Somatotyping: Development and Applications
Abstract
Somatotyping is a method of description and assessment of the body on three shape and composition scales: endomorphy (relative fatness), mesomorphy (relative musculoskeletal robustness), and ectomorphy (relative linearity). This book (the first major account of the field for thirty years) presents a comprehensive history of somatotyping, beginning with W. J. Sheldon's introduction of the method in 1940. The controversies regarding the validity of Sheldon's method are described, as are the various attempts to modify the technique, particularly the Heath-Carter method, which has come into widespread use. The book reviews present knowledge of somatotypes around the world, how they change with growth, ageing and exercise, and the contributions of genetics and environment to the rating. Also reviewed are the relationships between somatotypes and sport, physical performance, health and behaviour. Students and research workers in human biology, physical and biological anthropology and physical education will all find valuable information in this book.
... Anthropometric research was carried out according to the recommendations of P. P. Shaparenko [14] with the determination of 3 total (length, mass, body surface area) and 47 partial dimensions and the use of certified anthropometric equipment. The scoring of the endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic components of the somatotype was carried out using a calculated modification of the Heath-Carter method [15]. It was found that 40 wrestlers belonged to the mesomorphic type of constitution, a feature of this somatotype is the good development of the musculoskeletal system, as indicated by the circumferences of individual segments of the limbs and chest and the transverse dimensions of long tubular bones (the width of their distal epiphyses). ...
... Антропометричне дослідження здійснювали за рекомендаціями П. П. Шапаренка [14] із визначенням 3 тотальних (довжини, маси, площі поверхні тіла) і 47 парціальних розмірів і використанням сертифікованого антропометричного обладнання. Бальну оцінку ендоморфного, мезоморфного й ектоморфного компонентів соматотипу здійснювали за розрахунковою модифікацією метода Heath-Carter [15]. Було виявлено, що 40 борців належали до мезорфного типу конституції, особливість даного соматотипу є гарний розвиток кістково-м'язового апарату, про що вказують окружності окремих сегментів кінцівок та грудної клітки та поперечні розміри довгих трубчастих кісток (ширина їх дистальних епіфізів). ...
... реографію за допомогою комп'ютерного діагностичного комплексу, антропометричні розміри вимірювали за рекомендаціями П. П. Шапаренка (2000). Бальну оцінку ендоморфного, мезоморфного й ектоморфного компонентів соматотипу здійснювали за розрахунковою модифікацією метода Heath- Carter (1990 ...
... The theory proposes that the human body consists of three primary components: endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph. Endomorph is characterized by a rounded body type with higher fat accumulation; mesomorph refers to muscular and athletic bodies; and ectomorph is associated with bodies that are more linear and fragile [2]. The original method proposed to identify somatotypes uses photographs and manual measurements from body parts in the images. ...
... Later, Heath and Carter improved the method by collecting measurements directly from the human body and proposing mathematical equations to calculate individuals' somatotypes [2,3]. This improvement allowed more precise classifica-tions by eliminating the cost of using photographs. ...
... We followed the Heath and Carter protocol [2] to estimate somatotype components. Ten anthropometric measurements were collected: height, weight, triceps skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, subscapular skinfold, medial calf skinfold, bi-epicondylar diameter of the humerus, bi-epicondylar diameter of the femur, flexed arm circumference at maximum contraction, and calf circumference. ...
Somatotype is a definition that classifies human bodies according to their shape, and its determination is crucial for evaluating and improving athletic performance. However, the traditional method used for its estimation has some limitations: measurements are directly collected from the human body, specialists are required, and it is time-consuming. In this paper, two approaches are evaluated: GPT-4’s performance in classifying the predominant somatotype using only human body frontal images, and a proposed multimodal architecture that combines the textual descriptions provided by GPT-4 with these images, using pre-trained MiniLM models for the textual information and pre-trained Vision Transformer (ViT) with transfer learning for images. Frontal images were collected from 50 volunteers aged between 18 and 65 years, with 10 anthropometric measurements following Heath and Carter protocol. The results show that GPT-4 achieved an average accuracy of 78% in somatotype classification for the first approach. By combining the textual descriptions with the frontal images in the multimodal model, the average accuracy was of 97%, with a precision of 94% and recall of 89%. These results indicate that combining multimodal language models with deep learning improved accuracy in automatic somatotype classification compared to GPT-4 classification. The results are promising and open up new possibilities in the classification of somatotypes using only digital images.
... Endomorphy, which is defined as a three-number rating and denotes one aspect of the physique, is the definition of body fatness. Mesomorphy is the term for the robustness of the musculoskeletal system in relation to height, and ectomorphy is linearity Carter & Heath, (1990). The somatotype can be used to assess physical changes and evaluate the gross biological variations and similarities throughout the people.It is a tag used in anthropology to identify people. ...
... Somatotype has been extensively studied in relation to the talents and levels of competition of both athletes and nonathletesGaray, et al. (1974and nonathletesGaray, et al. ( ), (1977. Not only body physique change to change somatotype many other factor like gender, climatic condition, nutrition also environment and genetic factor are affected to change somatotping Carter & Heath, (1990), Garay, et al. (1974), (1977, Heath & Carter, (1971). ...
... Globally, there are many Anthropologist and Sport Scientist conducting various type of study to assess the somatotype in different populations. (Barbieri et al., (2017), Carter & Heath, (1990), Heath & Carter (1971), Nagi et al. (2021), Parnell, (1954, Roy Sarkar & Sil, (2015), Silventoinen et al. (2021), ), Vertinsky, (2007. still some population are untouched and somatotyping study are also limited. ...
Introduction: Somatotyping is the best numerical method for describing the current morphological information in
terms of body shape, size and structure. It is defined as a quantitative description of the present structure and
composition of the body. Heath and Carter widely studied somatotype distributions of different populations, including
heritibality of somatotypes, changes of somatotype in growth and aging, somatotypes in sports and physical
performance and medical, behavioural, occupational and other variables associated with somatotype. It is also used
to record changes in physique and to estimate gross biological differences and similarities among human beings.
Somatotypes vary between population groups as well as during growth in the same population. Methods: Present
investigation is based on a cross-sectional study conducted on 141 subjects during April 2023 among the Konyak
Naga boys aged 11-20 years. Data was collected from different schools of Mon district, Nagaland India using
standard techniques and following the defined protocols. Ten convectional anthropometric measurements were taken
for analysis of anthropometric somatotyping viz. height, weight, biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailliac, calf,
humerus diameter, femur diameter and calf circumferences. Data was analysed by preparing master table followed
by digitization of the data by entering the same into ‘MS Excel’ worksheet. Some basic analysis was performed in
MS-Excel, whereas for further tabulation and analysis the data is transported to SPSS. Finally, the analysis of
somatotyping was computed with the help of the formula and method provided by Heath and Carter. Results: The
findings indicate that there are changes in the somatotyping of Konyak males with increasing age. The respondent
whose age is 11-15 year they are belonging to Mesomorphic-Ectomorph type with occupying the designated region
in the somatochart (2.67-3.34-3.50, 2.08-3.25-3.76, 2.14-3.39-3.96, 2.05-2.96-3.96 & 2.11-3.73-3.38). Followed by
the respondent of 16 to 20 year they belong to the Ectomorphic-Mesomorph region of the somatochart (1.85-4.11
3.21, 2.12-3.41-3.03, 2.06-3.83-2.87, 2.06-3.61-3.50 & 1.42-3.53-3.16). Conclusions: It was concluded that majority
(64.54% ) belong to Mesomorphic-Ectomorph. followed by Ectomorphic-Mesomorph (35.46%) and Ectomorphic
Mesomorph are lowest (35.46%) among the konyak Naga.
Keywords: Konyak Naga, Somatochart, Mesomorphic-Ectomorph, BMI, Correlation
... El somatotipo es un sistema de clasificación de la forma y composición corporal que incluye tres componentes principales: endomorfia, mesomorfia y ectomorfia. Cada componente representa diferentes características físicas: la endomorfia está relacionada con la acumulación de grasa, la mesomorfia con el desarrollo muscular y la ectomorfia con la delgadez (Carter & Heath, 1990 propensos a la obesidad, pueden enfrentar desafíos relacionados con la masa muscular y la resistencia física (Carter & Heath, 1990). ...
... El somatotipo es un sistema de clasificación de la forma y composición corporal que incluye tres componentes principales: endomorfia, mesomorfia y ectomorfia. Cada componente representa diferentes características físicas: la endomorfia está relacionada con la acumulación de grasa, la mesomorfia con el desarrollo muscular y la ectomorfia con la delgadez (Carter & Heath, 1990 propensos a la obesidad, pueden enfrentar desafíos relacionados con la masa muscular y la resistencia física (Carter & Heath, 1990). ...
... La evaluación del somatotipo se realiza mediante técnicas antropométricas que incluyen la medición de pliegues cutáneos, circunferencias y diámetros corporales. El método más comúnmente utilizado es el de Heath-Carter, que combina estas mediciones para determinar las puntuaciones en endomorfia, mesomorfia y ectomorfia (Carter & Heath, 1990). Esta evaluación proporciona una descripción detallada del tipo corporal de los individuos y sugiere posibles áreas de mejora en términos de salud y rendimiento físico. ...
La investigación analizó la composición corporal y el somatotipo de los estudiantes inscritos en la Licenciatura en Educación Física, Recreación y Deportes de la Universidad del Atlántico mediante métodos antropométricos estandarizados. Se evaluaron variables cruciales como el porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa muscular y densidad ósea a través de mediciones precisas de peso, estatura, circunferencias corporales y pliegues cutáneos, lo que permitió calcular indicadores como el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Además, se llevó a cabo una clasificación somatotípica (endomorfia, mesomorfia, ectomorfia) según el método Heath-Carter. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre los géneros, señalando una tendencia preocupante hacia problemas relacionados con el peso en esta población estudiantil. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base empírica sólida para diseñar intervenciones destinadas a promover hábitos de vida saludables entre los estudiantes universitarios.
... Based on the ten anthropometric variable measured, the anthropometric somatotype of each subject was calculated using the Heath-Carter(1990) [20] proposed equations as follows; Endomorphy =-0.7182 + 0.1451 (X) -0.00068(X 2 ) + 0.0000014 (X 3 ...
... Based on the ten anthropometric variable measured, the anthropometric somatotype of each subject was calculated using the Heath-Carter(1990) [20] proposed equations as follows; Endomorphy =-0.7182 + 0.1451 (X) -0.00068(X 2 ) + 0.0000014 (X 3 ...
... The mean blood pressure was relatively higher in females than in males (except for SBP at age 7 years). This is in agreement with earlier studies (Cornoni-Huntley,1979 [24] , Daniel et al,2013 [20] ). However, the difference in blood pressure was not significant between both sexes (except for few cases SBP at age 9years and DBP at 8 years). ...
Recently, monitoring blood pressure among paediatric population is being emphasized to allow for early detection
and prevention of risk factors associated with hypertention. Few studies have highlighted the relationship between
somatotype and blood pressure among children in other populations and relatively none is found in literature for
the Nigerian population. The study consisted of 205 children aged 6 to 10 years drawn from three primary schools
within Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Using the Heath-Carter method, somatotype was estimated based on ten
anthropometric measurements taken on each subject. Blood pressure was measured using a digital monitoring
device. The data were analysed for descriptive statistics. ANOVA and t-test were also carried out to evaluate the
age and sex-related differences in measured parameters. Also, Pearson’s correlation was done. The results showed
that the mean age of the sample was 8.98±1.19 years and mean somatotype was 1.9-3.9-3.5; mean blood pressure
were; 89±11.19 and 57±8.88, for systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. The student t-test result
showed sex difference occurred in endomorphy throughout all ages whereas sex difference was noted for
mesomorphy only at ages 6 and 13 years. However, no sex difference was observed in ectomorphy. Endomorphy
correlated positively with systolic blood pressure(r=0.132) while ectomorphy correlated negatively with systolic
BP(r= - 0.005). The tendency towards development of a risk factor for cardiovascular disease can be attributed to
an endomorphic body constitution while ectomorphy (linearity) offers an adaptative advantage to health even in
childhood. The knowledge of this relationship is relevant to public health practitioners and clinical epidemiologist.
KEYWORDS: Somatotype, blood pressure, schoolchildren, Port-Harcourt.
... Later Heath and Carter introduced the simplified method for somatotyping and in the last few decades anthropometric somatotyping is one of the most used methods which describes the body shape and composition. It has been the most used for studying body physique variations in children, adolescents and adults among populations, age changes and sex differences (Cameron and James, 2010;Carter and Heath, 1990). Cephalofacial anthropometry is an objective technique based on a series of measurements and proportions performed on the head, which facilitate the characterization of phenotypic variation and quantification of dysmorpology (Yasas et al. 2014). ...
... Supraspinale skinfold was measured when a fold of skin was raised above the anterior superior iliac spine on a line to the anterior axillary border and on a diagonal line going downwards and medially at 45 degrees. Medial calf skinfold was measured by raising a vertical skinfold on the medial side of the leg, at the level of the maximum girth of the calf (Carter and Heath, 1990). ...
... Ectomorphy: The following are formulae for ectomorphy depending on the value of height-weight ratio (HWR): - (Carter and Heath, 1990). ...
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cephalofacial anthropometry is very important in surgery and syndromology. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between cephalofacial anthropometry and somatotype among adolescents of Ngamo lineage in Fika Local Government Area of Yobe State. METHODOLOGY: The sample size for the study was 391 subjects comprising male (196) and female (195) subjects with mean age 15.46 ± 1.82 from selected secondary schools in Fika Local Government. The design was cross sectional and participants were classified into three basic somatotypes; endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Cephalic, facial and nasal anthropometric variables were measured using standard protocol. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between somatotype and cephalofacial anthropometry, stepwise logistic regression analysis was deployed to predict somatotype components from cephalofacial parameters. RESULTS: Significant sexual dimorphism was found in somatotype components and cephalofacial anthropometry. A significant correlation was found between some cephalofacial measurements and somatotype components, somatotype components were significantly predicted from cephalofacial parameters and facial breadth was the best predictor. CONCLUSION: A relationship was found between somatotype and cephalofacial parameters among adolescents of Ngamo tribe of Fika LGA, Yobe state, Nigeria.
... The anthropological examination was performed according to the schemes of Bunak V. V. modified by Shaparenko P. P. [24], somatotypological -according to the Heath-Carter method [8], determination of indicators of the component composition of body mass -according to the formulas of Matiegka J. [18] and the muscle component of body mass according to the formulas of the American Institute of Nutrition [25]. The following distribution of YW patients by somatotype was established: endomorphs -1; mesomorphs -45; ectomorphs -23; ecto-mesomorphs -12; endo-mesomorphs -2; average intermediate somatotype -6. ...
... Step 10, N of vars in model: 8 Calculated criterion χ 2 (=104.0) confirms the statistical significance of the obtained discriminant functions in YW with an ectomorphic somatotype. ...
Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological pathologies, which can significantly affect the reproductive health of women, including young women. Research into factors that may contribute to its development is important for early identification of risk groups and development of preventive measures. Among the possible predictors, anthropometric characteristics that may reflect the endocrine and metabolic characteristics of the body attract attention. The study of these parameters allows us to assess the potential relationship between somatotype and the likelihood of developing the disease, which may contribute to a personalized approach to prevention. The aim of the study is to construct and analyze discriminant models of the possibility of genital endometriosis in Ukrainian young women without and with somatotype, depending on the features of the structure and body size. Clinical, laboratory and anthropo-somatotypological examination were performed on 89 Ukrainian young women (aged 16 to 18 years) with genital endometriosis. Primary anthropo-somatotypological indicators of 78 practically healthy Ukrainian young women of the same age group were taken from the data bank of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine. Discriminant models of the possibility of the occurrence and features of the course of genital endometriosis, depending on the features of the structure and body size, were constructed in the “Statistica 6.0” license package. It was established that when dividing Ukrainian young women into practically healthy and patients with genital endometriosis both without taking into account the somatotype and in representatives of mesomorphic, ectomorphic and ecto-mesomorphic somatotypes, reliable (p<0.001 in all cases) highly informative (correctness of entry into the models of anthropo-somatotypological indicators is from 98.6 % to 100 % of cases; Wilks' Lambda statistics is from 0.084 to 0.039) discriminant models of the possibility of the occurrence of this disease depending on the features of the body structure and body dimensions. The most common components of the constructed models include: in the group without taking into account the somatotype - girth dimensions of the body and trunk diameters of 33.33 % each; in mesomorphs - girth dimensions of the body 42.86 % and trunk diameters 28.57 %; in ectomorphs – girth dimensions of the body 50.00 %, trunk diameters and width of the distal epiphyses of the long tubular bones of the limbs 25.00 % each; in ecto-mesomorphs – girth dimensions of the body in 100 % of cases.
... Bone mass (BM) and muscle mass (MM) were determined in kilograms (kg) through the methods of Martin [36] and Lee et al. [37], respectively. Anthropometric somatotyping was performed using the Heath and Carter method [38]. Further, individual somatotypes were plotted on a two-dimensional somatochart by calculating values of X (ectomorphy − endomorphy) and Y [2 × mesomorphy − (endomorphy + ectomorphy)] coordinates: somatotype dispersion distance (SDD) (distance between mean somatoplot and each individual somatotype, represented in Y distance units, that is, in terms of distances at the Y-axis of a somatoplot), somatotype dispersion mean (SDM) (average of all the somatotype dispersion distances), somatotype attitudinal distance (SAD) (distance between any two somatopoints), and somatotype attitudinal mean (SAM) (average of the SADs of each somatopoint from the mean somatopoint). ...
... Further, individual somatotypes were plotted on a two-dimensional somatochart by calculating values of X (ectomorphy − endomorphy) and Y [2 × mesomorphy − (endomorphy + ectomorphy)] coordinates: somatotype dispersion distance (SDD) (distance between mean somatoplot and each individual somatotype, represented in Y distance units, that is, in terms of distances at the Y-axis of a somatoplot), somatotype dispersion mean (SDM) (average of all the somatotype dispersion distances), somatotype attitudinal distance (SAD) (distance between any two somatopoints), and somatotype attitudinal mean (SAM) (average of the SADs of each somatopoint from the mean somatopoint). The last two are three-dimensional counterparts of the SDM [38]. Further details regarding the processes adopted for anthropometric and PAL assessment are provided in Silva et al. [6]. ...
Objectives: The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to identify the physical characteristics (anthropometric, somatotype, body composition) of orienteering athletes (OAs) and to compare them with nutrition knowledge (NK) and physical activity level (PAL). Methods: Data were collected from 58 subjects of seven countries, including Angola (n = 1), Brazil (n = 5), Poland (n = 1), Portugal (n = 26), South Africa (n = 1), Spain (n = 22) and Sweden (n = 2). The subjects included 10 elite (E) female (F) OAs [age: 25.5 ± 6.4 years, body mass: 59.5 ± 7.7 kg, stature: 168.1 ± 6.5 cm, body mass index (BMI): 21.0 ± 1.9 kg/m²], 13 E male (M) OAs (age: 24.3 ± 5.0 years, body mass: 65.0 ± 5.5 kg, stature: 175.1 ± 6.0 cm, BMI: 21.3 ± 2.2 kg/m²), 18 non-elite (NE) FOAs (age: 41.7 ± 10.3 years, body mass: 60.6 ± 8.5 kg, stature: 161.3 ± 11.7 cm, BMI: 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m²), and 17 NEMOAs (age: 37.2 ± 14.6 years, body mass: 71.5 ± 14.2 kg, stature: 174.0 ± 8.8 cm, BMI: 23.6 ± 4.1 kg/m²). The participants were selected to ensure a diverse and representative sample of international-level orienteering athletes. Measurements were taken at two IOF world ranking events, the “Portugal “O” Meeting (POM)” and the “35° Trofeo Internacional Murcia Costa Cálida”, where only top-ranked orienteers compete. The selected participants from these seven countries were among the registered athletes in these international competitions. The OAs were measured according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). NK was evaluated using the updated Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A—NSKQ). PAL was assessed using the short version of the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ—SF). Results: The percentage of body fat (p < 0.01) in MOAs was significantly lower than in FOAs. Endomorphy (p = 0.037) and mesomorphy (p = 0.025) in EOAs were significantly lower than in NEOAs, but ectomorphy (p = 0.038) was significantly higher. EMOAs are ectomorphic mesomorphs, while NEMOAs are balanced mesomorphs, EFOAs are central, and NEFOAs are endomorphic mesomorphs. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were also observed in sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) among EOAs and NEOAs, with the former group achieving a higher percentage of correct responses. In the case of total nutritional knowledge (TNK), EOAs of both sexes scored significantly higher (p = 0.043) than their NEOA counterparts. A significant negative correlation was also observed between percentage of body fat (%BF) and metabolic equivalent (MET) in minutes per week (min/week) (r = −0.39, p = 0.038), bone mass (BM) and MET-min/week (r = −0.40, p = 0.033), and endomorphy and SNK (r = −0.38, p = 0.045) in FOAs. Among MOAs, the most significant findings included a negative correlation between age and METmin/week (r = −0.49, p = 0.010), kilocalorie (kcal) per week (r = −0.46, p = 0.016), and SNK (r = −0.40, p = 0.029). Conclusions: The key findings indicate that EOAs have lower BF percentages and higher NK scores compared to NEOAs. These results on the physical characteristics of OAs and the score of PAL and classification of NK can be useful to coaches and sports scientists to improve orienteer’s performance.
... El grupo de estudio se conformó de manera no aleatoria y por invitación con 193 guardias de seguridad de sexo masculino. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cálculo del IMC, somatotipo y porcentaje tanto de masa grasa como musculoesquelética mediante antropometría manual, utilizando la metodología de ISAK (Carter & Heath, 1990;Esparza-Ros et al., 2019). Los criterios de inclusión consistieron en ser guardia de seguridad activo, de sexo masculino y estar interesados en participar en el estudio. ...
... Se llevó a cabo la evaluación de la composición corporal mediante el somatotipo antropométrico, el cálculo del IMC y la determinación del porcentaje tanto de masa grasa con la fórmula de Kerr (Kerr, 1988) como musculoesquelética (Lee et al., 2000) con metodología ISAK (Carter & Heath, 1990; Esparza-Ros et al., 2019) por antropometristas certificados, utilizando estadiómetros marca Seca 214 con precisión de 1mm, básculas marca Tanita con precisión de 100 g, plicómetros marca Slimguide con precisión de 1 mm, antropómetros de ramas cortas marca SmartMet, cintas metálicas marca Lufkin W606PM graduadas en milímetros. Con el propósito de realizar las medidas corporales de forma precisa, se solicitó a los participantes presentarse con ayuno por lo menos de 8 horas, con ropa deportiva ligera y pies descalzos. ...
Introducción: El IMC se utiliza para determinar la acumulación de grasa corporal en las personas y en función de su cálculo, se clasifican en normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad. La literatura científica señala que el IMC no fue diseñado para identificar si el sobrepeso se debe al exceso de masa musculoesquelética o masa grasa, por esta razón, para cuantificar la composición corporal, se recomienda el empleo de otros indicadores, entre ellos, el somatotipo antropométrico. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del somatotipo antropométrico con respecto al IMC en un grupo de guardias de seguridad mexicanos. Método: Estudio observacional-descriptivo-transeccional. Muestra: no aleatoria con 193 guardias, varones. Antropometría: IMC, somatotipo, porcentaje de masa grasa y musculoesquelética, utilizando metodología ISAK. Análisis estadísticos: descriptivos, normalidad (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), correlación de Spearman y Tablas cruzadas (Xi2, p<.05). Resultados: Al comparar el IMC con el Somatotipo, el IMC mostró desestimar la acumulación de grasa corporal en normopeso y obesidad, sobreestimándola en los participantes con mayor masa musculoesquelética, clasificándolos en sobrepeso. Conclusión: Para la cuantificación precisa tanto de masa musculoesquelética como de masa grasa en la población de estudio se requiere utilizar el somatotipo antropométrico ya que el IMC desestima o sobreestima estos componentes.
... The study was conducted in April 2023 during the national physical fitness test for combat sports athletes at the Institute of Physical Culture Sciences of the University of Rzeszów. The participants' anthropometric characteristics were measured to enable a detailed body composition assessment using the Heath-Carter method for calculating somatotype [29]. This method was selected due to its recognized effectiveness in categorizing body composition into endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, providing valuable insights into athletes' physical profiles. ...
... The measurements taken included height, weight, skinfold thicknesses (on the biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and calf), circumferences (flexed arm and calf), and bone widths at the elbow and knee joints according to anthropometric recommendations [30]. Based on these measurements, the endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy components were calculated for each participant [29]. ...
Background/Objectives: Physical activity is widely recognized for its beneficial effects on bone density during adolescence, which could lead to enhanced bone density in later life, thus acting as a health-promoting activity with long-lasting implications. However, not all studies are conclusive regarding the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of the most effective physical activities. This study focuses on combat sports athletes and examines the relationship between their somatic build and heel bone parameters using ultrasound (USG) and their vitamin D3 levels. Methods: The study included 40 male athletes specializing in various combat sports. The measurements of body height, body mass, skinfold thickness, and bone widths at multiple sites were performed to estimate the somatic build. The USG parameters of the heel bone and the blood levels of vitamin D3 were also recorded. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA, with differences among sports disciplines also examined. Results: The study found significant differences in the body composition and USG bone parameters among athletes from different combat sports (p ≤ 0.05). The calcaneus stiffness index (SI) and speed of sound (SOS) were significantly higher in athletes with normal vitamin D3 levels compared to those with below-normal levels (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.001, respectively). These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may influence bone stiffness and density. Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D3 levels to support bone mineralization in athletes, particularly those training indoors with limited exposure to sunlight. It also highlights the potential of using USG as a non-invasive method to assess bone health, aiding in the optimization of training programs to prevent injuries and improve performance.
... The correlation between endomorphy and mesomorphy varied quite often and was indicative of little mutual predictive value. So, some subjects could have high mesomorphy along with widely variable endomorphy scores and vice versa [15] The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between somatotyping and biomotor abilities of male children in different age groups of 8 to 14 year selected from the districts of Chandauli and Mirzapur in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. ...
... This meant that some subjects could have high mesomorphy in the presence of widely variable endomorphy scores and vice versa. [15]. Physical fitness tests had been used as a criteria measures in studying the relationships between somatotype and performance. ...
Five hundred and one (501) male children aged between eight and fourteen years were selected randomly from the districts of Chandauli and Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India for establishing the association between components of somatotyping and biomotor features. Heath-Carter technique was used to determine the somatotyping of the children. Hand grip strength, sit and reach test, vertical jump and 4x10m agility test were used for biomotor features. Product moment correlation was used to determine the relationship between somatotyping and biomotor features. Socioeconomic conditions, nutritional inadequacies and geographical factors might have an influence on the physical growth of the studied population along with their genetic constitution. Significant relationships were observed when correlated the somatotype components with physical fitness parameters. Somatotype, as the indicator of children's body development, was an acceptable predictor to explain variations in the physiques of children. Hereditary and external factors such as regular activity, nutritional status, and motivation of parents and teachers must also be taken into account while trying to explain the various levels of physical fitness in the children.
... By assessing an athlete's body composition and structure scientifically, kin anthropometry can assist assess how well-prepared they are for obstacles unique to their sport [3]. Many different disciplines employ the somatotyping categorization system, which incorporates endomorphic (body fat), mesomorphic (muscularity), and ectomorphic (slenderness) to evaluate athlete profiles [4]. According to research, meso-ectomorphic builds are common among elite badminton players, supporting rapid direction changes, explosive strength, and mobility on the court [5]. ...
Introduction : Badminton requires endurance, coordination, speed, and agility. Analysing women athletes' Kin anthropometric characteristics—body dimensions associated with movement helps them perform at their best and avoid injuries. This study examines somatotype (endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic) in order to identify the physical traits associated with badminton success. Methodology : Purposive sampling was used in an analytical descriptive study of forty-three state-level badminton players (twenty females and twenty men), ages thirteen to nineteen. Somatotypes were ascertained using the Heath-Carter method and anthropometric data were gathered. The analysis was conducted using SPSS 16.0, utilizing multivariate regression and Pearson/Spearman tests to evaluate the relationship between somatotype and physical fitness. Results : The findings indicated that the predominant somatotype among female players was meso-ectomorph. Ectomorphic features were associated with speed and agility, mesomorphic traits with strength, and endomorphic traits with aerobic capacity. A strong predictor of general physical fitness was somatotype. Conclusion : The fitness of female badminton players is significantly influenced by their somatotype. Higher endomorphic features may impair performance, whereas mesomorphic and ectomorphic qualities improve it. Somatotyping facilitates performance tracking, training, and talent identification. Key Words : Kin anthropometry, Somatotype, Women Badminton Players, Anthropometry, Physical Fitness.
... The model by Martin and collaborators (1994) was used to estimate the percentage of fat for men. Using anthropometric techniques, the somatotype was calculated as suggested by Carter and Heath (1990) ...
Resumen Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios en la composición corporal, la forma corporal, la fuerza isométrica, la flexibilidad y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en función de la fase de entrenamiento. Se observaron seis atletas de MMA de alto rendimiento durante la fase preparatoria y competitiva. Se observó una disminución significativa de la masa corporal, masa adiposa, masa residual, grasa corporal, suma de 6 pliegues cutáneos, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y endomorfia. Sin embargo, no se identificaron diferencias significativas en las fortalezas físicas de flexibilidad, resistencia aeróbica, fuerza isométrica absoluta y relativa escapular y lumbar. En cuanto a la fuerza manual, se encontró una diferencia significativa en la fuerza isométrica relativa, pero no en la fuerza absoluta. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que los principales cambios entre el período preparatorio y competitivo en atletas de alto rendimiento de MMA se observaron en la composición y forma corporal. Palabras Clave: MMA, Composición corporal, Valencias físicas, Somatotipo.
... Площу поверхні тіла (м 2 ) вираховували за формулою Дю Буа [16]. Під час соматотипологічного дослідження використали розрахунковий метод Heath-Carter [3], на основі антропометричних вимірювань визначили значення в балах (від 1 до 7) компонентів соматотипу (мезоморфного, ектоморфного, ендоморфного). Визначили, що волейболісток із мезоморфним типом було 28 осіб, ектоморфним -27 осіб, екто-мезоморфним -27 спортсменок, середнім проміжним типом -26 волейболісток. ...
Annotation. Constitutional features of the human body can be considered as a guarantor of sports achievements, in volleyball in particular because constitutionality is inherent in adaptive capabilities, physical performance, and indicators of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the work is to investigate the correlations between temporal parameters of the rheovasogram of the lower leg and anthropometric dimensions of the body in volleyball players of different somatotypes of youth. A study was conducted on 108 female volleyball players aged 16-20 years of high sports categories with a sports experience of 6.361±2.865 years. Temporal rheographic parameters of the lower leg were determined by the method of tetrapolar rheocardiography on a certified computer diagnostic multifunctional complex. Anthropometric research was carried out according to the recommendations of P. P. Shaparenko (2000). In the somatotypological study, the Heath-Carter method (1990) was used. It was determined that there were 28 volleyball players were a mesomorphic type, 27 were an ectomorphic type, 27 were an ecto-mesomorphic type, and 26 were an average intermediate type. Statistical analysis was performed in the “Statistica 5.5” program; the Spearman method was used to establish correlations between hemodynamic and anthropometric indicators. It was found that volleyball players with different somatotypes differ in the number and strength of relationships between anthropometric dimensions and temporal rheovasographic parameters of the lower leg. The most numerous relationships were in volleyball players of the ecto-mesomorphic (strong 0.91% of possible correlations, medium – 29.55%, of which reliable – 16.82%) and ectomorphic (strong 2.27%, medium – 25.91%, of which reliable – 14.55%) somatotypes; the smallest number of relationships was found in volleyball players of the mesomorphic type (strong 0.91%, medium – 21.18%, of which reliable – 8.64%). In volleyball players of mesomorphs, the transverse and girth dimensions of the lower leg and thigh, skin-fat folds on the lower leg and thigh were most often correlated (direct relationships) with temporal rheographic parameters of the lower leg; in ectomorphs – body weight, external conjugate, height of pubic and acromial points, circumferences of the shoulder, hand, thigh and lower leg (direct relationships); in ecto-mesomorphs – craniometric dimensions, circumferences of the lower leg, thighs, chest, diameters of the pelvis (direct relationships), skin-fat folds on the abdomen, sides and thighs (only inverse); in female athletes of the average intermediate somatotype – total and longitudinal body dimensions, circumferences of the chest, width of the distal epiphyses of the shoulder and thigh (direct relationships). Determining the features of the relationships between somatometric and rheovasographic indicators is the basis for conducting mathematical modeling of the appropriate indicators of peripheral hemodynamics in female volleyball players.
... Circumferential (circumferences of the shoulder in a tense state -OBP, shoulder in a relaxed state -OBPL, forearm in the upper third -OBPR, thigh -OBB, lower leg in the upper third -OBG, chest on inspiration -OBGKV, chest on expiration -OBGKH, chest in a calm state -OBGKS) and transverse (width of the distal epiphyses of the shoulder -EPPL, forearm -EPPR, thigh -EPB and lower leg -EPG; transverse mid-thoracic diameter -PSG, transverse lower thoracic diameter -PNG, anterior-posterior mid-thoracic diameter -SGK) body dimensions were measured according to the scheme of Bunak V. V. as modified by Shaparenko P. P. [23]. The somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method [3]. The following distribution by somatotype of patients with genital endometriosis YW was established: endomorphs -1; mesomorphs -45; ectomorphs -23; ecto-mesomorphs -12; endo-mesomorphs -2; average intermediate somatotype - 6. ...
Annotation. Determining the features of the body structure in women with gynecological diseases is an important direction of modern scientific research. Anthropometric characteristics can reflect complex relationships between the constitutional features of the body and pathological processes. Assessment of these parameters allows us to expand our understanding of individual risk factors. This creates the prerequisites for the development of new approaches to diagnosis and prevention. The aim of the study was to establish the features of girth and transverse body dimensions in Ukrainian young women with genital endometriosis without and taking into account the somatotype. In 89 Ukrainian young women (aged 16 to 18 years) with genital endometriosis, the girth and transverse body dimensions were determined. The control group consisted of the initial girth and transverse body dimensions of 78 practically healthy Ukrainian young women of a similar age group taken from the data bank of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya Research Center. Statistical processing was performed in the licensed package “Statistica 6.0” using non-parametric methods for evaluating the results. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that in patients with genital endometriosis young women without taking into account the somatotype and representatives of different somatotypes, the girth dimensions of the body have significantly smaller values, or tendencies towards smaller values (more pronounced in groups without taking into account the somatotype and in ecto-mesomorphs), and the width of the distal epiphyses of the upper limb, the transverse lower thoracic and anterior-posterior mid-thoracic diameters are, on the contrary, significantly larger than the corresponding indicators of practically healthy young women of similar groups. In addition, in patients young women without taking into account the somatotype and representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype, the width of the distal epiphysis of the thigh is significantly smaller than in practically healthy young women of similar groups. Larger values of the width of the distal epiphyses of the upper extremities in young women patients against the background of smaller values of the width of the distal epiphyses of the thigh are a manifestation of the “subpathological” constitutional type in girls with genital endometriosis. When comparing the girth dimensions of the body between young women patients of different somatotypes, in most cases significantly larger values were found in representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype; and when comparing transverse dimensions, in most cases significantly smaller values were found in representatives of the ectomorphic somatotype.
... Антропометричне дослідження було прове-дено за методикою П.П. Шапаренко [11], визначення соматотипу -за методом Heath-Carter [12]. Після соматотипування було виявлено, що 24 дівчини мали ендо-мезоморфний соматотип, що становило 17,02 % від всієї вибірки (рис.1). ...
Determining reference values for spirometric indicators in men and women of specific ages requires consideration of ethno-territorial and constitutional features. The aim of this study was to develop mathematical regression models to define the appropriate capacity and volume spirometric indicators in healthy female adolescents of the endomesomorph somatotype and to identify the complex influence of external body structure parameters on the variability of spirometric indicators in endomesomorph girls. Materials and Methods. Spirographic examinations were conducted in accordance with the methodology of the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (B.L. Graham et al., 2019) using the Medgraphics Pulmonary Function System 1070 series device. The study included 141 healthy female adolescents aged 16–20 years.Anthropometric assessments (P.P. Shaparenko, 2000) and somatotypological studies (J.L. Carter, B.H. Heath, 1990) were also performed. Among practically healthy girls from the Podillia region, six constitutional types were identified, with 24 individuals classified as belonging to the endo-mesomorph somatotype. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 5.5 software package. Results. The analysis revealed that spirometric indicators reflecting the volumetric and capacitive parameters of external respiration are influenced by a complex interplay of anthropometric and somatotypological characteristics. Four mathematical models were developed, allowing for the determination of spirometric parameters based on the individual constitutional features of endo-mesomorph female adolesctens. The accuracy of these descriptive models ranged from 62.33% to 80.89%.
... Somatotypes were diagnosed at the beginning of the experiment. The use of this scheme was due to the following reasons: the main characteristics of the scheme are very similar to the Heath-Carter scheme, which is most often used by researchers from Europe and the United States (Carter, & Heath, 1990;Bertuccioli et al., 2022;Campa, & Greco, 2022). The modified methodology of the Shtefko-Ostrovsky scheme makes it extremely possible to establish a certain trend, especially manifestations and changes in motor fitness in comparison with the data of other researchers (Sands, 2012;Iedynak et al., 2021;Silventoinen et al., 2021). ...
Background. The current trend in the modernization of university physical education involves the development of a personal educational trajectory for each student. Objectives. The study aimed to determine the peculiarities in the development of young male students’ motor fitness components, taking into consideration their somatotypes and the absence of compulsory physical activity at the university. Materials and methods. The study involved 39 young men aged 17.6±0.5 years who had just started studying at the university, belonged to different somatotypes and had no restrictions in the use of different physical activity parameters. The somatotype was determined using the modified Stefko-Ostrovsky method. The 11 main components of motor fitness were examined, using motor tests recommended by researchers, appropriate testing methods and instruments. Each test met the requirements of reliability, informativeness and allowed to evaluate speed, frequency of movements, ability to balance, power, explosive strength of arms and legs, abdominal muscle strength, arm strength, flexibility, agility and aerobic endurance. The parameters of these components were determined in each available somatotype, and each parameter was compared with different somatotypes. Testing was conducted at the beginning (January) and at the end (May-June) of the academic semester, but during one academic year. Results. At the beginning and at the end of the study, it was noted that there were differences in the development of motor fitness components among the various somatotypes when compared with each other (p at the level from 0.05 to 0.000). The volumes and conditions of physical activity realization used during the study contributed to the change of young men’s results in some components. However, these alterations varied across different somatotypes. Conclusions. The information about peculiarities of the development of motor fitness components among individuals with different somatotypes is important for increasing the efficiency of university physical education based on the personalization of content and differentiation of normative bases of this process. Keywords: motor fitness, somatotypes, personalization, university physical education, physical activity, COVID-19.
... The anthropometric measurements were performed twice, in accordance with the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement in Kinanthropometry (ISAK) by a level 1 certified anthropometrist, considering the corresponding intrapersonal technical error of measurement (TEM): 5% for skinfolds and 1% for other measurements [27]. ...
Monitoring physiological parameters is vital for tracking swimmers’ progress and performance. This study examines an elite male swimmer’s nutrition during his preparation for the 2024 Paris Olympics, considering his metabolic rate and body composition. His resting energy needs (2905 ± 407.99 kcal/day) were measured using indirect Cosmed K5, calorimetry, and body composition determined through skinfold measurements. Nutrition plans were developed using software, varying with his training intensity—providing 2910 ± 379 kcal/day on rest days, and 4238 ± 562 kcal/day on intense days. The analysis of the correlations between key variables revealed strong and diverse interactions among anthropometric, metabolic data, and energy substrates. Thus, weight exhibited a very strong positive correlation with lean mass (FFM), indicating that higher weight is associated with increased lean mass. Conversely, the moderate correlation between weight and body fat percentage suggests a weaker association. The amount of skin folds accurately reflects the body fat percentage. Ensuring that a high-energy dietary intake aligned with his actual needs throughout the season was crucial for sustaining performance. Experimenting with fueling and recovery tactics during smaller competitions enabled the athlete to meet energy and nutrient demands at the elite level.
... The body composition was described based on the five-way fractionation model, which includes the masses of skin, muscle, fat, bone, and residual (Kerr, 1988). The somatotype calculation was performed using the Heath & Carter model (Carter, 2002;Carter and Heath, 1990). The sum of 3, 4, and 6 skinfolds was calculated, and the muscle-to-bone ratio was determined by dividing the muscle tissue by the bone tissue in kilograms. ...
Background: Body composition is a determinant of physical fitness and sports performance. Aim: To describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition, somatotype, and asymmetries of the 2023 world champion in the C1-1000 canoeing event. Methods: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometry were used to describe the athlete's body composition. Results: The results showed a fat tissue distribution of 16.3% by DXA, 15.9% by BIA, and 19.0% by anthropometry. Muscle tissue was reported at 32.0 kg (47.5%) by BIA and 34.1 kg (50.6%) by anthropometry. Conclusions: The athlete exhibits low levels of fat mass with high lean mass, factors that enable optimal development in world-class sports.
... The purpose of the study -to establish the peculiarities and sex differences of the components of the somatotype, the frequency of the distribution of somatotypes according to the Heath-Carter method and indicators of the component composition of body weight in Ukrainian men and women with acute and chronic urticaria of a mild and severe course. Assessment of somatotype was carried out according to the Heath-Carter scheme [4], according to which three primary components of the physique were determined: 1) endomorphic (denoted as FХ), which reflects the degree of development of adipose tissue; 2) mesomorphic (denoted as MX), which characterizes the relative development of muscles and bone components of the body; 3) ectomorphic (denoted as LХ), informs about the relative elongation of the human body and is a connecting bridge between endomorphic and mesomorphic body structure characteristics. ...
Annotation. The study of the relationship between urticaria and somatotype is relevant, since the peculiarities of body structure can play an important role in the susceptibility to this disease and influence its course and severity of symptoms. The study of such correlations can help in the improvement of approaches to diagnosis and individualization of treatment, taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of patients. This can not only improve treatment outcomes, but also reduce recurrence rates and improve the quality of life of patients with urticaria. The purpose of the work is to establish the peculiarities and gender differences of the components of the somatotype, the frequency of the distribution of somatotypes according to the Heath-Carter method, and indicators of the component composition of body weight in Ukrainian men and women with acute and chronic urticaria of a mild and severe course. The components of the somatotype, the frequency of the distribution of somatotypes according to the Heath-Carter method, and indicators of the component composition of body weight were determined in 40 Ukrainian men and 40 young Ukrainian women with acute (AU) and chronic (CU) urticaria of mild (MU) and severe (SU) of the course. As a control group, the corresponding indicators of 82 practically healthy men and 101 practically healthy women of a similar age group were used, which were taken from the data bank of the research center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Statistical analysis was carried out in the license package “Statistica 6.0” using non-parametric estimation methods. When comparing somatotype components, the frequency of distribution of somatotypes according to the Heath-Carter method, and indicators of the component composition of body weight between patients with urticaria and practically healthy Ukrainian men or women, the following reliable or trends of differences were established: in all groups of sick men and women, higher values of muscle body weight component according to Matiegka (in men by 17.21-34.60 %, in women by 19.99-52.31 %) and the American Institute of Nutrition (in men by 20.33-31.86 %, in women by 23.81-75.20 %); only in sick men – higher values of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype (in patients with AU/SU and CU/MU by 15.70-27.96 %) and the bone component of body mass (in patients with AU/SU by 11.26 %), as well as lower values of the ectomorphic component somatotype (in patients with AU/MU, AU/SU and CU/MU by 31.25-41.80 %); only in female patients are higher values of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype (in patients with AU/MU and CU/MU by 56.00-58.34 %), the bone component of body mass (in patients with AU/MU by 8.80 %), the frequency of mesomorphic (in patients with AU/MU by 37.30 %) and the frequency of endo-mesomorphic somatotypes (in patients with CU/SU by 28.20 %), as well as lower values of the ectomorphic component of the somatotype (in patients with AU/MU, CU/MU and CU/SU by 39.88-46.90 %) and the fat component of body weight (in patients with AU/SU by 17.51 %). Only isolated differences were found when comparing these indicators between men and women with urticaria (more pronounced). The following manifestations of sexual dimorphism were established between the respective groups of male and female patients with urticaria: significantly higher values or a tendency towards higher values in male patients of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype (in patients with AU/SU by 26.57 %), the muscle component of body weight according to Matiegka and AIN (in patients with AU/SU CU/SU by 22.27-56.65 %), bone component of body weight (in milestone groups of patients by 18.98-59.65 %), fat component of body weight (in patients with AU/SU by 22.01 %), frequency of mesomorphic somatotype (50.00 % in patients with CU/SU); as well as trends towards higher values in women with CU/SU of the endo-mesomorphic frequency (by 40.00 %) and in AU/SU patients with the frequency of the average intermediate somatotype (by 30.00 %).
... Bone mass (BM) and muscle mass (MM) were determined in kg through the methods by Martin [22] and Lee et al. [23], respectively. The data from the anthropometric assessments were used to calculate the somatotype values, compared to each other, somatotype dispersion mean (SDM), somatotype dispersion distance (SDD), somatotype attitudinal mean (SAM) and somatotype attitudinal distance (SAD), according to the Heath-Carter method [24]. ...
This study investigates the physical characteristics, including anthropometry, somatotype, and body composition, of elite and non-elite orienteering athletes. Additionally, it explores the relationship between these physical characteristics and the athletes' nutrition knowledge and physical activity levels. Our findings indicate significant differences in body fat percentage, mesomorphy, ectomorphy, and nutrition knowledge scores between elite and non-elite athletes. These insights can be valuable for coaches and sports scientists aiming to enhance the performance of orienteering athletes.
The key contributions of our study include:
- Identification of physique characteristics specific to orienteering athletes.
- Comparison of these characteristics between elite and non-elite athletes.
- Analysis of the relationship between body composition, somatotype, physical activity levels, and nutrition knowledge.
... In 59 young Ukrainian women (aged 25-44 according to the W HO age classification, 2015) diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a clinical-laboratory and anthropological examination was conducted based on the Bunak V. V. schemes as modified by Shaparenko P. P. [26], somatotypological assessment using the Heath-Carter method [4], determination of body composition components using the formulas of Matiegka J. [19], and assessment of muscle mass components according to the formulas of the American Institute of Nutrition [27]. This research was performed at the Department of Nervous Diseases of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, and the medical center "Salutem" (Vinnytsya). ...
Considering the existence of different ways of the course of multiple sclerosis, the disability caused by this disease, modern medicine needs the creation of new, easy-to-use and cheap methods to solve this issue. Promising in this case may be the use of clinical anthropometry, which is already successfully used to predict the forms of development and severity of various diseases of various human organ systems. The objective of the study was to construct and analyze discriminant models predicting the likelihood and characteristics of multiple sclerosis progression in young Ukrainian women, based on anthropometric and somatotypological parameters. A clinical-laboratory and anthropo-somatotypological examination was conducted on 59 young Ukrainian women diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Disability levels were assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. The control group consisted of primary anthropometric and somatotypological data from 101 healthy Ukrainian women of the same age group (sourced from the database of the Scientific and Research Center of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya). Discriminant models predicting the occurrence and progression of multiple sclerosis based on body anthropo-somatotypological parameters were constructed using the licensed “Statistica 6.0” software. The analysis revealed significant discrimination between healthy individuals and the general multiple sclerosis patient group, as evidenced by the discriminant equations (Wilks' Lambda=0.052, p<0.001). Key contributors to the discrimination models for distinguishing healthy women from those with multiple sclerosis included pelvic dimensions (37.50 %, contributing the most), body circumferences and head dimensions (25.0 % each), and the transverse lower thoracic diameter of the torso (12.5 %). Further analysis differentiated women with multiple sclerosis based on the severity of their symptoms – mild, moderate, or moderately severe also demonstrated statistically significant differentiation (Wilks' Lambda=0.349, p<0.001). The most influential factors for mild, moderate, or moderately severe patients groups in these models were distal epiphyseal widths of long tubular bones in the extremities (33.33 %, contributing the most), pelvic conjugate diameter, maximum head length, the ectomorphic component of somatotype according to Heath-Carter, and the skeletal mass component according to Matiegka (each contributing 16.67 %). These findings underscore the importance of anthropometric and somatotypological parameters in predicting multiple sclerosis occurrence and progression severity in young Ukrainian women.
... The following anthropometric measurements were conducted: body height and weight, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, calf), biepicondylar diameters (humerus and femur), girths (upper arm-relaxed, upper arm-contracted and calf). Heath-Carther's methodology was used to determine the three somatotype components [13]. The descriptive statistics were presented as means and standard deviations. ...
... Anthropometric characteristics are useful for talent identification, as they vary between different sports, but also depend on the player's position in the team, as well as the specific requirements of that position [4], and such data can also be compared with the anthropometric characteristics of other athletes. Anthropometry has been a highly researched topic in volleyball in recent years, both in general [5][6][7][8][9][10] and specifically in women's volleyball [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], highlighting its significance and the interest it generates in this field. ...
This study examines the differences in the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of young elite female volleyball players depending on their playing position. This study was conducted with 114 U17 female players of the Serbian national team (age: 15.4 ± 0.4 years; body mass: 65.8 ± 7.8 kg; height: 176.8 ± 7.7 cm). All participants had at least four years of volleyball experience. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in body mass (BM), body height (BH), body mass index (BMI), one-arm standing reach (1ARS), two-arm standing reach (2ARS), arm span, a medicine ball throw (MT), standing long jump (SLJ), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump without an arm swing (CMJ), 5 m sprint (S5), 15 m sprint with a flying start (S15), 20 m sprint (S20), and t-test (TT). The results show that a player’s position significantly impacts their anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities, with liberos requiring agility and flexibility, while middle blockers and opposite hitters focus on strength and explosiveness. Outside hitters and setters achieved high results in jump tests, while outside hitters, although agile, had slightly lower results in the long jump. The results confirm that BH and BM, 1ARS, 2ARS, arm span, explosive power, agility, speed, and flexibility significantly impact performance, indicating that a player’s position affects their anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities.
... The following anthropometric measurements were conducted: body height and weight, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, calf), biepicondylar diameters (humerus and femur), girths (upper arm-relaxed, upper arm-contracted and calf). Heath-Carther's methodology was used to determine the three somatotype components [13]. The descriptive statistics were presented as means and standard deviations. ...
A specific body constitution of rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) has a positive impact on their performance and is essential in selecting talents in the field of professional sports. The aim of this study is to assess the anthropometric characteristics of Bulgarian adolescent rhythmic gymnasts in order to identify their somatotypes. A total of 32 RGs divided into three age categories (16 pre-juniors, aged 8–10 years; 11 juniors, aged 11–12 years; and 5 seniors, aged 13–14 years) volunteered to participate in this study. All athletes participate in national championships and have training experience for at least two years, not less than 20 hours weekly. Using Martin–Saller's anthropometric method (1957) ten anthropometric measurements are conducted. Heath–Carther's methodology (1990) is used to determine the three somatotype components (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph). One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests are used to compare intergroup differences (p < 0.05). All analyses are conducted using SPSS 16 statistics software for Windows. Body height and weight of adolescent Bulgarian RGs increase significantly from the age of 8 to 14 years. Comparative analysis of the other morphological characteristics has shown significant intergroup differences according to the biepicondylar diameter of the humerus and subscapular skinfold between the pre-junior and junior group and upper arm circumferences between a pre-junior and senior group. The somatotype of rhythmic gymnasts of all assessed categories is 2.36–3.79–1.13 and indicates the endo-mesomorphic dominant type. The current study emphasizes the role of somatotypology in sports practice, in particular rhythmic gymnastics. The established somatotype in adolescent gymnasts from Bulgaria can be used as a basis in their sports training and selection process.
... Once the values of the three components (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy, and Ectomorphy) were determined, the somatotype of each athlete was calculated. The three-dimensional somatotypic attitudinal distance (SAD) and mean somatotypic attitudinal distance (SAM) were determined, according to the procedure described previously [10]. Following Carter's recommendations [13], it was established that (SAM > 1.0) is a high distance; (SAM = 0.80-0.99), ...
The objective of the study was to analyze the somatotype, anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and the global flexibility battery test. A total of 48 athletes of both sexes from Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, Men’s Artistic Gymnastics, and Hoop Sport (mean ± standard deviation, age 12.50 ± 2.67 years, body mass 43.16 ± 11.00 kg, height 150.15 ± 11.91 cm). Anthropometric data were obtained using the ISAK protocol. The somatotype was analyzed using the Heath-Carter method. The results indicate significant differences in fat, bone, and residual mass, as well as in the proportions of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy (p <0.05). The somatocard revealed that most athletes were classified as endomorphic mesomorph or ectomorphic mesomorph, with variations between groups. Positive and negative correlations were identified between the anthropometric variables, somatotype, body composition, and global flexibility. All positions of the global flexibility battery test showed negative correlations with residual mass, indicating that the greater the range of flexibility, the lower the residual mass.
... Athletes with the appropriate physique and somatotype for their sport have a competitive advantage. Somatotype refers to the classification of the human body based on three essential elements: endomorphy, or relative adiposity, mesomorphy or relative musculoskeletal development, and ecthomorphy or relative human linearity (Samodra, Gustian, Seli, Riyanti, Suryadi & Fauziah, 2023;Carter & Heath, 1990). Previous studies have highlighted the influence of lifestyle and training on somatotype (Drywien, Gornicki & Gornicka, 2021;Noh, Kim & and Kim, 2013;Andreato, Franchini, Moraes, Esteves & Vieira, 2012;Lewandowska, Buśko., Pastuszak, & Boguszewska, 2011). ...
The unique nature of Silat Olahraga as a sport demand the development of both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. There is interconnection of these fitness components with individuals' body composition. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of somatotype and examine the relationship between body fat percentage towards aerobic and anaerobic performances among Silat Olahraga athletes. Thirty-three (n=33) well-trained male athletes from UiTM Negeri Sembilan, SUKMA Negeri Sembilan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia (UTEM) and SUKMA Melaka were participated in this study. Body composition tests consisted of skinfold measurement, weight, height, girth measurement, and bone breadth were used to measure body fat percentage and somatotype. Aerobic test was conducted by using 20m multistage fitness test and anaerobic test was conducted by using running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). The data were analysed using frequency test and Pearson correlation test. The findings demonstrated that the body fat percentage was significantly correlated with aerobic VO2max performance (p=0.001, r=-0.568), peak anaerobic power (p=0.002, r=0.519) and average anaerobic power (p=0.003, r=0.504). However, no significant relationship was found with fatigue index (p>0.05). Findings of the present study also showed that 15.2% of the Silat athletes were endomorph, 66.7% were mesomorph and 18.2% were ectomorph. This study confirmed that there was a significant relationship between body fat percentage on aerobic and anaerobic performances. Most of the athletes in this study were mesomorphs.
... According to Bernstein, Morabia and Sloutskis, people who spend less than 10% of their energy for daily activities can be classified as "sedentary". Due to the negative effects of industrialisation and modern lifestyle, it is known that a sedentary lifestyle leads to serious health problems in middle and old ages and causes problems in the digestive and excretory systems with weakening of the abdominal muscles, obesity and impaired energy balance between energy intake and expenditure, health problems such as strength, flexibility, resistance and risk of injury (Bernstein et al. 1999;Booth et al. 2000;Carter and Heath 1990;Alan et al. 2000;Zorby 1999). One of the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle is a decrease in metabolic activity and blood glucose control in the body, which leads to an increased risk of type 2-diabetes (Mikus et al., 2012). ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of TRX suspension applications on lower body muscle strength and balance skills in sedentary individuals. Materials and Methods: The study included 60 sedentary individuals aged 30-45 years. The participants were divided into 2 groups as Suspension Strength Group (SSG) and Traditional Strength Group (TSG). SSG performed 45 minutes of exercise for a total of 8 weeks, 2 days a week. The TSG group applied for an 8-week, 45-minute basic strength program for a total of 2 days a week. Anthropometric measurements, grip strength, push-up, squat, sit-up, plank and balance tests were taken before and after the 8-week exercise protocol. Results: In this study, which was conducted to determine the effects of TRX movements on strength and balance skills in sedentary individuals, significant differences were found in SSG as opposed to TSG as a result of the data in this study conducted to determine the effects of suspension exercises on muscle strength development in individuals. As a result of the exercise protocol lasting 8 weeks in total; improvement was found in all data of SSG and in certain parameters of TSG. According to the last measurements, there was a difference in push-up, squat, sit-up and plank performances. Conclusion: it was found that strength training on moving surfaces showed more improvement than traditional strength training. In addition, it is thought that suspension exercises may be a new alternative training model for strength development.
... Researchers' information suggests that somatotype may be one of these markers (Cinarli & Kafkas, 2019;Campa et al., 2020). The latter is considered a conditional marker, which is an external manifestation of a person's constitution (Carter & Heath, 1990;Iedynak et al., 2021;Dinparastisaleh, R. et al., 2023). In turn, the constitution is characterized as the integrity of morphological and functional properties that are inherited and acquired, relatively stable over time, associated with the pace of individual development, peculiarities of the body's reactivity, style of activity and material prerequisites of human abilities (Katzmarzyk & Silva, 2013;Stewart et al., 2014;Silventoinen et al., 2021). ...
Objectives. The purpose of the study was to determine the parameters of female students’ physiological characteristics with different somatotypes, which they achieved by exercising outside the university due to COVID-19 quarantine and air raids during the hostilities in Ukraine. Material and methods. The study involved 66 female students aged 17.8 ± 0.6 years, who belonged to different somatotypes and had no reservations about engaging in different amounts of physical activity. The Shtefko-Ostrovsky method, modified by S. Darskaja, was used to diagnose the somatotype. The necessary empirical data were obtained through the performing well-known functional tests that allowed to determine blood pressure, heart rate in different situations, vital capacity, vital capacity index, maximum isometric strength index, and Robinson index. The parameters of these characteristics were determined in female students with each of the four available somatotypes during the study, and each parameter was compared with different somatotypes. The testing was conducted at the beginning (January) and at the end (May-June) of the academic semester, but during one academic year. Results. At the beginning, and even more so at the end of the academic year, the parameters of the studied characteristics in female students with each of the available somatotypes differed from each other (p-values ranging at the level from 0.05 to 0.000). The volumes and conditions of physical activity used during the academic year did not lead to significant changes in the physiological characteristics of all female students, i.e. parameters remained at the previously achieved level. At the same time, the presence of peculiarities caused by the girl’s belonging to a certain somatotype was observed. Conclusions. Identifying the peculiarities in changes of female students’ physiological characteristics’ parameters, taking into account their somatotypes, is a perspective and significant direction for modernization of physical education at university. The obtained data will contribute to the individualization of the content and normative bases of physical education for female students, using information on the manifestation and change of parameters of various characteristics, including physiological ones.
... Mesomorphs, with their muscular and athletic build, are often well-suited for the physical demands of cricket. Research by Carter and Heath (1990) suggests that mesomorphic players excel in both batting and bowling due to their combination of strength, speed, and agility. ...
This review paper examines the relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric characteristics, and the performance of state-level cricket players. The paper synthesizes existing literature to highlight how these factors influence performance in various cricketing roles, such as batting, bowling, and fielding. The findings suggest that a combination of physical and psychological factors significantly contributes to a player’s success on the field. The review also discusses implications for training programs and future research directions. This review paper explores the relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric characteristics, and the performance of state-level cricket players. By synthesizing existing literature, the paper highlights how factors such as strength, endurance, flexibility, agility, height, body composition, and mental toughness influence performance in various cricket roles, including batting, bowling, and fielding. The findings indicate that an integrated approach, combining physical training and psychological preparation, is crucial for optimal performance. This review also discusses the implications for personalized training programs and identifies potential areas for future research to further enhance understanding of these relationships.
... The anatomical variability of the somatic types of various ethnic groups and nationalities has not been sufficiently studied [5][6][7][8]. One of the common methods of somatotypology is Sheldon's scheme, which modifies Heath and Carter's applicability for both genders of all nationalities and races in a wide age range [9,10]. The main indicator of nutritional status is the body mass component composition (muscle, bone, fat, etc.). ...
The current stage of development of medical science is characterized by growing interest in constitutional typology and clinical anthropology. The anatomical-anthropological approach is an integrative technique of biology and medicine that allows us to determine the criteria for normality and pathology of a person. Purpose of the study: comparative bioimpedance assessment of somatic types of body component composition among the first mature age period people residing in highland. Study design: a comparative bioimpedance assessment of body types according to the Heath and Carter’s scheme was performed to identify somatic types and body weight composition in healthy men of the 1 st adulthood period living in high mountains (2469–3325 m above sea level). Somatotypical features of body composition have been established. An intertype and correlation analysis of body composition was conducted in individuals with different body types. Results: comparative bioimpedance and correlation analyses revealed differences in body composition indicators depending on population, age, body types and living conditions. Conclusion: mesoectomorphy, balanced ectomorphic, central and meso-endo types prevailed among the somatotype subgroups.
... Girths (arm flexed and calf), skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, and calf) and breadth measurements (humerus and femur) were obtained in triplicate using a rotation approach to determine the somatotype components (endomorph-mesomorphectomorph). 22 Somatotype categories also were defined Agility agility was measured using the Square Test (ST), following the protocol of Projeto Esporte Brasil. 28 The ST comprises a 45-degree change of direction. ...
Background:
Understanding the evolution of morphological features and their relationship with physical performance may assist coaches and institutions in developing the next generation of beach volleyball (BV) athletes for senior-level competition. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological features of Brazilian BV athletes by sex among age groups, and their relationship with physical performance.
Methods:
A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate Brazilian BV players of both sexes in the U15 (11-14 years old, N.=21), U18 (15-17 years old, N.=21) and Senior (≥18 years old, N.=19) categories. The players underwent a series of kinanthropometric tests, including morphological (anthropometry, body composition and somatotype), neuromuscular (flexibility, handgrip strength, vertical jump [VJ], agility, and 5-m and 10-m maximum-speed sprints), and metabolic (VO 2max ) measurements. Welch analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the categories and the relationship between morphological and physical performance features was analyzed using Pearson's coefficient (r).
Results:
Significant differences were found among the categories for female (body mass, skeletal muscle mass, hamstring flexibility, handgrip strength [HGS]) and male (body mass, height, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, flexibility, HGS, vertical jump, agility, maximum-speed sprints, and VO 2max ) players. Moreover, moderate, and strong correlations were identified between morphological features and physical performance (-0.90≤r≤0.89).
Conclusions:
The morphological and physical performance features of BV athletes varied among the U15, U18, and Senior categories, as expected due to their physical training process. Additionally, there are several morphological features that are correlated with physical performance, but the magnitude seems to depend on sex and category.
... La estimación del somatotipo se realizó en base a los parámetros corporales recomendados por la normativa de referencia en antropometría de ISAK, empleando la metodología y ecuación de Carter y Heath 22 . ...
... kg. With the purpose of calculating the somatotype (by Heat-Carter method), 10 anthropometric measures were measured: height and mass; triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf skinfolds; flexed arm and calf girth; humerus and femur breadth (Carter, & Heath, 1990). ...
The aim of this study was to compare the somatotype of youth Croatian female volleyball
players (mean age 14.05 years) in terms of playing performance. All players evaluated were
classified into a less successful group (N=53) and a group of more successful players (N=61). The somatotype means of the whole sample were 4.41 ñ 2.79 ñ 3.68±1.02 ñ 1.04 ñ 1.29, of less
successful players 4.69 ñ 2.94 ñ 3.40 ± 0.95 ñ 0.96 ñ 1.21, and of more successful players 4.17 ñ
2.69 ñ 3.87 ± 1.03 ñ 1.07 ñ 1.30. Based on a Category Chart, 7 somatotype categories were
obtained. A significantly higher proportion of balanced ectomorph somatotype category was
established in more successful players, and a significantly higher proportion of ectomorphic- endomorph somatotype category was found in less successful players.
The length of the beach season at Lake Balaton (Hungary, Central Europe) in the period 2002–2024 is estimated using daily data of air temperature, water temperature and wind speed. Daily thermal load is approached by calculating operative temperature using operative temperature-air temperature relationships on monthly scale. We introduced the concepts of beach day and bath day in order to estimate when the environmental conditions were suitable for lakeside activities. Data are taken from meteorological station Siófok. The main results are as follows. In the summer months, the median number of beach days and bath days is 72 and 68, respectively. The unbiased standard deviation of beach days and bath days is 4.62 and 6.4 days, respectively. As regards bath days, the best year was 2023, then the number of bath days was 105. The smallest number of bath days was 57; this occurred in the year 2010. As regards beach days, the best year was 2018 with 114 days, the worst year was 2021 with 72 days.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of a sample of young international elite basketball players to create new reference values, using both somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA). Moreover, we analyze the influence of age and maturation on anthropometric characteristics. Anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, body circumferences, skinfold thicknesses, and diameters) have been collected in a sample of 153 young basketball players of different age categories. From these measures, the endo-, ecto-, and mesomorph somatotypes components were calculated. In addition, impedance measurements were performed with a hand-to-foot bioimpedance analyser, and, subsequently, BIVA was carried out and biological maturity was estimated. A principal component analysis (PCA) has been assessed to reduce somatotype dimensionality. Almost all the collected variables differed between age groups. As regards the somatotype, the majority of the athletes were mesomorph–ectomorphal and the degree of homogeneity of the sample was high; the somatotype is aligned with that of the older athletes. Strong relationships were observed between mesomorphy, age, and bio-electric phase angle. Moreover, a tolerance ellipse graph was proposed as a reference for young elite athletes in basketball, and a new PCA-based method with one component was created to synthesize somatotype contents (eigenvalue = 2.42, R² = 0.807). Reference values for basketball players are needed by researchers, coaches, and practitioners for the process of talent identification and development. There are too many biological features to easily account for during growth, and field personnel need synthetic and more reliable approaches.
The gap between the desired state and the current situation in university physical education necessitates relevant research. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to systematize existing information regarding modern conceptual ideas and methodological approaches to personalizing physical education for students during their studies at higher education institutions. Methods. Achieving this goal involved the use of general scientific research methods, including analysis, generalization, and systematization. Results. It was found that the traditional approach to implementing physical education in higher education institutions does not yield high positive results in addressing its objectives. Some promising methodological approaches to modernizing physical education for students are based on the paradigm of personality, with a focus on ensuring competency in personality development through personalized learning using a mixed approach and an effective model. Personalization in physical education for students is associated with gamification, situational interest in specific content, fitness programs with individualized learning systems, the use of virtual reality, elements of socio-emotional and/or modular learning, the case study method, quest programs, and control through information and communication technologies. A fundamental aspect of personalization is the shift from a partially selective perception of individual student characteristics to an integral understanding based on genetic markers. This research is the first to generalize and systematize scientific information from domestic and leading global researchers on the issue of personalization in physical education, deepening knowledge about the prospects of its implementation using the genetic marker “somatotype.” Conclusion. The information obtained creates positive conditions for improving the organization and content of physical education for students, aiming to meet the high-level needs of students with differences in learning and thinking; balancing between the weaknesses and strengths of students by forming an individual educational path to enhance these aspects; and increasing student interest in their own physical activity while assisting them in managing their learning. Additionally, it is important to establish a comprehensive scientific and methodological framework for personalizing physical education for students in higher education
The peculiarities of adaptation of individuals of different morphological types to physical education and health classes have been studied fragmentarily – by individual types of motor activity and in individual age groups. Taking into account morpho- functional features when conducting physical education and health classes will ensure the implementation of the principle of individualization of physical activity. The purpose of the study is to develop a model of the effectiveness of of physical education and health-improving aquafitness classes based on data on the adaptation characteristics of women in the first period of mature age of different somatotypes. The study involved women aged 25-35 who had no experience in sports. It has been established that representatives of different morphological types have significant differences in the dynamics of indicators of physical development and functional fitness under the influence of aquafitness classes. Adaptive changes in representatives of endomorphic and endomorphic-mesomorphic somatotypes are more pronounced than in representatives of ectomorphic and balanced somatotypes. The developed efficiency model demonstrates the peculiarities of adaptation of women of the first period of mature age of different morphological types to aquafitness classes. This model is advisable to use when programming aquafitness classes in order to differentiate loads depending on morpho-functional features. This approach will allow taking into account the individual characteristics of women in their first period of mature age when conducting such classes, which will increase their effectiveness.
This chapter contains information about the definition of the somatotype as a method to quantify the shape and composition of the human body, providing a quantitative summary of the current physique. It specifies which methods and formulas are used to calculate the three components of the somatotype: endomorphy (adiposity), mesomorphy (muscular and bone development), and ectomorphy (thinness). It then specifies how to classify the somatotype into thirteen established categories and interpret them, and shows how to calculate the X and Y coordinates of the somatopoint to graphically represent the somatotype on a somatochart. Information is included on how to calculate the average somatotype of a group, how to calculate the differences in the somatotype between a subject and a group, how to calculate the homogeneity of the somatotype within a group, and how to calculate the differences in the somatotype between one group and another. Finally, the issues to be considered in the application and interpretation of the somatotype are specified.
The present chapter is an introduction to anthropometry as a science. It describes a terminological approach to this concept and specifies that it is based on the measurement of various dimensions of the human body, from basic measurements to skinfolds, girths, lengths and heights, and breadths and depths, using specialised scientific techniques. It explains that the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) standardises the measurement protocol of these variables, offering certification courses for anthropometrists, and it details the structure and operation of the ISAK accreditation system. The evolution of anthropometry throughout history is also specified, covering the main milestones in relation to this discipline; as well as the evolution of the standardisation of the anthropometric technique, which culminates in the publication of the “International Protocol for Anthropometric Assessment” by ISAK, ensuring uniformity in measurements worldwide
Introduction: Somatotype, as an evaluation of body types technique, has been studied for selection of competent sport athletes based on the correlation of sport’s performance with the “ideal” human physique. This study was aimed at describing the anthropometric and somatotype differences among Nigerian soccer players at different playing levels. Methods: A total sample of 64 subjects which comprised of 30 professional soccer players and 34 amateur soccer players within ages 19-28 years were selected. Ten anthropometric variables were measured which consisted of; height, weight, two girths, two bone breadths and four skinfolds. The Heath and Carter anthropometric method was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried on the data obtained out using the SPSS IBM software package, version 21. Results: The results showed that the mean somatotype for the professional soccer players was; 2.5-4.2-3.5 while that of amateur soccer players was; 2.7-2.7-4.2, with observed dominant somatotype categories as balanced mesomorph and balanced ectomorph respectively. Height, weight, BMI, ectomorphy and mesomorphy were significantly different between the two groups of playing levels (at p<0.05). However, the playing position showed no somatotypic variation at both playing levels. Conclusions: The result of the study showed that somatotype variation existed between different playing levels for the Nigerian soccer players.
The goal of this research was to determine whether the somatotype is still a useful method that can be used to confirm the selection of young and promising volleyball players. For this purpose, groups of volleyball players of different age (U16 and U18) and status affiliation (starters and substitutes) were compared by means of calculated somatotypes. The sample of examinees was formed by top-level young Croatian female volleyball players (n=28, age=15.7±1.0 years, body height=179.6±7.2 cm body weight=64.8±7.0 kg), which was further then divided into subsamples regarding age category (U16 and U18) and team status (starters, non-starters). Players' somatotype was calculated according to the Heath-Carter method, whereas the significance of differences between the groups was determined with the t-test for independent samples. The average somatotype of all players was calculated as a balanced ectomorph, and accordingly also for subsamples U16 balanced ectomorph and U18 endomorphic-ectomorph, while for starters endomorphic-ectomorph and for non-starters central somatotype. In addition, upon analysis of the somatotype of all players, it was determined there was a total of 10 categories out of the possible 13 somatotypes, and that among those the most represented were endomorphic-ectomorphs (39.3%) and central somatotypes (17.9%). Among players in the U16 and U18 age categories there were no differences determined in none of the somatotype components, whereas among starters and non-starters differences occurred only in the ectomorph somatotype component.
Somatotyping classifies human physique and is crucial in sports science for talent identification and training program design. Literature from databases like Google Scholar and PubMed discusses its historical development and relevance across sports. The Heath-Carter method, which measures endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, is widely used. Research shows specific somatotypes correlate with success in different sports: ectomorphs excel in endurance sports, mesomorphs in power sports, and endomorph-mesomorphs in contact sports. Studies in various sports reveal distinct somatotype patterns aligned with performance needs. While genetics play a role, training and nutrition can modify somatotypes. Somatotyping aids long-term athlete development by training and nutritional strategies. However, it should be part of a comprehensive athlete assessment, considering skill, technique, and mental attributes. The dynamic nature of somatotypes during growth requires ongoing assessment in athlete development. Somatotyping regulates relationship between body composition and athletic performance.
The purpose of the present study is to find out the correlation between Physical variables and different players in Cricket. The objective of this study is to examine and compare the speed and agility of state-level cricket players across different players: Bowlers, All-rounders, and Batsmen. Speed and agility are critical physical attributes that contribute significantly to a Cricket player's performance, and understanding their variation across positions can provide valuable insights into position-specific training and talent identification. A sample of 75 players from M.P. State-level teams was selected for the study, and their speed and agility were assessed through standardized tests such as the 50-meter sprint test for speed and the Shuttle Run Agility Test for agility. The results reveal significant differences in both speed and agility between playing positions. Batsmen demonstrated the highest average speed, which is essential for running between the wickets and run-scoring opportunities, while Bowlers exhibited superior agility, reflecting their need to navigate tight spaces and switch directions frequently during the game. All-rounders displayed moderate levels of both attributes, balancing the need for speed in Bowling & Batting and agility in fielding maneuvers. The findings suggest that position-specific physical training could enhance the performance of cricket players, and coaches should consider these differences when developing conditioning programs. This comparative analysis highlights the importance of tailoring speed and agility training to the specific positional requirements, which could lead to better overall team performance.
A comprehensive investigation of nutritional status of children with oncological diseases using reference methods of body composition analysis is of interest for optimizing nutritional support during and after cancer treatment. In this paper, we report the first clinical use of the deuterium dilution method for body composition assessment in children in the early period after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Russia. Our study is carried out as a part of the IAEA project on applying nuclear methods for the evaluation of nutritional status in childhood cancer. It was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology. From February 2021 to April 2023, the study enrolled 39 patients aged 5 to 17 years, 4 of whom were subsequently excluded. Out of the remaining 35 patients (25 boys and 10 girls with the median age of 9.7 years), 25 were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 4 with acute myeloid leukemia, 3 with aplastic anemia, 2 with acute bilineal leukemia, and 1 with lymphoma. The children were assessed at the following time points: between day –30 and day –10 of HSCT (time point 1); between day –2 and day +2 of HSCT (time point 2); between day +30 and day +45 after HSCT (time point 3), between day +100 and day +125 after HSCT (time point 4), and between day +280 and day +380 after HSCT (time point 5). Two patients were assessed at all 5 time points, 21 patients – at 4 time points, 11 patients – at 3 time points, and 1 patient – at two time points. All the patients required parenteral nutrition between time points 2 and 3 ( n = 35). Out of these, 7 patients also received parenteral nutrition support from time point 3 to 4. All the patients were given enteral nutrition support starting from time point 3. Evaluations at each time point included clinical status assessment, laboratory testing, a bioimpedance analysis (BIA), anthropometric measurements, the assessment of oral intake as well as the amount and quality of nutritional support. Measurements using the deuterium dilution method (DDM) and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed only at time points 1, 4, and 5. The DDM was applied in 8 out of 35 patients. Body composition was measured using all three methods (DDM, DXA, and BIA) at least at one time point in 7 patients and at two adjacent time points in 3 patients. The results of body composition assessment using the DDM, DXA and BIA were compared. The statistical significance of individual changes and differences between paired measurements of body composition were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for dependent data with a threshold significance level of p = 0.05. Before HSCT, 17 out of 35 patients were overweight or obese according to the body mass index (BMI) thresholds set by the World Health Organization, and only 2 out of 35 patients were underweight, which corresponds to the common understanding of nutritional status in children before HSCT. Nevertheless, according to BIA findings, 11 out of 18 patients with normal or reduced BMI had an increased or high body fat percentage (%BF), which may be an evidence of a catabolic state. Between time points 1 and 4, there was a sharp decrease in mean body weight and BMI due to a reduction in fat-free mass (FFM) and, to a lesser extent, in fat mass (FM), indicating the progression of catabolic changes. A comparison of body composition estimates obtained by the DDM, DXA, and BIA revealed the smallest differences between the DDM and BIA measurements (–1.0 kg difference for FFM). However, the estimates of FFM obtained by DXA were significantly lower than those obtained by the DDM and BIA (by
2.3 kg and 3.3 kg, respectively), while FM and %BF estimated by DXA were significantly higher than those estimated by the DDM and BIA (by 2.6 kg and 3.8 kg, and by 7.8% and 10.9%, respectively) which could be explained by an increase in FFM hydration. Our preliminary data demonstrate good agreement between the DDM, DXA and BIA in assessing FFM, FM and %BF changes at a group level, but not at an individual level. A larger sample size is needed to clarify the obtained results and to compare the clinical significance of these methods of body composition assessment in children with cancer during and after HSCT.
: Introducción: la estructuración, sistematización y mejoramiento del proceso de formación atlética son claves para el rendimiento deportivo. Se confrontaron características morfológicas y motoras enfutbolistas considerando edad bilógica y cronológica. Métodos: investigación descriptiva exploratoria en la que se evaluaron 32 futbolistas entre 10 y 12 años, residentes en Cali-Colombia; se aplicó el índice de
desarrollo corporal de Siret relacionando peso, talla, diámetro biacromial, diámetro bi-ileocrestal, valor promedio de la circunferencia máxima del muslo derecho e izquierdo (mujeres) y circunferencia máxima de los antebrazos derechos e izquierdos (hombres).
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