Content uploaded by Shahnaz P. Khattak
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Shahnaz P. Khattak on Nov 07, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 903
Colour Fastness and Tensile Strength of Cotton Fabric Dyed with Natural Extracts of
Alkanna tinctoria by Continuous Dyeing Technique
1Shahnaz Parveen Khattak, 1Shabana Rafique, 2Tanveer Hussain, 1Faiza Inayat and 3Bashir Ahmad*
1College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
2National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
3Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
bashirdr2015@yahoo.com*
(Received on 24th March 2015, accepted in revised ofrm 23rd July 2015)
Summary: A natural dye extracted from the roots of alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) was applied on
cotton fabric by pad-steam dyeing technique. The study was designed to evaluate the colour fastness
and tensile properties of dyed cotton after using various mordants, cationizing agents, UV absorbers
and crosslinkers with this natural dye. Metallic mordants included aluminium sulphate, copper
sulphate, ferric chloride, potassium dichromate and hydrated potassium aluminum sulphate or alum.
Alkanet root extract produced variety of green shades with different dyeing auxiliaries. Better wash,
light, crocking fastness; good colour coordinates such as chroma, hue, colour strength and increase
in tensile strength was accomplished with post-mordanting of CuSO4. Cationization of cotton with
quaternary ammonium compound (both pre-treatment and post-treatment) and post-finishing with
soft polyurethane emulsion has enhanced the fastness properties, tensile strength as well as relative
colour strength (K/S) , whereas, reactive UV absorber based on oxalanilide and heterocyclic
compound as UV absorber greatly increased the light fastness of alkanet dyed cotton. Crosslinkers
applied with alkanet dye on cotton (methylolation product based on glyoxalmonourein, modified
dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea, modified dihydroxy ethylene urea) also improved the fastness
but could not bring further development in the shade and K/S value of the dyed samples.
Key words: Colour fastness, Tensile strength, Natural dye, Alkanna tinctoria, Continuous dyeing,
crosslinkers.
Introduction
Alkanna tinctoria is a perennial herb which
belongs to borage family. It grows as wild weed and
has small- sized bright blue flowers with grey-green
leaves. It is also known as dyer's alkanet. Its dye is
obtained from the extracts of dried roots that contain
several naphthoquinone derivatives but chief of them
are alkannin esters. It poses satisfactory antioxidant
activity and is mostly used in the colouration of
textiles, food, soap and cosmetics. It can also act as
an indicator due to its varying shades in different pH
values. For example, it is blue at pH 10; purple at pH
8.8; and red at pH 6.8. Its root extract also changes to
blue by treatment with alkali hydroxides. The
colouring component of alkanet i.e., alkannin is
believed to have deep red colour in oily or greasy
media and violet in alkaline media. The dye is also
used as food and cosmetic colouring [1, 2]. Its
molecular formula is C16H16 O5 and its chemical
structure as naphthoquinone (scheme 1) was first
determined in 1936 [3].
Textile dyeing processes consist of batch,
continuous or semi-continuous. Batch dyeing process
is also called an exhaust dyeing. In this dyeing
process, temperature is the most important parameter.
It is usually maintained up to 100oC for a good
quality fabric. Pad-batch is a kind of semi-
continuous dyeing process, which is primarily used
for dyeing natural and manmade cellulosic fabrics
like cotton or viscose with reactive dyes [4].
Scheme-1: Structure of alkannin.
Traditionally, exhaust dyeing is practiced
with natural dyes. However, fastness properties and
shades of comparable depth are attributed to the
modifications and variety in application methods for
natural dyes as compared to those obtained by
traditional methods [5]. Large amounts of water is
used in various wet processes by the textile industry,
as a result of which great volumes of textile waste
water is produced, which gets changed by chemicals
and unconsumed dyes. Rubbing of crushed pigments
*To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 904
into a cloth or sticking plants to fabric are some of
the primitive techniques of natural dyeing [6]. These
methods and other processes have gradually been
improved with the passage of time and new
techniques have been developed.
The methods of dye extraction of natural
colourants and dyeing procedures that have been
explained by the traditional dyers do not present/offer
a complete picture. Therefore, a need of developing
and standardizing new methods of extraction and
purification of natural dyes arises. In order to have
the final dye powder containing maximum dyeing
colours, methods of drying of colours as well as
extraction and purification of dyes have now been
developed. For obtaining shades with acceptable
light, wash and rubbing fastness, cotton fabrics can
be padded with low concentration of mordant and
natural dyes [5]. Every mordant-dye combination
presents a unique feature on account of the optimum
amount of mordant needed for the same amount of
dye. Commonly used continuous dyeing methods
include: pad-steam, pad-pad-steam (wet-on-wet),
pad-dry-pad-steam and pad-dry-cure. Among all
these, pad-dry-pad-steam is conventionally used for
100% cotton fabrics where dye is applied on the first
pad and then the fabric is dried [7].
Pad dyeing usually gives good dye
penetration and leveling, low tailing risk and
excellent washing off as well as wet fastness. The
advantages of pad-dye pad-steam process includes
high colour yield, cost-effectiveness for large
production runs, neat attractive appearance of the
dyed fabric, better reproducibility and no detrimental
influence on chlorine and light fastness [8]. Tailing is
minimized at low temperature of the formulation in
padder, while at high temperature wetting is
promoted within a short span of time till the fabric is
in the pad formation. For dyeing long runs of a
particular shade, continuous dye range provides the
most efficient and economical process. Padding
technologies are particularly beneficial for dye
application with products exhibiting low affinity. In
case of this process, the dye’s affinity to fibre is
unnecessary in the phase of dye deposition [9].
Material and Methods
Extraction of Dye
The roots of Alkanet were acquired from
Pride International, Karachi. To isolate colour from
the roots, a solvent extraction procedure was
performed with soxhlet apparatus, using ethanol as an
organic solvent. Rotary evaporator was used to
evaporate the solvent. The roots were chopped
manually and then the dried and chopped root
material of plant was refluxed with ethanol. The
extract was evaporated to get a powder form.
Preparation of Fabric
Light-weight; 100 % cotton; plain woven
fabric with thread count of 62 ends and 60 picks per
inch and weight per unit area or GSM of 70 g/m2)
was desized by industrial scale pad-batch method.
Scouring and bleaching was carried out by pad-steam
method. Formulation for desizing involved 2 g/L of
Bactosol MTN (bacterial amylase, by Clariant Ltd)
treated under pH 6-6.5 at 60 °C for 1 hour. Recipe for
scouring comprised 15 g/L of NaOH; 1 g/L of
wetting agent, 2g/L of sequestering agent (Polyron by
Clariant Ltd) and 1 g/L of detergent. All the
ingredients were processed at 80-90 °C for 1 hour.
Bleaching was carried out by adding 10 g/L
of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the formulation.
Other substances were: 2 g/L of NaOH (pH 10-10.5),
2 g/L of stabilizer (Pentex GP, by Clariant Ltd) and 1
g/L sequestering agent all managed at 80-90 °C for 1
hour. Eventually, the desized, scoured and bleached
fabric was cut into small pieces of 12×18 inches each
for the application of various dyeing recipes.
Preparation of Dyeing Recipes
Dye bath for control (untreated) sample was
prepared by adding 30 g/L of dye together with 1 g/L
of wetting agent, i.e., Albaflow Conti (Table-1) and 1
g/L of migration inhibitor. Dye formulation of pre-
treatment and post-treatment included 20 g/L of a
specific mordant or 30 g/L of UV absorbers, Dicrylan
and Fixative finishes or 50 g/L of crosslinkers.
Fabric Dyeing
A continuous dyeing or pad-steam dyeing
procedure (two-bath-two-stage) with a 3-dip-3-nip
treatment and a wet pick up of 80% was carried out
following drying for 3 minutes at 1200C and then
steaming the sample for 10 minutes at 1000C. Dyeing
was accomplished by heavy duty padding mangle
machine. For the pre-treatment of auxiliaries, the
sequence of experiment was:
Pad (treatment) → Dry (air) → Steam → Pad (dye)
→ Dry (1200C) → Steam
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 905
Control sample K2Cr2O7
pre- mordant
K2Cr2O7
post- mordant
Alum
pre-mordant
Alum
post-mordant
CuSO4
pre-mordant
CuSO4
post-mordant
FeCl3
pre -mordant
FeCl3
post-mordant
Al2(SO4)3
pre-mordant
Albafix
pre-treatment
Albafix
post-treatment
UV-SUN
pre-treatment
Fixapret CPF
pre-treatment
Knittex RCT
pre-treatment
Fig 1: Shades produced by cotton samples dyed with alkanet under different conditions.
Table-1: Dyeing auxiliaries used in this study for the colouration of cotton [10].
Commercial Name Function Chemical constitution Supplier
Thermacol MP Migration Inhibitor Aqueous solution of a poly-acrylic acid derivatives Huntsman Textile Effects
Albaflow Conti Penetration Accelerant Preparation based on fat ty alcohol ethoxylate and alkyl phosphoric acid Huntsman Textile Effects
Albafix WFF Cationizing Agent Aqueous preparation of a polymeric, quaternary ammonium comp ound Huntsman Textile Effects
Dicrylan Finishing Agent Multipurpose polymer/polyurethane emulsion Huntsman Textile Effects
UV- SUN Reactive UV absorber based on an oxalanilide Huntsman Textile Effects
Rayosan C
UV Absorbers
Fibre-reactive UV absorbers/ heterocyclic comp ound Clariant Pakistan Ltd.
Fixapret CPF Methylolation product based on glyoxalmonourein BASF Pakistan (pvt) Ltd
Fixapret F-ECO Modified dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea BASF Pakistan (pvt) Ltd
Knittex RCT
Crosslinking Agents
Modified dihydroxy ethylene urea Huntsman Textile Effects
In the post-treatment procedure, the sample
was dyed first and then padded the dyed sample with
a specific dyeing auxiliary.
Fabric Testing
Colour characteristics of dyed fabrics were
measured to check the effect of various dyeing
auxiliaries on colour fastness properties fabric dyed
with Alkanet root extract. Standard methods of ISO
such as ISO 105-C06 [11] for wash fastness, ISO
105X-12 [12] for crocking fastness and ISO 105 BO2
[13] for light fastness have been employed. Samples
were checked through CIE La*b* and CIE LC*ho
system using spectrophotometer SF 600 [14]. Tensile
strength of all the samples was tested using electronic
tensile tester, Testometric 220 D, according to
standard procedure of testing [15].
Results and Discussion
Data related to the colour fastness, colour
strength (K/S) and tensile strength of alkanet dyed
cotton samples with various pre and post-padding of
auxiliaries are included in Tables 2 & 3 and displayed
through Figs 1- 3.
Shades Obtained with Alkanet Root Extracts
Dyeing of cotton fabric with natural extracts
of alkanet by twenty-five different dyeing recipes
produced greenish (inclined towards grey) colour
samples. On the basis of intensity and shades,
samples were grouped as medium greenish-grey,
greenish-brown and yellowish-brown. The most
greenish, smooth and level dyed sample was yielded
by the recipe of post-mordanting potassium
dichromate (Fig-1). This was followed by a coloured
sample obtained from the post-mordanting of copper
sulphate. Medium greyish-green samples were
resulted from the pre-treatments of aluminium
sulphate, Fixapret CPF, Knittex, and both pre and
post-treatment of Rayosan C. These samples were
exactly similar in shade to the control sample. These
findings support the earlier work of [16] who
reported a range of colours produced by various
mordants with natural dyes.
Colour Fastness of Alkanet Dyed Cotton
Table-2 contains data related to the wash,
crocking and light fastness of cotton dyed with
various dyeing formulas of alkanet. Recipes having
FeCl3 as pre-mordant, Al2(SO4)3 as post-mordant,
K2Cr2O7 as post-mordant and Dicrylan as post-finish
yielded good (4 GS) wash fastness. Most of the
auxiliaries produced samples with dry rubbing equal
to 4-5 on Grey-scale, thereby, representing very good
fastness performance of dyed articles. Maximum
light fastness of 5 Blue Wool Standard was exhibited
by alkanet dyed sample with a combination of pre-
mordanting potassium dichromate; post-mordanting
ferric chloride; and post-treated Albafix WFF,
Dicrylan, UV-SUN and Rayosan.
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 906
Table-2: Colour fastness properties of alkanet dyed cotton fabric samples using various auxiliaries.
shade became darker than original during testing.
Fig. 2: Cumulative colour fastness of cotton dyed with various dye formulations of alkanet.
Analysis of Cumulative Colour Fastness: T-Test
Cumulative colour fastness (wash, crock and
light fastness) of cotton samples dyed with alkanet
root extracts with the help of various dyeing
auxiliaries has been displayed in Fig-2. A paired-
sample t-test showed significant difference in the
scores (rating) of pre and post-treatments of the
dyeing auxiliaries. These results suggest that post-
treatment procedure was a better option. Significant
difference was found between the fastness of control
and pre-treated samples as well as between the
control and post-treated fabric samples by applying t-
test. Mordants have played their useful role in
improving the light fastness properties of the cotton
samples with natural dye. In an earlier work [17] it
Wash fastness
(Grey-scale)
Crocking fastness (Grey-
scale)
Type of Auxiliary Method change in
shade
staining on
fabric
dry
rubbing
wet
rubbing
Light Fastness (Blue
Wool standard)
Pre-mordanting 3-4 4-5 4 3 4
Al2(SO4)3Post-mordanting 4 4 4-5 3 4
Pre-mordanting 3-4 4 3-4 2-3 4
CuSO4Post-mordanting 2-3* 4-5 4-5 2-3 4
Pre-mordanting 4 4-5 2 3 4
FeCl3Post-mordanting 3-4 3 4-5 4-5 5
Pre-mordanting 3 4-5 3 3 5
K2Cr2O7Post-mordanting 4 4 4-5 3 4
Pre-mordanting 3 4 3-4 2-3 4
KAl(SO4)2·12H2OPost-mordanting 2* 3-4 4 3-4 4
Pre cationizing 3 3 4 4-5 4
Albafix WFF Post cationizing 3 4-5 4 3 5
Pre finishing 3 4 4 3 4
Dicrylan Post finishing 4 2-3 3-4 4 5
Pre-treatment 3 4 3-4 2-3 4
UV-SUN Post-treatment 3 4 3-4 2-3 5
Pre-treatment 3-4 4 4-5 3-4 4
Rayosan C Post-treatment 2-3 4 4-5 3 5
Pre-treatment 3 4 4-5 3 4
Fixapret CPF Post-treatme nt 3 4-5 4 3 5
Pre-treatment 3 4 4-5 3 4
Fixapret F-ECO Post-treatme nt 3 4 4-5 3 5
Pre-treatment 3 3-4 4-5 3-4 4
Knittex RCT Post-treatme nt 3 4-5 4-5 3 4
Control sample Untreated 2-3 4 4-5 3-4 3
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 907
was reported that dyed fabrics without metal mordant
had poor resistance to the UV rays. Furthermore, for
improving colourfastness properties from poor to
good, Iron as pre and post mordant with 4 % solution
has also been suggested in one study [18].
Colour Properties of Alkanet Dyed Cotton Fabric
The data related to the colour yield or
lightness (L*) of cotton samples dyed with alkanet
(Table-3), ranged from 46.59 to 59.74. Greater colour
yield was found in the sample which was pre-
mordanted with ferric chloride. The values of chroma
(C*) ranged from 2.06 to 8.47. Maximum K/S value
(7.94) among this group was registered by post-
mordanting of CuSO4. Zarkogianni et al. [1] studied
the colour and fastness of natural dyes on cotton and
wool and found the process of mordanting as playing
significant role in increasing K/S for cotton samples.
In case of un-mordanted cotton samples they have
reported a value of 1.5 from Alkana (Alkanna
tinctoria).
Employing similar natural dye and
mordant, the comparatively higher values of K/S in
the present study (1.92) clearly indicate that dyeing
procedure was the only factor responsible for this
greater colour yield. As pad-steam dyeing procedure
was adopted in the current study, which boosted the
dye uptake and resulted in greater colour yield (K/S).
It is very important not only to select proper
mordants but the adoption of suitable dyeing
procedure is also a crucial step in optimizing the
fastness properties of natural dyes.
The present findings also support the earlier
postulates [9] which mentioned that both natural
dyeing and mordant dyeing can coexist if padding
technologies are utilized for natural dyes which will
particularly be advantageous for those products of
dyeing which have low affinity. The current results
confirm the earlier opinion of Mughal et al. [19] who
stated that cationization before dyeing can prove
more beneficial method for improving the affinity of
dye by the fibre.
Tensile Strength of Cotton Dyed with Alkanet
Most of the dyeing formulas in respect of
natural extracts of Alkanna tinctoria extracts lowered
the tensile strength of dyed cotton samples. However,
an increase in strength was also noticed from some of
the dye formulas. The most prominent among them
were 16 and 12 percent increase from the post-
mordanting of potassium dichromate and post-
treatment of UV- SUN, respectively (Fig- 3).
Maximum decrease in strength of 28 percent was
demonstrated by pre-mordanting of potassium
dichromate. Loss in strength of 25 percent occurred
due to the treatment of pre-mordanting ferric
chloride.
Fig. 3: Effect of various dyeing auxiliaries on the tensile strength of cotton samples dyed with root extracts of
alkanet.
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 908
Table-3: Colour coordinate values (properties) of alkanet dyed cotton samples using various auxiliaries.
Colour properties
Type of auxiliary Method L* a* b* C* hoK/S
Pre-mordanting 54.06 0.04 5.13 5.13 89.56 2.83
Al2(SO4)3Post-mordanting 50.61 0.23 7.20 7.21 88.16 1.28
Pre-mordanting 46.59 2.48 12.02 12.27 78.33 3.92
CuSO4Post-mordanting 51.12 -1.14 8.39 8.47 97.75 7.94
Pre-mordanting 49.31 -0.43 3.00 3.03 98.14 7.80
FeCl3Post-mordanting 59.74 1.85 5.25 5.56 70.58 5.18
Pre-mordanting 59.69 -2.89 12.78 13.10 102.73 4.49
K2Cr2O7Post-mordanting 58.19 2.43 12.71 12.94 79.17 2.30
Pre-mordanting 57.94 -1.81 4.26 4.63 113.02 3.26
KAl(SO4)2·12H2OPost-mordanting 59.39 1.95 5.62 5.95 70.84 1.80
Pre cationizing 45.90 1.40 5.10 5.30 75.00 4.46
Albafix WFF Post cationizing 59.30 -0.20 2.40 2.40 94.00 1.28
Pre finishing 56.50 -0.10 3.70 3.70 92.10 3.49
Dicrylan Post finishing 57.90 -0.90 1.20 1.80 118.90 3.36
Pre-treatment 56.20 -0.50 2.10 2.20 103.90 20.6
UV –SUN Post-treatme nt 54.10 -0.30 2.80 2.80 95.80 2.42
Pre-treatment 58.80 -0.40 1.30 1.40 105.80 1.27
Rayosan C Post-treatment 59.90 0.70 1.80 2.00 70.00 1.38
Pre-treatment 58.22 0.02 3.24 3.24 89.60 1.82
Fixapret CPF Post-treatment 58.30 -0.86 1.85 2.04 114.99 1.61
Pre-treatment 58.78 -0.32 2.67 26.9 96.90 1.74
Fixapret F-ECO Post-treatment 58.93 -0.72 1.93 2.06 110.56 1.24
Pre-treatment 57.94 0.40 4.30 4.32 84.63 2.04
Knittex RCT Post-treatment 59.75 -0.54 1.25 1.64 109.05 1.44
Control sample Untreated 58.77 0.41 4.32 4.34 84.55 1.92
Paired samples t- test between pre-treated
and post-treated samples revealed significant result at
5% level of significance. Mean strength value due to
post-treatments was higher than the pre-treatments.
From the significance testing (t-test) of the tensile
strength of alkanet dyed cotton fabric, the results
showed significant difference between the strength of
control and pre-treated samples. While the difference
between the control and post-treated fabric samples
were insignificant.
Conclusion
If cotton is to be dyed in any shade of green,
a solvent extracted dye from alkanet root should be
applied through pad-steam dyeing procedure. A
mordant copper sulphate has been successful in
acquiring better fastness to wash, light, rub (dry
only); colour coordinates such as chroma, hue and
colour strength; soft, smooth and leveled dyed fabric
as well as maintained/improved tensile strength, with
this dye through post-mordanting procedures. The
use of potassium dichromate is not recommended for
the dyeing of cotton with alkanet as it has not only
affected the shade of the dyed sample but its pre-
mordanting has severely damaged the fabric in terms
of its tensile strength. Cationization of cotton with
quaternary ammonium compound has been capable
of yielding good colour strength and offering
potential for environmental friendly dyeing
operation. Reactive UV absorber based on
oxalanilide (UV-SUN) and heterocyclic compound as
UV absorber (Rayosan C) should be used as post-
padding with alkanet dye on cotton. Similarly, Soft
polyurethane emulsion (Dicrylan) proved useful as
post-treatment for improving light and wash fastness
as well as maintaining the tensile strength of cotton
dyed with alkanet root extracts. Crosslinkers are not
required to be applied with alkanet dye on cotton if
greater K/S value of the dyed is article required.
References
1. E. Zarkogianni, E. Mikropoulou, E. Varella, and
E. Tsatsaroni, Colour and Fastness of Natural
Dyes: Revival of Traditional Dyeing Techniques,
Colora. Technol., 127, 18 (2010).
2. S. F. Margareta, The chemistry of plant and
animal dyes, J. Chem. Educ., 58, 301 (1981).
3. W. Zhou, H. D. G. L. Jiang, Y. Peng and S. S. Li,
Comparative study on enantiomeric excess of
main akannin/shikonin derivatives isolated from
the roots of three endemic Boraginaceae plants in
China, Biomed. Chrom., 25, 1067 (2011).
4. D. A. Jadhav, 1. R. Vora, S. Desai, A. Birajdar,
D. Hebare and D. Dhere, Detail Study of
Different Dyeing Processes, IJEAT, 3, 537
(2013).
5. S. Ratnapandian, S. M. A. Fergusson and L.
Wang, Application of Acacia natural dyes on
cotton by pad dyeing, Fiber Polym, 13, 206
(2012)
6. Z. M. Win, and M. M. Swe, Purification of the
Natural Dyestuff Extracted from Mango Bark for
the Application on Protein Fibres, World Acad
Sci Eng Technol 46, 536 (2008).
Shahnaz Parveen Khattak et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 37, No. 05, 2015 909
7. J. R. Aspland, Textile dyeing and coloration.
AATCC, Research Triangle Park, New Jersey,
127 (1997).
8. T. Hussain, Pad dyeing with reactive dyes,
retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/1517552 (2012).
9. R. Mongkholrattanasit, J. Krystufek and J.
Wiener, Dyeing of wool and silk by eucalyptus
leaves extract, J Nat Fibers, 6, 319(2009).
10. S.P. Khattak, S. Rafique, T. Hussain and B.
Ahmad, Optimization of fastness and tensile
properties of cotton fabric dyed with natural
extracts of Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) by
pad-steam method, Life. Sci., 11, 52 (2014).
11. ISO 105-C06, Textiles - Tests for colour fastness
- Part C06: Colour fastness to domestic and
commercial laundering, Geneva: ISO (2010).
12. ISO 105-X12, Textiles - Tests for colour fastness
- Part X12: Colour fastness to rubbing, Geneva:
ISO (2001).
13. ISO 105-B02, Textiles - Tests for colour fastness
- Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light:
Xenon arc fading lamp test, Geneva: ISO (1994).
14. Datacolor 650/600/400. User's Guide Part No.
4230-0395 M, Rev 1 (2007).
15. ASTM D5035-06. Standard test method for
breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics
(Strip Method), Annual Book of American
Standards, 07, 274 (2006).
16. P. A. G. Wanyama, B. T. Kiremire, P. Ogwok
and J. S. Murumu, The effect of different
mordants on strength and stability of colour
produced from selected dye-yielding plants in
Uganda, IAAST, 1, 81(2010).
17. R. Mongkholrattanasit, J. Krystufek, J. Wiener
and M. Vikova, UV protection properties of silk
fabric dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract, J Text I,
102, 272 (2011).
18. S. Adeel, F. Rehman, R. Hanif, M. Zuber, E. haq
and M. Munir, Ecofriendly dyeing of UV-
irradiated cotton using extracts of acacia nilotica
bark (kikar) as source of natural flavones dye
(quercetin), Asian. J. Chem., 26, 830 (2014).
19. M. J. Mughal, M. Naeem, A. Aleem, R. Saeed,
and K. Ahmed, Effect of cationizing agent on the
conventional reactive dyeing of cotton, Colora.
Technol.,,124, 62 (2008).
