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Gone with the wind? The impact of wind turbines on tourism demand
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
... Moreover, these studies have exhibited significant heterogeneity in the factors affecting tourists' acceptance of RE installations. For example, there have been papers analyzing the impact of RE Installation size and location (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa, & Kastenholz, E. 2015;Lilley et al., 2010;Molnarova et al., 2012;Ó lafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Teisl et al., 2018;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the visual impact of RE project on landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Voltaire and Koutchade, 2020), the density/quantity of RE installations in a destination (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2012;Molnarova et al., 2012), the type of RE installations (Frantál and Kunc, 2011;Frantál et al., 2017), destination attributes or the type of landscape (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;De Sousa and Kastenholz, 2015;Molnarova et al., 2012), place attachment (Ólafsdóttir and Saeþórsdóttir and Ó lafsdóttir, 2020;Š treimikienė et al., 2022;Tverijonaite et al., 2019;Vaske and Kobrin, 2001). ...
This review paper explores the acceptance of renewable energy (RE) installations and projects, focusing on the perspectives of local residents and tourists. While previous research has extensively examined community acceptance of RE, limited attention has been given to tourists' acceptance in tourist destinations. Despite extensive research, significant gaps persist, particularly regarding tourists' acceptance of RE installations. The paper stresses the need to identify the determinants of tourists' acceptance and advocates for further investigation comparing residents' and tourists' reactions to RE projects in tourism destinations. It also emphasizes the importance of incorporating new theories and interdisciplinary approaches into future studies. By offering an overview of existing research and providing guidance for future inquiry, this review paper contributes to the body of knowledge on RE acceptance. It underscores the necessity of comprehensively examining the acceptance of both local residents and tourists to ensure sustainable development and the integration of RE projects in tourism destinations.
... While wind turbines' importance for the transition towards more environmentally friendly energy production is not questioned, a heated debate emerged around their distribution in space and the local conflicts they induce (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Voigt, Lehnert, Petersons, Adorf, & Bach, 2015). In addition, wind turbines impact landscape aesthetics. ...
... This also applies when places are linked to personal familiarity, tradition, and cultural significance, giving rise to continuity preference (van Veelen & Haggett, 2017). All this may translate into tangible effects such as identifiable reductions in house price values (Gibbons, 2014;Riddington, McArthur, Harrison, & Gibson, 2010) and tourism demand (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Kipperberg et al., 2019). ...
... In Germany, wind availability is relatively concentrated in a few (usually close to the coast) locations. This is also where wind turbines concentrate in space and where most adverse effects materialize (Broekel & Alfken, 2015). One might expect that perceptions of spatial imbalance or "spatial injustice" related to wind turbines correlate with the distribution of wind turbines in space ( e.g., Devine-Wright, 2005). ...
... There is also bound to be incompatibility between climate policies, such as the construction of wind turbines, and tourism, which is frequently proposed as a solution in lagging-behind regions in European Smart Specialisation strategies (for example, Di Cataldo et al., 2022;Komninos et al., 2014). Research has confirmed that wind turbines are often negatively related to tourism demand (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Heavy industry and the transportation of goods are also set to experience a considerable overhaul. ...
... There is already evidence that the adoption of measures to save the planet is generating a backlash-a sort of 'green' discontent-in vulnerable regions (Arndt et al., 2023;Broekel and Alfken, 2015). The revolt of the gilets jaunes has, in part, been triggered by the drive by the French state to combat climate change (Martin and Islar, 2021). ...
The impacts of climate change are unevenly distributed across territories. Less is known about the potential effects of climate policies aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of climate change while transitioning economies towards low-carbon standards. This paper presents an analytical framework for identifying and assessing the regional impacts of the green transition. We develop a Regional Green Transition Vulnerability Index, a composite measure of the regional vulnerability of European regions to the socio-economic reconfigurations prompted by the green transition. The index brings to light strong regional variations in vulnerability, with less developed, peri-urban and rural regions in Southern and Eastern Europe more exposed to the foreseeable changes brought about by the green transition. We also draw attention to the potential rise of pockets of growing ‘green’ discontent, especially if the green transition contributes, as is likely to be the case, to leaving already left-behind regions further behind.
... The changing character of a place is an important matter to address in research and planning because place bonding is foundational to the preservation of community social fabric (Plieninger et al., 2015) and directly impacts a community's engagement with its landscape (Altman & Low, 1992). Concerns about RET are particularly palpable in rural areas that benefit from the quality and aesthetic experience of their landscape (Broekel & Alfken, 2015; Olafsd ottir & Saep orsd ottir, 2019). Much of the opposition to RET development relates to the negative impacts of its infrastructure on environments that provide people with valued experiences that improve their quality of life. ...
... RET infrastructure has been extensively studied to establish the perceptual and attitudinal factors behind its acceptance or opposition amongst stakeholders. Opposition usually occurs when there is perceived threat to the quality and character of a place or when there are unacceptable environmental and health risks anticipated to stem from RET (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Klain, Satterfield, Sinner, Ellis, & Chan, 2018). Scholars identified factors that influence perceptions of RET, such as opportunities for local actors to participate in decision-making (Devine-Wright, 2011), perceived fairness during development (Bidwell, 2017), and fair distribution of costs and benefits (Klain et al., 2018). ...
Renewable energy technologies are expanding in rural landscapes, where they are changing the character and meaning of place. This study explores the experience of living and recreating in proximity to landscapes undergoing this development, namely in a Swedish municipality where a major wind park is located. Using place attachment, it addresses how people construct meaning around places of everyday life through stories of their experience of place. Results show that individuals form coherent narratives of the past, present and future of places undergoing transformation. Stories of experiences of renewable energy technology and their impact on landscape relate to persisting feelings of rootedness, changing land-use activities and hope for a sustainable future. Place attachments are a form of social action as their formulation enables people to deal with change and embrace discourses of sustainability. Results highlight the discourses and practices that rural dwellers adopt in the wake of renewable energy transitions.
... These studies provided mixed results for whether a wind farm would dissuade or attract visitors to an area". • "With relative consistency, researchers find that stakeholder concerns about visual impacts of offshore wind farms decrease as distances of the wind farm from shore are increased [14][15][16][17][18]. There is some evidence that frequent visitors to an area may be most concerned about potential wind farms, based on their desire to preserve natural or pristine settings [15,16]. ...
... There is some evidence that frequent visitors to an area may be most concerned about potential wind farms, based on their desire to preserve natural or pristine settings [15,16]. Researchers stress that tourists are not a singular group, and that their attitudes towards wind farms are influenced by personal factors, beliefs about renewable energy and the environment, and motivations for tourism and perceptions about the landscape [17][18][19]. There is also evidence that wind farms can attract tourists or revitalize tourism sectors [20,21]". ...
The article examines the nature of impacts of the rapidly growing Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) industry on tourism and recreation in coastal communities, especially in the UK. The multi-methods research approach includes reviews of literature, content of OWF Environmental Statements (ESs) for predicted impacts, recent practice for actual impacts, and the use of mitigation and enhancement measures. Findings from literature indicate that the overall impact on tourism appears relatively benign, and sometimes positive. The UK ES review identified tourism as an important topic, identifying mostly no/negligible predicted negative impacts, and some examples of predicted positive impacts. There is limited use of enhancement measures, including visitor centres and boat trips, and a previously under-reported use of developer community benefits funding for local area recreation and tourism facilities. Recommendations include early engagement with the community, developer long-term commitment to mitigation and enhancement measures, plus monitoring of tourism and recreation impacts over time.
... Statistics show that the tourism income of coastal cities accounts for more than 60% of the total tourism income of coastal provinces (Liu et al., 2017). However, plenty of evidence shows that wind turbines negatively affect tourism demand as they negatively affect the visual aesthetics of landscapes (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Ó lafsdóttir and Dóra Saeþórsdóttir, 2019;Smythe et al., 2020). In addition, the warm and humid climatic conditions in the coastal areas serve as ideal and important migration routes for multiple bird species (Xu et al., 2020;Zang et al., 2017). ...
... This method may lead to some uncertainties because the actual interactions between RE deployment and ES provisioning are complex and diverse. For example, a new finding shows that solar energy deployment in deserts can negatively impact biodiversity (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Grodsky and Hernandez, 2020). Although an expert consultation can partially reduce such uncertainty, additional in-depth studies on the sophisticated mechanisms underlying the ecological impacts of RE deployment are warranted. ...
Deploying renewable energy (RE) technologies has been acknowledged as an effective way of mitigating the pressure from increasing energy-related carbon emissions. However, evidence shows that RE deployment frequently leads to the loss and degradation of multiple ecosystem services (ES). Therefore, a sustainable RE deployment scheme should proactively identify and manage the potential trade-offs between RE production and ES provisioning. This study proposed a practical RE siting framework that integrates ES considerations (named as IES framework), and formulated a novel method that integrates Geographic Information Systems, fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Slacks-based Measure to implement this framework. Then, the suitability of wind farm sites in coastal China was evaluated and mapped using the IES framework. Results show that the suitable locations for wind farms in this region were mainly distributed in the provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, and Jiangsu. Avian habitat and cultural ES were identified as the two services most vulnerable to wind farm deployment. A suitability map of wind farm siting in coastal China was created. Results prove that the proposed IES framework and the corresponding integrated method can effectively evaluate the trade-offs between RE production and ES provisioning and can be easily extended to guide the site selection for other REs, such as biomass, photovoltaic, and hydroelectric energy.
... Furthermore, the acceptance of WT has side effects that we must discuss. The effect of WT on landscape attractiveness is highly ambiguous, even though tourists seem to prefer less artificial landscapes [46]. ...
... The second essential data set this study used contained information on WT. The locations of the WT came from the proven reliable [46,65] secondary dataset of the German Society for Solar Energy e.V. [64], with data based on the freely available publication of the four transmission system operators in Germany. It is the only available dataset showing the actual location of (nearly) all WT in Germany. ...
This study analyzes the formation and spatial structure of anti-wind-farm citizens' initiatives (CIs) as a result of the development of wind turbine generators (WT) in Germany over the last three decades. It offers a novel, spatiotemporal view of the intensely discussed tension between WT and citizens' perceptions of them. Using a new dataset and employing survival models, the study explores for the first time the co-development of WT and anti-wind initiatives, considering a wide range of regional socioeconomic factors and multiple periods. The results confirm a rapidly growing dynamic of the establishment of local opposition, which the magnitude of locally existing WT and proximity to established anti-wind farm initiatives strongly drives.
... For example, frequent visitors may have a significant bond to the landscapes where they recreate and be alarmed by the disturbances created by energy development. Broekel and Alfkan [22] suggest this may explain reduced tourism demand in rural areas of Germany that host wind farms. However, Frantál and Kunc [23] conclude that, if sited appropriately, onshore wind farms can have minimal impact on tourism; people with an interest in technology may even be attracted to an area by wind turbines [24][25][26]. ...
... In contrast to this "constructed" view of tourists, tourists and recreationists are not a homogeneous group. Research indicates that their attitudes toward wind farms are shaped by diverse factors including tourism and recreation motivations, beliefs about renewable energy and the environment, feelings about and experience with the place and the landscape itself, personal attributes, and other factors [22,35,43,48,49]. The distinction between tourism and recreation was once shaped by the focus of recreation on local, outdoor, non-commercial activities, but Hall and Page [50] note that integrated research on these activities is now needed in part because new forms of tourism, such as nature-based tourism and ecotourism, blur this distinction. ...
Despite the growth of offshore wind energy and concerns that projects will harm tourism and recreation, there is a lack of empirical research on the effects of operating wind farms on tourism and recreation. The existing literature tends to treat tourists and recreationists as a monolithic group, focused almost entirely on beachgoers. Further, research regarding offshore wind energy and tourism puts forth a narrow conception of tourists, concerned primarily with a natural seascape. The 30-MW Block Island Wind Farm, the first offshore wind farm in the United States, is located offshore an iconic tourism destination and provides a laboratory for understanding interactions between offshore wind energy and the tourism and recreation sectors. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study through which tourism and recreation professionals and participants met in focus groups to discuss experiences with and observations of this project. Analysis revealed diverse viewpoints and largely positive encounters; though, some negative impacts were identified, and participants weighed project costs and benefits. Perspectives were shaped, in part, by experiences with the planning process. Visual impacts were a major concern; however, most participants described the project’s appearance in neutral or positive terms. Overall, the wind farm is functioning as an attractant, either as a novel sight or as a recreational fishing destination. Participants felt the wind farm should be promoted for tourism but cautioned that interest may be short-lived and there may be less support for larger offshore developments. Findings support tourism and recreation sector engagement throughout offshore wind project planning and operation.
... Using spatial panel regression, the relationship between wind turbines and tourism demand in 2015 was analyzed. The results showed that wind turbines have a negative relation with tourist demand for the northern regions of Germany close to the North and Baltic Seas (Broekel and Alfken 2015). Viewing wind projects located on sensitive and historic landscapes requires the same kind of analyses for aesthetic impact; nevertheless, appropriate expert guidance is required in this aspect (Jaber 2014). ...
... In Germany, a study was conducted to determine the relationship between wind turbines and demand for tourism. The results show a negative correlation, which is particularly bad news for Germany, especially the northern regions (Broekel and Alfken 2015). Overall, three-quarters of tourists consider wind farms to have a positive or neutral impact on the landscape in Scotland with 39% being positive about wind farms, 36% being neutral, and 25% were negative includ-ing10% whose reaction was strongly negative (Glasgow Caledonian University 2008). ...
The transition from fossil fuel to a green economy has led to the rise of renewable energy sources. Wind energy stands out because it is free, clean, inexhaustible, has the capacity to generate greater power, and has lower energy costs. From local to global scales, the environmental effects of wind power are frequently positive, in contrast to the negative impacts associated with fossil fuel technologies. These include air pollution, climate change, health risks, high mortality rates, especially in infants, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, all energy sources have an impact on the environment and the economy including wind energy. With the rapid growth of wind energy over the last decade and the future potential of wind power generation, strategic assessment of these environmental and economic impacts, both positive and negative, and developing ways to mitigate these negative impacts are prerequisite operations to be carried out in the overall development of human-, economically- and ecologically-friendly wind energy.
... We decided to work with a radius instead of administrative region borders (e.g. NUTS3) because wind turbines are often deployed at the borders of such regions (Broekel and Alfken, 2015) and we expect producers to have an effect on the deployment in neighboring regions as well. Moreover, we introduce a time lag of 5 years, that is we count the producers that entered the market at least 5 years before the observed deployment. ...
... On the other hand, if several wind turbines already exist, citizens might prefer to prevent the installation of further wind turbines, leading to longer planning times. The chosen distance is in line with the current literature (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). ...
This article contributes to and connects the literature on spatial innovation diffusion, entrepreneur-ship, and industry life-cycles by disentangling the relevance of local demand and supply in the adoption of wind energy production. More precisely, we evaluate the strength of local supply-push effects with those of local demand-pull over the course of the evolution of an industry and its main product evolution. By using Bayesian survival models with time-dependent data of wind turbine deployment and firm foundation for 402 German regions between the years 1970 and 2015, we show that the spatial evolution of the German wind energy industry was more strongly influenced by local demand-pull than local supply-push processes. New producers are found to emerge in proximity to existing local demand for wind turbines. No evidence was found for producers being able to create local demand for their products by pushing the adoption of the technology in their regions.
... Frantál & Kunc, 2011;Johansson & Laike, 2007;Ladenburg & Dubgaard, 2007;Pasqualetti et al., 2002;Smardon & Pasqualetti, 2016;Wolsink, 2007aWolsink, , 2007bWolsink, , 2010 point out that the most important factor determining social acceptance of renewable energy is to minimize its visual impact. Numerous studies (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Frantál & Kunc, 2011;Frantál & Urbánková, 2017;Johansson & Laike, 2007;Pasqualetti et al., 2002;Saeþórsdóttir, Ólafsdóttir, & Smith, 2017;Smardon & Pasqualetti, 2016;Wolsink, 2007aWolsink, , 2010) also indicate that wind farms diminish the quality of the natural landscape for nature-based tourism. Consequently, conflicts between wind power development and nature-based tourism, which generally owes its bu. ...
... According to much research the main reason for the opposition to wind farms is people's concern that the quality of the natural landscape will diminish (Devine-Wright & Howes, 2010;Frantál & Kunc, 2011;Johansson & Laike, 2007;Ladenburg & Dahlgaard, 2012;Ladenburg & Dubgaard, 2007;Pasqualetti et al., 2002;Smardon & Pasqualetti, 2016;Suškevičs et al., 2019;Wolsink, 2000Wolsink, , 2007aWolsink, , 2007bWolsink, , 2010. It has been shown (Broekel & Alfken, 2015;Devine-Wright, 2009) that some tourists change their travel pattern and even stop visiting an area after wind farm development, that is if the area does not provide them with the experience they are seeking. Other research (Eltham, Harrison, & Allen, 2008;Frantál & Kunc, 2011), however, show that while some tourists stop visiting an area containing a wind farm, it might attract other visitors to the area. ...
To counteract the threat of global warming, many nations have resorted to increasing their use of renewable energy sources, wind farms being among the most popular. The greatest obstacle when it comes to the acceptance of wind farms is their visual impact. Recently, tourism has become Iceland's largest export sector, the country's natural landscape being the main attraction for visitors. This paper attempts to compare the perception of residents and tourists towards wind energy production in general and towards Iceland's first proposed wind farm, to be located at the edge of the country's uninhabited interior Central Highlands. The study is based on a questionnaire survey conducted among residents living adjacent to the proposed wind farm and among tourists travelling through the proposed area. The results indicate that residents are more positive than tourists towards wind turbines and consider them less intrusive in the landscape. Hence, the location of Iceland's first wind farm at the main gateway into the country's Central Highlands is problematic and likely to disturb the experience of tourists passing through the area. Despite the wealth of wind in Iceland it might be challenging to utilize it for energy production due to the importance of nature-based tourism for the economy. If Iceland becomes a physical exporter of renewable energy, it may be expected that more pressure will be set on the construction of wind farms. Thereby nature-based tourism and wind energy would be in direct competition over land use.
... Apart from direct negative effects on human ecology (Scherhaufer et al. 2017) people might simply be annoyed by a wind farm that spoils the landscape character, causes visual intrusions (D'Souza and Yiridoe 2014), reduces the quality of the recreational area (Broekel and Alfken 2015;Frantál and Kunc 2011) and on top of that generates unpleasant noise. Rand and Hoen (2017) found in their review that sound and visual impacts strongly tie to annoyance and in further consequence opposition. ...
... Energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism might even be a strategic tool to rebrand the image and to strengthen the competitive potential of the region (Frantál and Urbánková 2017). However, high acceptance should not be taken for granted, especially with an increasing number and size of wind turbines on the mountain ridges that are clearly visible even from a very great distance (Broekel and Alfken 2015). Moreover, one needs to be aware of the fact that the construction of wind power plants in the mountains always requires access to the construction site with large trucks in order to transport the turbines and other components. ...
Large-scale wind power projects are one of the bearers of hope for a transition toward low-carbon electricity systems. The question of social acceptance of such projects near residential areas, or acceptance of the technology in general, has received significant attention in the scientific literature. Less attention has been placed on acceptability of wind farms in sparsely inhabited mountain areas; the focus of this paper therefore is on acceptance of wind farms in the Austrian Alps from the perspective of tourists and day trippers. We conducted a quantitative survey with visitors of alpine regions (n = 137) in proximity to recently constructed wind farms and identified drivers of (non-)acceptance by means of bivariate correlations and multiple linear regressions. Results indicate a high acceptance of wind technology in general and fairly high acceptance for the existing projects. Acceptance levels, however, are slightly, but significantly lower when respondents were asked to rate acceptability of wind farms in the Alps in general. Perceived benefits and reliability of wind power is the strongest predictor variable for higher acceptance levels, while annoyance through visual impact and noise is the strongest predictor variable for lower acceptance levels. Interestingly, factors like degree of information, concern regarding environmental impacts, trust in decision makers and climate change concern do not significantly affect acceptance levels. At the moment, no major opposition to wind power can be identified among tourists. Policy makers therefore should emphasize benefits of wind farms, as respective perceptions are a main predictor for acceptance. Operators should take annoyance concerns seriously, as this factor is predominant in predicting non-acceptance.
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... Several studies [38,[43][44][45][46] point out that the main reason for the disapproval of wind farms is the apprehension that perceived quality of the landscape will diminish. Several studies [47,48] point out that travelers sometime stop visiting a tourist destination after wind farm construction. On the other hand, a new segment of tourists sometimes starts to visit an area after the development of power plant, as energy infrastructure can be an attraction for some, while associated roading can make access easier [43,49]. ...
... The Icelandic situation has the potential to be particularly instructive with respect to issues of energy infrastructure development because of the concerns over the perspective of a temporary non-resident population-the tourist, and their response to sustainable energy development related environmental change. The paper therefore builds on the limited previous research on tourism perceptions of the acceptability of energy infrastructure in areas with high scenic values [19,47,53,55] by examining the attitudes of tourism operators and business people rather than the tourists themselves. This is also significant because the tourism businesses enable the accessibility of many individual tourists to peripheral area locations and determine their movement both within the landscape and in the wider regional context. ...
The Icelandic economy has transitioned from being dependent on fishing and agriculture to having tourism and refined aluminum as its main exports. Nevertheless, the new main industries still rely on the country’s natural resources, as the power intensive industry uses energy from rivers and geothermal areas whereas tourism uses the natural landscape, where geysers, waterfalls and thermal pools are part of the attraction to visitors. Although both industries claim to contribute to sustainability they utilize the same resources, and land-use conflicts can be expected, illustrating the contestation that can occur between different visions and understandings of sustainability. This paper focuses on the attitudes of Icelandic tourism operators towards power production and proposed power plants using data from questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Results show that the majority of Icelandic tourism operators assume further power utilization would be in conflict with nature-based tourism, and they are generally negative towards all types of renewable energy development and power plant infrastructure. Respondents are most negative towards transmission lines, reservoirs and hydro power plants in the country’s interior Highlands. About 40% of the respondents perceive that existing power plants have negatively affected tourism, while a similar proportion think they had no impact. According to the respondents, the two industries could co-exist with improved spatial planning, management and inter-sectoral cooperation.
... Aesthetic and environmental impacts from wind power may be unevenly distributed, thus adding to aspects of distributive injustice, but they are also related to procedural justice owing to the information gaps and top-down decision making that may precede the construction of wind farms (Warren et al., 2005;Meireles et al., 2013;Hall et al., 2013;Ottinger et al., 2014;Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Langer et al., 2016;Scherhaufer et al., 2017). Warren et al. (2005, p.872), for instance, emphasized that maintaining "valued landscapes" helped inspire wind farm opposition. ...
... Another respondent claimed that the wind farms represent "another sight for tourists to see on buggy rides" (respondent 26). Although scholars have reported in China that tourists were attracted to wind farms for various reasons (Liu et al., 2016), a negative relationship between wind farms and tourism was reported in Germany (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). We did not interview Brazilian tourists, therefore, it is not clear whether they are motivated by concerns for technology and renewable power. ...
Energy planners predict that in Brazil wind power will increase from 13.19GW in 2018 to 28.47GW in 2026.
Conflicts focused on wind farms are appearing in Brazil, but thus far a justice perspective has not been applied to
analyze conflicts. Increasingly, wind power acceptance is positively associated with several concerns regarding
procedural and distributive justice, but empirical descriptions of how social actors interpret these concerns is in
early stages. Identification of issues influencing acceptance is necessary to devise policies to facilitate wind
power diffusion. This paper uses Q-method to determine empirically four factors or social perspectives in a
coastal community in Rio Grande do Norte state: (1) Questioning Wind Power Benefits; (2) Wind Farm Boosters;
(3) Compensated by Power and (4) Questioning Wind Farm Processes. Procedural and distributive justice
concerns, especially the distribution of perceived benefits and negative impacts of wind farms and critiques of
the decision-making processes, structure these social perspectives. Identification of social perspectives may
improve decision-making process capacity for procedural and distributive justice.
... Aesthetic and environmental impacts from wind power may be unevenly distributed, thus adding to aspects of distributive injustice, but they are also related to procedural justice owing to the information gaps and top-down decision making that may precede the construction of wind farms (Warren et al., 2005;Hall et al., 2013;Ottinger et al., 2014;Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Langer et al., 2016;Scherhaufer et al., 2017). Warren et al. (2005, p.872), for instance, emphasized that maintaining "valued landscapes" helped inspire wind farm opposition. ...
... Another respondent claimed that the wind farms represent "another sight for tourists to see on buggy rides" (respondent 26). Although scholars have reported in China that tourists were attracted to wind farms for various reasons (Liu et al., 2016), a negative relationship between wind farms and tourism was reported in Germany (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). We did not interview Brazilian tourists, therefore, it is not clear whether they are motivated by concerns for technology and renewable power. ...
High penetration of renewable power requires technical, organizational, and political changes. We use Q-method, a qualitative–quantitative technique, to identify and analyze views held by key actors on challenges for large-scale diffusion of wind power in Ceará State, Brazil, an early leader in wind power with 2.05 GW installed capacity. Four quantitatively determined social perspectives were identified with regard to views on challenges for wind power expansion: (1) failing because of the grid; (2) environmental challenges; (3) planning for wind, and (4) participating in wind. Each social perspective emphasizes a different array of barriers, such as cost of new transmission lines, transformation of a hydro-thermal mental model, predictive capacity for wind energy, and the need for participatory forum. Understanding the subjective views of stakeholders is a key first step in eventually reducing these barriers to renewable power penetration through diverse policy interventions.
... Aesthetic and environmental impacts from wind power may be unevenly distributed, thus adding to aspects of distributive injustice, but they are also related to procedural justice owing to the information gaps and top-down decision making that may precede the construction of wind farms (Warren et al., 2005;Meireles et al., 2013;Hall et al., 2013;Ottinger et al., 2013;Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Langer et al., 2016;Scherhaufer et al., 2017). Warren et al. (2005, p.872), for instance, emphasized that maintaining "valued landscapes" helped inspire wind farm opposition. ...
... Another respondent claimed that the wind farms represent "another sight for tourists to see on buggy rides" (respondent 26). Although scholars have reported in China that tourists were attracted to wind farms for various reasons (Liu et al., 2016), a negative relationship between wind farms and tourism was reported in Germany (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). We did not interview Brazilian tourists, therefore, it is not clear whether they are motivated by concerns for technology and renewable power. ...
Energy planners predict that in Brazil wind power will increase from 13.19 GW in 2018 to 28.47 GW in 2026. Conflicts focused on wind farms are appearing in Brazil, but thus far a justice perspective has not been applied to analyze conflicts. Increasingly, wind power acceptance is positively associated with several concerns regarding procedural and distributive justice, but empirical descriptions of how social actors interpret these concerns is in early stages. Identification of issues influencing acceptance is necessary to devise policies to facilitate wind power diffusion. This paper uses Q-method to determine empirically four factors or social perspectives in a coastal community in Rio Grande do Norte state: (1) Questioning Wind Power Benefits; (2) Wind Farm Boosters; (3) Compensated by Power and (4) Questioning Wind Farm Processes. Procedural and distributive justice concerns, especially the distribution of perceived benefits and negative impacts of wind farms and critiques of the decision-making processes, structure these social perspectives. Identification of social perspectives may improve decision-making process capacity for procedural and distributive justice.
... Consistent with the scholarship of Smythe et al. (2020) and others (Broekel and Alfken, 2015;Ladenburg, 2009;Westerberg et al., 2015), as well as the anthropology of tourism (Boissevain and Selwyn, 2004;Hall and Page, 2014), this article portray tourists as people of diverse values and beliefs, with various motivations for visiting particular destinations. This work investigates the relationships between broader values and beliefs, as well as personal experience with the development, with tourists' attitudes towards the Block Island Wind Farm. ...
... On the other hand, there are different physical aspects of the technologies that create people's argumentations and opinions. For example, the impact on the landscape causes visual intrusions (e.g., [51]) and reduces the quality of the recreational area (e.g., [52]). The effects on wildlife have also been the reason for great criticism, as well as the construction on the local environment as on land use (e.g., [53]). ...
Renewable energy development is a widely and intensively discussed topic, though it is still unclear which exactly variables may influence people's evaluation of the phenomenon. There is a need to study the general public's knowledge, emotions, and cognitions linked to energy technologies especially in the context of advanced inventions. Social media is a powerful communication tool which has a huge impact on studying public opinions. This study aims to describe linguistic connections through an analysis of 1500 Instagram posts, assuming and interpreting emotional and/or cognitive words. Using a socio-cognitive approach, this research explores the salient words under a set of pre-specified renewable energy technology (RET) hashtags. Building on the appraisal theories of emotions, this research investigates the coexistence of several energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal) and powerlines. The results showed the highest linguistic interconnection between solar and wind energy posts. Furthermore, powerlines were not linguistically connected to the RETs, as they are not included in the schema or not salient when people write posts about renewable energy. Solar, wind, and geothermal posts evoked more emotional and positive emotions than the other RETs and powerlines. Instead, biomass posts had a high frequency of cognitive processes and causal words. Powerline posts were linked to the words of risk, body, health, and biological process showing a great concern for health and perceived threat. These differences in the words used can be a guide to understanding peoples' reactions and communication for each of the energy sources. This study, taking both emotions and cognitions into account, explains different types of considerations towards energy projects.
... Previous studies have shown that when tourism demand in certain areas or regions declines due to the construction of REI, it is likely to increase in the neighboring areas or regions [11,15]. Therefore, it is important to plan REI developments in coordination with multiple municipalities [100], which are also likely to experience changes in tourism demand. This study furthermore revealed that in smaller countries relying on nature-based tourism, such as Iceland, construction of a renewable energy project might affect a significant part of the country, pointing to the need for holistic approaches to planning renewable resources. ...
Estimating the spatial extent of the impacts of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism is crucial for the identification of potential locations of resource use conflict. Such a task, however, is complicated and requires inclusion of social perceptions on the spatial extent of the impacts. This study investigates perceptions of the tourism industry in Iceland regarding the impact area of existing and proposed energy projects on tourism and analyses the factors affecting its size and shape. It is based on semi-structured interviews with tourism service providers, during which participants mapped their perceived impact areas using participatory mapping software. The results revealed that the reasoning affecting the perceived spatial extent of the impacts falls into three categories: visibility of renewable energy infrastructure and related environmental impacts; tourist mobility; and changes in tourism due to energy projects. Moreover, the impacts of the proposed energy projects were perceived as more negative compared to existing ones. Energy projects were considered less suitable in wilderness areas, which were defined by the tourism service providers as an important resource for nature-based tourism, but more acceptable in developed areas. Thus, the spatial extent of the impacts and the compatibility of renewable energy infrastructure with tourism highly depend on changes in place meanings and tourism processes brought by energy infrastructure as well as affected elements of tourism networks. This emphasizes the importance of including tourism stakeholder perceptions and knowledge into the early stages of energy planning to ensure sustainable development of both the tourism and energy industries.
... Data on arrivals are normally accessible in the country, whereas departures are usually accessible in the origination country. Tourist arrival data has the benefit of being independent of vacation extent when contrasted to overnight visits (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Tourism planning and policy choices are aided by forecasting visitor arrivals to a certain destination. ...
The Sri Lankan tourism industry contributes significantly to economic development through diversified mechanisms of revenue generation and for creation of employment opportunities. The tourism industry is volatile and easily affected by man-made or natural catastrophes: terrorism, financial crisis, and tsunamis. The racial dispute among Sri Lankan government forces and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, which started in the 1980s spanned over thirty years and adversely affected the development of the tourism sector. However, with the conclusion of the ethnic strife in 2009, tourism started to boom. The objective is to estimate and forecast tourist arrivals for the tourism industry from and evaluates against the actual, based on the number of visitor arrivals. Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) was used to model the visitor arrivals to Sri Lanka by evaluating the study period and have applied the Standard ARIMA model to achieve the research purpose. Monthly tourist arrival data obtained from the Sri Lankan Tourism Development Authority and diagnostic test statistics, including autocorrelation and partial correlation, were used to examine the parameters of ARIMA. The results revealed civil was has impacted on tourist arrivals and was further noted that terrorism affected tourist arrivals negatively. In addition, the findings showed that the forecasted tourist arrivals were substantially less than the actual, which indicated that the Sri Lankan tourism industry rebounced shortly after the three-decade long civil war. Hence, this analysis highlights the potential of the Sri Lankan tourism industry to recover rapidly from shock events. Moreover, it is advantageous for policymakers, academia, society, and the government of Sri Lanka to set up the national tourism framework and also align the crisis management process effectively.
... Contrary to expectations, the level of attachment to the Oostvoornse lake was not an important factor to explain support among recreationists, with only the measure of place dependence being statistically significant. While the concept of place attachment is particularly common to explore perceptions of local residents, some studies have shown that recreationists can also become strongly attached to recreational places and that landscape changes are perceived to disturb the bonds they have with those places [35,36]. In our case, the extent to which the pilot project disturbs placerelated bonds is likely to vary according to the type and frequency of activities recreationists engage in, and the perceived level of risk the project poses to these activities (e.g. the bonds of sporadic hikers and visitors of bars and restaurants may be less affected than those of frequent anglers and bird spotters). ...
Floating photovoltaics (FPV) is emerging as a promising renewable energy concept in which solar panels are installed on floating infrastructure to enable the production of renewable energy on water. While the body of knowledge on technical, financial and environmental aspects is expanding steadily, so far the societal implications of FPV remain largely unstudied. Here, we investigate public attitudes to a FPV pilot project at the Oostvoornse lake, the Netherlands. We conducted interviews with stakeholders to explore how the local community with high interest and involvement in the lake perceives the pilot project. Thereupon, we conducted a field survey with recreational users of the lake and carried out a random forest regression analysis to examine what factors shape recreationists' support or opposition. Interview results show that the diversity of stakeholders and their diverging use of the Oostvoornse lake leads to a broad variety of concerns about how the pilot project could affect their activities and interests. Particularly the uncertainty on possible impacts due to the newness of FPV was a reason for stakeholders to take a reluctant stance toward the pilot. In contrast, our quantitative results show that recreationists were highly supportive of the project, mainly due to their positive attitudes toward local authorities and the broader societal benefits the pilot project is perceived to generate. Landscape alteration was identified to be by far the most important objection, which indicates that negative implications from a recreation perspective could be largely accommodated through appropriate siting decisions or other measures that mitigate visibility.
... This is based on the spatial growth regression framework. Broekel and Alfken (2015) use spatial panel regression techniques, and determine that there is a negative relationship between wind turbines and tourism demand in cities close to the German coastline. In addition to spatial analysis, various regression methods have been applied to explain and predict tourists' length of stay (Santos, 2016;Van Berkel et al., 2014). ...
This study is intended to examine the relationship between tourist attractions (natural, cultural and historical) and tourist flows. In the study, secondary data for six provinces and 110 sub-provinces in the Southwestern Anatolia region of Turkey, visited by local and foreign tourists, are used. Four of these provinces have a coastline to the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean. In this context, overnight data of tourists for 110 sub-provinces and the printed and online materials and overnight data of tourists are used to identify attractions. In this study, mapping analysis, local and global Moran’s I, the classical regression and spatial regression models are benefited. Primarily, the spillover of attractions through maps and the distribution of tourist flows are presented in the study. When the relationship between tourist attractions and tourist flows are examined, the results of our analyses show that the Global Moran’s I value is 0.25 and that those 110 sub-provinces could be similar in terms of tourist flow. It was determined whether there is a global clustering based on Global Moran’s I value, and then the similar clusters, that is, similar sub-provinces in terms of tourist flow, were determined using the spectral clustering method. In addition, the neighborhood relationship and neighborhood interactions in terms of tourist flow are determined using local indicators of spatial analysis (LISA) alongside the Spectral Clustering Method. Finally, in the study field, the relationship between cultural, historical, and natural tourist attractions and tourist flow is explained using the classical regression model and the spatial regression model. The spatial-based models, especially the SEM, improve the model performance compared to the corresponding OLS model. In conclusion, it is found that there is a positive correlation between tourist flows and natural and historical attractions of the region, but a negative relationship between tourist flows and cultural attractions. Destination management implications are discussed.
... The acceptance of different RE systems by the population varies substantially [35,36] because each type of RE has different physical characteristics [37,38] and, consequently, differing impacts on particular localities [39]. While public attitudes to RE have been found to be generally positive in many countries [40,41], the physical presence of specific installations is often perceived rather negatively, or at least controversially [42]. ...
We aim to contribute to in-depth comprehension of the factors and preferences behind the reuses of large-scale underused or abandoned former collective farms from the 1950s–1980s for biogas plants and solar photovoltaic power plants. As a case study, three regions in the southern part of the Czech Republic have been selected. Our findings signal that the residents’ attitudes towards the mentioned energy sources are rather negative. Similarly, farmers’ interest in photovoltaic power plants is low. More interest has been detected in the case of biogas production; this is especially true for large agricultural companies and farmers, who own underused or abandoned premises. Biogas plants are frequently located in agricultural areas with warmer or just slightly colder climates as a consequence of the potential to process locally grown maize. On the other hand, photovoltaic power plants are found on more fertile plains with high levels of insolation, but, surprisingly, also in mountain regions which typically have low emissions. Both renewable energy solutions were found to be problematic as there is strong opposition to both types of installations among local inhabitants. This indicates the need for “soft” forms of planning. Stakeholder engagement and inclusive participation in all phases of the planning process are essential requirements for arriving at the best possible outcomes for the new renewable energy solutions and their acceptance by the public.
... These impacts include habitat displacement, ecosystem fragmentation, negative effects on recreational experiences and visual landscape amenities, and issues related to noise and light-, shadow-and ice-casting. In total, these externalities can reduce the well-being of local residents (e.g., Gibbons 2015;Krekel and Zerrahn 2017), lower the growth potential of other regional industries such as tourism and recreation (e.g., Brökel and Alfken 2015), and generally threaten non-use values associated with the protection of pristine nature (Krutilla 1967). 17 Electricity prices in Norway are affected by a number of demand and supply factors. ...
Sensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using the scope elasticity of willingness to pay concept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people’s preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.
... There are numerous studies about such effects on tourism, but with different results, so the evidence on local tourism effects remains mixed [13]. Some case studies establish negative impacts on local touristic appeal [29][30][31], while others detect negligible effects or enhanced attractiveness [32][33][34][35][36]. ...
In this study, we analyzed the external effects of wind turbines, which are often considered detrimental to the promotion of wind power generation. Understanding these externalities is essential to reaching a consensus with residents who live near the site of a planned wind turbine. Our research objective was to determine the relationship between wind turbines and people’s well-being in areas where they have been installed for a long time. We hypothesized that wind turbines would have a negative impact on people’s well-being. We conducted a survey by postal mail in Chōshi City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, to examine the external effects of wind turbines, adopting a subjective well-being index to measure respondents’ well-being. Regression analysis suggests that having a view of wind power turbines has a positive effect on the subjective well-being of local residents. Moreover, the results indicate that such well-being increases with increasing distance from the turbines. Except for scenic elements, we found that wind turbines are not always considered desirable by residents. Therefore, it is important to further clarify the external influence of wind turbines and other facilities in local communities.
... Recently, significant concerns emerged about noise pollution from turbines and their visibility. Thus, as different sorts of renewable resources are employed, green energy production also varies with respect to its embeddedness into landscapes 5 . The landscape heritage in Molise is exposed to serious risk of modification or even cancellation ( Fig. 2) due to the indiscriminate establishment of wind farms (WFs), encouraged by public incentives; the National Energy and Climate Plan involves the tripling of wind power in the region in next years. ...
In recent years the quest for green energy has led to a massive growth of renewable energy production and the installation of onshore wind turbines (WT) has increased worldwide. Besides the well-known benefits of a global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, their use is related to some local environmental problems such as bird mortality, land-use and shadow flickers. Recently, significant concerns emerged about noise pollution from turbines and their visibility. Thus, as different sorts of renewable resources are employed, green energy production also varies with respect to its embeddedness into landscapes. The landscape heritage in Molise is exposed to serious risk of modification or even cancellation due to the indiscriminate establishment of wind farms (WFs), encouraged by public incentives; the recent National Energy and Climate Plan involves the tripling of wind power in the region in next years. In Molise, major concerns about how WFs influence people's experience of landscapes' visual aesthetic values and the negative effects on tourism demand are surging. The planning of WT has aroused profound conflicts and disagreement both in the local and professional communities due to discussions on the significance and consequences of visual impact on heritage landscape.
... Tourism has been highlighted as an important economic sector by many interviewees (UC02, UC15, UC16, UC22) and 28% of the decision makers in the region 'strongly agree' that wind energy harms tourism (opposed to 5% in Oldenburg). Indeed, studies show that onshore wind affects local tourism slightly negatively in inland areas such as Uckermark-Barnim (Broekel and Alfken, 2015). Yet, some interviewees commented that wind energy could also bear potential for the tourism sector: ...
Legitimacy is a key function within Technological Innovation Systems (TIS), influencing the development and diffusion of novel technologies such as onshore wind energy. By combining insights from TIS and from organization studies, we provide theoretical and empirical underpinnings to 'legitimacy', a concept often defined superficially and mapped at an aggregate, national level. We add a spatial perspective by comparing dimensions of legitimacy between two heterogenous regions in Germany. They have similar diffusion trajectories of wind energy but differ in structural features (socio-economic factors and TIS elements). To capture place-specific institutions and dynamics influencing regional legitimacy, we focus on decision makers and their perception of the TIS. Even though politicians and civil servants are crucial for wind development in their constituent regions and are thus important contextual actors to the TIS, their perspective has been mostly neglected. Applying a comprehensive, mixed methods approach, we conducted an online survey among these decision makers and complemented the insights with qualitative expert interviews. Our analysis shows that pragmatic and moral dimensions of legitimacy are particularly susceptible to place-specific influences. These spatially sensitive insights have been missing from the debate on legitimacy so far and might inform policy directed at advancing technological legitimacy in certain regions.
... Furthermore, landscape and geology are the main focus of geotourism (Newsome and Dowling 2010), which is an important aspect for Geoparks to promote sustainable local economic development (UNESCO 2018a). Wind turbines placed within the field of sight of tourists may decrease their interest in the locality, affecting negatively the tourism demand (Broekel and Alfken 2015;Migoń and Pijet-Migoń 2017). ...
Installed onshore wind energy capacity is expected to increase throughout Germany to achieve the energy transition targets. The 16 National Geoparks cover approximately 13.6% of the country but are not a protection category, consequently, wind energy developments have been planned also within their boundaries. The visual impact of wind turbines on the landscape is the main concern behind the considerable opposition to wind energy implementation on regional and local scale. However, no study has quantified the extent and spatial distribution of areas susceptible to wind energy in Geoparks. Based on state-level wind energy regulations, this study mapped the areas with restriction to wind energy (taboo zones), as well as susceptible areas (white zones) which may conflict with landscape protection in Geoparks. The results showed that Geoparks are covered to a large extent by taboo zones, on average 5% more than the overall average of the 10 analyzed states. In addition, certain Geoparks are more susceptible to wind energy developments than others, depending on the state they are located. A sound zoning scheme to restrict wind energy in Geoparks could contribute to safeguard their most typical landscapes in a balanced way across Germany. Therefore, this study also tested four zoning schemes with increasing restrictions to wind energy (viewshed protection zones) and assessed them in terms of demand for land for conservation in case such schemes were implemented. Viewsheds of up to 2,500 m as hard-taboo zones and up to 5,000 m as soft-taboo zones from Geoparks’ viewpoints showed potential to cover continuous areas as viewshed protection zones, without compromising significantly the potential areas for wind energy expansion. Above all, this study offers the possibility to visualize a few scenario alternatives to be used as information in the decision-making process and possibly facilitate the discussion of planning options across stakeholders, experts and decision makers.
... Moreover, environmental aspects such as degradation Yu et al. 2019) or natural disasters (Pforr and Hosie 2009) are becoming increasingly relevant in tourists' choices. Energy projects tend to be widely opposed by tourists (and local communities) due to their visible effects on the landscape (Broekel and Alfken 2015;Frantál and Kunc 2011;Michel, Buchecker, and Backhaus 2015). Even off-shore wind generation of electricity, despite being an emission-free energy source, could affect the image of beaches and coastal towns (Regueiro-Ferreira and Villasante 2016). ...
The aim of this paper is to analyze empirically the effect that several kinds of risks, associated with hypothetical oil drillings in the Canary Islands, could have on the behavioral intentions of tourists. A panel survey collected from 639 nonresident tourists about destination image, risk perception, and intention to visit or recommend the islands. The risks associated with the possible oil extractions significantly harming perceived image and behavioral intention by around 43%, with the intention to recommend being more affected than the intention to revisit. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to develop a theoretical model following a recent trend integrating the destination image and risk literatures. Results highlight the key role of perceived risk in creating destination image and provides evidence of the mediating role of image between risk and behavioral intention. The affective image component has a greater impact on behavioral intention than the cognitive one. The outcomes of this study point out the importance, for destination marketers and policymakers, of mitigating the effects of the risk derived from oil drilling. Emphasis is placed on the importance of information and promotion campaigns in which the safety of the destination is remarked.
... In other words, the installed wind turbines need to be fit well to the existing landscape to be attractive and accepted by the society. On the contrary, if the installed wind turbines make the existing landscape rather unattractive where the place of attachment of wind turbines is not suitable, it would bring negative visual effects on the landscape and consequently induce negative effects on the acceptance of wind farm landscapes and tourism demand [73][74][75][76]. On top of that, the increasing energy demand in the tourism industry could create an opportunity for RE to contribute to the energy mix [72]. ...
The sustainable development of the energy sector through the implementation of renewable energy (RE) technology has been a primary concern for the government of Malaysia since the 1990s. Developing RE technology in rural areas is also one of the most important energy strategies. One of the most important requirements for the successful adoption of renewable energy technology is the public acceptance of this technology. This article examines the public acceptance of RE (wind and solar) technologies among rural residents in Mersing, Malaysia. This study is conducted in conjunction with the development of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system for the Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), which located in Mersing. To investigate the public acceptance of RE technologies, two surveys were conducted, before and after the installation of the hybrid wind–solar RE generation system. The findings revealed that RE innovations, such as wind and solar energy, were well known among 54.7% and 96.2% of the respondents, respectively, before and after the introduction of EKOMAR. The survey results showed that rural residents generally support RE technologies and EKOMAR RE projects. They were also in line that the use of RE should also be extended to other parts of Mersing, including wind and solar. These findings illustrate that EKOMAR has played a crucial role in educating local residents about RE, wind and solar energy in particular. Residents believe the government plays an important role, particularly in rural areas, in encouraging and enhancing RE technologies.
... The scale of wind turbines is so immense that wind farms can have economic impact miles from the farm. Broekel and Alfken [113] utilized spatial panel regression methods to discover a negative relationship between wind farms and tourism. This is especially concerning for countries where tourism accounts for a significant share of GDP. ...
This paper provides a structured literature review of the negative economic effects associated with the development of wind energy and synthesized the evidence at an abstract level. We then developed an analytical framework to systematically review economic issues such as volatility, electricity price, housing values, and unemployment in relation to wind energy. Global wind energy development data from the time period from 2000 through 2019 were included for a more robust analysis. This period encompasses the vast majority of total global installed wind energy capacity. After amalgamating evidence from existing studies and data banks, we discuss the policy implications, suggest avenues for future research, and propose solutions to mitigate externalities. By understanding the negative economic impact created by the expansion of wind energy, we can better equip policy makers and developers to create more efficient and sustainable energy policy to benefit citizens and preserve the environment for generations to come.
... These impacts include habitat displacement, ecosystem fragmentation, negative effects on recreational experiences and visual landscape amenities, and issues related to noise and light-, shadowand ice-casting. In total, these externalities can reduce the well-being of local residents (e.g., Gibbons, 2015;Krekel and Zerrahn, 2017), lower the growth potential of other regional industries such as tourism and recreation (e.g., Brökel and Alfken, 2015), and generally threaten non-use values associated with the protection of pristine nature (Krutilla, 1967). ...
Sensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using the scope elasticity of willingness to pay concept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people’s preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.
... Several authors have inquired the reasons of these types of protectionist attitudes against wind turbine placements in certain regions. Broekel and Alfken (2015) for example, mentioned the negative perceived perceptions against wind turbine placements due to their DOI interference with natural landscapes and touristic objectives. The authors mention there is a discrepancy of the presence of wind turbine placements and historical places, considered unfit to be in proximity to one another, thus, the need for consistency between the natural (original) and artificial environment. ...
In the past two decades wind energy has become one of the main sources of renewable energy used globally. With the expanding installments of wind turbines and wind parks, several issues have become apparent, especially in terms of closing in to human habitats, but also in terms of damages to the landscape, flora, fauna and other such issues. As more wind turbines are placed in order to achieve the global standards of renewable energy until 2020 and 2030 deadlines, a main issue of the NIMBY effect has also emerged, causing additional pressure on wind energy producers regarding placement, design, height and other elements of the wind turbines. The present study presents current public perceptions of Romanian residents on different placements of wind turbines, as the public becomes more aware of the new type of installments taking place today. Through the Delphi method based on interviews and questionnaires the study reveals current public perceptions and potential perspectives of the NIMBY effect in Romania. A main finding is that most respondents opposed placements of wind turbines in locations, such as residential areas, although wind turbines in Romania are generally placed in remote areas. This result reveals a public perception and consciousness regarding the protection of the human habitats against potential technological sources of discomfort, although renewable energy was perceived as a matter of interest for most participants. The relevance of the study lies in the novelty of the matter, as few studies have referred to NIMBY effects in Romania previously.
... That is, arrival data is usually available in the destination country while departure data is available in the origin country. The main advantage of tourist arrival data is that it is independent of the vacation length compared to overnight stays (Broekel & Alfken, 2015). Further, Neumayer (2004) found that the bivariate correlation between arrivals and the receipt is 0.91 indicating a very high correlation between the two. ...
In some developing countries, tourism-led growth strategy has been used to accelerate growth, generate employment opportunities and increase foreign exchange earnings. To maximise benefits from the tourism industry, appropriate policy decisions, infrastructure development and conducive business environments need to be developed. For that, accurate forecasting of international arrivals is vital. Tourism has been identified, as a driving force of post-war economic development in Sri Lanka. The main purpose of this study is to develop accurate forecasting models for total international arrivals in Sri Lanka and its top 10 source countries using SARIMA method. Monthly data from January 1984 to December 2016 was used as the training sample and data from January 2017 to December 2017 was used to evaluate the accuracy of the selected models. Results demonstrate that (a) achieving Sri Lankan Government’s forecast of four million tourist arrivals by 2020 is highly unlikely, (b) accurate forecasting is necessary for tourism strategies and planning, and (c) the SARIMA method provides accurate forecasts in the presence of seasonality. Finally, the findings in this study will be useful for government agencies and private establishments in the industry in their policy making, designing promotional campaigns, and planning infrastructure.
... Landscape as a visual entity is the dominant conceptualisation presented in the retrieved literature. Such a view focuses discussions on the visual influence of wind turbines as a distraction or improvement to the visual quality of a viewed area (Broekel & Alf ken 2015;Pedersen & Larsman 2008;Pedersen & Persson Waye 2004;Wolsink 2007aWolsink , 2007b. A secondary perspective on landscape, lifted in several studies, relates to perceptions, identity and attachment to place (Leibenath & Otto 2014;Maruyama, et al. 2007;Van Veelen & Haggett 2016). ...
This report, part of the Department of Urban and Rural development's report series at SLU, presents the findings of a liturature study on landbased wind energy. The report was
commissioned by the Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet). The aim
of the study was to gain a broad understanding of academic findings and discussions
relating to the placement of wind turbines in the landscape.
... Studies have shown that tourists perceive energy landscapes in different ways. While some visitors tend to avoid the areas where energy infrastructure is built, to others such infrastructure seems to become an attraction [48][49][50]. Frantál and Urbánková [51] described the interrelationships between tourism and energy from three perspectives. First, energy development can constrain nature-based tourism due to visual impacts and landscape degradation. ...
Increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy mix is of crucial importance for climate change mitigation. However, as renewable energy development often changes the visual appearance of landscapes and might affect other industries relying on them, such as nature-based tourism, it therefore requires careful planning. This is especially true in Iceland, a country rich in renewable energy resources and a popular nature-based tourism destination. The present study investigated the potential impacts on tourism of the proposed Hverfisfljót hydropower plant by identifying the main attractions of the area as well as by analyzing visitors’ perceptions, preferences and attitudes, and the place meanings they assign to the landscape of the area. The data for the study were collected using onsite questionnaire surveys, interviews with visitors to the area, open-ended diaries, and participant observation. The results reveal that the area of the proposed power plant is perceived as wilderness by its visitors, who seek environmental settings related to the components of a wilderness experience. Visitors were highly satisfied with the present settings and preferred to protect the area from development to ensure the provision of currently available recreational opportunities. The results further show that the proposed Hverfisfljót hydropower plant would reduce the attractiveness of the area to its visitors, degrade their wilderness experience, and therefore strongly reduce their interest in visiting the area. Moreover, the participants perceived the already developed lowlands of the country as more suitable for renewable energy development than the undeveloped highland areas, which is in line with the principles of smart practices for renewable energy development.
... S.). Windkraftanlagen können durch ihren landschaftsästhetischen Effekt den Tourismus beeinflussen(Broekel/ Alfken 2015). Das "Not-In-My-Backyard-Phänomen" (NIMBY) beschreibt, dass Personen zwar den generellen Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien unterstützen, jedoch ihren Ausbau in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung behindern (vgl.Kontogianni/Tourkolias/Skourtos et al. 2014). ...
Kurzfassung
Der Beitrag beantwortet zwei bislang kaum behandelte Fragen: Wie gut schöpfen deutsche Regionen ihr Potenzial zur Erzeugung regenerativer Energien aus und welche Faktoren beeinflussen diese Ausbaueffizienz? Mit dem neuartigen quantitativ-empirischen Konzept der Ausbaueffizienz wird das Ausmaß ermittelt, mit dem Regionen ihre natürlichen und sozioökonomischen Potenziale zur Erzeugung von Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt ausgeschöpft haben. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt unter Berücksichtigung der Energieträger Wind-, Solar- und Biogasenergie einen relativen Vergleich von Regionen, ihre Ausbaueffizienz über die Zeit sowie die Identifikation von Best-practice-Regionen. Mittels der innovativen Methodik werden deutsche Landkreise im Zeitraum 2000 bis 2014 verglichen. Dabei kommt eine robuste nichtparametrische Effizienzanalyse zum Einsatz, deren Ergebnisse durch qualitative Experteninterviews in ausgewählten Kreisen Niedersachsens validiert werden. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen große regionale Unterschiede in der Ausbaueffizienz sowohl zwischen Landkreisen als auch zwischen (Landkreisen in verschiedenen) Bundesländern. Auch bezüglich der Art der drei betrachteten regenerativen Energieträger unterscheiden sich die deutschen Landkreise erheblich. Die empirischen Befunde sind räumlich und zeitlich sehr differenziert und erlauben auch deshalb diverse lokal- und landespolitische Schlussfolgerungen. Insbesondere sollten Landkreise (und Bundesländer) mit bislang eher geringer Ausbaueffizienz von solchen mit hoher Ausbaueffizienz lernen. In der Breite können diese politischen Lerneffekte nachhaltig zum Gelingen der Energiewende beitragen.
... Most have considered a non-tourism-related project's perceived or potential impact on a destination's tourism demand. For example, Stefánsson, Saeþórsdóttir, and Hall (2017) studied the effects of electrical power lines on Icelandic tourism, and Broekel and Alfken (2015) considered the impact of wind turbines on German tourism demand. Consistently, such articles document the concerns of residents who contend that while such infrastructure projects may be necessary, they will have a negative effect on their community's tourism attractiveness and thus should be built elsewhere-a classic and rational expression of self-interest, with personal good taking precedence over societal good. ...
This research looks at the relationship between political libertarianism and personal self-interest, as informed by the concept of NIMBYism (not-in-my-backyard) that underlies much of the resident attitude toward tourism literature. Based on a comprehensive survey of more than 500 residents from Charleston, South Carolina, a city heavily dependent on tourism, the research determined, as the literature would predict, that general views toward tourism were highly dependent on where one lives. However, for specific tourism issues, one’s personal political views tended to trump geography. Application of theory and suggestions for tourism policy makers are provided.
Offshore wind power has grown significantly worldwide but the presence of wind farms can be problematic in tourism areas. Offshore wind farms affect tourism behaviors. This study was conducted to assess the extent to which individuals’ characteristics affect their acceptance of wind farm projects, tourism behaviors represented as trip intention and site substitution when the offshore wind turbines are deployed in the beach. Using a case of offshore wind farm projects in South Korea, study results show that individuals’ perceptions of wind energy and perceived impacts of tourism were the critical variables that help understand the public acceptance. The likelihood of an individual visiting a beach with offshore wind farms was connected to their values concerning wind energy, seascape, and the environment. Such values played an important role in deciding to visit a different site. The results expectedly provide meaningful implications related to the siting of offshore wind farms.
The aim of this paper is to identify facilitating and hindering factors for onshore wind energy development near natural conservation regions, in particular in Lower Saxony's Wattenmeer region. An applied research approach was deployed to connect individual aspects of wind energy technology and establish a cross-disciplinary perspective on the expansion of wind energy. To this end, relevant facilitating and hindering factors were identified and then validated by a group of academic experts. The main factors were grouped within the framework of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. In a subsequent step, a sample of experts in the wind power sector evaluated the relative importance of the key factors, using an Analytic Hierarchy Process. The results show that factors positively influencing wind energy expansion exceed the hindering factors. Wind electricity is likely to benefit from opportunities such as climate change and from industry-specific strengths, for instance the competitiveness of wind in the German electricity market. Barriers and uncertainties that influence the further development of the sector relate to strict ecological protection laws and limited spatial opportunities for new projects. Finally, basic policy strategies were formulated which aim at fostering strengths and opportunities of wind energy development and at reducing weaknesses and threats.
This paper discusses the attractiveness of the Slovenian landscape as a leisure space. It focuses in particular on relationship of attractiveness with landscape diversity and naturalness. As a starting point, the study of Perko et al. (2017) was used in which the authors identified the most and the least diverse Slovenian areas, i.e. landscape hotpots and coldspots. An online survey was conducted using photographs taken in selected hotspots and coldspots. Respondents were asked to rate the attractiveness of the landscapes shown in the photographs as destinations for a leisure trip. The attractiveness of the landscapes did not differ depending on whether they were in a hotspot or coldspot. On the other hand, the results clearly indicate the higher attractiveness of landscapes in which relatively natural landscape elements predominate. Prispevek obravnava privlačnost slovenske pokrajine kot prostočasnega prostora. Posebej se osredotoča na povezavo privlačnosti s pokrajinsko raznolikostjo in naravnostjo. Kot izhodišče je bila uporabljena raziskava Perka in sodelavcev (2017), v kateri so avtorji določili najbolj in najmanj raznolika območja Slovenije, tj. pokrajinske vroče in mrzle točke. Izvedena je bila spletna anketna raziskava, v kateri so bile uporabljene fotografije, posnete v izbranih vročih in mrzlih točkah. Anketiranci so bili naprošeni, da ocenijo privlačnost pokrajin na fotografijah kot ciljev izletov. Privlačnost pokrajin se ni razlikovala glede na njihovo lego znotraj vročih ali mrzlih točk. Na drugi strani rezultati jasno kažejo večjo privlačnost pokrajin, v katerih prevladujejo razmeroma naravni pokrajinski elementi.
There has been a dramatic increase in wind power supply due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources across the globe. In this process, technological advancements have led to the emergence of more sophisticated wind turbines with higher hubs and larger swept areas to reduce the unit costs for power generation. However, there is also a growing concern about the visibility impacts of wind turbines. Spatial modelling of the potential visibility of wind turbines holds strategic information for wind power siting decisions. The visibility information is critical to breaking trade-offs between energy production and protecting the visual amenity of landscapes. Currently, public attention to the visual impacts of wind turbines tends to rise in countries with high wind power capacities. Decreases in property values due to wind turbine visibility and negative impacts on scenery are among the factors that draw public attention. These implications make it necessary to use spatial analysis and develop mitigation strategies based on the geospatial outputs. This paper aims to produce Potential Visibility Models (PVM) to analyse wind turbine visibility from candidate observation locations where the scenery is an important asset. These are residential buildings (RB), protected areas (PA), natural and archaeological sites (NAS), tourism development centres (TDC), roads (RD), and the coastal areas (CS). The results showed that potential turbine visibility varied across the study area considering the five qualitative visibility classes. The areas with “very low” and “low” potential visibility were proposed as candidate areas of low visual impact for wind power generation.
This study examines public attitudes towards climate change and policies to limit greenhouse gases such as through the expansion of renewable energy sources. The study includes a critical examination of the apparent contradiction between belief in climate change and generalized support for renewable energy, as revealed in this survey, and of opposition to the placement of large-scale renewable energy generators such as wind farms. The literature identifies significant psychogenic influences leading to opposition to specific wind farm sitting as well as strong policy support for coal mining in Australia, but these appear to be ignored or dismissed by environmentalists, leading to ineffective communication on the issues and, ultimately, to entrenched opposition to an energy transition. We use social marketing benchmarks to identify engagement strategies that may increase understanding of the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption, alleviate anxiety about wind farm impacts and improve acceptance of renewable energy generation strategies overall.
We discuss a vector-based regionalization heuristic to map the spatial variation of macroeconomic effects. Empirical regional studies of energy markets are often unfeasible due to a lack of data, particularly on demand and distribution infrastructure. The proposed heuristic is useful to model effects with high spatial heterogeneity and small overall net impact. As an illustration without loss of generality, we apply the heuristic to results from an input-output analysis on value creation effects of the energy transition in manufacturing sectors in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The heuristic is applicable for regionalizing other macro-results, for example, from survey and other energy modeling studies.
La thèse a pour objectif d’explorer différentes formes de mécanismes (réparations, incitations, modes de négociation, etc.) permettant de répondre aux revendications locales autour des projets d’implantation des infrastructures de transport d’électricité (ITE). A partir d’un cadre théorique basé sur le raisonnement en termes d’externalités et de droits de propriété, la thèse se structure autour de trois axes de recherche, mobilisant les enseignements de la littérature académique récente autour des projets d’infrastructures et environnementaux : l’économie spatiale pour mieux cibler l’impact sur l’économie locale (méthode des prix hédoniques) ; l’analyse stratégique sur les modalités d’interactions entre les différents porteurs d’enjeux (théorie des jeux) ; l’économie comportementale sur le rôle des mécanismes compensatoires et leur mise en œuvre (méthode des expériences de choix). L’originalité de ce travail de thèse est de sortir d’une approche des revendications locales en termes de conflits d’aménagement, pour aboutir à une formalisation plus complète des mécanismes qui favorisent (ou non) la coopération entre les différents porteurs d’enjeux, dans la mise en œuvre d’un projet d’ITE à l’échelle locale. 1. Evaluation économique des impacts des ITE Nous étudions comment les impacts supposés ou réels des projets d’ITE peuvent se diffuser au sein de l’économie locale, à travers des critères objectifs tels que les prix immobiliers. Nous procédons à deux évaluations empiriques. Tout d’abord une étude comparative de l’impact de la présence d’éoliennes et de lignes à haute tension (dont les implantations sont coordonnées) dans les territoires ruraux. Ce travail se focalise sur l’économie touristique à travers l’observation des variations des tarifs de locations de gites ruraux. Dans un deuxième temps, nous évaluons l’impact résiduel de l’annonce d’un projet d’ITE au sein des communes traversées par le réseau, et les mécanismes par lesquels les effets externes se matérialisent sur le marché immobilier (effets d’anticipation). 2. Logiques de partage autour des mécanismes compensatoires dans les projets d’ITE Il s’agit de comprendre les logiques guidant le partage des mécanismes compensatoires au sein d’un territoire. Pour cela nous étudions les modalités que revêtent les négociations autour des mécanismes compensatoires entre les communes accueillant les ITE et le gestionnaire du réseau. L’objectif est double. D’une part, il s’agit de montrer comment un 'accord coasien' peut émerger de différentes procédures de négociation, et analyser les équilibres en résultant pour chacune des parties. D’autre part, nous intégrons à la réflexion le cadre de régulation au sein duquel le gestionnaire réalise les investissements dans les ITE. Cela nous permet de relier la mise en œuvre de la compensation à l’ensemble des bénéficiaires des ITE (i.e. les consommateurs d’électricité). 3. Demande sociale pour des mécanismes compensatoires Enfin nous explorons différents mécanismes permettant de favoriser l’insertion territoriale des projets d’ITE. Nous étudions la pertinence opérationnelle de ces mécanismes au regard des préférences des habitants. Afin de disposer d’une base d’appréciation empirique des réponses à donner aux attentes sociales, nous proposons de traiter la problématique des mécanismes compensatoires en termes de demande de «programmes d’accompagnement» des territoires (composés de mesures d’insertion paysagère des ouvrages, de préservation de l’environnement, de fourniture de biens et services locaux, de financement de projets privés portés par les habitants). Une enquête est menée mobilisant la méthode des expériences de choix à travers une approche « délibérative ». Les résultats doivent permettre d’apprécier l’efficacité de la mise en œuvre des mesures d’accompagnement, et de mettre en concordance les attentes des populations locales avec les choix réalisés au cours des négociations par leurs représentants (cf. axe 2).
The concept of resilience is gaining popularity in the past years. Nonetheless, the
adduced aim of persistence of a system also carries the risk of externalising both
social as well as ecological costs. This becomes noticeable regarding the shift
towards post-fossil economies in the Global North. Within the expansion of
renewable energies and electro mobility in Western countries, lithium mining has
ultimately been greatly accelerated in countries like Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.
Depending on the size of a system considered, the concept of resilience can therefore
be understood as a neoliberal idea that proposes persistence, adaptability and
transformability for each individual, city or state. The underlying principle of the
capitalist system “everyone for themselves” and the inherent “imperial way of
living” cannot be overcome.
Zur Verwirklichung der Ziele der Bundesregierung zur Energiewende in Deutschland dient u.a. der Ausbau von Windenergieanlagen und Photovoltaik. Dabei treten jedoch deutliche Disparitäten zwischen Nord- und Süddeutschland v.a. im Hinblick auf den Ausbau der Windenergie in Erscheinung. So ist in Bayern zu beobachten, dass in landschaftlich und touristisch attraktiven Räumen kaum ein Ausbau von Windenergieanlagen erfolgt ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht diese Dissertation der Frage nach, inwieweit es konkurrierende Interessen zwischen touristischen Belangen sowie dem Ausbau der Windenergie gibt und wie die Regionalplanung, am Beispiel einer bayerischen Tourismusregion, mit diesen möglichen Flächennutzungskonflikten umgeht. Hierzu wurden mehrere Aufstellungsprozesse von Regionalplänen mittels einer Dokumentenanalyse sowie Leitfadeninterviews untersucht, wobei der Einfluss des Tourismus auf die Nutzung der Windenergie im Fokus stand. Damit wird in der Arbeit ein Perspektivwechsel zu bisherigen Studien, die vornehmlich den Einfluss der Windenergie auf den Tourismus analysieren, vollzogen. In der Studie konnte ein indirekter und direkter Einfluss des Tourismus auf die Windenergienutzung, bspw. über flächenhafte Gebietsfestlegungen, festgestellt werden.
After conceptualizing the interrelationships between energy and tourism, the authors
provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism, theorize
on how it overlaps with other types of special interest tourism, and discuss specifics
concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts. Potential directions,
along with research questions, for future research in the field of energy tourism are
proposed. Then, the results of an explorative pilot study of energy tourism in the
Czech Republic are presented to give a first insight into the proposed questions.
Questionnaire surveys completed by tourists and operators of three energy tourism
attractions – so-called Coal Safaris (guided tours through surface coal mines,
observing minescapes and mining machinery in full operation), a nuclear power plant
information centre, and Dragon Kite Festivals under wind turbines – have focused on
exploring the motivations and perceived benefits of energy tourism for organizations;
tourists’ motivations for, and experience from, visiting; and any changes in attitudes
towards current energy development dilemmas by visitors afterwards.
Zusammenfassung /summary below. >>>
Für die Charakterisierung von Kulturlandschaften spielt die Abgrenzung hochwertiger Landschaftsbildräume eine wichtige Rolle. Ausgelöst durch das Forschungsvorhaben „Flächenbedarfe und kulturlandschaftliche Auswirkungen regenerativer Energien“ wurde für die Modellregion Uckermark-Barnim eine Landschaftsbildbewertung auf der Grundlage digitaler Daten entwickelt. Durch Klassifizierung undAggregation der Daten in einem automatisierten GIS-Algorithmus entsteht eine dreistufigeordinale Skala von sehr hochwertigen, hochwertigen und durchschnittlichen Landschaftsbildräumen, die durch Vor-Ort-Überprüfungen abgeglichen wurde.
Die GIS-gestützte Bewertung führt zu brauchbaren Ergebnissen. Insbesondere hochwertige Landschaftsbildräume lassen sich mit der Methode gut abbilden.
Die Methode muss jedoch für andere Regionen immer wieder neu „justiert“ werden, um den regionalen Eigenarten gerecht zu werden. Eine automatisierte GIS-gestützte Bewertung sollte grundsätzlich „manuell“ überprüft und ergänzt werden, um regionale Besonderheiten besser berücksichtigen zu können.<<<<<
>>>>>
Is it possible to “Calculate” the Visual Landscape?
– GIS-based analysis of the visual landscape for the region “Uckermark - Barnim” as a base for the designation of areas suitable for wind generated energy.
>>>>>Summary
The identification of areas valuable for the visual landscape plays an important role for thecharacterisation of cultural landscapes. The study evaluates the visual appearance of the landscape on the base of digital data for the model region “Uckermark-Barnim”, initated by the research project “Area Requirements and Cultural Effects of Regenerative Energies”. The classification and aggregation of the data in an automated GIS algorithm has led to a three-stage ordinal scale of very valuable, valuable and average areas of visual landscape, verfied by in-situ checks.
The GIS-supported evaluation brought acceptable results. The methods works particularly well for areas with a high-value visual landscape. For other regions, however, the methodology has to be adjusted in order to comply withthe regional particuliarities. Generally the automated GIS-supported evaluation should be verified and supplemented “manually” in order to better consider regional peculiarities.
splm is an R package for the estimation and testing of various spatial panel data specifications. We consider the implementation of both maximum likelihood and generalized moments estimators in the context of fixed as well as random effects spatial panel data models. This paper is a general description of splm and all functionalities are illustrated using a well-known example taken from Munnell (1990) with productivity data on 48 US states observed over 17 years. We perform comparisons with other available software; and, when this is not possible, Monte Carlo results support our original implementation. PLEASE NOTICE JSS IS OPEN ACCESS: download from jstatsoft.org, this is vol. 47/1
This study proposes to assess and empirically verify possible negative effects from the construction of wind turbines on the landscape image and tourism potential of affected areas, using the example of two comparative recreational localities in the Czech Republic: one with the construction of a wind farm planned and the other with an already existing farm. The empirical research consisted of two mutually linked parts: a questionnaire survey and focused, semi-structured interviews. Emphasis was placed on the subjective perception of the phenomenon by tourists and local business representatives from the sphere of tourism. The analysis focuses also on the social-geographical factors that shape tourists attitudes to the wind energy development dilemma.
1. Introduction 2. Causal and non-causal models 3. Microeconomic data structures 4. Linear models 5. ML and NLS estimation 6. GMM and systems estimation 7. Hypothesis tests 8. Specification tests and model selection 9. Semiparametric methods 10. Numerical optimization 11. Bootstrap methods 12. Simulation-based methods 13. Bayesian methods 14. Binary outcome models 15. Multinomial models 16. Tobit and selection models 17. Transition data: survival analysis 18. Mixture models and unobserved heterogeneity 19. Models of multiple hazards 20. Models of count data 21. Linear panel models: basics 22. Linear panel models: extensions 23. Nonlinear panel models 24. Stratified and clustered samples 25. Treatment evaluation 26. Measurement error models 27. Missing data and imputation A. Asymptotic theory B. Making pseudo-random draw.
In many countries, the development of wind power capacity has proceeded more slowly than expected. Levels of public acceptance are usually considered primary indicators of support for wind power within society. Surveys generally show strong overall public support for wind power, while concrete projects are felt to suffer from the Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome. This paper questions the significance of these outcomes. It argues that other barriers to wind power implementation exist beyond attitudes among the population. The argument is made that institutional factors have a greater impact on wind energy facility siting. We will discuss two examples of how institutional factors shape the level of support when implementing wind power
Despite several recent UK initiatives to promote renewable energy development at the local level, little research has been carried out to investigate public beliefs about aspects of local renewable energy development. This research attempted to address this gap. Empirical data was collected at the Awel Aman Tawe development in South Wales immediately before and after a public participation process. The results indicate that support for specific aspects of local energy development (partnership with local communities, local use of generated energy and profits put back into the local community) were consistently high across time, with support for local ownership at a slightly lower level, yet still high. Secondly, socio-demographical analyses indicated that personal factors such as respondents' age, gender and employment status were important in shaping several of these beliefs. Since UK renewable energy development has often been controversial and subject to delay, results suggest that the adoption of a locally embedded development approach by public and private sector stakeholders will be strongly supported by local people. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to existing industry best practice guidelines and recent policy initiatives.
While independently conducted polls suggest significant public support for wind energy, there are often objections to particular wind farm developments from the local population which can result in planning permission being declined and a restriction in the ability to meet renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction targets. The aim of the study was to determine whether the pre-construction opinions held by communities local to a wind farm change after an extended period following commissioning. Residents of St. Newlyn East, Cornwall, England, were asked to recall their opinions of Carland Cross wind farm in 1991 and 2006. Statistically significant changes in opinion were observed for attitudes regarding the wind farm's visual attractiveness and the importance of the energy security it provides. This study continues by exploring potential reasons for this in the context of recent literature on public attitudes towards renewable energy. The findings of this study support the proposals in the 2007 UK White Paper, Planning for a Sustainable Future, for community engagement early in the project process and for the requirement of infrastructure to be debated at the national level.
We surveyed more than 1,000 randomly sampled, out-of-state tourists at Delaware, USA beaches in 2007. After providing respondents with wind turbine project photo-simulations at several distances, we inquired about the effect development would have on visitation. Approximately one-quarter stated that they would switch beaches if an offshore wind project was located 10 km from the coast, with avoidance diminishing with greater distance from shore. Stated avoidance is less than: avoidance with a fossil fuel power plant located the same distance inland; attraction to a beach with offshore wind turbines; and the percentage stating they would likely pay to take a boat tour.
Abstract A spatial vector autoregressive model (SpVAR) is defined as a VAR which includes spatial as well as temporal lags among a vector of stationary state variables. SpVARs may contain disturbances that are spatially as well as temporally correlated. Although the structural parameters are not fully identified in SpVARs, contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients may be identified by weakly exogenous state variables. Dynamic spatial panel data econometrics is used to estimate SpVARs. The incidental parameter problem is handled by bias correction rather than more popular alternatives such as generalised methods of moments (GMM). The interaction between temporal and spatial stationarity is discussed. The impulse responses for SpVARs are derived, which naturally depend upon the temporal and spatial dynamics of the model. We provide an empirical illustration using annual spatial panel data for Israel. The estimated SpVAR is used to calculate impulse responses between variables, over time, and across space. Finally, weakly exogenous instrumental variables are used to identify contemporaneous spatial lag coefficients.
The American landscape reveals the extent to which our lives have become dependent on our own functional creations, for better or worse. The visible influence of technology is ubiquitous and nearly inescapable. Despite the predominance of technological creature comforts in everyday surroundings, we often seem uncomfortable in their presence. -after Author
The identification of areas valuable for the visual landscape plays an important role for the characterisation of cultural landscapes. The study evaluates the visual appearance of the landscape on the base of digital data for the model region "Uckermark-Barnim", initated by the research project "Area Requirements and Cultural Effects of Regenerative Energies". The classification and aggregation of the data in an automated GIS algorithm has led to a threestage ordinal scale of very valuable, valuable and average areas of visual landscape, verfied by in-situ checks. The GIS-supported evaluation brought acceptable results. The methods works particularly well for areas with a high-value visual landscape. For other regions, however, the methodology has to be adjusted in order to comply with the regional particuliarities. Generally the automated GIS-supported evaluation should be verified and supplemented "manually" in order to better consider regional peculiarities.
This chapter discusses the wind landscapes in the German milieu. The growth of wind energy in Germany has far outpaced that in any other country, with 1700MW added in 2000 alone, bringing the total generating capacity to nearly 6000 MW. The density of wind turbines on the landscape of Germany's most northern state is almost twice that in nearby Denmark. The chapter presents several case studies to consider the proper reaction to turbines within the context of Germany's aesthetic consciousness, political realities, and legal mandates. It explains how is electricity generated, how should it be generated in the future, how much electricity is really needed, and why. The wind plant is a local enterprise. A successful wind plant requires more than good wind resources and a good wind turbine design. A successful project requires a political framework with government-supported programs and inclusion in building statutes, local decision-making, and interested and involved people in the project locale.
This chapter discusses the role of wind energy on landscape. Although it is emerging into the fastest-growing energy resource in the world, wind has also been labeled a competitor. Despite its several attributes, it has been dogged by the criticism that it interferes with aesthetic values, changes the surroundings for comfort, and transforms natural landscapes into landscapes of power. Although wind power has provided the motive force for centuries, its large-scale application to generate electricity has occurred only in the past two decades. During that period this use has spread most quickly in Europe and the United States. The World Watch Institute has identified wind power as the world's most attractive renewable energy resource, and Greenpeace has launched a glitzy campaign to address global warming by encouraging the installation of thousands of wind turbines at sea off the coast of northern Europe. Denmark's energy minister Svend Auken announced at a global warming summit in Washington, D.C., that his small Scandinavian country would provide 50% of its electricity by 2030 with renewable energy, most of it from wind.
Wind power is growing in Sweden, but the high-level of opposition to turbine proposals has meant that many proposals are never realised. This opposition in a country that has a measured 74% support for wind power leads to questions being raised as to what is causing this opposition. Many have suggested that it is due to prevalent NIMBY attitudes; this, however, is only one factor affecting the public acceptance of turbines. The over-riding factor is the spatial distance between the costs incurred and the benefits derived from wind power. Perceived need for wind power, level of participation, individual considerations of visual impact and the amount to which the local community benefits determine the realisation of turbine proposals.
A choice experiment exercise is combined with psychometric scales in order: (1) to identify factors that explain support/opposition toward a wind energy development project; and (2) to assess (monetary) trade-offs between attributes of the project. A Latent Class estimator is fitted to the data, and different utility parameters are estimated, conditional on class allocation. It is found that the probability of class membership depends on specific psychometric variables. Visual impacts on valued sites are an important factor of opposition toward a project, and this effect is magnified when identity values are attached to the specific site, so much that no trade-off would be acceptable for a class of individuals characterized by strong place attachment. Conversely, other classes of individuals are willing to accept compensations, in form of private and/or public benefits. The distribution of benefits in the territory, and preservation of the option value related to the possible development of an archeological site, are important for a class of individuals concerned with the sustainability of the local economy.
The Tourist Gaze, Third Edition restructures, reworks and remakes the groundbreaking previous versions making this successful book even more relevant for tourism students, researchers and designers in the new century. The tourist gaze remains an agenda setting theory, incorporating new principles and research. Packed full of fascinating insights this new edition is fresh and contemporary, intelligently broadening its theoretical and geographical scope and providing a nuanced account which responds to various critiques.The book has been significantly revised to include up-to-date empirical data, many new case studies and fresh concepts. Three new chapters have been added which explore photography and digitization, embodied performances, risks, and alternative futures.Innovative and informative, this book is essential reading for all involved in contemporary tourism, leisure, cultural policy, design, economic regeneration, heritage and the arts.
a b s t r a c t There is a dichotomy in the view of wind farms among members of the public: on one hand, there is a desire for renewable energy sources, and on the other hand, there is a major concern about the visual impact of wind turbines used for power production. This concern for visual impact is a major factor in the reaction of the public to the development of new wind farms. Our study aims to objectify this influ-ence and to establish the factors that determine how people evaluate these structures. We tested the visual quality of landscapes in which these structures are to be placed, the number of structures and their distance from the viewer, and various characteristics of our respondents. We found that the physical attributes of the landscape and wind turbines influenced the respondents' reactions far more than socio-demographic and attitudinal factors. One of the most important results of our study is the sensitiv-ity of respondents to the placement of wind turbines in landscapes of high aesthetic quality, and, on the other hand, a relatively high level of acceptance of these structures in unattractive landscapes. Wind tur-bines also receive better acceptance if the number of turbines in a landscape is limited, and if the struc-tures are kept away from observation points, such as settlements, transportation infrastructure and viewpoints. The most important characteristic of the respondents that influenced their evaluation was their attitude to wind power. On the basis of these results, recommendations are presented for placing wind turbines and for protecting the character of the landscape within the planning and policy making processes.
We examine the impact of coastal wind turbines on coastal tourism and recreation for residents of the northern CAMA counties in North Carolina. A combination of telephone and web survey data are used to assess the impact of coastal wind farms on trip behavior and site choice. Most of the respondents to our telephone survey claim to support offshore wind energy development, and independent survey data suggest that the observed levels of support may be indicative of the broader population in this region. Overall, we find very little impact of coastal wind turbines on aggregate recreational visitation; loss in consumer surplus associated with wide spread wind development in the coastal zone is insignificant at $17 (or about 1.5%). Results suggest that NC coastal residents are averse to wind farms in the near-shore zone; average compensating variation for wind farms one mile from the shore is estimated at $55 per household. On average, we find no evidence of aversion to wind farms 4 miles out in the ocean, or for wind farms located in coastal estuaries. For all wind farm scenarios, we find evidence of preference heterogeneity – some respondents find this appealing while others find it aversive.
An imperative factor in the identification suitable wind turbines locations and the subsequently development thereof is the general acceptance of the proposed wind turbines. In this perspective, the existing number of turbines is expected to be a driver of attitude. However, to date only a few studies have assessed the influence of the density of turbines in the residential area has on attitude. The present paper sheds light on this issue and finds that attitude towards existing turbines is negatively related with the number of turbines encountered on a daily basis. If the respondents see more than five on-land turbines, they are less positive. However, conditional of seeing more than 5 turbines a day, opposition does not increase with increasing turbine encounters. These results suggest that the general long-run threshold for opposition towards wind turbines is five turbines encounters per day.
This paper provides a survey of the existing literature on the specification and estimation of dynamic spatial panel data models, a collection of models for spatial panels extended to include one or more of the following variables and/or error terms: a dependent variable lagged in time, a dependent variable lagged in space, a dependent variable lagged in both space and time, independent variables lagged in time, independent variables lagged in space, serial error autocorrelation, spatial error autocorrelation, spatial-specific and time-period-specific effects. The survey also examines the reasoning behind different model specifications and the purposes for which they can be used, which should be useful for practitioners.
The impact of wind farms on the environment and subsequently on tourism is the subject of much heated debate. The research was concerned with making a robust quantitative assessment of the economic impact, to help resolve the debate and inform government policy on planning for renewable energy. In addition to a broad description of the intercept surveys and the advanced local economic models used to ascertain impact, the research details two novel elements; a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model for the analysis of the number of tourists and bed spaces exposed to wind farms and a large internet-based survey of the willingness to pay for landscape. The research found a very small but significant negative economic impact and, on the basis of the survey information, suggests ways of minimising this impact. Both GIS modelling and internet surveying were found to be extremely useful and, it is suggested, both should become standard tools for the tourism researcher. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This study integrates theories from tourism destination choice, advertising, and landscape aesthetics to examine how content of promotional visuals affects destination image construction and interpretation. Three iterative phases of visual stimuli selection, focus groups, and a questionnaire were used. Results of the study indicated three landscape perception elements and four dimensions of image were projected by visuals. Analyses of covariance results supported landscape perception elements as significant predictors of image. Familiarity with the destination was significant across all image dimensions. Focus group results associated destination familiarity with affective evaluation of visuals and lack of familiarity with cognitive evaluation. Implications are discussed for image theory, marketing practice, and future research.RésuméL'élément visuel de la formation de l'image de la destination. Cette étude intègre les théories due choix de destination touristique, de la publicité et de l'esthétique du paysage pour examiner comment la publicité visuelle affecte la construction et l'interprétation de l'image touristique. On utilise trois étapes fréquentatives: la sélection de stimuli visuels, les groupes de discussion et un sondage. L'étude identifie trois éléments de la perception du paysage et quatre dimensions de l'image. L'analyse des co-variants appuie l'importance de la perception du paysage et de la familiarité de la destination. Les groupes de discussion associaient la familiarité avec l'évaluation affective et la nouveauté avec l'évaluation cognitive. On discute les implications pour la théorie de l'image, le marketing et la recherche.
For most Dutch vacationers, going on holiday has become a ‘normal’ thing in their lives. This study attempts to find what that means for the way they decide on their vacation. If routinization occurs, how does it relate to factors such as the extensiveness of the decision-making process, the search for internal and external information and the (type of) destination selected? This paper presents the results of a qualitative study among 32 Dutch households, which is part of a larger research project on the routinization of vacation choice behavior of Dutch vacationers. It appears that the vacation decision-making processes of the interviewed households are much less extensive and far more routinized than described in the rational choice models. A limited or routine choice process entails a greater emphasis on an internal search for information. Furthermore, the results indicate that a domestic vacation in most cases required a less extensive decision-making process compared to a vacation abroad. The results however appear to be not always consistent, due to the fact that the extensiveness of the vacation choice process is influenced by several interacting factors. Factors related to both the type of vacationer and type of vacation play an important role. Policy makers and marketers can use these results in their communication and provision of services to the Dutch tourist.
This paper considers a spatial panel data regression model with serial correlation on each spatial unit over time as well as spatial dependence between the spatial units at each point in time. In addition, the model allows for heterogeneity across the spatial units using random effects. The paper then derives several Lagrange multiplier tests for this panel data regression model including a joint test for serial correlation, spatial autocorrelation and random effects. These tests draw upon two strands of earlier work. The first is the LM tests for the spatial error correlation model discussed in Anselin and Bera [1998. Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an introduction to spatial econometrics. In: Ullah, A., Giles, D.E.A. (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics. Marcel Dekker, New York] and in the panel data context by Baltagi et al. [2003. Testing panel data regression models with spatial error correlation. Journal of Econometrics 117, 123–150]. The second is the LM tests for the error component panel data model with serial correlation derived by Baltagi and Li [1995. Testing AR(1) against MA(1) disturbances in an error component model. Journal of Econometrics 68, 133–151]. Hence, the joint LM test derived in this paper encompasses those derived in both strands of earlier works. In fact, in the context of our general model, the earlier LM tests become marginal LM tests that ignore either serial correlation over time or spatial error correlation. The paper then derives conditional LM and LR tests that do not ignore these correlations and contrast them with their marginal LM and LR counterparts. The small sample performance of these tests is investigated using Monte Carlo experiments. As expected, ignoring any correlation when it is significant can lead to misleading inference.
A travel decision model is developed to assess the relationship between planning time and explanatory variables related to a specific trip. The determinants of planning time strongly suggest that there is a pattern of stable behaviors in the planning of a pleasure vacation. Higher levels of education extend planning time. Age and distance are positively correlated with planning time while familiarity and the use of a travel agent are negatively correlated with planning time.
In Germany, the first permits have now been issued for the construction of large-scale offshore wind farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This paper focuses on perceptions of the local seascape and the role of aesthetic seascape qualities in shaping local attitudes to offshore wind farming. Based on a survey of local residents in the districts of Dithmarschen and North Frisia, it shows that aesthetic seascape perception alone cannot account for local attitudes to offshore wind farming. Three main aspects seem to come together to determine these attitudes: deeply held convictions of the sea as a natural space, deeply held views of the local landscape and linked to this local identity, and also perceptions of renewable energies in combination with attitudes to issues such as climate change and sea level rise. The paper draws some conclusions on the future of the sea as a natural space or energy space.
The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse factors that are important for winning acceptance of wind-energy parks on the local level. The developers of wind-energy parks need to know how to manage “social acceptance” at the different stages of planning, realisation and operation. Five case studies in France and Germany focused on factors of success in developing a wind-energy project on a given site and illuminated how policy frameworks influence local acceptance. Our hypothesis is that these factors fall into two categories: institutional conditions, such as economic incentives and regulations; and site-specific conditions (territorial factors), such as the local economy, the local geography, local actors, and the actual on-site planning process (project management).
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