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A Randomized Trial of Cardiovascular Responses to Energy Drink Consumption in Healthy Adults
Abstract
This randomized clinical trial of young healthy volunteers assessed the association between energy drink consumption and cardiovascular responses.Energy drink consumption has been associated with serious cardiovascular events,1- 4 possibly related to caffeine and other stimulants. We hypothesized that drinking a commercially available energy drink compared with a placebo drink increases blood pressure and heart rate in healthy adults at rest and in response to mental and physical stress (primary outcomes). Furthermore, we hypothesized that these hemodynamic changes are associated with sympathetic activation, which could predispose to increased cardiovascular risk (secondary outcomes).
... Energy drinks are now a commonly used source of caffeine and market value is predicted to reach $61 billion by 2021 [10]. Energy drinks are promoted as supplements that can boost performance and cognition, but have been reported to have side effect [10,3,7,11]. ...
... Although caffeine can be bene cial by improving mental focus, alertness, and memory, it may lead to agitation, tremors as well as dependency and withdrawal [9,11]. Daily energy drink consumption has also been found to have numerous deleterious cardiovascular side effects [10,11]. ...
... Although caffeine can be bene cial by improving mental focus, alertness, and memory, it may lead to agitation, tremors as well as dependency and withdrawal [9,11]. Daily energy drink consumption has also been found to have numerous deleterious cardiovascular side effects [10,11]. Most surveyed residents indicated that they feel withdrawal symptoms if they do not consume caffeine daily. ...
Background:
Orthopaedic surgery residency can be quite demanding at times and leads many residents to consume stimulants, caffeine, to perform their work duties.
Question/Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate caffeine consumption among orthopedic surgery residents. We hypothesized that compared to the general population, residents will consume more caffeine.
Patients/Methods:
An electronic survey consisting of 13 multiple-choice questions was created to query residents on their caffeine consumption. The survey link was e-mailed to all residency program coordinators in the United States who then forwarded the survey to their residents. A subgroup analysis was performed based on respondents’ post-graduate year (PGY), to identify variations in caffeine use.
Results:
We received 209 surveys which represents 5.4% of orthopedic residents in the country. Of those 209 residents, 189 (90.4%) indicated regular caffeine usage. Of those who consume caffeine 59.8% indicated that they need caffeine to perform their work while 64.6% indicated that they are dependent on caffeine. Nearly one-fourth (24.3%) of respondents indicated that they consume more than 400 mg of caffeine/day. There were no significant relationships across resident PGY groups.
Conclusion:
We have demonstrated a large proportion of orthopedic surgery residents consume caffeine. When used in moderation, caffeine can be beneficial by improving efficiency, alertness and memory however, in high doses it may have undesirable side effects.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV evidence
... The placebo drink contained the same level of carbohydrate as the energy drink. Placebo increased plasma glucose by more than 50 mg/dL, systolic BP by 3 mmHg, heart rate by 7 beats/min and plasma norepinephrine by more than 30% [25], suggesting a potent sympathetic excitatory effect of sugar alone. ...
... Addition of mental stress resulted in further increases in BP and especially in heart rate, with the combination of Red Bull and mental stress increasing heart rate by 20 beats/min [30]. The increase in BP in subjects placed under mental stress that was noted in this study was absent in the study performed by Svatikova et al. using a Rockstar energy drink containing 240 mg of caffeine [25], more than double the caffeine of the previous study [30]. The reasons for the inconsistent effects of mental stressors on BP (as well as other variables) after energy drink consumption may be explained in part by differences in energy drink composition and dosages, timing and types of stressors used, frequency and methods of BP measurement, subject demographics, and other methodologic factors. ...
... Especially striking was the change in norepinephrine levels, which increased by almost 74% after the energy drink versus 31% after placebo. The increase in catecholamine levels speak to significant increases in sympathetic activation with energy drink intake, further supported by the absence of any heart rate slowing despite the increase in BP [25], as noted earlier by Steinke et al. [32]. ...
There is an increasing consumption of energy drinks both in the United States and worldwide. The components of these beverages are sometimes unclear but commonly include caffeine, sugars, taurine, and B-vitamins. Young people, particularly those engaged in sports, studying, and in the military are especially likely to be consumers of energy drinks. While limited data are available regarding their autonomic and hemodynamic effects, current literature suggests that energy drink consumption is accompanied by increases in blood pressure, sympathetic drive, and also in QT prolongation. There are no systematic long term studies identifying consequences of frequent energy drink consumption. However, multiple anecdotal reports implicate energy drinks in adverse cardiovascular events including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Events such as atrial fibrillation may even occur in otherwise healthy subjects with structurally normal hearts. It is likely that these cardiovascular outcomes are triggered by the hemodynamic, autonomic, and electrocardiographic responses to energy drink consumption. What remains unclear is how concomitant use of other stimulants such as amphetamines and nicotine may interact to potentiate neural and circulatory responses and cardiovascular consequences when combined with energy drinks.
... In the following study in 25 young healthy adults, it was shown that consumption of energy drink containing 240 mg caffeine resulted in blood pressure increase (systolic blood pressure: 6.6 mmHg increase; diastolic blood pressure: 4.2 mmHg increase) compared with a sugar matched placebo [31]. An analysis of the time course of changes in blood pressure in the abovementioned studies indicated that blood pressure increase is observed from 60 min after energy drink consumption, with peak values being reached between 80 and 100 min [29][30][31][32]. In a meta-analysis of 15 clinical, interventional, randomized, placebo-controlled studies with energy drinks, involving 340 subjects, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly by 4.4 mmHg and 2.7 mmHg, respectively [33]. ...
... In a meta-analysis of 15 clinical, interventional, randomized, placebo-controlled studies with energy drinks, involving 340 subjects, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly by 4.4 mmHg and 2.7 mmHg, respectively [33]. The largest change of systolic blood pressure (by 6.4 mmHg) was seen with drink administration contained over 200 mg of caffeine [32]. Moreover, repeated intakes of an energy drinks 4 times (containing 80 mg of caffeine, each) over 24 h increased blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase both by 6 mmHg), measured by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) when compared with a water drink with equivalent amounts of caffeine [34••]. ...
... These hormones stimulate the central sympathetic nervous system activity, which also raises the blood pressure [29]. It was shown that consumption of commercially available energy drinks increases norepinephrine plasma concentration [32]. ...
Purpose of Review
To review latest reports of the food products which might increase blood pressure and therefore might participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Recent Findings
Results of clinical study suggest that consumption of high-sodium food leads to transient increase in plasma sodium concentration. This is accompanied by blood pressure increase. Results of both clinical and experimental studies suggest direct vasculotoxic effects of sodium. Increased plasma sodium concentration could mediate its effects on blood pressure by changes in endothelial cell stiffness and glycocalyx integrity. Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages with increasing popularity. Clinical, interventional, randomized, placebo controlled, and cross-sectional studies showed that energy drinks may increase arterial blood pressure. Blood pressure increase after exposure for the energy drinks is mainly related to the caffeine content in these drinks. Many case reports were published concerning the clinically significant increase in blood pressure caused by the consumption of liquorice root or food products containing liquorice, such as candies, tea, Pontefract cookies, and chewing gum. Liquorice contains a precursor of glycyrrhetic acid. Glycyrrhetic acid reduces the activity of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11ß-HSD2) isoenzyme, which leads to activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol in the distal convoluted tubule resulting in hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. The relationship between chronic alcohol intake and blood pressure is well established on the basis of a diverse body of evidence including animal experiments, epidemiological studies, mendelian randomization studies, and interventional studies. Results of recent studies suggested that binge drinking (i.e., episodic consumption of a very high amount of alcohol beverages) has pronounced hypertensinogenic effects. Recently, it was documented that also low doses of alcohol may increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the amount of alcohol consumption that is safe is zero.
Summary
High-salt food products, energy drinks, food products containing liquorice, and alcoholic beverages have hypertensinogenic properties. Patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases should avoid even accidental consumption of these food products.
... All energy drink interventions in the RCTs were given as single doses, with one exception (Shah et al., 2016a), in which the caffeine concentration was unknown. The only study with a sufficiently high score of likelihood of evidence for a health effect ( Svatikova et al. 2015), demonstrated that a caffeine dose of 3.4 mg/kg bw (based on a default weight of 70 kg), induced a mean increase in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 6.6 and 4.2 mm Hg, respectively (Table 3.5.-2). This observation is in line with previous reviews and assessments. ...
... One included RCT ( Svatikova et al., 2015) investigated the effect on blood pressure after intake of 480 ml energy drink (3.4 mg caffeine/kg bw) followed by a physical stress test. The energy drinks were ingested about 30 min prior to the stress test that lasted for 2 min. ...
... In the included RCTs, energy drink volumes of 250-480 ml which gave final caffeine doses of 3.0-3.4 mg/kg bw were combined with physical activity ( Lara et al., 2014Lara et al., , 2015) or a physical stress test (Svatikova et al., 2015), in normotensive young adults. These RCTs failed to demonstrate any effects of the combination of energy drinks and physical activity/physical stress test on heart rate (all three RCTs) or heart palpitations ( Lara et al., 2015). ...
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services has asked the Norwegian Food
Safety Authority to investigate and recommend alternative measures to protect children and adolescents from adverse health effects caused by high consumption of energy drinks. Support material for the study shall constitute amassed knowledge of the potential health risks and data pertaining to consumption among children and adolescents in Norway.
Key words: Adverse effect, caffeine, energy drink, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, risk assessment, VKM
... No significant changes in HR and ECG parameters were found. Our findings are similar to another study (n = 25), which used ED in comparable volume and composition (240 mg of caffeine, 2000 mg of taurine) and observed significant 6.6 mmHg elevation of systolic BP compared with placebo, with no effect on HR [4]. Further, Phan et al. found significant increase in central SBP three hours after consumption of ED [5], while Fletcher et. ...
... Mechanism of the influence of ED on BP is not clear, the most widely accepted hypothesis is the activation of catecholamine pathway [4]. However, the current literature is lacking regarding the hemodynamic profile of the ingredients contained in EDs. ...
... However, acute 1 ED intakes with absorbed caffeine doses of up to 200 mg typically led to a significant increase in SBP by 3-9 mmHg (Elitok et al., 2015;Franks et al., 2012;Grasser et al., 2014Grasser et al., , 2015Majeed et al., 2017;Miles-Chan et al., 2015;Ragsdale et al., 2010;Steinke et al., 2009) and by 2-5 mmHg in DBP (Elitok et al., 2015;Grasser et al., 2014;Hajsadeghi et al., 2016;Majeed et al., 2017;Miles-Chan et al., 2015;Steinke et al., 2009) compared to baseline. Higher acute ED consumption with absorbed caffeine doses between 200 and 320 mg have resulted in similar increments in SBP (Basrai et al., 2019;Fletcher et al., 2017;Kurtz et al., 2013;Phan and Shah, 2014;Rashti et al., 2009;Shah et al., 2016c;Svatikova et al., 2015) compared to ingested caffeine doses via EDs between 100 and 200 mg. One uncontrolled open-label study showed no significant changes in SBP at ED consumption with caffeine amounts above 200 mg (240 mg) (Higgins et al., 2017). ...
... The identified studies in which ED amounts with no more than 200 mg caffeine were ingested showed an increase in HR (+2 to + 8 bpm, + 16 bpm in connection with sport activity) (Alford et al., 2001;Baum and Weiss, 2001;Elitok et al., 2015;Franks et al., 2012;Grasser et al., 2014Grasser et al., , 2015Steinke et al., 2009), no change (Al-Fares et al., 2015;Doerner et al., 2015;Menci et al., 2013), or a drop in HR (-3 to -5 bpm) (Hajsadeghi et al., 2016;Ragsdale et al., 2010). For ED consumption with ingested caffeine doses of more than 200 mg up to 320 mg, two studies showed an increase in HR (although in one study not significantly (Fletcher et al., 2017)) by approximately + 3 to + 4 bpm (Basrai et al., 2019;Fletcher et al., 2017), while in other studies HR was hardly influenced (Higgins et al., 2017;Kurtz et al., 2013;Phan and Shah, 2014;Rashti et al., 2009;Shah et al., 2016bShah et al., , 2016cSvatikova et al., 2015). A meta-analysis also showed no significant HR changes after ED consumption (ingested caffeine does between 80 and 240 mg or unknown) (Shah et al., 2016a). ...
To assess the possible cardiovascular risks associated with energy drink (ED) consumption in Europe, a comprehensive literature research was performed in regard to (i) possible ED-induced dose-dependent cardiovascular outcomes, (ii) ED consumption patterns in Europe and (iii) the risks of EDs in combination with alcohol.
The identified intervention studies primarily investigated acute ED effects in young healthy adults. Moderate consumption of EDs corresponding to an acute caffeine intake of up to 200 mg did not result in clinically relevant cardiovascular changes in young healthy adults. However, high intake of EDs (about 1 L) was associated with moderate to severe adverse effects in some participants (i.a. prolonged QTc interval, palpitations).
Studies have indicated that on some occasions, a substantial proportion of ED consuming children and adolescents (12% in 16 EU Member States) drink EDs in high quantities (≥1 L). This could pose a possible health risk to this group since adverse effects by such high ED consumption have been observed already in young healthy adults.
Among further measures that might be considered to minimize this identified risk, policy makers could develop information and educational programs with the aim of raising public awareness.
... Svatikova et al. [12] performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of 25 healthy volunteers who consumed 16 oz of a commercially available energy drink or placebo (matched in taste and color but without caffeine or stimulants) and studied effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and serum norepinephrine levels. Despite no differences in heart rate between energy drink use and placebo, there was a significant increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure with energy drink use as compared to placebo. ...
... Previous case reports had linked EDs with sudden cardiac death, coronary vasospasm, thrombosis and dissection, prolonged QT interval, myocardial ischemia and infarction, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, and aortic dissection [12]. We report a case of anterior STEMI with coronary thrombus and obstruction due to temporally drinking commercially available caffeinated EDs. ...
... Numerous reports of the adverse effects of ED intake have described a variety of symptoms and affected organ systems, including tachycardia, hypertension, confusion, agitation, seizures, liver damage, kidney failure and cardiac dysfunction, with potential deadly outcomes [2,5]. Recent studies have demonstrated significant haemodynamic changes in healthy young individuals following ED consumption, with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures, increased cardiac output and myocardial load, repolarization abnormalities and reduced cerebral blood flow velocity [6][7][8], as well as a significant increase in circulating catecholamines, reflecting sympathetic activation [8]. ...
... Numerous reports of the adverse effects of ED intake have described a variety of symptoms and affected organ systems, including tachycardia, hypertension, confusion, agitation, seizures, liver damage, kidney failure and cardiac dysfunction, with potential deadly outcomes [2,5]. Recent studies have demonstrated significant haemodynamic changes in healthy young individuals following ED consumption, with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures, increased cardiac output and myocardial load, repolarization abnormalities and reduced cerebral blood flow velocity [6][7][8], as well as a significant increase in circulating catecholamines, reflecting sympathetic activation [8]. ...
Background
Energy drink (ED) consumption is increasing all over the world. We sought to describe the consumption of EDs among adolescents in Norway, and to explore the determinants of daily and high consumption.
Methods
Population-based cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of 31,091 secondary school students in grade 8–13 aged 12–19 years. School grade, residency, socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity and leisure screen time were included in multiple regression analyses, in order to investigate their associations with daily and high (≥four times weekly) ED consumption.
Results
52.3% of the respondents were ED consumers and 3.5% were high consumers. Boys consumed twice as much ED as girls (boys: 36.3 ml/day, girls: 18.5 ml/day, geometric means), and the proportion of male high consumers was 3.7-times higher than that of females. The adjusted odd ratio (OR) of upper secondary school (grades 11–13, ages 15–19) students being high ED consumers were higher than for lower secondary school (grades 8–10, ages 12–15) students (OR 1.1(confidence interval (CI):1.0–1.3)), as well as higher for rural than urban residents (OR 1.3 (CI: 1.1–1.5)). Gradients for the increased ORs of being a high ED consumer were found for decreased SES, decreased frequency of physical activity and increased daily leisure screen time.
Conclusions
More than half of the respondents reported that they were ED consumers. Daily and high consumption were independently associated with male gender, physical inactivity, high leisure screen time, low socioeconomic status and rural residency.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6236-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Energy drink sales are now the fastest growing in the beverage market [2]. The reason why this increase is concerning is that consumption of energy drinks has been associated with a host of negative health consequences including depression and anxiety [3,4], cardiovascular and neurological damage [5,6], sleep disturbances [7,8], and substance abuse [5,[9][10][11]. Relatedly, the growing trend of mixing energy drinks with alcohol has been found to produce more severe health outcomes than the use of either substance alone [12,13]. ...
... The widespread availability and common use of energy drinks by adolescents has been linked to a broad array of adverse health outcomes [3][4][5][6][7]. One overlooked risk factor that may be associated with the use of energy drink consumption is victimization. ...
Sample:
Youths reported the extent to which they consumed energy drinks. Additionally, three indicators of property victimization and four indicators of violent victimization were available in the data. The findings reveal a significant dose-response relationship between energy drink consumption and victimization. This relationship was especially pronounced among females. For instance, more than 52% of females with the highest count of various violent victimization experiences consumed energy drinks, which was three times the rate of females who had no previous violent victimization experiences. Practitioners who interact with adolescent victims may probe for energy drink usage in addition to other addictive substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. Additional scrutiny may also be in order in regulating the amount of caffeine and sugar allowed in these beverages.
... Adrenergic and acute hemodynamic changes can also develop cardiovascular risks. 17 When individuals with cardiovascular problems consume these products, they are at higher risk of health problems. Thus, each consumer should know whether he or she has a heart condition before consuming energy drinks. ...
... Numerous studies have significantly associated energy drinks with high blood pressure or acute hypertension (Table 1), 17,25 which result from caffeine consumption. 26 High caffeine consumption can boost catecholamines, dopamine, and plasma renin that can stimulate the central nervous system and elevate blood pressure. ...
Abstract: Due to energy drinks consumption (EDs), there are worldwide concerns from the scientific community and the general public about the health effects of the products. Current studies offer data about consumption patterns in America and Europe. Nevertheless, extensive research is highly important to ascertain the potential effects of energy drink consumption, especially among young and healthy individuals. In order to examine the consequences and health risks of energy drink consumption, related literatures were reviewed. The health issues including elevated blood pressure, palpitations, insomnia, jitters, and nervousness are primarily associated with high caffeine content. Though there are more studies about the effects of highly carbonated and caffeinated products, extensive research plays a crucial role. Nowadays, the evidence on adverse health effects of energy drink consumption is constantly growing. Unfortunately, the risks of heavy energy drink consumption among people are not largely and properly addressed. Expectedly, they can become a great public health dilemma for the years to come.
... This is consistent with known hemodynamic changes caused by caffeine consumption . Caffeine consumption can increase plasma renin and catecholamines (e.g., norepinephrine and dopamine) Svatikova et al., 2015). These substances stimulate the central nervous system, thereby increasing blood pressure and heart rate . ...
... These substances stimulate the central nervous system, thereby increasing blood pressure and heart rate . For example, norepinephrine individually increases alertness, enhances memory, focuses attention, and increases heart rate and blood pressure (Svatikova et al., 2015). Furthermore, synergistic effects between the various components in energy drinks affect blood pressure . ...
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule with a short half-life that's known to exert its biological functions through cyclic guanosine monophosphate. In our system, nitric oxide is produced by nitric oxide synthase enzymes, which use substrates l-arginine, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and oxygen by producing citrulline, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), and NO. Nitric oxide can react with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO?), which can cause irreversible modification and inhibition of different biological molecules, including mitochondrial membrane complexes and antioxidant defense enzymes through oxidizing reactions. This chapter focuses on the direct and indirect role of NO in terms of energy metabolism. Nitric oxide in this context governs and regulates metabolism, heat production, and body composition, which overall change the tissue distribution of oxygen, adenosine triphosphate production, blood flow, glucose utilization, and supply of other nutrients by resulting in altered tissue functions and physical activities.
... 6 Excessive caffeine intake can lead to an increase in sympathetic activity and circulating catecholamine concentrations mediated by stimulation of the central nervous system, 7 which could result in significant cardiovascular stress. 8 However, few studies have investigated the association between daily caffeine intake and mortality, and no study has yet evaluated the effects of caffeine intake compared with no caffeine intake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether caffeine intake is associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. ...
... 1 Caffeine intake can stimulate sympathetic activity and increase catecholamine levels, 7 leading to significant cardiovascular stress. 8 However, a previous study reported that habitual coffee consumption may not lead to cardiovascular stress, in contrast to nonhabitual coffee consumption. 7 Hence, further studies are needed to clarify how and in what form we should consume moderate amounts of caffeine. ...
Objective:
To assess whether caffeine intake is associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Patients and methods:
We conducted a prospective cohort study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of participants with a caffeine intake of 10 to 99, 100 to 199, and 200 mg/d or more with those of participants with a caffeine intake of less than 10 mg/d.
Results:
In total, 17,594 participants were included, and the mean ± SD and median (interquartile range) follow-up was 6.5±2.8 years and 6.4 (3.6-9.5) years, respectively; 17,568 participants (99.8%) completed the follow-up, and 1310 died. Compared with those who had a caffeine intake of less than 10 mg/d, HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality were significantly lower in participants with a caffeine intake of 10 to 99 mg/d (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66-1.00; P=.05), 100 to 199 mg/d (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51-0.78; P<.001), and 200 or more mg/d (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.83; P<.001). A similar association was observed in participants who consumed less than 1 cup of coffee per week, and the HR was lowest in those with a caffeine intake of 100 to 199 mg/d (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.93). There was no association between caffeine intake and cardiovascular mortality, whereas the HRs for noncardiovascular mortality were significantly lower in those with a caffeine intake of 10 to 99 mg/d (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P=.01), 100 to 199 mg/d (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46-0.77; P<.001), and 200 or more mg/d (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53-0.80; P<.001).
Conclusion:
Moderate caffeine intake was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality, regardless of the presence or absence of coffee consumption.
... It was also tied to an increase in blood pressure and the release of catecholamines, a stress hormone released by the adrenal gland. These hormones are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular complications (Svatikova et al., 2015). Regardless of the documented difficulties, The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health declared that energy drinks are the most outstanding dietary supplement consumed by teens and young adults in the United States after multivitamins (NCCIH, 2018). ...
Many studies have researched the influences of energy drinks (Edrinks) on the central nervous system, balance, and neuromuscular control. Understanding the neuromuscular adaptations that occur after drinking Celsius Edrinks on muscle fatigue and balance can be helpful when advising the use of Edrinks during physical activity. This study aims to understand the impact Celsius Edrinks has on neuromuscular adaptations in lower limb musculature during muscle fatigue, and balance in young, healthy adults. Two males and eighteen females were recruited for this study. The tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and Gluteus Medius neuromuscular data were captured with surface EMG electrodes. The number of single-leg heel raises repetitions and time to fatigue were recorded. Subjects were asked to perform single-leg heel raises to fatigue and single-leg balance activities pre-energy drink consumption, and the same tasks were repeated on the opposite not tested limb (post Edrinks consumption) to equate data points. Neuromuscular timing data suggested modifications on leg musculature. Although not significant, the amount of single-leg heel raises performed pre, and post-drink intake increased post-energy drink consumption. We infer that the ingredients in Celsius energy drinks, including caffeine, Taurine, and Guarana, alter nerve conduction velocity in lower limb musculature during exercise and balance activities. Future studies should research the influence of Celsius energy drinks in different scenarios and populations.
... These events include abnormal heart rhythms like atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, ST elevation, and QT prolongation. Using energy drinks, such as Rock Star, has also been shown to increase blood pressure and the level of catecholamines (stress hormones released by the adrenal gland) in the blood, which are considered risk factors for cardiovascular events [7]. Other cardiovascular side effects have increased diastolic BP, increased incidence of heart palpitations, and increased platelet aggregation [8]. ...
Background: In recent years, energy drink consumption (EDC) has flared up among college students in the 18-34-year-old male demographic. Energy drinks cause balance alterations, reduction of blood flow, and distort lower limb neuromuscular activation. Purpose/Objective: We strived to discover which specific additive among three different drinks (Red Bull, Rockstar, Bang) could contribute to abnormalities in stability, memory, and muscle activation. Therefore, this investigation’s aim is two-fold. First, we assessed the impact of EDC on muscle activation/fatigue and standing balance during multitasking activities. Second, we propose to determine the effect of EDC on memory during multitasking activities. Methods: Twenty healthy young adults ranging from 22 to 28 years old, took part in the study. Demographic and cardiovascular data were collected, and later all participants completed cognitive evaluations (memory, motor speed) before the EDC. We obtained neuromuscular data via EMG sensors placed on hand grip muscles (wrist flexors) before performing the balance (no foam/foam, EO/EC) and motor (while holding a water cup; no nodding/nodding) tasks measured by accelerometers. Each participant completed all tasks pre- and post-16-ounce EDC. A MANOVA analysis was implemented to compare pre- and post-data. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results: Among the three diverse drinks, 1) A trend to reduce jerk movements (postural sway) was detected mostly in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction with the Red Bull group and 2) Handgrip neuromuscular data revealed an adaptation in diverse timing variables, more noticeable with the Red Bull group during muscle timing decay. 3) Finally, the memory protocol yielded no results after EDC. Conclusions: While this study's outcomes did not show a substantial distinction between pre and post-EDC for the variables measured, among the three drinks, Red bull exhibited alterations. The reduction in EMG activity decay in the Red Bull group may suggest an early onset of muscle fatigue following EDC. Nevertheless, it seems that the reduced sway compensates for this early decay during the balance tests. Clinical relevance: This study pointed out that some of the ingredients in Red Bull alter muscle activation and balance. Further research is warranted to gain a better understanding of the effects of Red Bull’s ingredients on muscle fatigue and balance.
... The effects varied from mild to death [48]. Cardiovascular system has been reported increased blood pressure [49][50][51][52][53] and heart rate [50]. There are also more serious conditions such as arrhythmias [54,55], and heart attacks [56,57]. ...
The energy drinks are beverages that contain caffeine and are consumed by students, children, adolescents and young adults to enhance their athletic and cognitive performance. Significant adverse effects have been reported. They vary from mild symptoms to death. The present study attempts to assess the risk of using energy drinks by exercisers and athletes. In order to achieve this, we evaluate the consumption and knowledge level of the consumers. The lack of awareness can lead to dangerous practices. Views on appropriate public health protection measures are also being investigated. The grade of consumption (35.5%) is within the bounds of the literature. The main source of knowledge is the advertisement (69.2%), which does not guarantee objective information. Therefore, although exercisers and athletes believe that they have adequate knowledge on the subject (91.2%), in fact this is not the case (the knowledge score is 10.12/18). Thus, half of them consume concurrently energy drinks with alcohol (a perilous practice). The study emphasizes the need of taking measures for public health protection.
... Energy drinks have health benefits as well as harms (6). Many studies found that excessive consumption of energy drinks causes heart rhythm disorder, migraine, anxiety disorder, insomnia, interaction with other drugs and causes addiction (7)(8)(9)(10). The use of energy drinks can reduce water consumption, resulting in decreased salivation and dental erosion. ...
Amaç: Son yıllarda genç nüfus arasında artış gösteren enerji içeceklerinin kullanımı başlangıçta fiziksel ve mental performansı artırabilir ancak kalp ritim bozukluğu, migren, kaygı bozukluğu, uykusuzluk, diğer ilaçlar ile etkileşim ve bağımlılık oluşturma gibi birçok olumsuz etkisi de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerin enerji içecekleri hakkında bilgi düzeylerini ve kullanım alışkanlıklarını belirlemektir. Materyal ve Metod: Tanımlayıcı tipte bir araştırma olarak planlanan çalışmanın evrenini Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören 2400 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada örneklem yöntemine gidilmemiş ve evrenin hepsine ulaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmaya çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 435 öğrenci dahil edilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında literatür taranarak oluşturulan bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 20.0 paket programı kullanılmış olup analizlerde tanımlayıcı istatistikler (sayı, yüzde, ortalama) ve ki-kare testi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin % 10,8’inin enerji içeceği kullandığı, %50,6’sının enerji içeceği hakkında bilgisinin olduğu, %30,3’ünün bilgiyi internet aldığı, % 42,6’sının tadını sevdiği için, %29,8’inin enerji verdiği için kullandığı ve %54,5’inin kalp sağlığı için tehlike oluşturduğunu düşündükleri tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Öğrencilerin enerji içeceği tüketme durumları ile cinsiyet ve sigara içme durumları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Öğrencilerin enerji içeceği tüketimi ve etkileri konusunda hem yazılı ve görsel medya aracılığı ile hemde okularda bilgi ve bilinç düzeyinin artırılması gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Üniversite öğrencileri, enerji içeceği,alışkanlık
... Among proven negative consequences of caffeine consumption in children and adolescents, effects on the neurological and cardiovascular systems have been found, which in turn can cause physical dependence and addiction [57,115]. Recent studies described significant hemodynamic changes in healthy young individuals following ED consumption, with elevated systolic and diastolic BP, increased cardiac output and myocardial load, repolarization abnormalities and reduced cerebral blood flow velocity [116,117]. A significant increase was also found in circulating catecholamines, reflecting sympathetic activation [118], since caffeine stimulates the CNS and cardiac systems [44,119]. ...
The prevalence of ED consumption has increased over the past 10–15 years. Studies describing the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages show confusing results, so it seems important to regularly summarize the available facts, and in more detail. By a thorough analysis of more than 156 scientific papers, the authors describe the molecular background of absorption, as well as the positive and negative effects of different dosages of caffeine, just like its effects in physical activity and performance. ED and EDwA consumption is a regular habit of not only adults, but nowadays even of children and adolescents. There are no safe dosages described of caffeine or ED consumption for children. There are no positive short- or long-term effects of these compounds/products concerning developing brain functions, psycho-motor functions, or social development. Instead, there are many unpleasant side effects, and symptoms of regular or higher-dose ED consumption, especially at younger ages. This mini review describes many details of these unpleasant side effects, their severity, and motivations for consuming these compounds/products. In a quantitative research in Hungary (10–26 years, mean age: 15.6 ± 3.8 y, 1459 subjects, randomly chosen population), a survey based on a questionnaire asking people about their ED consumption habits was conducted. According to the data, 81.8% of the participants consumed EDs at least once, and 63.3% tried several products of the kind. A positive correlation was found between age and consumption (p < 0.001). The results show that a high proportion of this group often consumed EDwA, in many cases leading to harmful side-effects of caffeine overdose. In a sample of Hungarian high school and college students (17–26 years), ED consumption matched the international data, and only 19.7% of respondents did not use EDs at all (had never tasted an ED in their life).
... Further study is needed in the acute overconsumption of energy drinks. The behavior of occasional energy drink consumption may not be habitual but a response to a stress stimulus that may lead to consumption of dangerous amounts of energy drinks in a short time period, which can pose significant cardiovascular risks to otherwise healthy adults (Svatikova, et al., 2015). ...
The purpose of this study was to assess energy drink consumption in a group of students (N = 629)who attended a public community college using the Theory of Planned Behavior. A majority of students(56.1%) reported they consumed energy drinks from rarely (once a month or less) to several times a day.Students indicated negative perceptions of energy drinks for health but positive perceptions of consumingenergy drinks for alertness. Logistic regression predicted energy drink consumers versus non-consumers withsignificant (P <.05) variables of perceived behavioral control, intention, and past behavior of consumingenergy drinks.
... Cardiovascular complications, such as lifethreatening heart rate anomalies, are another problem associated with Edrinks. Edrinks, such as RockStar, have also been reported to increase blood pressure and the level of stress hormones released by the adrenal gland in the blood, which are risk factors for cardiovascular events [4]. Other cardiovascular side effects include increased diastolic blood pressure, heart palpitations, and platelet aggregation [5]. ...
Over the past few years, energy drink consumption has increased among students aged 18–34 years. Energy drinks alter the balance, reduce blood flow and interfere with neuromuscular activation in the lower extremities. We attempted to determine which specific additive of three different drinks (red bull, rockstar, and bang) could contribute to changes in muscle activation of the ankle complex. Twenty healthy young adults aged 22–28 years were included in this study and allocated among 3 groups, red bull, rockstar, and bang. Neuromuscular data were obtained from EMG sensors positioned on the anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius before completing the four balance tasks. Each participant completed all the tasks before and after the 16-ounce Edrink. ANOVA was performed to compare the data before and after the beverage. Statistical significance was set at P <0.05. A trend was observed in red bull and bang groups revealing a faster anterior tibial activity and prolong activation for gastrocnemius. The rockstar group also showed a more rapid activation trend and shorter response during all tasks for the gastrocnemius. It appears that the additives found in Redbull and Bang produce an increased posterior sway, indicated by the faster activity observed on the anterior tibial muscle. On the other hand, the elements encountered in rockstars provoke anterior movements, creating the need for a quicker response from the gastrocnemius muscle. Further research is required to explore certain energy drink ingredients' effects on dynamic activities such as walking.
... Moreover, participants showed a lowered HR after energy drink consumption. One main reason for the lack of findings for the interoceptive dimensions might be the relatively low dose of caffeine contained in the single energy drink (80 mg), as there are studies revealing effects using higher dosages (e.g., 200-240 mg caffeine; Kurtz et al., 2013;Phan & Shah, 2014;Rashti et al., 2009;Svatikova et al., 2015). A meta-analysis including 15 studies even reported a dose-dependent effect of systolic blood pressure elevation, which was lower under consumption of drinks containing < 200 mg caffeine and higher under caffeine consumption of ! ...
Background: The market for energy drinks has grown quickly over the past 20 years. While the physiological and psychological effects of different ingredients have been studied, the influence of energy drinks on interoceptive processes is unclear. Anxiety has been associated with amplified interoceptive functioning, suggesting potentially exaggerated reactions to energy drinks. Aims: Investigate the effect of energy drink consumption and anxiety sensitivity (AS) as well as their possible interactions on cardiorespiratory dimensions of interoception. Method: Thirty-nine healthy students consumed an energy drink via a placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design. Cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), interoceptive sensibility (IS), and interoceptive evaluation (IE) were assessed. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) were analyzed to evaluate neural processing of the heartbeat. Results: Consumption of one energy drink did not influence IAcc, IS, or IE. However, high AS subjects reported reduced interoceptive confidence after energy drink intake. While HEP amplitudes did not differ depending on the type of drink, high AS subjects showed reduced HEPs overall compared to low AS subjects. Heart rate was significantly lower following energy drink consumption as compared to the placebo condition. Limitations: The sample size was small, energy dosages low, and physiological parameters should be assessed in more detail. Conclusion: Energy drink consumption was associated with an interoceptive bias in high AS individuals suggesting possible interaction effects between changes in physical state, interoception, and anxiety.
... A systematic literature search to collect, evaluate, and catalogue published studies on this topic (Fig. 1) identified cardiovascular system as a potential target for such effects. The associations between energy drink consumption and cardiovascular effects were identified in epidemiological studies (Bertoia et al., 2013;Grosso et al., 2016;Gunja and Brown, 2012;Kamijo et al., 2018), controlled clinical trials (Elitok et al., 2015;Fletcher et al., 2017;Gray et al., 2017;Kozik et al., 2016;Ragsdale et al., 2010;Svatikova et al., 2015), and through a large number of case reports (Berger and Alford, 2009;Kaoukis et al., 2012;Mattioli et al., 2018;Rottlaender et al., 2012;Scott et al., 2011;Shah et al., 2014). Overall, this body of evidence suggests that energy drinks, at least those that have been tested in the clinical trials and case reports, may have undesirable effects on hemodynamic parameters (e.g., blood pressure), heart rhythm (e.g., tachycardia), and ion channel activity (QT prolongation). ...
Consumption of energy drinks has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects;
however, little is known about the ingredients that may contribute to these effects. We therefore characterized the chemical profiles and in vitro effects of energy drinks and their ingredients on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, and identified the putative active ingredients using a multivariate prediction model. Energy drinks from 17 widely-available over-the-counter brands were evaluated in this study. The concentrations of six common molecular ingredients (caffeine, taurine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, adenine, and L-methionine) were quantified by coupling liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the acquisition of LC-MS/MS spectra. In addition, untargeted analyses for each beverage were performed with a platform combining LC, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry (LCIMS-MS) measurements. Approximately 300 features were observed per sample in the untargeted studies, and of these ~100 were identified. In vitro effects of energy drinks and some of their molecular ingredients were then tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Data on the beat rate (positive and negative chronotropy), ion channel function (QT prolongation), and cytotoxicity were collected in a dilution series. We found that some of the energy drinks elicited adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes with the most common being an increase in the beat rate, while QT prolongation was also observed at the lowest concentrations. Finally, concentration addition modeling using quantitative data from the 6 common ingredients and multivariate prediction modeling was used to determine potential molecular ingredients responsible for the adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes. These analyses suggested theophylline, adenine, and azelate as possibly contributing to the in vitro effects of energy drinks on QT prolongation in cardiomyocytes.
... It is worth noting that among this age group, the rate of excessive consumption is lower, just over 7 %. Although there are advantages in the consumption of energy drinks, many producers overstate them ( Svatikova et al., 2015). There are also some paradoxical negative effects. ...
Energy drinks are beverages that contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, vitamins, herbal supplements, and sugar. Their ingredients are generally regarded as safe for consumption, but some of them raise some concerns. Caffeine is especially regarded as problematic, especially for some categories of consumers. Nevertheless, energy drinks also offer some advantages. In this study, we aimed to analyze the ingredients found in the energy drinks that were commercially available on the Romanian market. We analyzed products gathered over one year (March 2018-March 2019). We used the information found on the companies' websites and directly on the products. We included 120 energy drinks found on the market. Most of the inspected products (93.4 %) contained caffeine and/or taurine (75 %). Many other products contained herbal ingredients such as guarana and ginseng. Vitamins and minerals were also abundant in these products. The vitamin concentrations are mostly negligible. Finally, all the energy drinks contained preservatives, food colorants or stabilizers, ingredients that are safe and authorized for use. In conclusion, energy drinks' consumption is mostly safe and all their ingredients are approved. However, special attention should be dedicated to some particular classes of consumers. Energy drinks should not be used in large quantities and children should be discouraged to consume them. The population must be further informed in regards to their risk, the negative effects when consumed in combination with alcohol and the danger they represent for children.
... The low dose of caffeine in the present study (0.22mg/ml) and short term of this study was not sufficient enough to produce changes in the parameters studied, keeping in mind the potential antioxidant effect of caffeine [6,21]. In reverse to our observation it has been reported that the consumption of ED increased glucose levels in young healthy adults [22]. and this also could be in Khat group as compared to control, these results are in consistent with our previous findings where CAT and other non-enzymatic antioxidants were significantly reduced in red blood cells, [13], plasma [14] and saliva [15]. ...
Background and objective: Premixing energy drinks (EDs) with other stimulants becomes a habit widespread among adolescent and young adult worldwide, the present study has been designed to investigate the short term effect of consumption of both EDs and Khat (Catha edulis) the main constituent is cathinone in the plasma antioxidants of rabbits. Methods: The animals were segregated randomly into four groups; control, Khat (5ml extract/kg), ED (5ml/kg) and Khat + ED groups. After 35 days of administration, the plasma was collected from all animals and their kidneys were removed, perfused and different biochemical assays were performed along with histopathological observations. Results: We have seen that catalase activity and albumin levels were reduced in the Khat + ED group as compared with control, whereas, uric acid level was increased in Khat + ED animals compared with control. Significant changes between other groups were also seen in thiol contents, protein, albumin, cholesterol and UA levels. No significant changes were reported in the plasma glucose and urea levels of rabbits exposed to Khat + ED. However, the hepatocytes morphology has been affected in all treated animals compared with those of normal control. Conclusion: It is concluded that mixing ED with Catha edulis during chewing session might lead to alter the plasma antioxidant status after short term administration which was also seen in the kidney antioxidants and histology.
... Nevertheless, upon consumption, experience of surge of energy followed by a rigid decrease in energy levels is experienced; this causes customers to turn to foods that are calorie -dense, which makes them vulnerable overweight and/ or and obesity and subsequent health effects [22]. Furthermore, results from some experimental studies found acute cardiovascular effects of energy drinks, especially among high-risk individuals [23]. ...
... Кофеин содержащие продуты, включая энергетики, увеличивают кровяное давление примерно на 6% [5]. Для тех, у кого давление регулярно "скачет", слишком большие дозы энергетических напитков могут привести к существенному увеличению риска инфаркта [6]. ...
... 3 Although commonly promoted as supplements that can boost performance and cognition, these drinks have also been reported to have numerous detrimental side effects, particularly cardiovascular and neurological in nature. [4][5][6] The number of annual emergency department visits involving energy drinks increased from 10 068 in 2007 to 20 783 in 2011. 7 According to the Food and Drug Administration, there have been 34 deaths attributed to energy drinks warranting investigation into the safety of these beverages. ...
Background
Energy drinks have been linked to an increase in emergency room visits and deaths. We aim to determine the impact of energy drinks on electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in young healthy volunteers.
Methods and Results
A randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was conducted in healthy volunteers. Participants consumed 32 oz of either energy drink A, energy drink B, or placebo within 60 minutes on 3 study days with a 6‐day washout period in between. The primary end point of QT c interval and secondary end points of QT interval, PR interval, QRS duration, heart rate, and brachial and central blood pressures were measured at baseline, and every 30 minutes for 240 minutes. A repeated‐measures 2‐way analysis of variance was performed with the main effects of intervention, time, and an interaction of intervention and time. Thirty‐four participants were included (age 22.1±3.0 years). The interaction term of intervention and time was statistically significant for Bazett's corrected QT interval, Fridericia's corrected QT interval, QT , PR , QRS duration, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, central systolic blood pressure, and central diastolic blood pressure (all P <0.001). The maximum change from baseline in Bazett's corrected QT interval for drinks A, B, and placebo were +17.9±13.9, +19.6±15.8, and +11.9±11.1 ms, respectively ( P =0.005 for ANOVA ) ( P =0.04 and <0.01, respectively compared with placebo). Peripheral and central systolic and diastolic blood pressure were statistically significantly different compared with placebo (all P <0.001).
Conclusion
Energy drinks significantly prolong the QT c interval and raise blood pressure.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 03196908.
... It has been shown that a higher dose of RB ® (355 ml) affects the increase in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and the increase in the HR 40 , as well as that RB ® at a dose of 500 ml affects the increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system 41 . The previously said can be explained by the effect of EDs on the increase in norepinephrine levels 42 , which increases the HR and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores and increases blood flow to skeletal muscles 16 . ...
Background/Aim. Energy drinks (EDs) are widely used by athletes as ergogenic agents and Red Bull? is one of the most consumed EDs among them. The aim of this study was to determine the acute and chronic effects of Red Bull? on cardiodynamics and parameters of oxidative stress in physically trained rats. Methods. Rats were subjected to a swimming practice (1h a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks). They were divided into 4 groups: rats that did not consume ED either before swimming or prior to sacrificing; rats that did not consume ED before swimming but did consume ED 30 min prior to sacrificing; rats that consumed ED 30 min before every swimming training but did not consume ED prior to sacrificing; rats that consumed ED 30 min before every swimming training and 30 min before sacrificing. After sacrificing, the hearts of the rats were isolated and perfused according to the Langendorff technique. The parameters of cardiac function were recorded, and also the levels of prooxidants were measured in the coronary effluent during coronary autoregulation. Results. Acute administration of the ED had a positive inotropic effect (manifested as a significantly higher level of the maximum and minimum rate of pressure development in the left ventricle), while chronic administration affected the isolated increase in systolic left ventricular pressure. The prooxidative effect of the ED was observed, which was more pronounced in chronic consumption. Conclusion. The main conclusion of our study is that chronic consumption of ED changes the cardiovascular response and redox status in acute consumption ED.
... The present study revealed that consumption of an ED increases the MAP 1 h after administration. This is in accordance with findings from other studies, showing a significant average MAP increase of 3.8 ± 0.7 mmHg within 120 min (P < 0.0005) (30) and a MAP increase of 4.6 mmHg (3.0-6.3 mmHg) between baseline and 30 min after administration (31). However, another study showed no significant change in MAP after administration of an ED (32). ...
Background:
Case reports suggest a link between energy drinks (EDs) and adverse events, including deaths.
Objectives:
We examined cardiovascular and metabolic effects of EDs and mixtures providing relevant ingredients of EDs compared to a similarly composed control product (CP) without these components.
Methods:
This randomized, crossover trial comprised 38 adults (19 women, mean BMI 23 kg/m2, mean age 22 y). We examined effects of a single administration of a commercial ED, the CP, and the CP supplemented with major ED-ingredients at the same concentrations as in the ED. The study products were administered at 2 volumes, 750 or 1000 mL.
Results:
Both volumes of the study products were acceptably tolerated with no dose-dependent effects on blood pressure (BP, primary outcome), heart rate, heart rate corrected duration of QT-segment in electrocardiography (QTc interval), and glucose metabolism. After ED consumption, 11% of the participants reported symptoms, in contrast to 0-3% caused by other study products. After 1 h, administration of an ED caused an increase in systolic BP (116.9 ± 10.4 to 120.7 ± 10.7 mmHg, mean ± SD, P < 0.01) and a QTc prolongation (393.3 ± 20.6 to 400.8 ± 24.1 ms, P < 0.01). Also caffeine, but not taurine or glucuronolactone, caused an increase in BP, but no QTc prolongation. The BP effects were most pronounced after 1 h and returned to normal after a few hours. All study products caused a decrease in serum glucose and an increase in insulin concentrations after 1 h compared to baseline values, corresponding to an elevation in the HOMA-IR (ED + 4.0, other products + 1.0-2.8, all P < 0.001).
Conclusion:
A single high-volume intake of ED caused adverse changes in BP, QTc, and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy individuals. These effects of EDs cannot be easily attributed to the single components caffeine, taurine, or glucuronolactone. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01421979.
... Over the past decade, research has consistently demonstrated that energy drinks are dangerous for youth. They have been linked to cardiovascular and neurological damage (Ali, Rehman, Babayan, Stapleton, & Joshi, 2015;Svatikova et al., 2015), depression and anxiety (Azagba, Langille, & Asbridge, 2014), victimization (Jackson, Leal, Posick, Vaughn, & Olivan, 2018), and sleep disturbances (Arria & O'Brien, 2011;Temple, 2009). ...
Aims:
The current study aims to examine whether energy drink consumption is associated with intentions to try marijuana among adolescents who have never tried marijuana, and whether the effects of energy drink consumption on the intention to try marijuana vary between adolescents who have previously tried alcohol or cigarettes and those who have not.
Methods:
This study employs a pooled cross-sectional design and uses a nationally representative sample of 8th (ages 13-14) and 10th (ages 15-16) grade adolescents from seven recent cohorts (2010-2016) of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. Logistic regression was employed to examine the association between energy drink consumption (none, light, moderate, heavy) and the odds of intending to initiate marijuana use in the next 12 months, controlling for sociodemographic factors and other health and social behaviors.
Results:
The results indicate that energy drink consumers are significantly more likely to intend to initiate marijuana use relative to non-consumers of energy drinks. Specifically, youth who heavily use energy drinks have significantly higher odds of having the intention to use marijuana in the near future than youth who consume energy drinks moderately or lightly. Additionally, evidence suggests that the relationship between energy drink consumption and the intention to use marijuana is moderated by use of other substances.
Conclusions:
The current study suggests that energy drink consumption (particularly heavy consumption) may be one early precursor in the escalation of substance use. It may be beneficial to include energy drinks in drug education curriculums.
... Catecholamines, namely epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), are known to play an important role in the adaptive processes in response to physical, environmental and psychological stressors throughout the activation of the sympathoadrenomedullary (SAM) system. A considerable increase of catecholamine plasma levels has been reported in many conditions, including physical exercise [1], insulin induced hypoglycemia [2], hypoxia and hipercapnia [3], and caffeine intake [4,5]. ...
Background
The sympatho-adrenergic activation during exercise is implicated in many cardiovascular respiratory and metabolic adaptations which have been thought to partially explain the different levels of performance observed between trained and untrained subjects. To date, no evidence exists about the association between competition performance and markers of “acute stress response”. We designed this study to investigate; (i) the acute sympatho-adrenergic activation during endurance exercise in recreational runners by measuring plasma levels of free metanephrine (MN) and normethanephrine (NMN) before and after a half-marathon run; (ii) the association between the metanephrines levels and the running time.
Methods
26 amateur runners (15 males, 11 females) aged 30 to 63 years were enrolled. The quantification of MN and NMN was performed by LC-MS/MS. Anthropometric ergonomic and routine laboratory data were recorded. Statistical analyses included paired T-test, univariate and multivariate regressions.
Results
The post-run values of MN and NMN displayed a nearly 3.5 and 7 fold increase respectively compared to the baseline values (p < 0.0001 for both). NMN pre-run values and pre/post run delta values showed a significant direct and inverse association (p = 0.021 and p = 0.033, respectively) with running performance. No correlations were found for MN values.
Conclusion
NMN is a reliable marker of sympatho-adrenergic activation by exercise and can predict endurance performance in the individual athlete. Adaptation phenomenon occurring not only in the adrenal medulla might represent the biological mechanism underlying this association. Further studies on sympatho-adrenergic activation, competition performance and training status should contemplate the measurement of these metabolites instead of their unstable precursors.
... For example, trials have shown acute cardiovascular effects of energy drinks, particularly among those at higher risk for such events. 17,18 Case reports have linked energy drink consumption with serious adverse events, such as stroke, 19 seizures [20][21][22] and serious cardiac effects. [23][24][25][26][27] Data from emergency department visits have also identified adverse outcomes associated with energy drinks. ...
Background:
Energy drink consumption has increased dramatically among young Canadians, with anecdotal evidence of adverse health effects. There is a lack of population-based studies to examine the prevalence of adverse events from energy drinks, particularly among young people. The current study sought to assess adverse events from energy drinks among a population-based sample of youth and young adults in Canada.
Methods:
An online survey was conducted in 2015 with a national sample of youth (aged 12-17 yr) and young adults (aged 18-24 yr) recruited from a consumer panel. Respondents reported prior consumption of energy drinks as well as adverse outcomes, concurrent activities associated with the outcomes and whether medical attention was sought or considered. Adverse events from coffee were also assessed for comparison. Weighted analyses are reported.
Results:
Of the 2055 respondents, 1516 (73.8%) reported having ever consumed an energy drink, and 1741 (84.7%) reported having ever consumed coffee (unweighted). Overall, 55.4% of respondents who had ever consumed an energy drink reported that they had experienced at least 1 adverse event, including fast heartbeat (24.7%), difficulty sleeping (24.1%), headache (18.3%), nausea/vomiting/diarrhea (5.1%), chest pain (3.6%) and seizures (0.2%); 3.1% had sought or had considered seeking medical help for an adverse event. The prevalence of reported adverse events was significantly greater among energy drink consumers than among coffee consumers (36.0%) (odds ratio [OR] 2.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.01-2.56]), as was the proportion who reported seeking or considering seeking medical help for adverse events (3.1% v. 1.4%) (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.39-3.41]).
Interpretation:
More than half of youth and young adults who had consumed energy drinks reported adverse outcomes, some serious enough to warrant seeking medical help. The adverse outcomes were consistent with the physiologic effects of caffeine but were significantly more prevalent than with other sources of caffeine such as coffee, consistent with data from national adverse event databases.
... Grasser et al. [15], for example, reported an elevation in blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output after ingestion of one can of Red Bull® in comparison with the same amount of water and suggested an overall negative hemodynamic profile of the EDs due to a combination of an augmented work load to the heart and a reduced cerebral blood flow velocity due to elevated cerebrovascular resistance. Svatikova et al. [16] reported significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as in norepinephrine levels but no significant difference in heart rate increases between a group ingesting EDs and controls ingesting placebo. Pincomb et al. found that exposure to caffeine at a dose of 3.3 mg/kg for two days resulted in increases of blood pressure and vascular resistance as well as a decrease in heart rate [17], but failed to demonstrate a relevant increase in cardiac output or contractility. ...
Abstract Background Our study aimed to evaluate changes in the contractile behavior of human myocardium after exposure to caffeine and taurine, the main active ingredients of energy drinks (EDs), and to evaluate whether taurine exhibits any inotropic effect at all in the dosages commonly used in EDs. Methods Myocardial tissue was removed from the right atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and prepared to obtain specimens measuring 4 mm in length. A total of 92 specimens were exposed to electrical impulses at a frequency of 75 bpm for at least 40 min to elicit their maximum contractile force before measuring the isometric contractile force (ICF) and duration of contraction (CD). Following this, each specimen was treated with either taurine (group 1, n = 29), or caffeine (group 2, n = 31) or both (group 3, n = 32). After exposure, ICF and CD measuring were repeated. Post-treatment values were compared with pre-treatments values and indicated as percentages. Results Exposure to taurine did not alter the contraction behavior of the specimens. Exposure to caffeine, in contrast, led to a significant increase in ICF (118 ± 03%, p
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW⁻¹]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW⁻¹. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW⁻¹ caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage’s content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
In most instances, childhood hypertension does not have an identifiable cause aside from a clear association with obesity. In a small percentage of cases, a source of the hypertension can be identified. Common secondary causes of hypertension include kidney disease, renovascular disease, varied endocrine disorders, and drug-induced hypertension. Prescribed and over-the-counter medications, herbal supplements, and illicit substances have all been linked to hypertension. Hypertension induced by medications, herbal supplements, and illicit drugs should be considered in any child with new-onset hypertension or worsening control of existing hypertension, especially when the rise in blood pressure is abrupt and extreme. Fortunately, blood pressure typically returns to normal values soon after stopping the offending agent, and pharmacologic intervention is usually not required.
Background
Caffeine is widely consumed not only in coffee but also in soft drinks and tea. However, the long-term health effects of caffeine are still controversial, especially in people with high cardiovascular risk such as elderly patients with hypertension.Methods
This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2018. Caffeine intake was calculated by two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Complex sampling-weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly hypertensive patients with different caffeine intake (<10, 10 to <100, 100 to <200, 200 to <300, and ≥300 mg/day).ResultsThis study included 6,076 elderly hypertensive patients. The mean ± standard error follow-up duration was 6.86 ± 0.12 years. During this period, a total of 2,200 all-cause deaths occurred, of which 765 were cardiovascular deaths. Taking patients with caffeine intake < 10 mg/day as a reference, patients with moderate caffeine intake (200 to <300 mg/day) had a lower risk of all-cause (HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.56–0.87]) and cardiovascular (HR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.39–0.77]) mortality. The benefit of reducing all-cause mortality risk was significant in female patients (HR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.50–0.85]) or patients with well-controlled blood pressure (HR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.46–0.87]), but not in male patients or patients with poorly controlled blood pressure. In addition, non-linear relationship analysis also showed that moderate caffeine intake had the lowest HRs of all-cause (Non-linear p = 0.022) and cardiovascular mortality (Non-linear p = 0.032) in the present study.Conclusion
Moderate caffeine intake is associated with reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly hypertensive patients.
This study identifies constructs from key persuasion theories that are present in popular sports and energy drink advertising. A theory-driven content analysis was conducted on 315 popular television and social media sports and energy drink advertisements from top selling brands. The advertisements were analyzed for the presence of persuasive cues as per the Elaboration Likelihood Model (e.g, onscreen consumption, presence of celebrities) as well as Reasoned Action behavioral expectancies and normative beliefs Approach related to consumption. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Differences between sports and energy drinks were assessed and reliability statistics for all codes were calculated. Advertisements relied on peripheral cues like sports and celebrities that were not related to the drinks themselves. Theory-relevant beliefs about improved athletic performance and consumption of the drinks onscreen were common. Sports drinks were more likely to focus on mainstream sports; energy drinks featured extreme sports, and energy drink advertisements promoted the drinks for use beyond sports (e.g., work settings). The cues and beliefs identified in these ads help to clarify the role of advertising in beliefs about sports drinks being healthy and energy drinks being helpful to achieve goals. Future research is needed that links exposure to coded advertisement features to adolescents’ beliefs about sports and energy drinks.
Aims
The current study aims to examine the role of energy drink and energy shot consumption in school disengagement, low academic performance, and academic expectations, and investigates the robustness of these associations across sex, grade, race, and substance use history.
Method
This study employs a pooled cross-sectional design and uses a nationally representative sample of 8th (ages 13–14 years) and 10th (ages 15–16 years) grade adolescents from seven recent cohorts (2010–2016) of the Monitoring the Future study. Logistic regression and negative binomial regression were employed to examine the association between energy drink and energy shot consumption and academic risk factors, controlling for sociodemographic factors and other health and social behaviors. Ancillary robustness checks across key subgroups in the data were also performed.
Results
The results indicate that energy drink and energy shot consumers are significantly more likely to report all academic risk outcomes. Specifically, youth who heavily use energy drinks and shots have significantly higher odds of each of the academic risk outcomes relative to both less habitual users and nonusers. These patterns hold across subgroups, despite associations being somewhat stronger among females, younger participants, Whites, and youth with no substance use history.
Conclusions
The current study suggests that energy drink consumption (particularly heavy consumption) may be an early warning sign of academic risk. It may be beneficial to limit adolescent energy drink consumption, provide early intervention for heavy adolescent consumers, and raise awareness of the dangers associated with their use.
Aims
Energy Drink (ED)-associated cardiovascular emergency visits have increased in recent years. Although a toxicity threshold has been established for caffeine, the safety profile of whole ED consumption has not yet been defined.
Methods
This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Three reviewers conducted two separate systematic searches on PubMed on October 24 and December 3, 2019. Out of 250 potential records, 43 prospective clinical studies assessing the effects of ED on heart rate (HR) and/or any electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were included. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled p-values using metap command for STATA 10.0.
Results
After ED consumption, resting HR increased in 71.1% of studies (pooled p-value <0.001) but was only significant in 38%; HR during and after exercise increased in 55.5% (pooled p-value <0.001) and 71.4% of studies, respectively; QRS increased in all but two protocols; evidence on PR interval was contradictory, and corrected QT interval (QTc) increased compared to baseline in all but one study, exceeding the pathological limit value in two of them. T wave changes were seen in two studies, and one study reported a ratio of 5 to 1 in the number of ectopic beats.
Conclusion
Acute consumption of ED can alter the ECG in certain risk populations, posing a risk whose magnitude is yet to be determined. Caution should be exercised among at-risk and underage individuals but further research in these populations is warranted before restrictions are made.
Objectives:
There is lack of evidence exploring sympathetic effect by baroreceptor sensitivity in obese consuming energy drink. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of energy drink on individuals baroreceptor sensitivity in young healthy normal weight and overweight/obese males.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of Physiology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After getting ethical approval, 25 male participants were recruited by convenient sampling and informed consent was obtained. Participants were grouped into normal weight and overweight/obese on basis of body mass index. Finger arterial blood pressure was recorded with Finometer® at baseline, 30min and 60 minutes in the post-energy drink period and baroreceptor sensitivity was calculated. As data was not normally distributed it was log transformed.
Results:
The baseline baroreceptor sensitivity was lower (P<0.05) in overweight/obese compared to normal weight participants. Baroreceptor sensitivity reduced significantly (P<0.05) at 60 minutes after energy drink consumption in the whole cohort of both normal weight and overweight/obese. Baroreceptor sensitivity remained lower in overweight/obese compared to normal weight at 60min but the difference was not significant.
Conclusion:
Consumption of energy drink acutely reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in both normal weight and obese young healthy males with an earlier onset of effect in overweight/obese indicating enhanced sympathetic activity. Energy drinks consumption could place the obese in a more vulnerable state to hypertension and arrhythmia.
Les boissons énergisantes et le sport 2 Recommandations de l'AQMSE 1. L'AQMSE ne recommande pas la prise de boisson énergisante avant, pendant ou immédiatement après la pratique d'activités sportives. 2. L'AQMSE recommande une mention sur les contenants de boissons énergisantes qui s'apparenterait à la mise en garde concernant l'alcool, tel que « Ne pas consommer lors de l'activité physique ». 3. L'AQMSE recommande fortement aux jeunes ayant un problème cardiaque connu ou ayant une histoire familiale de mort subite de ne pas consommer de boisson énergisante. 4. L'AQMSE recommande de diminuer à 80 mg la quantité de caféine totale maximale permise dans un contenant donné. 5. L'AQMSE recommande l'inscription de la quantité totale de caféine sur chaque contenant de produits énergisants identifiés comme produit de santé naturel (par exemple, sur les concentrés énergisants dits « energy shot »). 6. L'AQMSE recommande que les boissons énergisantes soient formellement identifiées et soient vendues séparément des boissons de réhydratation pour sportifs et des boissons gazeuses. 7. L'AQMSE recommande d'augmenter l'éducation et la sensibilisation auprès des jeunes et de leurs entourages (parents, enseignants, entraineurs, fédérations sportives) sur les boissons énergisantes et leurs risques potentiels, particulièrement dans le cadre de la pratique d'une activité physique. 8. L'AQMSE recommande d'interdire la vente de boisson énergisante chez les 16 ans et moins. 9. L'AQMSE dénonce l'utilisation des boissons énergisantes jumelées à l'alcool donnant une fausse sensation de sécurité, entre autres, pour la conduite automobile. 10. L'AQMSE recommande aux médecins et aux consommateurs de rapporter au Centre antipoison et à Santé Canada les cas d'effets secondaires pouvant être reliés aux boissons énergisantes. 11. L'AQMSE recommande à Santé Canada de rendre disponible un formulaire de déclaration dédié à ces boissons, facile d'accès, pour récolter directement les informations auprès des consommateurs et ainsi en faire une surveillance spécifique. Les boissons énergisantes et le sport 3 Quiconque désirant porter plainte ou poser une question au sujet des boissons énergisantes : Inspectorat de la Direction générale des produits de santé et des aliments https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-canada/organisation/contactez-nous/inspectorat-sante-canada.html Pour les professionnels de la santé qui veulent rapporter des effets secondaires néfastes des produits de santé naturels : Déclarer un effet indésirable ou un incident lié à un instrument médical https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-canada/services/medicaments-produits-sante/medeffetcanada/declaration-ef-fets-indesirables.html Pour rapporter un effet secondaire suite à la consommation des boissons énergisantes :-Site web de la compagnie de la boisson consommée-Agence canadienne d'inspection des aliments
Hemostasis is a process which encompasses the clotting, fibrinolysis, blood platelet activation and endothelial cell function. Certain dietary components may modulate some elements of hemostasis, particularly blood platelet function, and modify the progression of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge of the role of coffee, energy drinks and their bioactive compounds in such modulation. It describes the effect of coffee, energy drinks and their selected components (e.g. caffeine) on hemostasis, especially blood platelets, and their underlying mechanisms. Like coffee, energy drinks may modify platelet reactivity by changing the activity of signaling enzymes, and by modifying cAMP and reactive oxygen species levels. However, the effects of coffee and energy drinks on platelet activation are dependent on a range of factors, including their bioactive components, platelet activators and the methods used for monitoring platelet activation. While some studies (in vivo models) indicate that energy drinks have pro-aggregatory affects, which may be associated with an elevated risk of thrombosis, others indicate that coffee in fact reduces platelet activation, which may be beneficial for prophylaxis of thrombosis.
Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy face a lifetime of living with a heart condition that is at once heterogeneous, often unpredictable, and incompletely understood. Lifestyle adjustments are essential to controlling symptoms, and factors such as diet, fluid intake, caffeine, alcohol, and exercise can all have profound effects on patient well-being. However, because HCM physiology can vary widely from patient to patient, physician recommendations must be personalized to each individual patient’s physiology, which also may change over the years. Hydration should be encouraged for patients with dynamic LVOT obstruction, but diuretics and strict regulation of fluid balance may be needed when congestion is present. Moreover, although exercise has myriad health benefits, it carries acute risks in HCM patients. Professional guidelines prohibit competitive sports and vigorous recreational activities, and this may have implications on patient employment. However, strict exercise proscriptions are not warranted, and in most cases moderate exercise should be encouraged as a component of a healthy lifestyle. As with nearly all aspects of HCM patient care, recommendations about lifestyle are not simple but require ongoing conversations tailored to individual patients. These conversations need to be placed in the context of each patient’s physiology and risks and informed by the patient’s overall life goals. Discussion with the patient and family, often repeated over multiple visits, will be necessary in order to develop the trust and partnership that leads to effective management.
A 27-year-old man presented with an intentional overdose of concentrated caffeine powder that he bought over the internet. The patient received benzodiazepines and ondansetron for symptomatic treatment when he arrived in the Emergency Department (ED). Subsequently, he developed recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in the ED. The SVT was successfully treated with metoprolol. The patient's caffeine level was >90 mg/L. This is the first known report of treatment of caffeine-induced supraventricular tachycardia with metoprolol.
Since their introduction in 1987, energy drinks have become increasingly popular and the energy drink market has grown at record pace into a multibillion-dollar global industry. Young people, students, office workers, athletes, weekend warriors, and service members frequently consume energy drinks. Both health care providers and consumers must recognize the difference between energy drinks, traditional beverages (e.g., coffee, tea, soft drinks/sodas, juices, or flavored water), and sports drinks. The research about energy drinks safety and efficacy is often contradictory, given the disparate protocols and types of products consumed: this makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Also, much of the available literature is industry-sponsored. After reports of adverse events associated with energy drink consumption, concerns including trouble sleeping, anxiety, cardiovascular events, seizures, and even death, have been raised about their safety. This article will focus on energy drinks, their ingredients, side effects associated with their consumption, and suggested recommendations, which call for education, regulatory actions, changes in marketing, and additional research.
In most children elevated blood pressure measurements are transient and due to situational anxiety. When the blood pressure elevations persist, most children are found not to have an identifiable cause for the hypertension. In the minority of children, hypertension is due to an identifiable cause which may include a variety of medications and illicit substances. Substance-induced hypertension can be associated with unexpected and severe blood pressure elevations and should be considered in such circumstances. Fortunately, the blood pressure typically returns to normal values soon after stopping the offending agent, and usually pharmacologic intervention is not required.
Consumption of energy drink creates numerous health problems. Primarily Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, headache, gastrointestinal problems, insomnia, elevate level of Blood pressure and adrenaline are observed. Energy drinks are widely consumed among young generation on different occasions.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of different personality types and state and trait anxiety levels in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and their association with patients age, gender and the mechanism of the paroxysmal SVT. 62 patients with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia who underwent endocardial eletrophysiological study and catheter ablation of the paroxysmal SVT were included in the study. The patients were asked to fill out the Myers-Brigss Type Indicator and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires and the results were analyzed and correlated with the arrhythmia mechanism determined during electrophysiological study and catheter ablation procedure, and the patients' demographics (age and gender). There was no significant difference in State (mean 41.53±13.51, p=0.893) or Trait (mean 44.70±12.62, p=0.315) anxiety scores according to gender although higher scores were found in females. Older patients (≥50 years old compared to <50 years old) had higher anxiety scores but with no statistical significance (p=0.344 for state anxiety and p=0.100 for trait anxiety). The patients with AVNRT had significantly higher Trait anxiety scores (mean 46.82±10.52) than the patients with AVRT or AT (mean 40.59±10.91) (p=0.032). State anxiety score was not significantly different between patients with different SVT types (p=0.706). Anxiety is an important factor to be considered in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. It doesn't seem to be associated with different personality types. Female and older patients tend to show higher anxiety levels. The atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT) is associated with significantly higher trait anxiety levels compared to other types of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Enerji içeceği kullanımı genç nüfusta özellikle son yıllarda artış göstermektedir. Bu tür içeceklerin sağlığa faydalarının yanı sıra zararları da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki enerji içeceği kullanım sıklığını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de enerji içeceği kullanımıyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar derlenerek klasik ve Bayesci meta-analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda Bayesci yaklaşımın daha kesin sıklık tahmin değeri verdiği saptanmıştır.
Over the past decade, energy drinks have been consumed with increasing frequency by the general population. They have been marketed to improve athletic performance, endurance, and concentration. Currently, reports of increased complications are surfacing revealing increased national emergency room visits from acute complications related to consumption, as well as reports summarizing cases in which energy drink consumption was associated with morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, certain populations seem to be vulnerable to these adverse effects, including those aged under 18. years, pregnant or breastfeeding women, caffeine-naive or sensitive individuals, individuals taking stimulant or other caffeine-based medications, and those with certain cardiovascular or medical conditions and/or heavy consumption patterns (two or more energy drinks in one session). This is of particular concern because most energy drinks are not as strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration owing to their supplement classification.In this chapter, we aim to describe the various constituents found in energy drinks. In addition, the extracardiac and cardiac side effects are discussed in detail. Extracardiac effects include those involving the neurologic, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine systems, as well as psychiatric problems. The cardiovascular side effects encompass a broad spectrum and include vascular dysfunction, abrupt hemodynamic changes, electrical instability, cardiomyopathies, coronary disease, and sudden cardiac death. These potential acute adverse effects should be diligently recognized by the physician, and those planning to consume energy drinks should be warned. The long-term effects of exposure to energy drinks have not been adequately researched. More safety and efficacy research needs to be conducted to establish more fully dose safety for consumption, whether energy drinks truly benefit mental or physical performance, and which individuals should avoid them because of the potential for excess risk. Until this research is complete, we recommend individuals avoid consuming energy drinks.
In 1911, under authority granted by the recently enacted Food and Drug Act, US agents seized 40 kegs and 20 barrels of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee.1,2 The group, led by chief chemist Harvey Wiley, considered the caffeine in Coca-Cola to be a significant public health hazard (both cocaine and alcohol had been removed from the recipe in the previous decade). The case continued for years. Eventually Coca-Cola decreased the caffeine content in this product and legal action was dropped.3
Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, "Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?"
Hemodynamic reactions to mental stress may contribute to atherosclerosis. We previously observed cross-sectional relationships between blood pressure reactions to a standardized stress battery and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease (KIHD) study. These are the first prospective results on this relationship.
Men from 4 age cohorts (42 to 60 years old at study onset) were challenged with a standardized mental stress battery, and heart rate and blood pressure reactions were assessed. Ultrasound measures of common carotid IMT were collected at this time and 7 years later as noninvasive markers of atherosclerosis. Data were collected from a sample of 756 men at both times. Systolic blood pressure reactions to mental stress at study onset were positively related to mean carotid IMT 7 years later (beta=0.035, P=0.001, by blood pressure quartile, IMT=0.91, 0.93, 0.96, 1.00 mm) and to the progression of IMT (beta=0.020, P=0.006, by blood pressure quartile, DeltaIMT=0.08, 0.09, 0.11, 0.11 mm). Similar significant relations were shown for maximal IMT and plaque height. Diastolic blood pressure responses were less strongly related to carotid IMT than were systolic responses. Heart-rate responses were unrelated. Adjustment for standard risk factors did not substantially reduce the relation between systolic blood pressure reactivity and the progression of mean carotid IMT (standardized beta=0.059, P=0.026), maximal carotid IMT (standardized beta=0.084, P=0.006), or plaque height (standardized beta=0.093, P=0.008).
The degree of systolic blood pressure reactivity to mental challenge is prospectively related to carotid IMT in middle-aged and older men, independent of known risk factors.
In the present study we hypothesized that arterial catecholamine concentrations during rest and 2 laboratory stress tests were independent predictors of blood pressure at an 18-year follow-up. At entry, blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured in 99 healthy men (age: 19.3+/-0.4 years, mean+/-SD) at rest, during a mental arithmetic test, and during a cold pressor test. After 18.0+/-0.9 years of follow-up, resting blood pressure was measured. The norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations during the mental arithmetic explained 12.7% of the variation of future systolic blood pressure after adjusting for initial resting blood pressure, family history, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure during the stress test in a multiple regression analysis (adjusted R(2)=0.651; P<0.001). To conclude, the present study shows that sympathetic nervous activity during mental arithmetic predicts future blood pressure, indicating a possible causal factor in the development of essential hypertension independent of the initial blood pressure.
What are the health implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? a systematic review
- T Burrows
- K Pursey
- M Neve
- P Stanwell