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Gone with the wind? The impact of wind turbines on tourism demand
... Fig. 2 provides an overview of the multiplicity of possible local benefits and burdens. Local benefits and burdens can be pecuniary, e.g., changes in local employment and income [3,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69], economic development [63,[69][70][71][72], tax revenues [2,62,73,74], or land values [20,75,76]. But they can also come as non-pecuniary impacts, e.g., in-kind benefits provided by owners of RES infrastructures such as investments in local public facilities or local environmental improvements [4,58], or changes in well-being due to local disamenities produced by RES infrastructures [77,78]. ...
... Local benefits and burdens of RES infrastructures usually vary across space, i.e., identical units of RES infrastructure may have very different local impacts at different sites. With respect to local pecuniary benefits and burdens, such spatial heterogeneity can result from spatial variation in socioeconomic characteristics of spatial entities [3,63,[65][66][67]72] as well as in institutional patterns, such as ownership, community benefit schemes, or local tax schemes (see, e.g., [21,76,80,81]). Spatial heterogeneity in local disamenities may result from variations (1) in technological patterns, e.g., size of wind and solar farms (see, e.g., [82,[83][84][85]), (2) in geographic patterns, e.g., distance to and size of affected population within a viewshed of a RES infrastructure or preexisting disamenities from other infrastructures [77,[86][87][88][89] as well as (3) in individual attitudes, local social norms, or the degree of procedural and financial participation in siting decisions [83,[90][91][92][93][94]. ...
... We assume that RES deployment currently usually produces local net burdens, i.e., that local benefits are more than offset by local burdens. This is suggested by the partial empirical studies available for Germany [22,70,72,77,86,88,89,96]. Consequently, we operationalize and vary three principles of spatial distributive justice which regard the distribution of local net burdens: the equality principle, the ability principle and the benefit principle. ...
Infrastructures for using renewable energy sources (RES) produce local benefits and burdens for communities in their vicinity. The spatial distribution of these local benefits and burdens is typically heterogeneous, which frequently raises concerns of spatial distributive justice. In this paper, we first develop an analytical framework to synthesize the literature in this field. Our framework highlights that approaches to spatial distributive justice have to answer three fundamental questions: Who are the recipients of spatial distributive justice? Which local benefits and burdens are to be distributed in space? Which principle of spatial distributive justice is applied? We observe that existing studies use very different specifications of spatial distributive justice, and usually only one specification at a time. We complement our analysis by an exemplary numerical illustration using data for current RES deployment in Germany. Varying our specifications regarding recipients (states vs. counties vs. individuals), RES infrastructure (onshore wind power vs. utility-scale solar photovoltaics) and the principle of distributive justice (equality principle vs. ability principle vs. benefit principle) leads to a relatively wide range of Gini coefficients (an established measure of spatial disparity) from 0.37 to 0.84. This illustrates that different specifications of spatial distributive justice may lead to deviating, even contradictory, assessments of the existing spatial distribution of RES infrastructures. Our analysis suggests that assessments should apply a transparent and comprehensive approach to spatial distributive justice, including all relevant RES infrastructures, the full set of local benefits and burdens, and variations in the assumed recipients and principles of spatial distributive justice.
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
This review paper explores the acceptance of renewable energy (RE) installations and projects, focusing on the perspectives of local residents and tourists. While previous research has extensively examined community acceptance of RE, limited attention has been given to tourists' acceptance in tourist destinations. Despite extensive research, significant gaps persist, particularly regarding tourists' acceptance of RE installations. The paper stresses the need to identify the determinants of tourists' acceptance and advocates for further investigation comparing residents' and tourists' reactions to RE projects in tourism destinations. It also emphasizes the importance of incorporating new theories and interdisciplinary approaches into future studies. By offering an overview of existing research and providing guidance for future inquiry, this review paper contributes to the body of knowledge on RE acceptance. It underscores the necessity of comprehensively examining the acceptance of both local residents and tourists to ensure sustainable development and the integration of RE projects in tourism destinations.
... While wind turbines' importance for the transition towards more environmentally friendly energy production is not questioned, a heated debate emerged around their distribution in space and the local conflicts they induce (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Voigt, Lehnert, Petersons, Adorf, & Bach, 2015). In addition, wind turbines impact landscape aesthetics. ...
... This also applies when places are linked to personal familiarity, tradition, and cultural significance, giving rise to continuity preference (van Veelen & Haggett, 2017). All this may translate into tangible effects such as identifiable reductions in house price values (Gibbons, 2014;Riddington, McArthur, Harrison, & Gibson, 2010) and tourism demand (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Kipperberg et al., 2019). ...
... In Germany, wind availability is relatively concentrated in a few (usually close to the coast) locations. This is also where wind turbines concentrate in space and where most adverse effects materialize (Broekel & Alfken, 2015). One might expect that perceptions of spatial imbalance or "spatial injustice" related to wind turbines correlate with the distribution of wind turbines in space ( e.g., Devine-Wright, 2005). ...
... In many Western European countries, the perception of wind turbines in terms of environmental aesthetics is neutral or even positive. It is recognized in studies that aesthetic perceptions have the strongest influence on individuals' attitudes towards wind power projects [16,50,71]. These attitudes are, however, not solely negative. ...
... Leibenath and Otto [45] observed three different conceptions of landscape alive in German debates about wind farms: 'landscape as a beautiful, valuable area'; "landscape as an area shaped by man"; and "landscape as something subjectively perceived". Numerous studies have shown that aesthetic perceptions have the strongest influence on individuals' attitudes towards wind energy projects [16,50,72]. However, these attitudes are not exclusively negative, as demonstrated in research by Warren and McFadyen [73] in Scotland. ...
The purpose of this article is to present the legal aspects of landscape protection in the context of onshore wind energy investments in Poland, in comparison with the tendency in other European countries. Landscape protection can be considered in several contexts of meaning: natural, cultural and planning. The influence of wind farms on the landscape is identified in each of these contexts, but in the study of law, the impact of these investments on the environment and people is most often considered. Both landscape protection and the development of renewable energy sources are part of the paradigms of sustainable development. The balance between the designations of sustainable development: economy, society and environment, provides the background for the problem under study. Spatial conflicts, identified within this rule, but also within the public interest, are inevitable; both the protection of the landscape and the location of wind energy investments are in the public interest. The dynamics of wind energy development affects the landscape, causing landscape changes. This is considered a source of social tension and conflict at certain times. Public perception of wind investments in the context of landscape protection is not consistent: from approval of these investments, through a neutral approach to public resistance. In the area of the analysed issue, the principle that becomes apparent is “not in my back yard”. Polish law is lacking a unified model for landscape protection in the aspect of wind investment development, and the provisions in force are scattered in this area. The important question is how the Polish legislator implements the postulate of landscape protection and whether the regulations of the generally applicable law are adequate to the needs of landscape protection in the context of the realization of one of the most common renewable energy sources. Diagnosis of current legal barriers to the impact of wind energy investment implementation on the landscape can be presented in two ways: from a planning perspective and from an environmental perspective. For this it is required to present the concept of landscape with the rules of its protection under the European Landscape Convention. This study employs dogmatic and black-letter methods of analysing the provisions of the law in force in Poland, as well as a comparative method. The article utilizes also the method of legal semiotics, which is based on the premise that the primary focus of semiotic research on law is language. Studies have shown that the systems of countries in Europe and the world vary in this regard.
... The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is a standardized classification system introduced by the European Union to categorize buildings based on their energy performance, measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter required for heating or cooling the property. Currently, there are 10 energy efficiency classes ranging from G (the least efficient with an EPgl > 3. 50) to A (the most efficient with EPgl < 0.4). EPgl stands for energy performance global. ...
... Underestimating aspects related to territorial and social justice in the transition can lead to green discontent, becoming an obstacle to the support of environmental policies [49]. The potential concentration of costs in vulnerable regions and cities can determine social cohesion and transform into social discontent [28,50,51]. The gilets jaunes uprising in France represents the most notable example of how energy transition environmental policies have triggered a hostile reaction to the transition itself [52]. ...
In recent years, numerous studies have explored how energy and environmental performance impact property values. Superior energy efficiency is the basis for value disparities in real estate markets. However, measurements of these variations vary significantly. This research aims to investigate the relationship between market size and vitality and market value differences. This has significant implications for the nature of the energy transition, potentially determining fairness or inequality. The study considers the real estate market in six Italian cities: three metropolitan (Milan, Turin, and Florence) and three medium-sized cities (Padua, Mestre, and Bergamo). The sample includes 2935 properties. In metropolitan cities, hedonic pricing models confirm the relevance of energy performance in market value formation, highlighting a potential depreciation in property values by up to 30% between properties belonging to the highest energy class (A) compared to the lowest (G), and 14% between class D and G. Such premium gaps are halved in medium-sized cities. Conclusions foresee a scenario of socially and economically unjust transition that must be considered in policies aimed at improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings, with a specific concern for the nature and characteristics of the real estate markets involved.
... Tourism is an important economic interest in many regions and so if changes to the landscape from wind turbines risk discouraging visitors, this is a major concern. Broekel & Alfken [43] present evidence from Germany that wind turbines are negatively related to tourism demand and proposes a 'displacement hypothesis': 'that tourists tend to avoid destinations where these are characterized by large and further growing wind turbine numbers' [43]. There are, however, also studies which suggest that the argument can be turned on its head because wind farms can boost tourism [44]. ...
... Tourism is an important economic interest in many regions and so if changes to the landscape from wind turbines risk discouraging visitors, this is a major concern. Broekel & Alfken [43] present evidence from Germany that wind turbines are negatively related to tourism demand and proposes a 'displacement hypothesis': 'that tourists tend to avoid destinations where these are characterized by large and further growing wind turbine numbers' [43]. There are, however, also studies which suggest that the argument can be turned on its head because wind farms can boost tourism [44]. ...
Theories of energy justice are standardly used to evaluate decision-making and policy-design related to energy infrastructure. All too rarely attention is paid to the need for a method of justifying principles of justice as well as justice-based judgments that are appealed to in this context. This article responds to this need by offering an engaged ethics approach to normative justification useful for energy justice theory. More specifically, it presents a method of public reflective equilibrium and shows its potential as systematic method for both anchoring analyses of justice in practically relevant judgments and for critically examining perceived injustices. The method is developed and demonstrated through the case of injustices related to a hypothetical but realistic case of wind power development. Participants were invited to a process of justifying justice-claims, using a version of the method of public reflective equilibrium. They reflected on a preliminary normative framework created by the research team and visually depicted by a graphic artist. The analysis of the workshop identifies the following three themes as particularly important for just wind power development: (1) establishing trust among the stakeholders; (2) questioning energy demand; and (3) identifying the right site and scale for energy decisions. All three themes have to do with fair procedures. The latter part of the paper explores what this means for theorising energy justice and outlines a theory of imperfect procedural energy justice.
... There is also bound to be incompatibility between climate policies, such as the construction of wind turbines, and tourism, which is frequently proposed as a solution in lagging-behind regions in European Smart Specialisation strategies (for example, Di Cataldo et al., 2022;Komninos et al., 2014). Research has confirmed that wind turbines are often negatively related to tourism demand (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Heavy industry and the transportation of goods are also set to experience a considerable overhaul. ...
... There is already evidence that the adoption of measures to save the planet is generating a backlash-a sort of 'green' discontent-in vulnerable regions (Arndt et al., 2023;Broekel and Alfken, 2015). The revolt of the gilets jaunes has, in part, been triggered by the drive by the French state to combat climate change (Martin and Islar, 2021). ...
The impacts of climate change are unevenly distributed across territories. Less is known about the potential effects of climate policies aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of climate change while transitioning economies towards low-carbon standards. This paper presents an analytical framework for identifying and assessing the regional impacts of the green transition. We develop a Regional Green Transition Vulnerability Index, a composite measure of the regional vulnerability of European regions to the socio-economic reconfigurations prompted by the green transition. The index brings to light strong regional variations in vulnerability, with less developed, peri-urban and rural regions in Southern and Eastern Europe more exposed to the foreseeable changes brought about by the green transition. We also draw attention to the potential rise of pockets of growing ‘green’ discontent, especially if the green transition contributes, as is likely to be the case, to leaving already left-behind regions further behind.
... The changing character of a place is an important matter to address in research and planning because place bonding is foundational to the preservation of community social fabric (Plieninger et al., 2015) and directly impacts a community's engagement with its landscape (Altman & Low, 1992). Concerns about RET are particularly palpable in rural areas that benefit from the quality and aesthetic experience of their landscape (Broekel & Alfken, 2015; Olafsd ottir & Saep orsd ottir, 2019). Much of the opposition to RET development relates to the negative impacts of its infrastructure on environments that provide people with valued experiences that improve their quality of life. ...
... RET infrastructure has been extensively studied to establish the perceptual and attitudinal factors behind its acceptance or opposition amongst stakeholders. Opposition usually occurs when there is perceived threat to the quality and character of a place or when there are unacceptable environmental and health risks anticipated to stem from RET (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Klain, Satterfield, Sinner, Ellis, & Chan, 2018). Scholars identified factors that influence perceptions of RET, such as opportunities for local actors to participate in decision-making (Devine-Wright, 2011), perceived fairness during development (Bidwell, 2017), and fair distribution of costs and benefits (Klain et al., 2018). ...
Renewable energy technologies are expanding in rural landscapes, where they are changing the character and meaning of place. This study explores the experience of living and recreating in proximity to landscapes undergoing this development, namely in a Swedish municipality where a major wind park is located. Using place attachment, it addresses how people construct meaning around places of everyday life through stories of their experience of place. Results show that individuals form coherent narratives of the past, present and future of places undergoing transformation. Stories of experiences of renewable energy technology and their impact on landscape relate to persisting feelings of rootedness, changing land-use activities and hope for a sustainable future. Place attachments are a form of social action as their formulation enables people to deal with change and embrace discourses of sustainability. Results highlight the discourses and practices that rural dwellers adopt in the wake of renewable energy transitions.
... These studies provided mixed results for whether a wind farm would dissuade or attract visitors to an area". • "With relative consistency, researchers find that stakeholder concerns about visual impacts of offshore wind farms decrease as distances of the wind farm from shore are increased [14][15][16][17][18]. There is some evidence that frequent visitors to an area may be most concerned about potential wind farms, based on their desire to preserve natural or pristine settings [15,16]. ...
... There is some evidence that frequent visitors to an area may be most concerned about potential wind farms, based on their desire to preserve natural or pristine settings [15,16]. Researchers stress that tourists are not a singular group, and that their attitudes towards wind farms are influenced by personal factors, beliefs about renewable energy and the environment, and motivations for tourism and perceptions about the landscape [17][18][19]. There is also evidence that wind farms can attract tourists or revitalize tourism sectors [20,21]". ...
The article examines the nature of impacts of the rapidly growing Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) industry on tourism and recreation in coastal communities, especially in the UK. The multi-methods research approach includes reviews of literature, content of OWF Environmental Statements (ESs) for predicted impacts, recent practice for actual impacts, and the use of mitigation and enhancement measures. Findings from literature indicate that the overall impact on tourism appears relatively benign, and sometimes positive. The UK ES review identified tourism as an important topic, identifying mostly no/negligible predicted negative impacts, and some examples of predicted positive impacts. There is limited use of enhancement measures, including visitor centres and boat trips, and a previously under-reported use of developer community benefits funding for local area recreation and tourism facilities. Recommendations include early engagement with the community, developer long-term commitment to mitigation and enhancement measures, plus monitoring of tourism and recreation impacts over time.
... Statistics show that the tourism income of coastal cities accounts for more than 60% of the total tourism income of coastal provinces (Liu et al., 2017). However, plenty of evidence shows that wind turbines negatively affect tourism demand as they negatively affect the visual aesthetics of landscapes (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Ó lafsdóttir and Dóra Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Smythe et al., 2020). In addition, the warm and humid climatic conditions in the coastal areas serve as ideal and important migration routes for multiple bird species (Xu et al., 2020;Zang et al., 2017). ...
... This method may lead to some uncertainties because the actual interactions between RE deployment and ES provisioning are complex and diverse. For example, a new finding shows that solar energy deployment in deserts can negatively impact biodiversity (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Grodsky and Hernandez, 2020). Although an expert consultation can partially reduce such uncertainty, additional in-depth studies on the sophisticated mechanisms underlying the ecological impacts of RE deployment are warranted. ...
Deploying renewable energy (RE) technologies has been acknowledged as an effective way of mitigating the pressure from increasing energy-related carbon emissions. However, evidence shows that RE deployment frequently leads to the loss and degradation of multiple ecosystem services (ES). Therefore, a sustainable RE deployment scheme should proactively identify and manage the potential trade-offs between RE production and ES provisioning. This study proposed a practical RE siting framework that integrates ES considerations (named as IES framework), and formulated a novel method that integrates Geographic Information Systems, fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Slacks-based Measure to implement this framework. Then, the suitability of wind farm sites in coastal China was evaluated and mapped using the IES framework. Results show that the suitable locations for wind farms in this region were mainly distributed in the provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, and Jiangsu. Avian habitat and cultural ES were identified as the two services most vulnerable to wind farm deployment. A suitability map of wind farm siting in coastal China was created. Results prove that the proposed IES framework and the corresponding integrated method can effectively evaluate the trade-offs between RE production and ES provisioning and can be easily extended to guide the site selection for other REs, such as biomass, photovoltaic, and hydroelectric energy.
... Furthermore, the acceptance of WT has side effects that we must discuss. The effect of WT on landscape attractiveness is highly ambiguous, even though tourists seem to prefer less artificial landscapes [46]. ...
... The second essential data set this study used contained information on WT. The locations of the WT came from the proven reliable [46,65] secondary dataset of the German Society for Solar Energy e.V. [64], with data based on the freely available publication of the four transmission system operators in Germany. It is the only available dataset showing the actual location of (nearly) all WT in Germany. ...
This study analyzes the formation and spatial structure of anti-wind-farm citizens' initiatives (CIs) as a result of the development of wind turbine generators (WT) in Germany over the last three decades. It offers a novel, spatiotemporal view of the intensely discussed tension between WT and citizens' perceptions of them. Using a new dataset and employing survival models, the study explores for the first time the co-development of WT and anti-wind initiatives, considering a wide range of regional socioeconomic factors and multiple periods. The results confirm a rapidly growing dynamic of the establishment of local opposition, which the magnitude of locally existing WT and proximity to established anti-wind farm initiatives strongly drives.
... For example, frequent visitors may have a significant bond to the landscapes where they recreate and be alarmed by the disturbances created by energy development. Broekel and Alfkan [22] suggest this may explain reduced tourism demand in rural areas of Germany that host wind farms. However, Frantál and Kunc [23] conclude that, if sited appropriately, onshore wind farms can have minimal impact on tourism; people with an interest in technology may even be attracted to an area by wind turbines [24][25][26]. ...
... In contrast to this "constructed" view of tourists, tourists and recreationists are not a homogeneous group. Research indicates that their attitudes toward wind farms are shaped by diverse factors including tourism and recreation motivations, beliefs about renewable energy and the environment, feelings about and experience with the place and the landscape itself, personal attributes, and other factors [22,35,43,48,49]. The distinction between tourism and recreation was once shaped by the focus of recreation on local, outdoor, non-commercial activities, but Hall and Page [50] note that integrated research on these activities is now needed in part because new forms of tourism, such as nature-based tourism and ecotourism, blur this distinction. ...
Despite the growth of offshore wind energy and concerns that projects will harm tourism and recreation, there is a lack of empirical research on the effects of operating wind farms on tourism and recreation. The existing literature tends to treat tourists and recreationists as a monolithic group, focused almost entirely on beachgoers. Further, research regarding offshore wind energy and tourism puts forth a narrow conception of tourists, concerned primarily with a natural seascape. The 30-MW Block Island Wind Farm, the first offshore wind farm in the United States, is located offshore an iconic tourism destination and provides a laboratory for understanding interactions between offshore wind energy and the tourism and recreation sectors. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study through which tourism and recreation professionals and participants met in focus groups to discuss experiences with and observations of this project. Analysis revealed diverse viewpoints and largely positive encounters; though, some negative impacts were identified, and participants weighed project costs and benefits. Perspectives were shaped, in part, by experiences with the planning process. Visual impacts were a major concern; however, most participants described the project’s appearance in neutral or positive terms. Overall, the wind farm is functioning as an attractant, either as a novel sight or as a recreational fishing destination. Participants felt the wind farm should be promoted for tourism but cautioned that interest may be short-lived and there may be less support for larger offshore developments. Findings support tourism and recreation sector engagement throughout offshore wind project planning and operation.
... This latter sector is frequently advocated as a developmental strategy for economically disadvantaged regions within European Smart Specialisation frameworks (e.g., Di Cataldo et al., 2022;Komninos et al., 2014). Empirical evidence corroborates that wind turbine installations often exert a detrimental influence on tourism demand (Dorrell et al. 2020;Broekel et al. 2015). ...
The Sardinia Region has been chosen as a laboratory for electrification within the framework of the ecological transition agenda. The combined effect of the regulatory framework and media narrative has triggered a real speculative assault on the territory, which is being replicated in various other regions of the country. However, there is evidence of a positive correlation between the diffusion of renewable energy sources and the cost of electricity. Considering that Sardinia has historically faced higher-than-average electricity costs and that it consumes only 60% of the energy it produces autonomously, the wave of projects risks increasing energy poverty among local households and businesses and increasing the number of individuals exposed to energy vulnerability. The dirigiste approach to the ecological transition, the generous incentive scheme, and the lack of attention to the needs and proposals of local communities denounce a green transition that could primarily benefit those investing in the sector, without real gains for the environment or sustainability. Riassunto La Regione Sardegna è stata eletta come laboratorio di elettrificazione dall'agenda relativa alla transizione ecologica. Il combinato prodotto dal quadro normativo e dalla narrazione dei media ha innescato un autentico assalto speculativo sul territorio, che si sta replicando in varie altre regioni del paese. Tuttavia, esiste evidenza di una correlazione positiva tra diffusione delle fonti di energia rinnovabile e costo dell'energia elettrica. Considerando che la Sardegna affronta storicamente costi più elevati della media per l'energia elettrica e che consuma solo il 60% dell'energia prodotta autonomamente, l'ondata di progetti rischia di aumentare la povertà energetica delle famiglie e delle imprese locali, e di aumentare il numero di soggetti esposti a vulnerabilità energetica. L'approccio dirigista alla transizione ecologica, i generosi schemi incentivanti e la scarsa attenzione per le istanze e le proposte delle comunità locali denunciano una transizione green che potrebbe privilegiare soprattutto i soggetti che investono nel settore, senza reali guadagni per l'ambiente o per la sostenibilità. Parole chiave: transizione verde, energia rinnovabile, Sardegna, povertà energetica
... El ruido, las sombras que provocan por el movimiento de las aspas y la iluminación nocturna, son algunos de los efectos señalados como molestos por las poblaciones locales (Bolin et al., 2011;Molnarova et al., 2012;Balotari-Chiebao et al., 2023;Cervantes et al., 2023;Conkling et al., 2022). Es importante destacar, asimismo, los posibles impactos sobre las actividades socioeconómicas (Baxter et al., 2013;Rand & Hoen, 2017;Pérez-Pérez & Díaz-Cuevas, 2022), como el turismo (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Landry et al., 2012) o la inequidad distributiva que generan los sistemas de propiedad y el reparto de beneficios (Warren & McFayden, 2010;Sperling et al., 2011;Agterbosch et al., 2009), habiendo demostrado algunos autores que la aceptación aumenta cuando los proyectos son promovidos por las corporaciones locales (Lilley et al, 2010). ...
En este trabajo se digitalizan, mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), los aerogeneradores instalados en Andalucía en 2019, poniéndolos a disposición de la comunidad científica y del público en general. A continuación, se realiza una revisión documental y cartográfica de los planes de ordenación de los recursos naturales de los espacios protegidos de la región (RENPA y Red Natura 2000), analizando de forma espacial las limitaciones establecidas para la implantación de parques eólicos, para valorar si las infraestructuras eólicas cumplen con las restricciones ambientales determinadas en estos instrumentos. También se analiza el grado de afección de las infraestructuras eólicas a las distintas categorías paisajísticas y a los municipios de Andalucía. Los resultados muestran que los parques eólicos cumplen con los requisitos de la planificación de los espacios RENPA y Red Natura 2000 en Andalucía, si bien hay 314 aerogeneradores que se localizan en zonas de máxima sensibilidad ambiental según la zonificación establecida por el MITECO. Estas infraestructuras no están equidistribuidas en la región, concentrándose especialmente en las categorías paisajísticas serranías y campiñas y en los municipios de menos de 5000 habitantes, que son los menos consuntivos de energía. Se constata la dualidad del modelo energético actual, que por un lado apuesta por una generación distribuida y por otro reproduce la concentración infraestructural del anterior modelo, poniendo unos territorios al servicio de otros, lo que genera la marginación de lo local a través de una injusticia distributiva, procedimental y retributiva.
... 138,200,201 Moreover, results of studies about the impacts of wind power on tourism are mixed. 195,202 There are studies reporting that the presence of turbines can reduce the attractiveness of locations, 203,204 whereas, in other cases, stakeholders see wind power development as an added value to increasing the attractiveness of particular locations. 205 As with citizens, compensation for affected businesses 206 may decrease opposition but compensation mechanisms have to be developed carefully so as not to generate distributive fairness issues. ...
Wind power accounted for 8% of global electricity generation in 2023 and is one of the cheapest forms of low-carbon electricity. Although fully commercial, many challenges remain in achieving the required scale-up, relating to integrating wind farms into wider technical, economic, social, and natural systems. We review the main challenges, outline existing solutions, and propose future research needed to overcome existing problems. Although the techno-economic challenges of grid and market integration are seen as significant obstacles to scaling up wind power, the field is replete with solutions. In many countries, planning and permitting are immediate barriers to wind-power deployment; although solutions are emerging in the EU and several countries, the effectiveness and long-term acceptance of fast-track permissions and go-to areas remains to be seen. Environmental impacts on wildlife and recycling challenges are rising issues for which tested and scalable solutions are often still lacking, pointing to large remaining research requirements.
... There are numerous studies about such effects on tourism, but with different results, so the evidence on local tourism effects remains mixed (IEA Annual Report, 2009). Some case studies establish negative impacts on local touristic appeal (Jensen et al., 2014), while others detect negligible effects or enhanced attractiveness (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). ...
... Several control variable results stand out. Contrary to our expectations, touristic demand (TOURIST) does not appear to be related to the prominence of wind energy-related topics, despite research generally confirming a close link between wind turbines and tourism developments (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Kipperberg et al., 2019). Similarly, proximity to untouched areas (NATURE) is also insignificant. ...
The successful transition toward renewable energies requires public support in areas where their expansion may cause adverse effects. In this context, narratives are crucial as they shape people's perceptions. This article examines the relationship between onshore wind power and related narratives in regions across Germany. We run a series of spatial regression models on regional newspaper data, and our findings suggest that wind-related topics are more prominent and more neutrally (less angrily) framed in regions with more wind turbines. Public attitudes supporting wind energy expansion correlate with the prominence of related topics in regions' narrative landscapes. In contrast, support for anti-wind protests does not seem to correlate with the prominence of wind-energy-related topics in regions with higher wind turbine densities.
... In another study, undertaken in tourist areas determined that although stakleholders recognized the benefits of reduced air pollution through the deployment of wind turbines, they often considered them to cause negative impacts on aesthetically pleasing regions, i.e. the visual impact produced, which lowered their desirability in areas of strong perceived visual beauty including for example, beaches, mountains and plateaus [25]. In line with these results, a survey conducted in the southern highlands of Iceland in 2015 revealed that one-third of tourists would continue to visit tourist regions even if wind turbines were built, while two-This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. ...
... Examples of negative impacts of large green energy industries on tourism activities and experiences tend to dominate the literature. An oftenreported conflict concerns impacts induced by large energy installations on landscapes' visual aesthetics as the installation size and design often make them stand out, especially in undeveloped, natural landscape contexts (Broekel & Alfken, 2015). As tourists and recreationists often seek these types of pleasing landscape types, including coastal and marine landscapes, there is a risk that the presence of large energy infrastructures leads to loss of landscape experience values and thus also loss of overall recreational value (Voltaire & Koutchade, 2020). ...
This research note explores the bridging of local tourism content and implementation of large green energy infrastructures in coastal-marine peripheries. The topic is an important one, not least given the speed at which both industries evolve and change, which also means that new challenges and opportunities arise that require urgent attention. Continuous knowledge creation that can be shared
between the industries and among the affected peripheral communities that frame the bridging of the two industries is therefore needed. This is particularly the case for Bornholm, a Danish island in the Baltic Sea with a strong tourism tradition and profile but challenged by a new development of turning the island into one of the first community-based “energy islands” in the world. Based on a short literature overview and supported with opinions from local tourism and energy representatives, the research note bases itself around this knowledge need and uses the situation on Bornholm to confirm existing knowledge on the topic, but also uses the occasion to introduce new knowledge aspects that have not yet received attention in the literature. The research note ends by reflecting on and proposing
further knowledge needs, including attention areas for future research.
... If the construction of large-scale wind turbines and solar power plants is connected to deforestation and destruction of natural, ecologically valuable paces of high biodiversity, such projects run diametrically against important ecological aims of sustainability [38][39][40]. Furthermore, large-scale wind turbines can reduce tourism demand and residential satisfaction [41][42][43] with negative implications for the economy and quality of life in affected regions. Accordingly, tourists' and locals' acceptance of renewable energy projects should always be carefully considered before the planning of such projects [44]. ...
... Energy injustices, mainly related to landscape degradation and livelihood losses, are the reason why CVGs often resist OWFs [7][8][9]. To still achieve energy distribution justice, current energy policies typically compensate for these losses through measures such as financial compensation, electricity fee reductions, community welfare funds, and joint ownership [10][11][12]. ...
Energy distribution justice is of primary concern within the energy justice framework and it is crucial to increase public acceptance of offshore wind energy and further advance its development. The rapid development of offshore wind energy in China has inevitably impacted the livelihoods of coastal vulnerable groups (CVGs) engaged in fisheries and tourism in the coastal zone. While current policies often compensate for livelihood losses through cash payments, the fiscal strain caused by COVID-19 renders this approach unsustainable. Consequently, this research pioneers the exploration of Chinese tourist groups’ landscape preferences towards offshore wind farms (OWFs). This study proposes a new approach to enhance OWF landscapes for tourism development, thereby balancing the distribution of costs and benefits between CVGs and tourists. The research focuses on Beihai City in the Beibu Gulf Economic Region, utilizing a combination of Q-methodology and choice experiments that incorporates cut-offs. Answers to eighty Q-methodology questionnaires and 1324 choice experiment questionnaires are obtained. The findings indicate that this region can achieve energy distribution justice by compensating for the livelihood losses of CVGs through tourism. Contrary to traditional assumptions about wind farm noise preferences, Chinese tourists prefer proximity to OWFs, as an appropriate coastal acoustics landscape can enhance their tourism experience. In light of these findings, this paper presents policy recommendations towards energy distribution justice.
... There is a concerning absence of literature and empirical evidence in developing countries, especially with respect to African wildlifebased safaris and the sense of place they afford tourists. Broekel & Alfken (2015) found WEFs to have a negative effect on tourism in over 3200 municipalities in Germany. They used two definitions of WEF vicinity to a municipality -radii of 10 km and 20 km. ...
Citation: Marire, J. (2021). A review of literature on the impact of wind energy infrastructure on nature based tourism and employment: some policy knowledge gaps. African Rhino Community Centre Trust, Grahamstown, 2021.
... Consistent with the scholarship of Smythe et al. (2020) and others (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Ladenburg, 2009;Westerberg et al., 2015), as well as the anthropology of tourism (Boissevain and Selwyn, 2004;Hall and Page, 2014), this article portray tourists as people of diverse values and beliefs, with various motivations for visiting particular destinations. This work investigates the relationships between broader values and beliefs, as well as personal experience with the development, with tourists' attitudes towards the Block Island Wind Farm. ...
... On the other hand, there are different physical aspects of the technologies that create people's argumentations and opinions. For example, the impact on the landscape causes visual intrusions (e.g., [51]) and reduces the quality of the recreational area (e.g., [52]). The effects on wildlife have also been the reason for great criticism, as well as the construction on the local environment as on land use (e.g., [53]). ...
Renewable energy development is a widely and intensively discussed topic, though it is still unclear which exactly variables may influence people's evaluation of the phenomenon. There is a need to study the general public's knowledge, emotions, and cognitions linked to energy technologies especially in the context of advanced inventions. Social media is a powerful communication tool which has a huge impact on studying public opinions. This study aims to describe linguistic connections through an analysis of 1500 Instagram posts, assuming and interpreting emotional and/or cognitive words. Using a socio-cognitive approach, this research explores the salient words under a set of pre-specified renewable energy technology (RET) hashtags. Building on the appraisal theories of emotions, this research investigates the coexistence of several energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal) and powerlines. The results showed the highest linguistic interconnection between solar and wind energy posts. Furthermore, powerlines were not linguistically connected to the RETs, as they are not included in the schema or not salient when people write posts about renewable energy. Solar, wind, and geothermal posts evoked more emotional and positive emotions than the other RETs and powerlines. Instead, biomass posts had a high frequency of cognitive processes and causal words. Powerline posts were linked to the words of risk, body, health, and biological process showing a great concern for health and perceived threat. These differences in the words used can be a guide to understanding peoples' reactions and communication for each of the energy sources. This study, taking both emotions and cognitions into account, explains different types of considerations towards energy projects.
... Previous studies have shown that when tourism demand in certain areas or regions declines due to the construction of REI, it is likely to increase in the neighboring areas or regions [11,15]. Therefore, it is important to plan REI developments in coordination with multiple municipalities [100], which are also likely to experience changes in tourism demand. This study furthermore revealed that in smaller countries relying on nature-based tourism, such as Iceland, construction of a renewable energy project might affect a significant part of the country, pointing to the need for holistic approaches to planning renewable resources. ...
Estimating the spatial extent of the impacts of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism is crucial for the identification of potential locations of resource use conflict. Such a task, however, is complicated and requires inclusion of social perceptions on the spatial extent of the impacts. This study investigates perceptions of the tourism industry in Iceland regarding the impact area of existing and proposed energy projects on tourism and analyses the factors affecting its size and shape. It is based on semi-structured interviews with tourism service providers, during which participants mapped their perceived impact areas using participatory mapping software. The results revealed that the reasoning affecting the perceived spatial extent of the impacts falls into three categories: visibility of renewable energy infrastructure and related environmental impacts; tourist mobility; and changes in tourism due to energy projects. Moreover, the impacts of the proposed energy projects were perceived as more negative compared to existing ones. Energy projects were considered less suitable in wilderness areas, which were defined by the tourism service providers as an important resource for nature-based tourism, but more acceptable in developed areas. Thus, the spatial extent of the impacts and the compatibility of renewable energy infrastructure with tourism highly depend on changes in place meanings and tourism processes brought by energy infrastructure as well as affected elements of tourism networks. This emphasizes the importance of including tourism stakeholder perceptions and knowledge into the early stages of energy planning to ensure sustainable development of both the tourism and energy industries.
... Data on arrivals are normally accessible in the country, whereas departures are usually accessible in the origination country. Tourist arrival data has the benefit of being independent of vacation extent when contrasted to overnight visits (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Tourism planning and policy choices are aided by forecasting visitor arrivals to a certain destination. ...
The Sri Lankan tourism industry contributes significantly to economic development through diversified mechanisms of revenue generation and for creation of employment opportunities. The tourism industry is volatile and easily affected by man-made or natural catastrophes: terrorism, financial crisis, and tsunamis. The racial dispute among Sri Lankan government forces and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, which started in the 1980s spanned over thirty years and adversely affected the development of the tourism sector. However, with the conclusion of the ethnic strife in 2009, tourism started to boom. The objective is to estimate and forecast tourist arrivals for the tourism industry from and evaluates against the actual, based on the number of visitor arrivals. Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) was used to model the visitor arrivals to Sri Lanka by evaluating the study period and have applied the Standard ARIMA model to achieve the research purpose. Monthly tourist arrival data obtained from the Sri Lankan Tourism Development Authority and diagnostic test statistics, including autocorrelation and partial correlation, were used to examine the parameters of ARIMA. The results revealed civil was has impacted on tourist arrivals and was further noted that terrorism affected tourist arrivals negatively. In addition, the findings showed that the forecasted tourist arrivals were substantially less than the actual, which indicated that the Sri Lankan tourism industry rebounced shortly after the three-decade long civil war. Hence, this analysis highlights the potential of the Sri Lankan tourism industry to recover rapidly from shock events. Moreover, it is advantageous for policymakers, academia, society, and the government of Sri Lanka to set up the national tourism framework and also align the crisis management process effectively.
... Contrary to expectations, the level of attachment to the Oostvoornse lake was not an important factor to explain support among recreationists, with only the measure of place dependence being statistically significant. While the concept of place attachment is particularly common to explore perceptions of local residents, some studies have shown that recreationists can also become strongly attached to recreational places and that landscape changes are perceived to disturb the bonds they have with those places [35,36]. In our case, the extent to which the pilot project disturbs placerelated bonds is likely to vary according to the type and frequency of activities recreationists engage in, and the perceived level of risk the project poses to these activities (e.g. the bonds of sporadic hikers and visitors of bars and restaurants may be less affected than those of frequent anglers and bird spotters). ...
Floating photovoltaics (FPV) is emerging as a promising renewable energy concept in which solar panels are installed on floating infrastructure to enable the production of renewable energy on water. While the body of knowledge on technical, financial and environmental aspects is expanding steadily, so far the societal implications of FPV remain largely unstudied. Here, we investigate public attitudes to a FPV pilot project at the Oostvoornse lake, the Netherlands. We conducted interviews with stakeholders to explore how the local community with high interest and involvement in the lake perceives the pilot project. Thereupon, we conducted a field survey with recreational users of the lake and carried out a random forest regression analysis to examine what factors shape recreationists' support or opposition. Interview results show that the diversity of stakeholders and their diverging use of the Oostvoornse lake leads to a broad variety of concerns about how the pilot project could affect their activities and interests. Particularly the uncertainty on possible impacts due to the newness of FPV was a reason for stakeholders to take a reluctant stance toward the pilot. In contrast, our quantitative results show that recreationists were highly supportive of the project, mainly due to their positive attitudes toward local authorities and the broader societal benefits the pilot project is perceived to generate. Landscape alteration was identified to be by far the most important objection, which indicates that negative implications from a recreation perspective could be largely accommodated through appropriate siting decisions or other measures that mitigate visibility.
... This is based on the spatial growth regression framework. Broekel and Alfken (2015) use spatial panel regression techniques, and determine that there is a negative relationship between wind turbines and tourism demand in cities close to the German coastline. In addition to spatial analysis, various regression methods have been applied to explain and predict tourists' length of stay (Santos, 2016;Van Berkel et al., 2014). ...
This study is intended to examine the relationship between tourist attractions (natural, cultural and historical) and tourist flows. In the study, secondary data for six provinces and 110 sub-provinces in the Southwestern Anatolia region of Turkey, visited by local and foreign tourists, are used. Four of these provinces have a coastline to the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean. In this context, overnight data of tourists for 110 sub-provinces and the printed and online materials and overnight data of tourists are used to identify attractions. In this study, mapping analysis, local and global Moran’s I, the classical regression and spatial regression models are benefited. Primarily, the spillover of attractions through maps and the distribution of tourist flows are presented in the study. When the relationship between tourist attractions and tourist flows are examined, the results of our analyses show that the Global Moran’s I value is 0.25 and that those 110 sub-provinces could be similar in terms of tourist flow. It was determined whether there is a global clustering based on Global Moran’s I value, and then the similar clusters, that is, similar sub-provinces in terms of tourist flow, were determined using the spectral clustering method. In addition, the neighborhood relationship and neighborhood interactions in terms of tourist flow are determined using local indicators of spatial analysis (LISA) alongside the Spectral Clustering Method. Finally, in the study field, the relationship between cultural, historical, and natural tourist attractions and tourist flow is explained using the classical regression model and the spatial regression model. The spatial-based models, especially the SEM, improve the model performance compared to the corresponding OLS model. In conclusion, it is found that there is a positive correlation between tourist flows and natural and historical attractions of the region, but a negative relationship between tourist flows and cultural attractions. Destination management implications are discussed.
... The acceptance of different RE systems by the population varies substantially [35,36] because each type of RE has different physical characteristics [37,38] and, consequently, differing impacts on particular localities [39]. While public attitudes to RE have been found to be generally positive in many countries [40,41], the physical presence of specific installations is often perceived rather negatively, or at least controversially [42]. ...
We aim to contribute to in-depth comprehension of the factors and preferences behind the reuses of large-scale underused or abandoned former collective farms from the 1950s–1980s for biogas plants and solar photovoltaic power plants. As a case study, three regions in the southern part of the Czech Republic have been selected. Our findings signal that the residents’ attitudes towards the mentioned energy sources are rather negative. Similarly, farmers’ interest in photovoltaic power plants is low. More interest has been detected in the case of biogas production; this is especially true for large agricultural companies and farmers, who own underused or abandoned premises. Biogas plants are frequently located in agricultural areas with warmer or just slightly colder climates as a consequence of the potential to process locally grown maize. On the other hand, photovoltaic power plants are found on more fertile plains with high levels of insolation, but, surprisingly, also in mountain regions which typically have low emissions. Both renewable energy solutions were found to be problematic as there is strong opposition to both types of installations among local inhabitants. This indicates the need for “soft” forms of planning. Stakeholder engagement and inclusive participation in all phases of the planning process are essential requirements for arriving at the best possible outcomes for the new renewable energy solutions and their acceptance by the public.
... These impacts include habitat displacement, ecosystem fragmentation, negative effects on recreational experiences and visual landscape amenities, and issues related to noise and light-, shadow-and ice-casting. In total, these externalities can reduce the well-being of local residents (e.g., Gibbons 2015;Krekel and Zerrahn 2017), lower the growth potential of other regional industries such as tourism and recreation (e.g., Brökel and Alfken 2015), and generally threaten non-use values associated with the protection of pristine nature (Krutilla 1967). 17 Electricity prices in Norway are affected by a number of demand and supply factors. ...
Sensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using the scope elasticity of willingness to pay concept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people’s preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.
... There are numerous studies about such effects on tourism, but with different results, so the evidence on local tourism effects remains mixed [13]. Some case studies establish negative impacts on local touristic appeal [29][30][31], while others detect negligible effects or enhanced attractiveness [32][33][34][35][36]. ...
In this study, we analyzed the external effects of wind turbines, which are often considered detrimental to the promotion of wind power generation. Understanding these externalities is essential to reaching a consensus with residents who live near the site of a planned wind turbine. Our research objective was to determine the relationship between wind turbines and people’s well-being in areas where they have been installed for a long time. We hypothesized that wind turbines would have a negative impact on people’s well-being. We conducted a survey by postal mail in Chōshi City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, to examine the external effects of wind turbines, adopting a subjective well-being index to measure respondents’ well-being. Regression analysis suggests that having a view of wind power turbines has a positive effect on the subjective well-being of local residents. Moreover, the results indicate that such well-being increases with increasing distance from the turbines. Except for scenic elements, we found that wind turbines are not always considered desirable by residents. Therefore, it is important to further clarify the external influence of wind turbines and other facilities in local communities.
... Recently, significant concerns emerged about noise pollution from turbines and their visibility. Thus, as different sorts of renewable resources are employed, green energy production also varies with respect to its embeddedness into landscapes 5 . The landscape heritage in Molise is exposed to serious risk of modification or even cancellation ( Fig. 2) due to the indiscriminate establishment of wind farms (WFs), encouraged by public incentives; the National Energy and Climate Plan involves the tripling of wind power in the region in next years. ...
In recent years the quest for green energy has led to a massive growth of renewable energy production and the installation of onshore wind turbines (WT) has increased worldwide. Besides the well-known benefits of a global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, their use is related to some local environmental problems such as bird mortality, land-use and shadow flickers. Recently, significant concerns emerged about noise pollution from turbines and their visibility. Thus, as different sorts of renewable resources are employed, green energy production also varies with respect to its embeddedness into landscapes. The landscape heritage in Molise is exposed to serious risk of modification or even cancellation due to the indiscriminate establishment of wind farms (WFs), encouraged by public incentives; the recent National Energy and Climate Plan involves the tripling of wind power in the region in next years. In Molise, major concerns about how WFs influence people's experience of landscapes' visual aesthetic values and the negative effects on tourism demand are surging. The planning of WT has aroused profound conflicts and disagreement both in the local and professional communities due to discussions on the significance and consequences of visual impact on heritage landscape.
... Tourism has been highlighted as an important economic sector by many interviewees (UC02, UC15, UC16, UC22) and 28% of the decision makers in the region 'strongly agree' that wind energy harms tourism (opposed to 5% in Oldenburg). Indeed, studies show that onshore wind affects local tourism slightly negatively in inland areas such as Uckermark-Barnim (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Yet, some interviewees commented that wind energy could also bear potential for the tourism sector: ...
Legitimacy is a key function within Technological Innovation Systems (TIS), influencing the development and diffusion of novel technologies such as onshore wind energy. By combining insights from TIS and from organization studies, we provide theoretical and empirical underpinnings to 'legitimacy', a concept often defined superficially and mapped at an aggregate, national level. We add a spatial perspective by comparing dimensions of legitimacy between two heterogenous regions in Germany. They have similar diffusion trajectories of wind energy but differ in structural features (socio-economic factors and TIS elements). To capture place-specific institutions and dynamics influencing regional legitimacy, we focus on decision makers and their perception of the TIS. Even though politicians and civil servants are crucial for wind development in their constituent regions and are thus important contextual actors to the TIS, their perspective has been mostly neglected. Applying a comprehensive, mixed methods approach, we conducted an online survey among these decision makers and complemented the insights with qualitative expert interviews. Our analysis shows that pragmatic and moral dimensions of legitimacy are particularly susceptible to place-specific influences. These spatially sensitive insights have been missing from the debate on legitimacy so far and might inform policy directed at advancing technological legitimacy in certain regions.
... Furthermore, landscape and geology are the main focus of geotourism (Newsome and Dowling 2010), which is an important aspect for Geoparks to promote sustainable local economic development (UNESCO 2018a). Wind turbines placed within the field of sight of tourists may decrease their interest in the locality, affecting negatively the tourism demand (Broekel and Alfken 2015;Migoń and Pijet-Migoń 2017). ...
Installed onshore wind energy capacity is expected to increase throughout Germany to achieve the energy transition targets. The 16 National Geoparks cover approximately 13.6% of the country but are not a protection category, consequently, wind energy developments have been planned also within their boundaries. The visual impact of wind turbines on the landscape is the main concern behind the considerable opposition to wind energy implementation on regional and local scale. However, no study has quantified the extent and spatial distribution of areas susceptible to wind energy in Geoparks. Based on state-level wind energy regulations, this study mapped the areas with restriction to wind energy (taboo zones), as well as susceptible areas (white zones) which may conflict with landscape protection in Geoparks. The results showed that Geoparks are covered to a large extent by taboo zones, on average 5% more than the overall average of the 10 analyzed states. In addition, certain Geoparks are more susceptible to wind energy developments than others, depending on the state they are located. A sound zoning scheme to restrict wind energy in Geoparks could contribute to safeguard their most typical landscapes in a balanced way across Germany. Therefore, this study also tested four zoning schemes with increasing restrictions to wind energy (viewshed protection zones) and assessed them in terms of demand for land for conservation in case such schemes were implemented. Viewsheds of up to 2,500 m as hard-taboo zones and up to 5,000 m as soft-taboo zones from Geoparks’ viewpoints showed potential to cover continuous areas as viewshed protection zones, without compromising significantly the potential areas for wind energy expansion. Above all, this study offers the possibility to visualize a few scenario alternatives to be used as information in the decision-making process and possibly facilitate the discussion of planning options across stakeholders, experts and decision makers.
... Moreover, environmental aspects such as degradation Yu et al. 2019) or natural disasters (Pforr and Hosie 2009) are becoming increasingly relevant in tourists' choices. Energy projects tend to be widely opposed by tourists (and local communities) due to their visible effects on the landscape (Broekel and Alfken 2015;Frantál and Kunc 2011;Michel, Buchecker, and Backhaus 2015). Even off-shore wind generation of electricity, despite being an emission-free energy source, could affect the image of beaches and coastal towns (Regueiro-Ferreira and Villasante 2016). ...
The aim of this paper is to analyze empirically the effect that several kinds of risks, associated with hypothetical oil drillings in the Canary Islands, could have on the behavioral intentions of tourists. A panel survey collected from 639 nonresident tourists about destination image, risk perception, and intention to visit or recommend the islands. The risks associated with the possible oil extractions significantly harming perceived image and behavioral intention by around 43%, with the intention to recommend being more affected than the intention to revisit. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to develop a theoretical model following a recent trend integrating the destination image and risk literatures. Results highlight the key role of perceived risk in creating destination image and provides evidence of the mediating role of image between risk and behavioral intention. The affective image component has a greater impact on behavioral intention than the cognitive one. The outcomes of this study point out the importance, for destination marketers and policymakers, of mitigating the effects of the risk derived from oil drilling. Emphasis is placed on the importance of information and promotion campaigns in which the safety of the destination is remarked.
... In other words, the installed wind turbines need to be fit well to the existing landscape to be attractive and accepted by the society. On the contrary, if the installed wind turbines make the existing landscape rather unattractive where the place of attachment of wind turbines is not suitable, it would bring negative visual effects on the landscape and consequently induce negative effects on the acceptance of wind farm landscapes and tourism demand [73][74][75][76]. On top of that, the increasing energy demand in the tourism industry could create an opportunity for RE to contribute to the energy mix [72]. ...
The sustainable development of the energy sector through the implementation of renewable energy (RE) technology has been a primary concern for the government of Malaysia since the 1990s. Developing RE technology in rural areas is also one of the most important energy strategies. One of the most important requirements for the successful adoption of renewable energy technology is the public acceptance of this technology. This article examines the public acceptance of RE (wind and solar) technologies among rural residents in Mersing, Malaysia. This study is conducted in conjunction with the development of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system for the Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), which located in Mersing. To investigate the public acceptance of RE technologies, two surveys were conducted, before and after the installation of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system. The findings revealed that RE innovations, such as wind and solar energy, were well known among 54.7% and 96.2% of the respondents, respectively, before and after the introduction of EKOMAR. The survey results showed that rural residents generally support RE technologies and EKOMAR RE projects. They were also in line that the use of RE should also be extended to other parts of Mersing, including wind and solar. These findings illustrate that EKOMAR has played a crucial role in educating local residents about RE, wind and solar energy in particular. Residents believe the government plays an important role, particularly in rural areas, in encouraging and enhancing RE technologies.
... The scale of wind turbines is so immense that wind farms can have economic impact miles from the farm. Broekel and Alfken [113] utilized spatial panel regression methods to discover a negative relationship between wind farms and tourism. This is especially concerning for countries where tourism accounts for a significant share of GDP. ...
This paper provides a structured literature review of the negative economic effects associated with the development of wind energy and synthesized the evidence at an abstract level. We then developed an analytical framework to systematically review economic issues such as volatility, electricity price, housing values, and unemployment in relation to wind energy. Global wind energy development data from the time period from 2000 through 2019 were included for a more robust analysis. This period encompasses the vast majority of total global installed wind energy capacity. After amalgamating evidence from existing studies and data banks, we discuss the policy implications, suggest avenues for future research, and propose solutions to mitigate externalities. By understanding the negative economic impact created by the expansion of wind energy, we can better equip policy makers and developers to create more efficient and sustainable energy policy to benefit citizens and preserve the environment for generations to come.
With increasing wind energy infrastructure developments, better understanding of its impacts on tourism is needed. This study examines international visitors’ attitudes toward wind farms in Iceland and investigates how locational factors affect their compatibility with tourism. Based on a survey answered by 1005 departing visitors, this study reveals that 92% are concerned about climate change. However, a lower proportion, 76%, support the use of wind energy in Iceland. Central European visitors are the most likely to be negatively affected by wind energy development, while Asian visitors showed the greatest interest in visiting a wind farm in Iceland. Among visitors from the leading countries of origin, French tourists were the most negative toward wind energy development in Iceland. Wind farms were perceived as most suitable in industrial, offshore, and agricultural areas, whereas their suitability was considered lowest in national parks and other protected natural areas and cultural heritage areas. Positive attitudes toward the use of wind energy positively affected the perceived suitability of wind farms in all of the discussed areas, while a lower perceived compatibility of wind farms with the tourist experience had a negative effect. The study highlights the importance of careful spatial planning and participatory approaches to improve compatibility between tourism and harnessing wind energy.
Good solutions for sustainable development promote social, ecological, and economic aspects in synergistic ways. Wind energy projects have a large potential to achieve this, if their locations are carefully selected. On the contrary, placing wind turbines inside forest areas with high biodiversity, cultural significance, and recreational use generates conflicts between different dimensions of sustainability, and between supporters and opponents of such projects. The resulting green-versus-green dilemma involves a conflict between idealism and pragmatism, as incorporated in literature by the personalities of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Sustainable solutions require both aspects as well as realism. Forest areas have crucial climate benefits ranging from the absorption of CO2 and other emissions, providing shade and cooling during heatwaves to the storage of humidity and water. Climate change is not solely a problem of rising temperature. It also involves changes in humidity and precipitation, and the related problems of desertification and deforestation. Accordingly, a strategy of deforestation for hosting wind farms seems questionable. Instead, constructing wind turbines with energy storage capacities on deserted ground and using their economic and energetic gains for a subsequent afforestation of the surrounding land would achieve synergetic sustainability benefits for biodiversity, human wellbeing, and the climate.
The 10th International Symposium Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: problems and measurements techniques was organized by CNR-IBE in collaboration with Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology , and Natural History Museum of the Mediterranean and under the patronage of University of Florence, University of Catania, Accademia dei Lincei, Accademia dei Geogofili, Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology, Tuscany Region, The North Tyrrhenian Sea Ports System Authority, Livorno Municipality and Livorno Province. This edition confirmed the Symposium as the international occasion to present the research carried out in recent years on the monitoring of the Mediterranean Coastal Areas and therefore as a space to present new proposals and promote actions for the protection of the marine and coastal environment. In the Symposium, Scholars had illustrated their activities and exchanged innovative proposals, with common aims to promote actions to preserve coastal marine environment. In this 10th edition, in fact, we had more than 130 participants from 16 countries; this is a sign of great success and willingness to be presence in Livorno to discuss problems and propose solutions for the Mediterranean coastal areas.
This research note explores the bridging of local tourism content and implementation of large green energy infrastructures in coastal-marine peripheries. The topic is an important one, not least given the speed at which both industries evolve and change, which also means that new challenges and opportunities arise that require urgent attention. Continuous knowledge creation that can be shared between the industries and among the affected peripheral communities that frame the bridging of the two industries is therefore needed. This is particularly the case for Bornholm, a Danish island in the Baltic Sea with a strong tourism tradition and profile, but challenged by a new development of turning the island into one of the first liveable ‘energy islands’ in the world. Based on a short literature overview and supported with empirical insights from local tourism and energy representatives, the research note bases itself around this knowledge need and uses the situation on Bornholm to confirm existing knowledge on the topic, but also uses the occasion to introduce new knowledge aspects that have not yet received attention in the literature. The research note ends by reflecting on and proposing further knowledge needs, including attention areas for future research.
Offshore wind power has grown significantly worldwide but the presence of wind farms can be problematic in tourism areas. Offshore wind farms affect tourism behaviors. This study was conducted to assess the extent to which individuals’ characteristics affect their acceptance of wind farm projects, tourism behaviors represented as trip intention and site substitution when the offshore wind turbines are deployed in the beach. Using a case of offshore wind farm projects in South Korea, study results show that individuals’ perceptions of wind energy and perceived impacts of tourism were the critical variables that help understand the public acceptance. The likelihood of an individual visiting a beach with offshore wind farms was connected to their values concerning wind energy, seascape, and the environment. Such values played an important role in deciding to visit a different site. The results expectedly provide meaningful implications related to the siting of offshore wind farms.
The aim of this paper is to identify facilitating and hindering factors for onshore wind energy development near natural conservation regions, in particular in Lower Saxony's Wattenmeer region. An applied research approach was deployed to connect individual aspects of wind energy technology and establish a cross-disciplinary perspective on the expansion of wind energy. To this end, relevant facilitating and hindering factors were identified and then validated by a group of academic experts. The main factors were grouped within the framework of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. In a subsequent step, a sample of experts in the wind power sector evaluated the relative importance of the key factors, using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. The results show that factors positively influencing wind energy expansion exceed the hindering factors. Wind electricity is likely to benefit from opportunities such as climate change and from industry-specific strengths, for instance the competitiveness of wind in the German electricity market. Barriers and uncertainties that influence the further development of the sector relate to strict ecological protection laws and limited spatial opportunities for new projects. Finally, basic policy strategies were formulated which aim at fostering strengths and opportunities of wind energy development and at reducing weaknesses and threats.
This paper discusses the attractiveness of the Slovenian landscape as a leisure space. It focuses in particular on relationship of attractiveness with landscape diversity and naturalness. As a starting point, the study of Perko et al. (2017) was used in which the authors identified the most and the least diverse Slovenian areas, i.e. landscape hotpots and coldspots. An online survey was conducted using photographs taken in selected hotspots and coldspots. Respondents were asked to rate the attractiveness of the landscapes shown in the photographs as destinations for a leisure trip. The attractiveness of the landscapes did not differ depending on whether they were in a hotspot or coldspot. On the other hand, the results clearly indicate the higher attractiveness of landscapes in which relatively natural landscape elements predominate. Prispevek obravnava privlačnost slovenske pokrajine kot prostočasnega prostora. Posebej se osredotoča na povezavo privlačnosti s pokrajinsko raznolikostjo in naravnostjo. Kot izhodišče je bila uporabljena raziskava Perka in sodelavcev (2017), v kateri so avtorji določili najbolj in najmanj raznolika območja Slovenije, tj. pokrajinske vroče in mrzle točke. Izvedena je bila spletna anketna raziskava, v kateri so bile uporabljene fotografije, posnete v izbranih vročih in mrzlih točkah. Anketiranci so bili naprošeni, da ocenijo privlačnost pokrajin na fotografijah kot ciljev izletov. Privlačnost pokrajin se ni razlikovala glede na njihovo lego znotraj vročih ali mrzlih točk. Na drugi strani rezultati jasno kažejo večjo privlačnost pokrajin, v katerih prevladujejo razmeroma naravni pokrajinski elementi.
There has been a dramatic increase in wind power supply due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources across the globe. In this process, technological advancements have led to the emergence of more sophisticated wind turbines with higher hubs and larger swept areas to reduce the unit costs for power generation. However, there is also a growing concern about the visibility impacts of wind turbines. Spatial modelling of the potential visibility of wind turbines holds strategic information for wind power siting decisions. The visibility information is critical to breaking trade-offs between energy production and protecting the visual amenity of landscapes. Currently, public attention to the visual impacts of wind turbines tends to rise in countries with high wind power capacities. Decreases in property values due to wind turbine visibility and negative impacts on scenery are among the factors that draw public attention. These implications make it necessary to use spatial analysis and develop mitigation strategies based on the geospatial outputs. This paper aims to produce Potential Visibility Models (PVM) to analyse wind turbine visibility from candidate observation locations where the scenery is an important asset. These are residential buildings (RB), protected areas (PA), natural and archaeological sites (NAS), tourism development centres (TDC), roads (RD), and the coastal areas (CS). The results showed that potential turbine visibility varied across the study area considering the five qualitative visibility classes. The areas with “very low” and “low” potential visibility were proposed as candidate areas of low visual impact for wind power generation.
This study examines public attitudes towards climate change and policies to limit greenhouse gases such as through the expansion of renewable energy sources. The study includes a critical examination of the apparent contradiction between belief in climate change and generalized support for renewable energy, as revealed in this survey, and of opposition to the placement of large-scale renewable energy generators such as wind farms. The literature identifies significant psychogenic influences leading to opposition to specific wind farm sitting as well as strong policy support for coal mining in Australia, but these appear to be ignored or dismissed by environmentalists, leading to ineffective communication on the issues and, ultimately, to entrenched opposition to an energy transition. We use social marketing benchmarks to identify engagement strategies that may increase understanding of the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption, alleviate anxiety about wind farm impacts and improve acceptance of renewable energy generation strategies overall.
After conceptualizing the interrelationships between energy and tourism, the authors
provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism, theorize
on how it overlaps with other types of special interest tourism, and discuss specifics
concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts. Potential directions,
along with research questions, for future research in the field of energy tourism are
proposed. Then, the results of an explorative pilot study of energy tourism in the
Czech Republic are presented to give a first insight into the proposed questions.
Questionnaire surveys completed by tourists and operators of three energy tourism
attractions – so-called Coal Safaris (guided tours through surface coal mines,
observing minescapes and mining machinery in full operation), a nuclear power plant
information centre, and Dragon Kite Festivals under wind turbines – have focused on
exploring the motivations and perceived benefits of energy tourism for organizations;
tourists’ motivations for, and experience from, visiting; and any changes in attitudes
towards current energy development dilemmas by visitors afterwards.
Zusammenfassung /summary below. >>>
Für die Charakterisierung von Kulturlandschaften spielt die Abgrenzung hochwertiger Landschaftsbildräume eine wichtige Rolle. Ausgelöst durch das Forschungsvorhaben „Flächenbedarfe und kulturlandschaftliche Auswirkungen regenerativer Energien“ wurde für die Modellregion Uckermark-Barnim eine Landschaftsbildbewertung auf der Grundlage digitaler Daten entwickelt. Durch Klassifizierung undAggregation der Daten in einem automatisierten GIS-Algorithmus entsteht eine dreistufigeordinale Skala von sehr hochwertigen, hochwertigen und durchschnittlichen Landschaftsbildräumen, die durch Vor-Ort-Überprüfungen abgeglichen wurde.
Die GIS-gestützte Bewertung führt zu brauchbaren Ergebnissen. Insbesondere hochwertige Landschaftsbildräume lassen sich mit der Methode gut abbilden.
Die Methode muss jedoch für andere Regionen immer wieder neu „justiert“ werden, um den regionalen Eigenarten gerecht zu werden. Eine automatisierte GIS-gestützte Bewertung sollte grundsätzlich „manuell“ überprüft und ergänzt werden, um regionale Besonderheiten besser berücksichtigen zu können.<<<<<
>>>>>
Is it possible to “Calculate” the Visual Landscape?
– GIS-based analysis of the visual landscape for the region “Uckermark - Barnim” as a base for the designation of areas suitable for wind generated energy.
>>>>>Summary
The identification of areas valuable for the visual landscape plays an important role for thecharacterisation of cultural landscapes. The study evaluates the visual appearance of the landscape on the base of digital data for the model region “Uckermark-Barnim”, initated by the research project “Area Requirements and Cultural Effects of Regenerative Energies”. The classification and aggregation of the data in an automated GIS algorithm has led to a three-stage ordinal scale of very valuable, valuable and average areas of visual landscape, verfied by in-situ checks.
The GIS-supported evaluation brought acceptable results. The methods works particularly well for areas with a high-value visual landscape. For other regions, however, the methodology has to be adjusted in order to comply withthe regional particuliarities. Generally the automated GIS-supported evaluation should be verified and supplemented “manually” in order to better consider regional peculiarities.
splm is an R package for the estimation and testing of various spatial panel data specifications. We consider the implementation of both maximum likelihood and generalized moments estimators in the context of fixed as well as random effects spatial panel data models. This paper is a general description of splm and all functionalities are illustrated using a well-known example taken from Munnell (1990) with productivity data on 48 US states observed over 17 years. We perform comparisons with other available software; and, when this is not possible, Monte Carlo results support our original implementation. PLEASE NOTICE JSS IS OPEN ACCESS: download from jstatsoft.org, this is vol. 47/1
This study proposes to assess and empirically verify possible negative effects from the construction of wind turbines on the landscape image and tourism potential of affected areas, using the example of two comparative recreational localities in the Czech Republic: one with the construction of a wind farm planned and the other with an already existing farm. The empirical research consisted of two mutually linked parts: a questionnaire survey and focused, semi-structured interviews. Emphasis was placed on the subjective perception of the phenomenon by tourists and local business representatives from the sphere of tourism. The analysis focuses also on the social-geographical factors that shape tourists attitudes to the wind energy development dilemma.
1. Introduction 2. Causal and non-causal models 3. Microeconomic data structures 4. Linear models 5. ML and NLS estimation 6. GMM and systems estimation 7. Hypothesis tests 8. Specification tests and model selection 9. Semiparametric methods 10. Numerical optimization 11. Bootstrap methods 12. Simulation-based methods 13. Bayesian methods 14. Binary outcome models 15. Multinomial models 16. Tobit and selection models 17. Transition data: survival analysis 18. Mixture models and unobserved heterogeneity 19. Models of multiple hazards 20. Models of count data 21. Linear panel models: basics 22. Linear panel models: extensions 23. Nonlinear panel models 24. Stratified and clustered samples 25. Treatment evaluation 26. Measurement error models 27. Missing data and imputation A. Asymptotic theory B. Making pseudo-random draw.
In many countries, the development of wind power capacity has proceeded more slowly than expected. Levels of public acceptance are usually considered primary indicators of support for wind power within society. Surveys generally show strong overall public support for wind power, while concrete projects are felt to suffer from the Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome. This paper questions the significance of these outcomes. It argues that other barriers to wind power implementation exist beyond attitudes among the population. The argument is made that institutional factors have a greater impact on wind energy facility siting. We will discuss two examples of how institutional factors shape the level of support when implementing wind power
Despite several recent UK initiatives to promote renewable energy development at the local level, little research has been carried out to investigate public beliefs about aspects of local renewable energy development. This research attempted to address this gap. Empirical data was collected at the Awel Aman Tawe development in South Wales immediately before and after a public participation process. The results indicate that support for specific aspects of local energy development (partnership with local communities, local use of generated energy and profits put back into the local community) were consistently high across time, with support for local ownership at a slightly lower level, yet still high. Secondly, socio-demographical analyses indicated that personal factors such as respondents' age, gender and employment status were important in shaping several of these beliefs. Since UK renewable energy development has often been controversial and subject to delay, results suggest that the adoption of a locally embedded development approach by public and private sector stakeholders will be strongly supported by local people. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to existing industry best practice guidelines and recent policy initiatives.
While independently conducted polls suggest significant public support for wind energy, there are often objections to particular wind farm developments from the local population which can result in planning permission being declined and a restriction in the ability to meet renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction targets. The aim of the study was to determine whether the pre-construction opinions held by communities local to a wind farm change after an extended period following commissioning. Residents of St. Newlyn East, Cornwall, England, were asked to recall their opinions of Carland Cross wind farm in 1991 and 2006. Statistically significant changes in opinion were observed for attitudes regarding the wind farm's visual attractiveness and the importance of the energy security it provides. This study continues by exploring potential reasons for this in the context of recent literature on public attitudes towards renewable energy. The findings of this study support the proposals in the 2007 UK White Paper, Planning for a Sustainable Future, for community engagement early in the project process and for the requirement of infrastructure to be debated at the national level.
We surveyed more than 1,000 randomly sampled, out-of-state tourists at Delaware, USA beaches in 2007. After providing respondents with wind turbine project photo-simulations at several distances, we inquired about the effect development would have on visitation. Approximately one-quarter stated that they would switch beaches if an offshore wind project was located 10 km from the coast, with avoidance diminishing with greater distance from shore. Stated avoidance is less than: avoidance with a fossil fuel power plant located the same distance inland; attraction to a beach with offshore wind turbines; and the percentage stating they would likely pay to take a boat tour.
Abstract A spatial vector autoregressive model (SpVAR) is defined as a VAR which includes spatial as well as temporal lags among a vector of stationary state variables. SpVARs may contain disturbances that are spatially as well as temporally correlated. Although the structural parameters are not fully identified in SpVARs, contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients may be identified by weakly exogenous state variables. Dynamic spatial panel data econometrics is used to estimate SpVARs. The incidental parameter problem is handled by bias correction rather than more popular alternatives such as generalised methods of moments (GMM). The interaction between temporal and spatial stationarity is discussed. The impulse responses for SpVARs are derived, which naturally depend upon the temporal and spatial dynamics of the model. We provide an empirical illustration using annual spatial panel data for Israel. The estimated SpVAR is used to calculate impulse responses between variables, over time, and across space. Finally, weakly exogenous instrumental variables are used to identify contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients.
The American landscape reveals the extent to which our lives have become dependent on our own functional creations, for better or worse. The visible influence of technology is ubiquitous and nearly inescapable. Despite the predominance of technological creature comforts in everyday surroundings, we often seem uncomfortable in their presence. -after Author
The identification of areas valuable for the visual landscape plays an important role for the characterisation of cultural landscapes. The study evaluates the visual appearance of the landscape on the base of digital data for the model region "Uckermark-Barnim", initated by the research project "Area Requirements and Cultural Effects of Regenerative Energies". The classification and aggregation of the data in an automated GIS algorithm has led to a threestage ordinal scale of very valuable, valuable and average areas of visual landscape, verfied by in-situ checks. The GIS-supported evaluation brought acceptable results. The methods works particularly well for areas with a high-value visual landscape. For other regions, however, the methodology has to be adjusted in order to comply with the regional particuliarities. Generally the automated GIS-supported evaluation should be verified and supplemented "manually" in order to better consider regional peculiarities.
This chapter discusses the wind landscapes in the German milieu. The growth of wind energy in Germany has far outpaced that in any other country, with 1700MW added in 2000 alone, bringing the total generating capacity to nearly 6000 MW. The density of wind turbines on the landscape of Germany's most northern state is almost twice that in nearby Denmark. The chapter presents several case studies to consider the proper reaction to turbines within the context of Germany's aesthetic consciousness, political realities, and legal mandates. It explains how is electricity generated, how should it be generated in the future, how much electricity is really needed, and why. The wind plant is a local enterprise. A successful wind plant requires more than good wind resources and a good wind turbine design. A successful project requires a political framework with government-supported programs and inclusion in building statutes, local decision-making, and interested and involved people in the project locale.
This chapter discusses the role of wind energy on landscape. Although it is emerging into the fastest-growing energy resource in the world, wind has also been labeled a competitor. Despite its several attributes, it has been dogged by the criticism that it interferes with aesthetic values, changes the surroundings for comfort, and transforms natural landscapes into landscapes of power. Although wind power has provided the motive force for centuries, its large-scale application to generate electricity has occurred only in the past two decades. During that period this use has spread most quickly in Europe and the United States. The World Watch Institute has identified wind power as the world's most attractive renewable energy resource, and Greenpeace has launched a glitzy campaign to address global warming by encouraging the installation of thousands of wind turbines at sea off the coast of northern Europe. Denmark's energy minister Svend Auken announced at a global warming summit in Washington, D.C., that his small Scandinavian country would provide 50% of its electricity by 2030 with renewable energy, most of it from wind.
Wind power is growing in Sweden, but the high-level of opposition to turbine proposals has meant that many proposals are never realised. This opposition in a country that has a measured 74% support for wind power leads to questions being raised as to what is causing this opposition. Many have suggested that it is due to prevalent NIMBY attitudes; this, however, is only one factor affecting the public acceptance of turbines. The over-riding factor is the spatial distance between the costs incurred and the benefits derived from wind power. Perceived need for wind power, level of participation, individual considerations of visual impact and the amount to which the local community benefits determine the realisation of turbine proposals.
A choice experiment exercise is combined with psychometric scales in order: (1) to identify factors that explain support/opposition toward a wind energy development project; and (2) to assess (monetary) trade-offs between attributes of the project. A Latent Class estimator is fitted to the data, and different utility parameters are estimated, conditional on class allocation. It is found that the probability of class membership depends on specific psychometric variables. Visual impacts on valued sites are an important factor of opposition toward a project, and this effect is magnified when identity values are attached to the specific site, so much that no trade-off would be acceptable for a class of individuals characterized by strong place attachment. Conversely, other classes of individuals are willing to accept compensations, in form of private and/or public benefits. The distribution of benefits in the territory, and preservation of the option value related to the possible development of an archeological site, are important for a class of individuals concerned with the sustainability of the local economy.
The Tourist Gaze, Third Edition restructures, reworks and remakes the groundbreaking previous versions making this successful book even more relevant for tourism students, researchers and designers in the new century. The tourist gaze remains an agenda setting theory, incorporating new principles and research. Packed full of fascinating insights this new edition is fresh and contemporary, intelligently broadening its theoretical and geographical scope and providing a nuanced account which responds to various critiques.The book has been significantly revised to include up-to-date empirical data, many new case studies and fresh concepts. Three new chapters have been added which explore photography and digitization, embodied performances, risks, and alternative futures.Innovative and informative, this book is essential reading for all involved in contemporary tourism, leisure, cultural policy, design, economic regeneration, heritage and the arts.
a b s t r a c t There is a dichotomy in the view of wind farms among members of the public: on one hand, there is a desire for renewable energy sources, and on the other hand, there is a major concern about the visual impact of wind turbines used for power production. This concern for visual impact is a major factor in the reaction of the public to the development of new wind farms. Our study aims to objectify this influ-ence and to establish the factors that determine how people evaluate these structures. We tested the visual quality of landscapes in which these structures are to be placed, the number of structures and their distance from the viewer, and various characteristics of our respondents. We found that the physical attributes of the landscape and wind turbines influenced the respondents' reactions far more than socio-demographic and attitudinal factors. One of the most important results of our study is the sensitiv-ity of respondents to the placement of wind turbines in landscapes of high aesthetic quality, and, on the other hand, a relatively high level of acceptance of these structures in unattractive landscapes. Wind tur-bines also receive better acceptance if the number of turbines in a landscape is limited, and if the struc-tures are kept away from observation points, such as settlements, transportation infrastructure and viewpoints. The most important characteristic of the respondents that influenced their evaluation was their attitude to wind power. On the basis of these results, recommendations are presented for placing wind turbines and for protecting the character of the landscape within the planning and policy making processes.
We examine the impact of coastal wind turbines on coastal tourism and recreation for residents of the northern CAMA counties in North Carolina. A combination of telephone and web survey data are used to assess the impact of coastal wind farms on trip behavior and site choice. Most of the respondents to our telephone survey claim to support offshore wind energy development, and independent survey data suggest that the observed levels of support may be indicative of the broader population in this region. Overall, we find very little impact of coastal wind turbines on aggregate recreational visitation; loss in consumer surplus associated with wide spread wind development in the coastal zone is insignificant at 55 per household. On average, we find no evidence of aversion to wind farms 4 miles out in the ocean, or for wind farms located in coastal estuaries. For all wind farm scenarios, we find evidence of preference heterogeneity – some respondents find this appealing while others find it aversive.
An imperative factor in the identification suitable wind turbines locations and the subsequently development thereof is the general acceptance of the proposed wind turbines. In this perspective, the existing number of turbines is expected to be a driver of attitude. However, to date only a few studies have assessed the influence of the density of turbines in the residential area has on attitude. The present paper sheds light on this issue and finds that attitude towards existing turbines is negatively related with the number of turbines encountered on a daily basis. If the respondents see more than five on-land turbines, they are less positive. However, conditional of seeing more than 5 turbines a day, opposition does not increase with increasing turbine encounters. These results suggest that the general long-run threshold for opposition towards wind turbines is five turbines encounters per day.
This paper provides a survey of the existing literature on the specification and estimation of dynamic spatial panel data models, a collection of models for spatial panels extended to include one or more of the following variables and/or error terms: a dependent variable lagged in time, a dependent variable lagged in space, a dependent variable lagged in both space and time, independent variables lagged in time, independent variables lagged in space, serial error autocorrelation, spatial error autocorrelation, spatial-specific and time-period-specific effects. The survey also examines the reasoning behind different model specifications and the purposes for which they can be used, which should be useful for practitioners.
The impact of wind farms on the environment and subsequently on tourism is the subject of much heated debate. The research was concerned with making a robust quantitative assessment of the economic impact, to help resolve the debate and inform government policy on planning for renewable energy. In addition to a broad description of the intercept surveys and the advanced local economic models used to ascertain impact, the research details two novel elements; a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model for the analysis of the number of tourists and bed spaces exposed to wind farms and a large internet-based survey of the willingness to pay for landscape. The research found a very small but significant negative economic impact and, on the basis of the survey information, suggests ways of minimising this impact. Both GIS modelling and internet surveying were found to be extremely useful and, it is suggested, both should become standard tools for the tourism researcher. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This study integrates theories from tourism destination choice, advertising, and landscape aesthetics to examine how content of promotional visuals affects destination image construction and interpretation. Three iterative phases of visual stimuli selection, focus groups, and a questionnaire were used. Results of the study indicated three landscape perception elements and four dimensions of image were projected by visuals. Analyses of covariance results supported landscape perception elements as significant predictors of image. Familiarity with the destination was significant across all image dimensions. Focus group results associated destination familiarity with affective evaluation of visuals and lack of familiarity with cognitive evaluation. Implications are discussed for image theory, marketing practice, and future research.RésuméL'élément visuel de la formation de l'image de la destination. Cette étude intègre les théories due choix de destination touristique, de la publicité et de l'esthétique du paysage pour examiner comment la publicité visuelle affecte la construction et l'interprétation de l'image touristique. On utilise trois étapes fréquentatives: la sélection de stimuli visuels, les groupes de discussion et un sondage. L'étude identifie trois éléments de la perception du paysage et quatre dimensions de l'image. L'analyse des co-variants appuie l'importance de la perception du paysage et de la familiarité de la destination. Les groupes de discussion associaient la familiarité avec l'évaluation affective et la nouveauté avec l'évaluation cognitive. On discute les implications pour la théorie de l'image, le marketing et la recherche.
For most Dutch vacationers, going on holiday has become a ‘normal’ thing in their lives. This study attempts to find what that means for the way they decide on their vacation. If routinization occurs, how does it relate to factors such as the extensiveness of the decision-making process, the search for internal and external information and the (type of) destination selected? This paper presents the results of a qualitative study among 32 Dutch households, which is part of a larger research project on the routinization of vacation choice behavior of Dutch vacationers. It appears that the vacation decision-making processes of the interviewed households are much less extensive and far more routinized than described in the rational choice models. A limited or routine choice process entails a greater emphasis on an internal search for information. Furthermore, the results indicate that a domestic vacation in most cases required a less extensive decision-making process compared to a vacation abroad. The results however appear to be not always consistent, due to the fact that the extensiveness of the vacation choice process is influenced by several interacting factors. Factors related to both the type of vacationer and type of vacation play an important role. Policy makers and marketers can use these results in their communication and provision of services to the Dutch tourist.
This paper considers a spatial panel data regression model with serial correlation on each spatial unit over time as well as spatial dependence between the spatial units at each point in time. In addition, the model allows for heterogeneity across the spatial units using random effects. The paper then derives several Lagrange multiplier tests for this panel data regression model including a joint test for serial correlation, spatial autocorrelation and random effects. These tests draw upon two strands of earlier work. The first is the LM tests for the spatial error correlation model discussed in Anselin and Bera [1998. Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an introduction to spatial econometrics. In: Ullah, A., Giles, D.E.A. (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics. Marcel Dekker, New York] and in the panel data context by Baltagi et al. [2003. Testing panel data regression models with spatial error correlation. Journal of Econometrics 117, 123–150]. The second is the LM tests for the error component panel data model with serial correlation derived by Baltagi and Li [1995. Testing AR(1) against MA(1) disturbances in an error component model. Journal of Econometrics 68, 133–151]. Hence, the joint LM test derived in this paper encompasses those derived in both strands of earlier works. In fact, in the context of our general model, the earlier LM tests become marginal LM tests that ignore either serial correlation over time or spatial error correlation. The paper then derives conditional LM and LR tests that do not ignore these correlations and contrast them with their marginal LM and LR counterparts. The small sample performance of these tests is investigated using Monte Carlo experiments. As expected, ignoring any correlation when it is significant can lead to misleading inference.
A travel decision model is developed to assess the relationship between planning time and explanatory variables related to a specific trip. The determinants of planning time strongly suggest that there is a pattern of stable behaviors in the planning of a pleasure vacation. Higher levels of education extend planning time. Age and distance are positively correlated with planning time while familiarity and the use of a travel agent are negatively correlated with planning time.
In Germany, the first permits have now been issued for the construction of large-scale offshore wind farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This paper focuses on perceptions of the local seascape and the role of aesthetic seascape qualities in shaping local attitudes to offshore wind farming. Based on a survey of local residents in the districts of Dithmarschen and North Frisia, it shows that aesthetic seascape perception alone cannot account for local attitudes to offshore wind farming. Three main aspects seem to come together to determine these attitudes: deeply held convictions of the sea as a natural space, deeply held views of the local landscape and linked to this local identity, and also perceptions of renewable energies in combination with attitudes to issues such as climate change and sea level rise. The paper draws some conclusions on the future of the sea as a natural space or energy space.
The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse factors that are important for winning acceptance of wind-energy parks on the local level. The developers of wind-energy parks need to know how to manage “social acceptance” at the different stages of planning, realisation and operation. Five case studies in France and Germany focused on factors of success in developing a wind-energy project on a given site and illuminated how policy frameworks influence local acceptance. Our hypothesis is that these factors fall into two categories: institutional conditions, such as economic incentives and regulations; and site-specific conditions (territorial factors), such as the local economy, the local geography, local actors, and the actual on-site planning process (project management).
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