Rose Hip (Rosa canina L.) oils

Abstract

Rose hips are the fruits of rose bush (rose plant) belonging to Rosa genus in the Rosaceae family. Rose hips have long been used as a herbal tea and vitamin supplement as well as incorporated as ingredients in the preparations of several food products such as soups, jam, jellies, syrups, wine, beverages, and soft drinks. Due to the presence of a high amount of carotenoids and ascorbic acid along with natural sugars, organic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, and essential oil, rose hips are valued as a potential candidate for the preparation of functional foods, natural pharmaceuticals, and cosmo-nutraceuticals. Rose hip essential oil is mainly comprised of alcohols, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. This chapter highlights the traditional uses and food science applications of rose hips and the essential oil of a valuable and widespread species—namely, Rosa canina L.—in comparison with other rose bush species.

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Chapter 76
Rose Hip (Rosa canina L.) Oils
Naveed Ahmad1,2, Farooq Anwar1,3, Anwar-ul-Hassan Gilani4,5
1University of Sargodha, Department of Chemistry, Sargodha, Pakistan; 2National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad,
Pakistan; 3Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; 4Aga Khan
University Medical College, Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; 5College of
Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
Rose hips, also known as rose haw or rose hep, are the fruits of the rose plant (rose bush) belonging to Rosa genus in the
Rosaceae family. Rose hips are typically red to orange in color. The fruits are comprised of 30–35% seeds and 65–70%
pericarp. They are well known to have the highest vitamin C content among horticultural crops, fruits, and vegetables. Rose
hips have been found to contain appreciable amounts of various bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, tocopherol,
polyphenolics, bioflavonoids, tannins, pectin, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, essential oil (Uggla et al., 2003), folates
(Stralsjo et al., 2003), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Larsen et al., 2003).
Rose hips are remarkable fruits for their traditional pharmaceutical uses, which may be partly attributed to their rich pro-
file of bioactives, especially antioxidant phenolics (Olsson et al., 2005). The seed lipids of rose hips contain high amounts
of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Szentmihalyi et al., 2002). Rose hips are popular due to their food, phytomedicine, and
cosmo-nutraceutical uses (Uggla et al., 2003). The fruits (rose hips) of Rosa canina in particular contain high content of
vitamin C and proanthocyanidins and are used for various food and pharmaceutical applications (Osmianski et al., 1986).
This chapter mainly focuses on the traditional pharmaceutical and food science applications of rose hips and the essential
oil of a widely distributed species of rose hips, R. canina L.
BOTANICAL ASPECTS
Rose hips are the berry-like fruits of different species of rose plant/rose bushes belonging to Rosa genus in the Rosaceae
family. The genus Rosa L. (Rosaceae) consists of approximately 150 reported species, all of which grow in the northern
hemisphere in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and North America. These deciduous flowering shrubs are widely grown in
gardens for their flowers and fruits (Ercisli, 2005). Photographs of the rose hips plant and its ripened fruits are shown as
Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.
Rosa canina, known as the dog rose, is a variable climbing rose species that grows wildly in Europe, northwest Africa,
and Western Asia. This deciduous perennial shrub has a height of about 2–3 m. Its stems are small, sharp, hooked prickles,
which help the plant to climb up. The leaves are pinnate, with five to seven leaflets. The flowers of R. canina are normally
pale pink, but occasionally the color may fluctuate between a deep pink and white. The flower consists of five petals that
cover the diameter of 4–6 cm and eventually form a red-orange fruit (hip). The plants show strong resistance to harsh envi-
ronmental conditions (poor soil, rocky places, and limiting water, etc.). Its flowers are hermaphrodite and can be pollinated
by bees, flies, beetles, and Lepidoptera. Interestingly, the plant is self-fertilizing because the flowers can also undergo self-
pollination (Plants For A Future, 1996–2010). A photograph of a typical flower of R. canina is shown in Figure 4.
USES AND APPLICATIONS
Rose hips (fruits) from rose bushes of Rosa genus are important due to their traditional pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and
commercial significance. They are beneficial for health due to their appreciable levels of high-value nutrients, minerals,
and bioactives. The fruits, boiled in water, can be used as a diuretic as well as a remedy for common cold (Sen and Gunes,
1996). Rose hips are traditionally employed to treat influenza, inflammation, and chronic pain. Moreover, they are useful
for the treatment of skin disorders and ulcer (Guimaraes et al., 2010).
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Another healthy function of the rose hips is their essential fatty acids (EFAs), which humans cannot synthesize and
must be supplied through diet. The EFAs are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from linolenic, linoleic, and
arachidonic acids. The EFAs regulate numerous body functions, including blood pressure, blood viscosity, and immune and
inflammatory responses (Simopoulos and Salem, 1996). Due to their high therapeutic value, rose hips are widely used as
ingredients in different native phyto-medicines (Shnyakina and Malygina, 1975).
FIGURE 1 Chemical structures of some important constituents of rose hip essential oil.
FIGURE 2 Rosa canina plant. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_canina.jpg.
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Rose hips powder, which is marketed as a food supplement in several European countries due to its anti-inflammatory
properties, has been shown to reduce knee or hip osteoarthritis in clinical trials. The powder is also used as a remedy to
treat rheumatoid arthritis, wounds, and inflammations (Rein et al., 2004). Rose hips, as a rich source of physiologically
functional bioactives including carotenoids, phytosterols, tocotrienols, anthocyanins, catechins, and polyphenolics, are
reported to protect the body against cancer and cardiovascular diseases (Rein et al., 2004). Fu et al. (2006) reported
that compounds found in rose hip species such as Rosa rugosa Thunb. flowers have inhibitory activity against human
immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. A study conducted by Xie and Zhang (2012) has also shown that extracts
from rose hips flowers can inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, thus offering therapeutic potential in hypertension
and congestive cardiac failure, particularly when the presence of an additional diuretic component offers added value in
lowering blood pressure.
Rose hips (fruits) of R. canina are especially well known for their traditional pharmaceutical and therapeutic poten-
tial against different diseases (Rein et al., 2004; Orhan et al., 2007). They are used for the preparation of herbal tea
with potential uses as a remedy for common cold and infections (Ph. Eur., 2005). Rosa canina fruits, being diuretic
and laxative, are reported to be effective for digestive problems. As a rich source of natural antioxidants, the fruits
are commonly used in nutraceutical and folk medicine preparations to strengthen the body’s defensive system against
different ailments (Shnyakina and Malygina, 1975). The extracts from R. canina fruits have strong anti-inflammatory
FIGURE 3 Ripened fruits of Rosa canina. http://publicphoto.org/fruit/rose-hip-close-up.
FIGURE 4 The flower of Rosa Canina http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_canina_EnfoqueFlor_2010-5-08_CampodeCalatrava.jpg.
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and antinociceptive activities (Orhan et al., 2007). Clinically, it is proven that R. canina fruit powder is beneficial for
hip and knee osteoarthritis patients (Winther et al., 2005).
USES AND APPLICATIONS IN FOOD SCIENCES
Rose hips are typically red or orange with a fruity and tangy flavor similar to that of cranberries; they can be used as fresh
or in dried form. As a rich source of minerals (potassium, phosphorous), vitamins (vitamin C), carotenoids, and flavor-
ing components, rose hips have several culinary and food applications (Shnyakina and Malygina, 1975; Oszmianski and
Chomin, 1993). The demand for rose hips as a natural and useful material is increasing as new products are emerging in
the market, including health supplements, food additives, functional foods, specialty oils, and exfoliates. The high content
of added-value bioactive compounds in rose hips allows for the extraction, isolation, and potential applications of several
of health-promoting components, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, and
polyunsaturated fatty acids (Szentmihalyi et al., 2002; Demir et al., 2014).
Rose hips are a potential fruit commodity to be used for functional food and cosmo-nutraceutical preparations. Rose
hips oil, which is mostly cold-pressed from the seeds of wild rose bush species such as R. canina and Rosa moschata, due
to its skin healing potential, is a valuable material for the development of herbal cosmetics and skin care products such as
lotions and creams. The oil is one of the richest sources of EFAs (linoleic acid and linolenic acid), with content as high as
70–80% (Tables 1 and 2). The oil has healing power to treat skin problems such as scars, dermatitis, acne, eczema, and
burns. Due to its content of EFAs, carotenoids, and vitamin A (retinol) with skin rejuvenating properties, rose hip seed oil
acts as a natural skin care remedy, moisturizer, and anti-aging agent. The seed oil is also useful for healing scars and dimin-
ishing photoaging and imparts smoothness to skin (Concha et al., 2006).
Rose hips, due to their health promoting components and anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties, are used as ingre-
dients in probiotic drinks, beverages, soups, and yogurts (Gao et al., 2000; Chrubasik et al., 2008). The rose hip powder,
which is rich in vitamin C, is available in many health food stores as a health supplement (Larsen et al., 2003). Moreover,
rose hips fruit extracts (RHFE) are a potential source of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and total phenolics (78–102 mg
gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight [DW]). The antibacterial activity of RHFE has been evaluated against a panel of
bacteria (Yilmaz and Ercisli, 2011). In another study, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (EC50) of RHFE of the species
R. canina L. was recorded to be in the range of 25–988 μg/mL, while the total phenolics were noted to be in the range of
1.5–82.2 μg GAE/mg DW (Wenzig et al., 2008).
An investigation revealed that some species of rose hips, including R. cania, Rosa dumalis, Rosa gallica, Rosa duma-
lis, and Rosa hirtissima have appreciable free radical scavenging potential and total phenolics (31.08–52.94 mg GAE/g
DW). The concentration of phenolic compounds in the tested rose hips species varied widely, ranging from 1.89 μg/g DW
[(−)-epicatechin] to 32.18 μg/g DW (4-hydroxy benzoic acid) (Demir et al., 2014). This supports the potential uses of RHFE
as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial additive for food preservation. The presence of a considerably high concentration
of natural sugars (glucose and fructose), organic acids (ascorbic, citric, malic acids), and volatiles (alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, terpenoids, and esters) contributes mainly to the taste and organoleptic value as well as flavoring properties of rose
hips (Demir et al., 2014). Interestingly, the occurrence of organic acids and flavanols in rose hips helps to inhibit oxidation
of vitamin C, thus increasing its stability and bioavailability in humans (Demir et al., 2014).
Rosa canina fruits have long been used in food and nutrition due to their antioxidant potential, which is attributed to the
presence of ascorbic acid and phenolics (Hemila, 1992). Typically, the reddish-orange fruit (rose hips) of R. canina is used
as a vitamin supplement and nutraceutical product (Nowak and Krzaczek, 1994). Both the fresh and dried rose hips from
this species are commonly used to make jam, marmalade, fruit juice, and beverages, among others (Uggla and Nybom,
1999), while the dried fruits and roots are employed for making tea (Sen and Gunes, 1996; Ph. Eur, 2005).
TABLE 1 Seed Oil Yield of Rosa canina in Comparison with Some Other Species of Rose Hips
Species Oil Content (%) Origin References
Rosa canina 1.2–1.6 Turkey Demir and Ozcan, (2001)
Rosa canina 7.15 Turkey Kazaz et al., (2009)
Rosa canina 3.25–6.68 Hungry Szentmihalyi et al., (2002)
Rosa damascena 2.75 Turkey Kazaz et al., (2009)
Rosa sp. 15.95 France Machmudah et al., (2007)
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TABLE 2 Fatty Acid Composition of Rosa canina Seed Oil in Comparison with Some Other Rose Hip Species
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid Content (%)
ReferencesR. canina
Rosa
sp. R. damascena R. rubiginosa R.subcanina
R. dumalis
(besseriana) R. inodora R. villosa R. rugosa R. pisiformis R. pulverulenta
C14:0 0.03 – – 0.052 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 – – Nowak
(2005)
C15:0 0.03 – – 0.035 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.04 0.04 – –
C16:0 3.54 – – 2.86 3.09 2.79 3.24 3.07 2.77 – –
C16:1, n-9 0.05 – – 0.035 0.03 0.035 0.05 0.07 0.04 – –
C16:1, n-7 0.06 – – 0.02 0.07 0.069 0.09 0.08 0.18 – –
C17:0 0.08 – – 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 – –
C18:0 2.46 – – 1.64 1.89 1.77 2.40 1.73 1.04 – –
C18:1, Δ6 0.02 – – 0.03 0.065 0.077 0.05 0.08 0.05 – –
C18:1, Δ9 20.30 – – 14.22 13.88 13.54 18.22 18.41 14.42 – –
C18:1, Δ11 0.05 – – 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.72 – –
C18:2 Δ9,
12
51.67 – – 47.20 49.77 53.77 50.29 44.41 50.32 – –
C18:3
Δ9,12,15
19.08 – – 31.40 28.69 25.61 22.79 29.49 27.90 – –
C20:0 0.90 – – 0.74 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.83 0.72 – –
C20:1 0.30 – – 0.36 0.44 0.32 0.30 0.59 0.70 – –
C20:2 0.08 – – 0.13 0.09 0.11 0.07 – 0.16 – –
C22:0 0.15 – – 0.15 0.21 0.20 0.15 – 0.29 – –
C22:1 0.07 – – 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.17 0.04 – –
C12:0 4.80 – – – – 0.00 – 0.00 – 3.58 0.00 Ercisli et al.,
(2007)
C16:0 16.4 – – – – 24.4 – 26.6 – 19.6 19.3
cis-C18:2 16.0 – – – – 20.0 – 17.5 – 16.1 16.6
cis-C18:3 40.5 – – – – 36.6 – 46.9 – 38.0 49.7
C19:0 4.74 – – – – 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00 0.00
cis-C19:1 5.79 – – – – 2.92 – 0.00 – 9.55 11.4
cis-C21:1 0.00 – – – – 4.24 – 0.00 – 0.00 0.00
cis-C22:2 6.60 – – – – 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00 0.00
C23:0 0.00 – – – – 0.00 – 7.10 – 0.00 0.00
Continued
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Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid Content (%)
ReferencesR. canina
Rosa
sp. R. damascena R. rubiginosa R.subcanina
R. dumalis
(besseriana) R. inodora R. villosa R. rugosa R. pisiformis R. pulverulenta
C18:2 – 47.02–
49.14
– – – – – – – – – Machmudah
et al., (2007)
C18:3 – 33.02–
40.21
– – – – – – – – –
C16:0 – 3.83–
4.68
– – – – – – – – –
C18:0 – 2.46–
2.62
– – – – – – – – –
C16:0 3.60–
7.87
– – – – – – – – – –
C18:0 2.45–
3.27
– – – – – – – – – –
C18:1 16.25–
22.11
– – – – – – – – – –
C18:2 35.94–
54.75
– – – – – – – – – –
C18:3 20.29–
26.48
– – – – – – – – – –
C16:0 5.26 – 5.30 – – – – – – – – Kazaz et al.,
(2009)
C18:0 3.13 – 2.02 – – – – – – – –
C18:1 22.14 – 23.91 – – – – – – – –
C18:2 48.84 – 54.18 – – – – – – – –
C18:3 20.65 – 15.09 – – – – – – – –
TABLE 2 Fatty Acid Composition of Rosa canina Seed Oil in Comparison with Some Other Rose Hip Species—cont’d
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ROSE HIPS ESSENTIAL OIL
A few studies have been reported on the yield and chemical composition of rose hips essential oil. According to Nowak
(2005), the essential oil of R. canina, as analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) method, con-
tained 97 chemical components—mainly vitispiran (isomer) (1.8–17.38%), α-E-acaridial (0–13.55%), dodecanoic acid
(0.62–11.98%), hexadecanoic acid (2.45–14.26%), docosane (C22) (0–13.29%), β-ionone (0.11–10.97%), 6-methyl-5-
hepten-2-one (around 14.49%), myristic acid (0.52–4.05%), and linoleic acid (0–21.95%). The characteristic volatile com-
pounds present in rose hips essential oils are presented in Table 3.
In another study, GC–MS analysis revealed that volatile compounds of rose hip species such as R. canina are a
complex mixture of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Among alcohols, 2-hexen-1-ol and
1-hexanol were determined to be the major compounds at level of 4.95–35.13 μg/kg and 10.93–48.02 μg/kg, respec-
tively, while 2-hexenal is the main aldehyde (39.93–219.59 μg/kg). Only two ketones have been identified: 4-octen-3-one
(3.09–6.03 μg/kg) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (13.67–22.36 μg/kg). Among monoterpenes, limonene dominated at a
level of 60.99–124.71 μg/kg, followed by α-pinene at 8.42–85.84 μg/kg. Moreover, β-elemene (1.26–42.91 μg/kg) and
α-humulene (1.01–10.16 μg/kg) were found to be the dominant among sesquiterpenes (Demir et al., 2014). The structures
of some important chemical constituents of rose hips essential oil are shown in Figure 1 (Nowak, 2005).
TABLE 3 Characteristic Compounds in the Essential Oil of Rosa canina in Comparison with Other Species of Rose Hips
Species Main Compounds Amount Other Characteristic Compounds Amount Reference
R. canina Vitispiran (isomer) 10.3% -5-methyl-3-hexanone and 2-heptanone
and hexadecanoic acid
-α-E-acaridial, β-ionone, dodecanoic acid,
linolic acid;
-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
>7%
>5%
>2%
Nowak
(2005)
R. rugosa cis-3-hexenal
6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
27.5%
14.5%
-vitispiran (isomer) and dodecanoic acid,
-nonanal and hexadecanoic acid
-5-methylhexanal
>5%
∼2.5%
2.3%
R. vosagiaca Hexadecanoic acid
Vitispiran (isomer)
9.5%
9.3%
-linolic acid, 2- heptanone, β-ionone,
dodecanoic acid,
-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
α-E-acaridial, myristic acid
>9%
>2%
R. caryophyll-
aceae
Docosane (C22)
Dodecanoic acid
13.3%
12%
-hexadecanoic acid
-myristic acid
-β-ionone
8.4%
>4%
>2%
R. coriifolia Vitispiran (isomer)
α-E-acaridial
β-ionone
13.4%
12.7%
11%
-5-methyl-3-hexanone and
2-heptanone, dodecanoic
acid, hexadecanoic acid
-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, salicylaldehyde
>4%
>2%
R. subcanina Linolic acid
Vitispiran (isomer)
Hexadecanoic acid
22%
16.1%
14.3%
-dodecanoic acid
-myristic acid and 2- heptenol
>6%
>2%
R. rubiginosa Vitispiran (isomer) 17.4% -hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid,
docosane (C22)
-α-E-acaridial, 6- methyl-5-hepten-2-one,
-β-ionone, 5-methyl-3-hexanone and 2
heptanone
>5%
>2%
R. villosa α-E-acaridial 13.6% -β-ionone, hexadecanoic acid
-heptanal, dodecanoic acid, linolic acid
>6%
>3%
R. tomentosa α-E-acaridial
Hexadecanoic acid
Heptanal
3%
11.7%
9%
-5-methyl-3-hexanone and 2-heptanone,
vitispiran (isomer), hydrocarbon
-benzaldehyde and a-opinene,
β-ionone, unsaturated
hydrocarbon
>5%
>2%
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SUMMARY POINTS
l Rose hips are the fruits of rose bush (Rosa genus) in the Rosaceae family.
l Rose hips are well known because they have the highest vitamin C content among horticultural crops, fruits, and veg-
etables.
l Rose hips are remarkable fruits for their traditional pharmacological applications.
l Rose hips extracts/oils have appreciable antioxidant and antimicrobial potential and thus can be explored as valuable ingre-
dients for functional food and nutraceuticals.
l Rose hips have long been traditionally used as an herbal tea, vitamin supplement, and health food product.
l Rose hips have a rich profile of nutrients and thus are utilized to prepare jam, marmalade, fruit juice, beverages, and drinks.
l Rose hips seed oil is one of the richest sources of EFAs and is a valuable material for the development of herbal cosmetics
and skin care products, such as lotions and creams.
l Rose hips volatile essential oil is a complex mixture of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenoids, and esters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Figures 2–4 included in this chapter are taken (copied) from the public domain webs (freely useable media files) which allow the use/copy-
ing of the figures without any permission required from the web masters. However, the authors of this chapter extend attribution and greatly
acknowledge the valuable services of Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository for posting/allowing the use/copying of freely useable
media files of Figure 2 of Rosa canina plant (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_canina.jpg) and Figure 4 of Rosa canina flower
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_canina_EnfoqueFlor_2010-5-08_CampodeCalatrava.jpg) from the given web link. Moreover, the
authors also greatly acknowledge the valuable services of Robert & Mihaela Vicol / Publicphoto.org (http://publicphoto.org/fruit/rose-hip-close-up/)
for posting/allowing the use /copying of freely useable media file of Figure 3 of ripened fruits (rose hips) of Rosa canina from the given web link.
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