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The Tacit Dimension
Abstract
'I shall reconsider human knowledge by starting from the fact that we can know more than we can tell', writes Michael Polanyi, whose work paved the way for the likes of Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. "The Tacit Dimension", originally published in 1967, argues that such tacit knowledge - tradition, inherited practices, implied values, and prejudgments - is a crucial part of scientific knowledge. Back in print for a new generation of students and scholars, this volume challenges the assumption that skepticism, rather than established belief, lies at the heart of scientific discovery.
... The 'how' or qualitative and embodied dimension of teaching can be difficult to describe because of the ephemeral nature and the challenges of finding language that can encapsulate the complexity of experience. Polanyi (1966) characterizes this as the tacit dimension-what we know but cannot say (p. 4). However performing artists, particularly in theatre and dance, develop tools for studying the tacit through extensive training that cultivates sensitivity to how one's tone of voice, posture, and bodily stature imbue a narrative with meaning. ...
... In phase one of the process, I studied the teachers movements through an embodied approach (dwelling and interiorization), and in phase two I worked to articulate embodied observations into language that could render embodied observations visible to a reader (transcription and translation). Polanyi (1966) describes the process of learning embodied knowledge as moving from dwelling into interiorization. In the first phase, a student dwells with an expert observing and mimicking movements until it becomes natural in their own body, and they have interiorized it. ...
... With this background many of the stories acted to demonstrate the importance of preparedness during a crisis or to reflect on the extent to which instinct and emotions play a role in scientific decision-making. Instinct and emotion may be unfamiliar types of knowledge used within scientific norms but intersect with the concept of "tacit knowledge" developed in the sociology of science and related fields (Polanyi, 2009). Several plots that focussed on risk rather than hazard alone served to illustrate the influence of other risk dimensions (politics, social vulnerabilities) in decision-making processes. ...
This paper examines how storytelling functions to share and to shape knowledge, particularly when scientific knowledge is uncertain because of rapid environmental change. Narratives or stories are the descriptive sequencing of events to make a point. In comparison with scientific deduction, the point (plot) of a story can be either implicit or explicit, and causal links between events in the story are interpretative, rendering narrative a looser inferential framework. We explore how storytelling (the process) and stories (or narratives) involving scientists can make sense of environmental crises, where conditions change rapidly and natural, social, and scientific systems collide. We use the example of the Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption (Montserrat) and scientists' experiences of the events during that time. We used 37 stories gathered from seven semi-structured interviews and one group interview (five scientists). We wanted to understand whether these stories generate or highlight knowledge and information that do not necessarily appear in more conventional scientific literature produced in relation to environmental crisis and how that knowledge explicitly or implicitly shapes future actions and views. Through our analysis of the value these stories bring to volcanic risk reduction, we argue that scientists create and transmit important knowledge about risk reduction through the stories they tell one another. In our example storytelling and stories are used in several ways: (1) evidencing the value of robust long-term monitoring strategies during crises, (2) exploring the current limits of scientific rationality and the role of instinct in a crisis, and (3) the examination of the interactions and outcomes of wide-ranging drivers of population risk. More broadly these stories allowed for the emotional intensity of these experiences to be acknowledged and discussed; the actions and outcomes of the storytelling are important. This is not about the “story” of research findings but the sharing of experience and important knowledge about how to manage and cope with volcanic crises. We suggest that storytelling frameworks could be better harnessed in both volcanic and other contexts
Perhaps the most influential historian of science of the last century, Alexandre Koyré, famously argued that the icon of modern science, Galileo Galilei, was a Platonist who had hardly performed experiments. Koyré has been followed by other historians and philosophers of science. In addition, it is not difficult to find examples of Platonists in contemporary science, in particular in the physical sciences. A famous example is the icon of twenty century physics, Albert Einstein. This paper addresses two questions related to the Platonism of modern physical science. The first is: How is Galileo’s Platonism compatible with the fact that he did perform experiments? The solution to this apparent paradox can be found in Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. In the dialogue the world has been created by a divine craftsman according to an original plan. The task of the scientist is not primarily to describe the material world, but to reconstruct the original plan. This view has later been known as “God’s Eye View”. The second question is: If a God’s Eye View is unattainable, how is it possible to give a “rational reconstruction” of Galileo’s Platonism? The key-word is idealisation. It is further argued that idealisation is intimately related to technology. Technology is required to realize ideal experimental conditions, and the results are in its turn implemented in technology. The implication is that the quest for unity in science, based on physics as the basic science, should be replaced by the recognition of the diversity of the sciences.
One of the objectives of this paper is to examine the empirical effects of certain Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and reciprocity as antecedents of knowledge-sharing (KS) behavior. In an organization, human resource knowledge quality plays a key role in the effective performance of the organization by communicating their knowledge with management and co-workers to perform their tasks in a better way. This is possible only when useful and relevant quality knowledge is successfully shared. Despite various studies on this topic, there is little research on KS and HRM practices in developing countries like Pakistan. A survey-based approach is used for data collection from different employees in the banking sector of Pakistan. The hypotheses are formulated based on the four HRM practices and reciprocity. The dataset is critically investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this study suggest that reciprocity, recruitment and selection, and performance appraisals have a significant relationship with KS behaviour. Furthermore, KS is independent of employees’ training and development along with incentive systems in organizations. The contribution of this paper is how certain HR practices and employees’ perceptions about reciprocity influence employees’ knowledge sharing in an organization. This paper assists employers, employees, policymakers, and scholars to understand the factors that can promote knowledge sharing. This study also highlights the significant role of Human Resource Practices (HRP).
The tacit nature of craft forms a barrier to the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) crafts in craft–design collaboration that makes facilitating knowledge sharing across domains challenging. Hence, the discussion of tacit knowledge becomes a significant topic in university-based craft–design collaboration. However, there is still a lack of a systematic tacit knowledge-sharing structure for guiding academics and artisans in interacting beyond superficial manifestations in collaboration with the consideration of sustainability. This study aims to seek the relationship between craft–design collaboration, tacit knowledge sharing, and sustainability in the context of ICH crafts in China. By taking a qualitative research approach, grounded in knowledge management, semi-structured interviews were conducted with artisans and academics in China’s Belt and Road regions guided by the four defined dimensions of craft–design collaboration. This study investigates tacit knowledge sharing in craft–design collaboration, and its key contribution to sustainability. The study found that university-based collaboration activity can share knowledge sustainably and dynamically through knowledge accumulation, knowledge expression, knowledge diffusion, and knowledge reflection. Additionally, it argues that the integration of craft–design collaboration and knowledge management should be considered an essential future skill to investigate the sustainability impact of ICH crafts.
In recent years, 360° video cameras have become increasingly accessible and are now being used as valuable research tools across a range of disciplines. Their wide and flexible field of vision can provide immersive and/or alternative perspectives compared to standard video. This paper will present emerging findings from using a 360° video camera to capture natural dye craft practice from an auto-ethnographic perspective and as an observer of other dyers’ practice during fieldwork visits. The 360° video data forms part of my doctoral study, in which I explore the embodied interactions between people, plants and materials that connect practitioners to their surroundings, linking them to other species and ecologies. The varied nature of the actions and processes that form the craft practice (e.g. foraging, tending, harvesting, mordanting, dyeing), and the different places and spaces in which these actions occur, presented a practical and observational challenge when trying to record the practice in a video format. Using a 360° camera proved to be a flexible, data-rich and engaging method for recording the craft. The ability to ‘move’ around and explore different perspectives from within the video after it was recorded was especially valuable, allowing a shift in the focus of the recording and presenting the opportunity to actively centre or decentre plants, people and materials. In this paper, I will reflect on my experiences recording and working with 360° video data and discuss some of the limitations and possible benefits of using this equipment in a craft research setting.
Background
Fire seasons are longer, with more and larger wildfires, placing increased demands and risks on those fighting wildland fires. There are multiple agencies involved with fighting wildland fires and unique worksite conditions make meeting these workers’ needs a challenge.
Objective
The aim of the study is to develop and establish the effectiveness of a web-based safety and health program for those fighting wildland fires.
Methods
This mixed methods project had 3 phases. The initial qualitative phase assessed the needs of 150 diverse firefighters through interviews and focus groups across 11 US sites to establish and prioritize program content. Interview transcripts were read for thematic content with iterative readings used to identify, code, and rank health and safety issues. The second phase used that information to build a comprehensive Total Worker Health program for those fighting wildfires. The program content was based on the qualitative interview data and consisted of 6 core and 8 elective 30-minute, web-based modules primarily done individually on a smartphone or computer. The final, third phase evaluated the program with a quantitative prospective proof-of-concept, usability, and effectiveness trial among wildland firefighter participants. Effectiveness was assessed with paired 2-tailed t tests for pre- and post-Likert agreement scale survey items, adjusted for multiple comparisons. In addition to assessing mean and SD at baseline and postsurvey, observed effect sizes were calculated (Cohen d). Usability and reaction to the program among firefighters who responded to postsurvey were also assessed.
Results
The qualitative themes and subthemes were used to inform the program’s content. For the effectiveness trial, 131 firefighters completed the presurvey, and 50 (38.2%) completed the postsurvey. The majority of the participants were White (n=123, 93.9%), male (n=117, 89.3%), with an average age of 41 (SD 12.9) years. Significant increases in knowledge and desired health and safety behaviors were found for both cancer (P<.001) and cardiovascular risk (P=.01), nutrition behaviors (P=.01), hydration or overheating (P=.001), binge drinking (P=.002), and getting medical checkups (P=.001). More than 80% (n=40) of postsurvey respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the program was easy to use and would recommend it to others.
Conclusions
An innovative web-based safety and health promotion program for those fighting wildland fires was feasible, scalable, and usable. It improved the health and safety of those fighting wildland fires.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05753358; https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05753358
Architecture, like all human activities, is related to biology. However, architects approach biological analogies in many different ways, often focusing on morphological imitations without bearing in mind the origin of biological processes, although it is common that architects also fail to recognize their “bio-logic,” that is, their idiosyncrasies as individual living beings, their role in social and cultural structures, or even the impact of their work on ecosystems.Under the pretext of the latest research, where digital and analog realities are integrated, this chapter presents some less common aspects of bionic research, the connection of our senses with extended realities (XR), a disruptive approach to perceptions of reality, that has its origins in the Cyborg Culture. This research is only a modest attempt to test technological developments and make them compatible with the slower pace of human’s biological adaptation. These are the first steps on a long road we have to travel to hybridize specific characteristics of silicon units from the digital world with the carbon-based human beings.We are currently developing method, content, and even technology for the dissemination of UNESCO-classified architectural and artistic heritage, exploring the intersections of natural and artificial intelligence. This research aims to create and evaluate digital contents for cultural dissemination, within the scope of Architectural and Urban History, History of Science, and other, supported by significant studies already developed in these fields. To do it, we use cutting edge extended reality technologies to promote universal and democratic access to the architectural history – the history of the most extended and perpetuated phenotype of human civilization. We are also developing foresight exercises on how cultural dissemination will be done and how bionic XR will be used in the perpetuation of memory as well as in progress of human knowledge.KeywordsGenerative Algorithms (GA)Bionic technologyLost heritageExtended reality (XR)Cognitive revolutionCyborg culture
The present study investigated the pattern of relations among the tacit knowledge of highschool teachers, their professional development, and their metacognitive knowledge concerningtheir teaching practices. Two hundred and seventy-nine secondary school teachers of both sexes,between the ages of 30 and 59 years, with teaching experience of between 1 and 19 years, participatedin the study. Teachers’ tacit knowledge was evaluated through the hypothetical scenarios of theTacit Knowledge Inventory for High School Teachers (TKI-HS), which has been developed for theestimation of teachers’ practical strategies. For the evaluation of teachers’ metacognitive knowledgeand professional development, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. Pathanalysis indicated relationships between teachers’ metacognitive knowledge regarding difficultiesin classroom management and in the use of modern methods and technologies on the one hand,and the use of certain tacit knowledge strategies on the other. In addition, teachers’ professionaldevelopment, especially their ability to interact in socially heterogeneous groups, was also found tohave an effect on their tacit knowledge strategies.
(3) (PDF) The effect of secondary education teachers’ metacognitive knowledge and professional development on their tacit knowledge strategies.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373367199_The_effect_of_secondary_education_teachers'_metacognitive_knowledge_and_professional_development_on_their_tacit_knowledge_strategies [accessed Sep 06 2023].
To increase the resilience of farmers' livelihood systems, detailed knowledge of adaptation strategies for dealing with the impacts of climate change is required. Knowledge co-production approach is an adaptation strategy that is considered appropriate in the context of the increasing frequency of disasters caused by climate change. Previous research of knowledge co-production on climate change adaptation in Indonesia is insufficient, particularly at local level, so we examined the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge in the knowledge co-production process through climate field school (CFS) activities in this study. We interviewed 120 people living in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, involving 12 crowds including male and female farmers participated in CFS and not participated in CFS, local government officials, agriculture extension workers, agricultural traders, farmers' family members and neighbors, etc. In brief, the 12 groups of people mainly include two categories of people, i.e., people involved in CFS activities and outside CFS. We applied descriptive method and Social Network Analysis (SNA) to determine how knowledge flow in the community network and which groups of actors are important for knowledge flow. The findings of this study reveal that participants in CFS activities convey the knowledge they acquired formally (i.e., from TV, radio, government, etc.) and informally (i.e., from market, friends, relatives, etc.) to other actors, especially to their families and neighbors. The results also show that the acquisition and sharing of knowledge facilitate the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge based on knowledge co-operation. In addition, the findings highlight the key role of actors in the knowledge transfer process, and key actors involved in disseminating information about climate change adaptation. To be specific, among all the actors, family member and neighbor of CFS actor are the most common actors in disseminating climate knowledge information and closest to other actors in the network; agricultural trader and family member of CFS actor collaborate most with other actors in the community network; and farmers participated in CFS, including those heads of farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, and local government officials are more willing to contact with other actors in the network. To facilitate the flow of knowledge on climate change adaptation, CFS activities should be conducted regularly and CFS models that fit the situation of farmers’ vulnerability to climate change should be developed.
This study examines the haute cuisine chefs’ education and training in order to identify a common pattern of training. Specifically, this study investigates the education and training received during the careers of a sample of 60 Michelin-starred chefs in Catalonia, a Spanish region recognized for its gastronomy. To conduct the study, a qualitative methodology was adopted and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the professionals. The results show that the studies in hospitality schools are important to cement the basis of knowledge, but internships and work experience are also relevant ways to acquire explicit and tacit knowledge to succeed in this sector. These findings have allowed the identification of three different clusters of haute cuisine chefs also considering age and experience. This paper contributes to the research by analyzing the education of a group of professionals and identifying a common pattern of training in a growing sector that contributes significantly to national economies.
In Senegal, the use of pesticides in vegetable production is a widespread and persistent practice. This situation is apparent from the synthetic formula 'porodi rekk' ('just pesticides' in Wolof), by which vegetable producers usually summarise their approach to pest management. The aim of this paper is to explore the knowledge of vegetable producers regarding crop protection, and to analyse the contribution of such knowledge to the reproduction of chemical pest control in the Senegalese vegetable sector. To this end, this paper analyses how this knowledge is structured by the material and social network with which it is associated, and how this knowledge in turn structures the practices of vegetable producers. The chosen method consisted in a case study centred on a (anonymised) commune in the Niayes area – the main vegetable production basin in Senegal. Forty-eight (48) semi-structured interviews were conducted with vegetable producers and pesticide dealers, before being analysed by inductive coding. The results show that the knowledge of vegetable producers is structured doubly i) by informal exchanges of advice between actors and ii) by an empirical-sensory understanding of pesticides and their effectiveness. This mode of structuration ensures the continued and incremental production of crop protection knowledge that includes i) a peasant classification of pesticides, ii) a dominant representation of the causes of phytosanitary problems, iii) an evolving knowledge of the most effective chemical treatments – but also iv) a large ignorance of the risks caused by chemical control on health and the environment. Finally, the current innovation process in vegetable crop protection – and the material and social network that underpins it – ensures the continuous improvement and reproduction of chemical control. Paradoxically, the promotion of biopesticides by certain development organisations and projects is aggravating the invisibilisation of the rare peasant' alternative knowledge. Beyond the role of knowledge, the literature suggests that the persistence of chemical control in the Senegalese vegetable sector is more broadly the result of a threefold political-institutional, technical-economic, and socio-cognitive lock-in.
Practice-based philosophy of science has gradually arisen in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and science and technology studies (STS) during the past decades. It studies science as an ensemble of practices and theorising as one of these practices. A recent study has shown how the practice-based approach can be methodologically justified with reference to Peirce and Dewey. In this article, I will explore one consequence of that notion: science, as practice, is necessarily social. I will disambiguate five different senses in which science is social. First, science presupposes language, which is essentially social. Second, practices, including science, are adaptations of the behaviour of an organism to an environment, of which other organisms are a part. Third, practices, including science, are public and hence shareable. Fourth, scientific knowledge can serve as a vehicle of social and moral reform. Fifth, scientific knowledge can be applied to improve the human condition. This fivefold result bears on the problem of realism.
Although innovation is present in all economic sectors, innovation surveys and empirical research are biased towards high-tech activities. Meanwhile, quantitative studies on agricultural innovation systems (AIS) usually neglect the regional dimension. As in many developing countries, Argentine agriculture seems to have evolved towards a new techno-productive paradigm, but no study has yet analyzed its geographical scope. This article proposes a regional-structural approach to study where, how and with whom technical linkages and interactive learning processes are developed. Using under-explored data from the 2018 National Agricultural Census and multivariate analysis techniques, the results reveal significant regional differences in technical linkages and show that the new techno-productive paradigm is limited to the Pampean region. While private sources of knowledge are mainly concentrated in central areas, technical linkages with public agencies are geographically widespread. Acknowledging these regional heterogeneities poses different policy challenges for promoting AIS in developing countries with large and diverse territories.
Stanislavsky placed belief in imagined circumstances at the heart of his acting System. As he wrote, “Everything on stage must instill belief in the possibility that it could exist in life as actual feelings and sensations, analogous to those that the artist undergoes while creating.” However, leading proponents of Stanislavsky’s late work rarely mention belief when they write about his last rehearsal technique, named Active Analysis by Maria Knebel. My essay interrogates this puzzling absence through Knebel’s practice, which still positions belief as “the foundation of foundations” in acting, but also sees belief as originating from actors’ active exploration of their roles’ circumstances. For Knebel, there can be no belief in fictional possibilities without the visceral knowledge, acquired through the rehearsal process.
[Context] Requirements elicitation is an essential activity to ensure that systems provide the necessary functionality to users, and that they are fit for purpose. In addition to traditional ‘reductionist’ techniques, the use of observations and ethnography-style techniques have been proposed to identify requirements. [Research Problem] One frequently heard issue with observational techniques is that they are costly to use, as developers who would partake, would lose considerable development time. Observation also does not guarantee that all essential requirements are identified, and so luck plays a role. Very few experience reports exist to evaluate observational techniques in practice, and for organizations it is difficult to assess whether observation is a worthwhile activity, given its associated cost. [Results] This report presents experiences from DNV, a global leader providing maritime services who are renewing an information system to support its expert users. We draw on several data sources, covering insights from both developers and users. The data were collected through 9 interviews with users and developers, and over 80 h of observation of prospective users in the maritime domain. We capture ‘knowns’ and ‘unknowns’ from both developers and users, and highlight the importance of observational studies. [Contribution] While observational techniques are costly to use, we conclude that essential information is uncovered, which is key for developers to understand system users and their concerns.KeywordsUser involvementExpert KnowledgeRequirements engineeringTacit KnowledgeEthnographic Techniques
In this paper, we propose a method based on multicriteria classification and a dominancebased rough set approach (DRSA) to support teachers in decision making. The objective is to use teachers’ knowledge and preferences to identify ‘atrisk students’, i.e. students who are likely to drop out, and ‘leader students’, i.e. students who are likely to help their peers, in distance learning. The proposed method is composed of two phases: phase I builds collective decision rules from teachers’ preferences, and phase II classifies students into two decision classes: ‘atrisk students’ and ‘leader students’. This method was designed, tested, and validated in higher education, with teachers who have acquired rich experience in teaching in online-synchronous mode since the Covid-19 pandemic.
This essay employs personal biography to illustrate larger questions regarding global transformations in the creative arts and tertiary education sector. With a focus on how neo-liberalism has impacted professional screen practices in Australia and those in the contemporary Academy, this paper also provides two screen-arts case studies to illustrate what poietic research forms can uniquely bring to scholarship.
The transformation of the intelligence ecosystem associated with the digital transformation represents a critical juncture for diversity and inclusion (D&I). We present a multidisciplinary perspective on digital transformation and D&I that demonstrates that, in the context of automated decision making, where algorithmic biases and the standardisation of thought represent new risks, neurodiversity initiatives become a cornerstone for advancing D&I. Based on interviews with neurodiversity experts, we identify innovative ways to efficiently configure an inclusive organisational design targeting neurodiversity by leveraging technologies. We identify several properties of technologies that support D&I in neurodiversity initiatives: the neutralisation of biases during interviews, the development of digital support for physical and mental well‐being and the facilitation of different cognition modes. Finally, we critically discuss the risks and opportunities offered by various technologies in terms of performance evaluation, new forms of dominance, and design of a digital ecosystem for mental well‐being.
The search for a composition between plurality and unity of psychology is developed here by articulating a reflection on three points concerning: the origins of the phenomenon of compartmentalization that can be traced back to a dual configuration - plural and fragmented - of psychology; characteristics that are connected but not coincidental; the acceptability of a trans-disciplinary approach to design a composition of psychology that respects its plural articulation; the choice of the area of health as the elective phenomenical field to test the possibility of composing the plurality and unity of psychology starting from a trans-disciplinary approach.
The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of capture systems in improving high school students’ dancing skills through the use of experimental design. The major findings were as follows: First, using a MoCap system and high-speed camera to document dancers’ movements can provide reference materials for students to improve their skills through self-practice. Second, using a MoCap system and high-speed camera as teaching aids at dance studio can enhance the effectiveness of dancing teaching. Third, incorporating MoCap and high-speed camera technologies into dance art is becoming necessary for achieving peak performance.
Knowledge management and manufacturing relocation have been treated as independent spheres. However, for a relocation to be fruitful, knowledge management needs to be incorporated. The purpose of this research is to shed light on the lack of knowledge management in dynamic manufacturing relocation. In particular, the research focuses on the ability to change, adapt and revert manufacturing relocation decisions, that is, the dynamic nature (or use) of the concept. A Swedish company was used as a case study. Nine in‐depth interviews were conducted with key informants at the company's headquarters in Sweden and its factory in China to capture a dyadic perspective. The findings demonstrate that: (1) knowledge transfer is crucial to create/sustain competitive advantage in the offshoring and reshoring phase; (2) lack of knowledge transfer results in limited learning outcomes with operational and strategic consequences in the relocation; (3) resistance to knowledge transfer in the offshoring creates a knowledge gap that consequently leads to relocation ambiguity in the reshoring phase; and (4) companies need to develop knowledge management strategies to promote knowledge transfer and learn from their international relocation, to cope with relocation ambiguity. Our theoretical contribution introduces the knowledge ambiguity framework, which is a result of insufficient knowledge transfer in the dynamic manufacturing relocation. Even if an organization relocates efficiently, it can fail to take advantage of knowledge transfer and development as potential learning for the organization.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become frequently used in data and knowledge production in diverse domain studies. Scholars began to reflect on the plausibility of AI models that learn unexplained tacit knowledge, spawning the emerging research field, eXplainable AI (XAI). However, superior XAI approaches have yet to emerge that can explain the tacit knowledge acquired by AI models into human-understandable explicit knowledge. This paper proposes a novel eXplainable Dimensionality Reduction (XDR) framework, which aims to effectively translate the high-dimensional tacit knowledge learned by AI into explicit knowledge that is understandable to domain experts. We present a case study of recognizing the ethnic styles of village dwellings in Guangdong, China, via an AI model that can recognize the building footprints from satellite imagery. We find that the patio, size, length, direction and asymmetric shape of the village dwellings are the key to distinguish Canton, Hakka, Teochew or their mixed styles. The data-derived results, including key features, proximity relationships and geographical distribution of the styles are consistent with the findings of existing field studies. Moreover, an evidence of Hakka migration was also found in our results, complementing existing knowledge in architectural and historical geography. This proposed XDR framework can assist experts in diverse fields to further expand their domain knowledge.
The purpose of this study is to explore how Chinese family businesses (CFBs) in Malaysia can last three generations through the development of a tacit knowledge innovation by adapting to local markets from traditional food production (Southern China) to fostering rooting innovations in Nanyang (Southeast Asia-Malaysia). The author created this study by using stage model theory of development to compare the evolutionary development of the founding generation to the next generation in three public listed CFBs of food production in Malaysia. The research on business history assessments were obtained from Malaysia’s companies commission house (CCM), annual reports and in-depth interviews. This process is further aided by effectively utilizing tacit knowledge and by introducing new evolutionary CFBs model in food production, a research method has not employed in Malaysia. The findings of this study show that the role of tacit knowledge and innovation is a dynamic process including knowledge creation, evolution, transfer and application, and is also a learning process to sustain the CFBs of food production in Malaysia. These can have an imperceptible influence on and lead to improvements in CFB’s thinking structure, creating added value, self-realization and a competitive advantage in the food industry.
There is an indissoluble link between human and scientific knowledge. Hence, science is not a separate world but is also based on the common-sense knowledge of the era in which it is temporally located. This knowledge (often silently) is continuously active and contributes to the formation of scientific knowledge. Part of subjectivity is always present in scientific reasoning because a direct and natural relationship does not exist among objects, concepts and names, which are the words scientists use to name objects and concepts. As such, facts are always theory-driven.KeywordsGnoseologyLanguage and realityClassificationsTacit knowledge
This paper provides an in-depth cultural analysis of the album Blue, by Mostly Other People Do the Killing – a detailed, note-for-note recreation of Miles Davis’s jazz classic, Kind of Blue. While the group’s undertaking has been widely regarded as a postmodern deconstruction of genre and history, this paper adopts a new materialist framework to demonstrate how the re-enactment makes perceptible the material contingency of sound and music. Focusing on the processes of emergence, it argues that Blue calls attention to the material-energetic flows that underlie both the production and reception of music. As such, the album might encourage us to rethink the notion of musical works via a materialist model of intensive forces and their immanent capture within musicking assemblages.
Research on geographies of knowledge sourcing examines the organizational structure of innovation activities within the firm, the mechanisms by which knowledge is extracted from various external sources and the geography of these different activities. We augment this literature by exploring knowledge sourcing within multi-plant firms operating in Europe. Analysis makes use of linked patent-firm data recording the location of knowledge production and its ownership. The results add value to existing research in three ways. First, the establishments of multi-plant firms are shown to produce different kinds of knowledge in different locations. Second, the patents generated within a firm's establishments are linked to the knowledge stocks of the regions where they operate, supporting a vision of geographical knowledge sourcing. Third, the complexity of knowledge produced within firms is positively related to the number of plants in which they innovate.
Considering Kuhn’s emphasis on the community structure of science, this paper focuses on the scientific community to inquire whether the recent global financial crisis ushered paradigm change in economics. To appraise the nature and the extent of post-crisis change, we examine the methodological constitution of the dominant paradigm identified as New Consensus Macroeconomics, methodological commitments binding paradigm and scientific community, and assess the practice of the community, particularly the treatment of anomalies. Subsequently, an attempt is made to illuminate whether/how sociological and institutional parameters in the community structure of the discipline bear upon prospects of change. Empirically, this research investigates, categorizes and evaluates post-crisis responses and perceptions of the scientific community. The overarching aim is to determine whether economics responded to a major anomaly with critical self-reflection on the adequacy of its methodological toolbox, leading to theory change, and to shed light on institutional aspects influence this process.
The era of knowledge-based economy has created rapid changes in the business environment. Maintaining a business in that era requires innovation to maintaining its competitiveness. Innovation requires knowledge resources, where knowledge transfer plays an essential role in creating new knowledge that can be utilized to improve innovation capabilities. However, knowledge transfer is considered not a simple process because of the stickiness of knowledge, but on the other hand, knowledge transfer can be regarded as something that can happen instantly. Trust is therefore considered as the factor to strengthening the causality relationship between knowledge transfer and innovation capabilities. This study used a survey approach with Partially Least Square (PLS) data analysis techniques. The respondents in this research are SMEs of the creative industry handicraft sub-sector in the Province of DIY, Bali and North Sulawesi, which are justified as representations of Indonesia. Based on the 201 data collected, it was found that trust significantly moderated the causality relationship between knowledge transfer and innovation capabilities. Hence, knowledge transfers are needed for developing SMEs of the creative industries innovation capabilities which strengthened by the trust.
The paper aims to provide a systematic overview of the maturity models used in knowledge management (KM) with the purpose of identifying different perspectives, contributions, shortcomings, and implementation gaps. This study can be characterized as a theoretical research based on a systematic literature review. As a result of this analysis, KM key points and knowledge management maturity models (KMMMs) critical success factors (CSFs) are pointed out and recorded. The concept of standardization and its relation to KM, presenting known KM Standards and their core principles is explored. Even though there is a large number of publications on KM, a literature gap is identified in publications regarding the field of KM Standards and corresponding case studies. Based on the most widely spread critical success factors used in the knowledge management maturity assessment presented in the literature survey, the objective of this paper is to propose a holistic and integrated knowledge management maturity assessment framework encompassing the core guidelines of ISO 30401 in order to be used by researchers and practitioners for future reference in the form of a generic maturity assessment web matrix.
Reflection is generally considered to be important for learning from simulation-based training in professional and vocational education. The mainstream conceptualization of reflection is argued to rest on a dualistic ground separating the mind from the body. Drawing on phenomeno-logical analyses of bodily awareness and an ethnographic case study of maritime safety training we show how and why students' embodied experiences and subjectivity play a foundational role in reflection. We develop and illustrate the notion of bodily-awareness-in-reflection which captures a mode of reflection wherein non-conceptual pre-reflective bodily experiences are integrated with conceptual thought. In this way, we aim to enrich and complement prior work on simulation-based training and embodied professional learning by providing an enactivist epis-temological foundation of reflection in debriefing, highlighting awareness of the lived body as a necessary ground of reflective self-knowledge.
Applying the concept of tacit knowledge to several key areas in Plato's political theory illuminates obscurities and mitigates incoherencies in his thought, revealing a less totalitarian emphasis. It also provides a promising avenue for resolving a central epistemological problem that has occupied Western philosophy since its inception, namely, the fonnulation of a consistent version of skepticism.
Context:
We argue that biomedicine at root is not primarily instrumental, but shares aesthetic, ethical and political values with poetry. Yet an instrumentalist bias in medical pedagogy can lead to frustration of biomedicine's potential. Such unfulfilled potential is exposed when making a comparison with poetry, a knowledge system that expressly engages a range of value systems. How then to recover biomedical language's riches for medical education's gain?
Methods:
We combine scientific and artistic approaches by positing a common frame to which both medicine and poetry can aspire: the 'high-water mark' of language. Poetry's language is complex, intensive and connotative-concerned with mood, ambiguity, metaphor and embodiment. Biomedicine potentially engages with such linguistic complexities, particularly in metaphor production, yet persistently falls away from this high-water mark of language, reducing connotative language to denotation or literal meanings. We describe such instances of frustrated potential as 'trying to accelerate with the brake on'. This paradoxical state has become habitual in medical education. The resultant lack of productive metaphor insulates pedagogy from mood, separating it from the vernacular as a specialist tongue that ensures identification with the medical community of practice. Such language can alienate both patients and poets for the same reason: it is less human than technical.
Conclusions:
Using the example of clinical reasoning and attendant diagnostic work, we show that reductions from the connotative to the denotative not only mask but also contradict the complexity of implicit, embedded and distributed cognitive structures, creating a tension that medical education consistently fails to either resolve or draw upon as a resource. Further, poetry too has a complex set of implicit rules and formative structures that shape composition. These structures show symmetry, correspondence or even isomorphism with medical cognition, where both can aspire to activity that is aesthetically rich, intense and cognitively elegant.
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