in vivo screening
of anthelmintic activity of ginger and curcumin on Ascaridia
galli. Parasitol Res 112(11):3679-3686.
25. Al-Sharkawi IM, El-Shaikh KA, Tabl GA, Ali JA (2007) The
effect of ginger on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Delta
J Sci 31: 1-10
26. Mostafa OM, Shati AA, Adly MA, Bin Dajem SM, Ibrahim
EH, et al. (2012). Assessment of the antischistosomal activity
of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Schistosoma mansoni
harbored in C57BL/6 Mice. J Drug Res Egypt 33(1): 25-33.
27. Lin RJ, Chen CY, Lu CM, Ma YH, Chung LY, et al. (2014).
Anthelmintic constituents from ginger (Zingiber officinale)
against Hymenolepis nana. Acta Trop 140:50-60.
28. Moazeni M, Nazer A (2011). In-vitro lethal effect of Zingiber
officinale on protoscolices of hydatid cyst from sheep liver.
Microbiol Res 2(25):91-94.
29. Baqer N N, Khuder MH, Amer N (2014). Antiprotoscolices
effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale against
Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in vivo. Int J Adv Res 2
(10): 59-68.
30. Choi W H, Jiang M H, Chu J P (2013). Antiparasitic effects of
Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract against Toxoplasma gondii.
J Appl Biomed 11:15–26.
31. Mahmoud A, Attia R, Said S, Ibraheim Z (2014). Ginger and
cinnamon: can this household remedy treat giardiasis?
Parasitological and histopathological studies. Iran J Parasitol
9(4):530-40.
32. Abdel-Hafeez EH, Ahmad AK, Kamal AM, Abdellatif MZ,
Abdelgelil NH (2015). In vivo antiprotozoan effects of garlic
(Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts on
experimentally infected mice with Blastocystis spp. Parasitol
Res 114(9):3439-44.
33. Kobo PI, Erin PJ, Suleiman MM, Aliyu H, Tauheed M, et al.
(2014). Antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic extract of
Zingiber officinale (ginger) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-
infected Wistar mice. Veterinary World 7(10): 770-775.
34. Pialoux G, Gaüzére M, Jauréguiberry S, Strobel M (2007).
Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirus. Lancet Infect Dis
7:319–327.
35. Prajapati V, Tripathi AK, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SP (2005).
Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of
selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes
aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioresour Technol
96:1749–1757.
36. Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K,
Bagavan A (2008). Mosquito larvicidal activity of isolated
compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale.
dfdfdflasflsaflsaddlfjsldaflsdafjlsakjflksda
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org
Phytother Res 22:1035-1039
Citation: El-Sayed NM, El-Saka MM (2015). Anti-parasitic Activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger): A Brief Review. Aperito J Bacteriol
Virol Parasitol 2:112
http://dx.doi.org/10.14437/2378-7864-2-112
Page 7 of 7
37. Massoud AM, Habib FS (2003). The effects of
myrrh (Commiphora molmol) on the infected snails of
Schistosoma sp. and their egg masses: effect on shedding of
cercariae and on snail fecundity. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 33(2):
585–596, 2003.
38. Adewunmi CO, Oguntimein B O, Furu P (1990).
Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of Zingiber
officinale. Planta Med 56: 374 -376.
39. Bakry F A, Abd El-Atti M, Ismail S M (2013). Effect of
Zingiber officinale (ginger) on electrophoresis analysis and
biochemical aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails
infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Sci Eng Res
4(11):1147 – 1154.
40. Bilgen C, Karci B, Uluoz U (2002). A nasopharyngeal mass:
leech in the nasopharynx. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
64:73–76.
41. Bahmani M, Golshahi H, Mohsenzadegan A, Ahangarani MG,
Ghasemi E (2013). Comparative assessment of the anti-
Limnatis nilotica activities of Zingiber officinale methanolic
extract with levamisole. Comp Clin Pathol 22:667–670
42. Forouzan S, Bahmani M, Parsaei P, Mohsenzadegan A,
Gholami-Ahangaran M, et al. (2012). Anti-parasitic activities
of Zingiber officinale methanolic extract on Limnatis nilotica.
Global Veterinaria 9 (2): 144-148.
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 112 www.aperito.org