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The Social Ecology of Knowledge Management

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... The methodology is inspired by the Cynefin framework (Snowden 2000), a framework for decisionmaking. The Cynefin framework initially proposes context-aware decision-making schemes. ...
... While working in complexity, Snowden (2000) proposes to start with invoking new experiments or collecting information on emergent features (probe) by a careful reflection to make sense of how the system reacts to new experiments (sense), followed by calibrated actions that may lead to a new state (respond). Figure 2 depicts the adoption of the Cynefin framework as an overarching methodology, and Figure 3 presents technical infrastructure on how the methodology is implemented as software and data processing components. ...
... Figure 3 details the overall architecture, presenting how the methodology is implemented. It depicts continuous feedback loops between 3 main pillars: policy interventions (module 1); scenario analysis, including inputs and scenario design (module 2); population initialisation (module 3); population dynamics (module 4); Figure 2. Change model in complexity that combines science, practice, and policy adopted from Cynefin framework (Snowden 2000) as an overarching methodology for Green Urban Scenarios framework. The figure depicts how data collection is connected to digital twin representation and scenario analysis with designated parameters, which in return may inform practitioners or policymakers to allocate financial and other resources for creating and maintaining urban forests. ...
Article
Background Trees are a critical part of urban infrastructure. Cities worldwide are pledging afforestation objectives due to net-zero targets; however, their realisation requires a comprehensive framework that combines science, policy, and practice. Methods The paper presents the Green Urban Scenarios (GUS) framework for designing and monitoring green infrastructures. GUS considers weather, maintenance, tree species, diseases, and spatial distributions of trees to forecast their impacts. The framework uses agent-based modelling (ABM) and simulation paradigm to integrate green infrastructure into a city’s ecological, spatial, economic, and social context. ABM enables the creation of digital twins for urban ecosystems at any level of granularity, including individual trees, to accurately predict their future trajectories. Digital representation of trees is created using a combination of datasets such as earth observations from space, street view images, field surveys, and qualitative descriptions of typologies within existing and future projects. Machine learning and statistical models calibrate biomass growth patterns and carbon release schemes. Results The paper examines various green area typologies, simulating several hypothetical scenarios based on Glasgow’s urban forests. It exhibits the emergence of heterogeneity features of the forests due to interactions among trees. The growth trajectory of trees has a non-linear transition phase toward stable growth in its maturity. Reduced maintenance deteriorates the health of trees leading to lower survival rate and increased CO 2 emissions, while the stormwater alleviation capacity may differ among species. Conclusions The paper demonstrates how GUS can facilitate policies and maintenance of urban forests with environmental, social, and economic benefits.
... The "informal communities" thereby established may be transient or enduring, and embrace both intimate relationship and ones lacking in depth [34]. Similarly structured communities have been described in occupational settings that arise spontaneously in response to stimuli such as common experiences, values or beliefs, or shared goals or organisational inadequacies [37,38]. Snowdon and Schulte describe how these informal communities function parallel to, and in support of, formal organisations and through their fluidity are able to address needs for which the rigidity of formal structures constrain their response [37,38]. ...
... Similarly structured communities have been described in occupational settings that arise spontaneously in response to stimuli such as common experiences, values or beliefs, or shared goals or organisational inadequacies [37,38]. Snowdon and Schulte describe how these informal communities function parallel to, and in support of, formal organisations and through their fluidity are able to address needs for which the rigidity of formal structures constrain their response [37,38]. Our results, which emphasise the centrality of communication processes for the establishment of meaning, providing support, and realisation of objectives [37,39], strongly support these conclusions. ...
... Snowdon and Schulte describe how these informal communities function parallel to, and in support of, formal organisations and through their fluidity are able to address needs for which the rigidity of formal structures constrain their response [37,38]. Our results, which emphasise the centrality of communication processes for the establishment of meaning, providing support, and realisation of objectives [37,39], strongly support these conclusions. ...
Article
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Purpose In hospital settings, patients, visitors, and staff engage in many interactions outside formal clinical encounters. Whilst many of these may be inconsequential, others contribute significantly to how patients and their carers experience cancer and its treatment. This article aims to explore the experiences and significance of interactions that occur outside formal clinical encounters in hospital cancer treatment settings. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with cancer patients, carers, and staff recruited from two hospital sites and cancer support groups. Hermeneutic phenomenology informed lines of questioning and data analysis. Results Thirty-one people participated in the study: 18 cancer patients, four carers, and nine staff members. The experiences of informal interactions were grouped into three themes: connecting, making sense, and enacting care. The participants described how these encounters allowed connection with others in the hospital spaces, facilitating a sense of belonging, normality, and self-worth. Through these interactions, individuals participated in making sense of their experiences, to better anticipate the decisions and challenges that might lie ahead. By connecting with other individuals, they cared for others and felt cared for themselves, and were able to learn from, teach, and support each other. Conclusions Outside the confines of the clinical discourses participants negotiate terms of engagement, sharing of information, expertise, and their own personal stories that they may employ to contribute to the individuals around them. These interactions occur within a loose and evolving framework of social interactions, an ‘informal community’, in which cancer patients, carers, and staff members play active and meaningful roles.
... While the most cited version of the Cynefin model is structured along more or less traceable cause-and-effect considerations or notions of knowledge, an earlier version of the framework includes two dimensions (see Fig. 2): (codification of) language and knowledge on the one hand and organisational preconditions, especially (organisational) culture on the other one (Snowden, 2000(Snowden, , 2010. In the dimension of culture, organisations either understand issues to be directly observable, documented, and measurable. ...
... These cultures are more oriented to what humans learn, not what they do, because they are experiencing ambiguity and uncertainty. With respect to sense-making, communities either share a common (expert) language that effectively excludes those who do not have that expertise, coined "restricted sense making", or expertise is not necessary or inappropriate, coined "open sense making" Snowden (2000). ...
... Complex issues cannot be "solved" but understood by induction and especially abduction, i.e., by finding the simplest and most likely, but not necessarily "true" conclusion from the observations. Estimates are grounded in experience and subjective forecasts for a range (Snowden, 2000). of possible futures. Using different scenarios, based on best available or most likely conjectures, lead to different plans and provisions for uncertainties. ...
Article
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Recommendations for managing complexity in projects acknowledge different levels of complexity, but often neglect the importance of (non-)repetition. This paper uses the Cynefin framework, structuring problems along the levels of simple, complicated, complex, and chaotic, and the learning loop model as simple but practical tools to sort different project situations. Combining the degree of complexity with repeatability or uniqueness of the project allows a typology of projects to guide management. Single-loop and double-loop learning from past experiences is restricted to the occurrence of similar situations, slicing, project management guidelines and framework to complicated projects. The more complex and novel the problem, the more likely that non-standard, non-algorithmic ways such as sensemaking, trial-and-error, and whole-systems approaches will yield satisfactory results. Expertise is useful for simple and complicated projects; however, for new and complex projects, experience, authority and trust, and recognition of abstract patterns (deutero learning) are more important.
... eingegangen. (Snowden 2000). ...
... Hier ist von "guten Praktiken" die Rede (good practices). Die generelle Herangehensweise bei der Bearbeitung komplizierter Herausforderungen ist: Beobachtung, Analyse, Reagieren (Snowden 2000). ...
... simple und komplizierte Domäne) bewältigt werden und da sie sofortiges Handeln erfordern, bleibt auch keine Zeit für Experimente und inkrementelle Probierbewegungen (s. komplexe Domäne) (Snowden 2000). In Organisationen kann Snowden/Boone zufolge eine Methode darin bestehen, parallel Teams mit unterschiedlichen Aufgaben zu betrauen. ...
Chapter
Resilienz, Entwicklung und Nachhaltigkeit stellen im aktuellen Diskurs um gesellschaftliche Zukunftssicherung im 21. Jahrhundert die bestimmenden Leitkonzepte dar. Worin bestehen ihre Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch wechselseitige Anknüpfungspunkte und Widersprüche?
... eingegangen. (Snowden 2000). ...
... Hier ist von "guten Praktiken" die Rede (good practices). Die generelle Herangehensweise bei der Bearbeitung komplizierter Herausforderungen ist: Beobachtung, Analyse, Reagieren (Snowden 2000). ...
... simple und komplizierte Domäne) bewältigt werden und da sie sofortiges Handeln erfordern, bleibt auch keine Zeit für Experimente und inkrementelle Probierbewegungen (s. komplexe Domäne) (Snowden 2000). In Organisationen kann Snowden/Boone zufolge eine Methode darin bestehen, parallel Teams mit unterschiedlichen Aufgaben zu betrauen. ...
Book
Was macht moderne Gesellschaften widerstandsfähig gegenüber völlig unterschiedlichen Herausforderungen von heute und morgen? Worin ähneln, widersprechen und ergänzen sich die vieldiskutierten Konzepte der resilienten, nachhaltigen und entwickelten Gesellschaft im Kontext gesellschaftlicher Zukunftssicherung im 21. Jahrhundert? Dieses Buch zeichnet eine disziplinübergreifende Perspektive und skizziert Orientierungsprinzipien für die weiterführende Forschung und politische Gestaltungspraxis. Der Inhalt • Rahmenbedingungen: Wahrscheinlichste und bedrohlichste Krisen im 21. Jahrhundert • Resilienz: Eine Universalantwort auf die Krisen unserer Zeit? • Zwei Zugänge zu einem universellen Resilienzmodell • Fünf systemische Prinzipien einer multiresilienten Gesellschaft • Die entwickelte Gesellschaft • Die nachhaltige Gesellschaft • Entwicklung vs. Nachhaltigkeit vs. Resilienz: Gemeinsamkeiten, Schnittpunkte und Widersprüche • Gesellschaftliche Zukunftssicherung im 21. Jahrhundert: Konturen eines integrativen Konzepts • Ausblick: Fünf Hebelpunkte zum Anstoßen nötiger Veränderungen Die Zielgruppen Forschende aller geisteswissenschaftlichen Strömungen, die sich mit gesellschaftlicher Zukunftssicherung, sozialem Wandel oder/und Krisenmanagement befassen. Expertinnen und Experten aus der Politikberatung (Stiftungen, Parteien, Think Tanks etc.) Aktivist/innen zivilgesellschaftlicher Initiativen, die sich mit gesellschaftlicher Zukunftssicherung, sozialem Wandel oder/und Krisenmanagement befassen. Der Autor Dr. Karim Fathi ist in Berlin forschend, beratend und lehrend zu den Themengebieten Multidisziplinarität, Resilienz, Konflikttransformation und Agilität tätig. Aktuell forscht er als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) zu den Themen „Transdisziplinäre Komplexitätsbewältigung“ und „Systemischer Wandel“ und berät den Zukunftskreis des BMBF.
... eingegangen. (Snowden 2000). ...
... Hier ist von "guten Praktiken" die Rede (good practices). Die generelle Herangehensweise bei der Bearbeitung komplizierter Herausforderungen ist: Beobachtung, Analyse, Reagieren (Snowden 2000). ...
... simple und komplizierte Domäne) bewältigt werden und da sie sofortiges Handeln erfordern, bleibt auch keine Zeit für Experimente und inkrementelle Probierbewegungen (s. komplexe Domäne) (Snowden 2000). In Organisationen kann Snowden/Boone zufolge eine Methode darin bestehen, parallel Teams mit unterschiedlichen Aufgaben zu betrauen. ...
Chapter
Angesichts der wachsenden Sensibilisierung für die vielfältigen globalen Risiken und Herausforderungen heutiger Gesellschaften, wird in den letzten Jahren zunehmend die Frage nach vorbeugenden „Schutzfaktoren“ aufgeworfen, welche das gesellschaftliche System befähigen, mit mannigfaltiger Unvorhersehbarkeit umzugehen und unterschiedlichen Krisen zu widerstehen. Als Gegenbegriff zum jahrzehntelang vorherrschenden Begriff der Verwundbarkeit (Vulnerabilität) wird derzeit vor allem der durchaus unterschiedlich verwendete Resilienzbegriff diskutiert. Woher kommt der Resilienzbegriff und wie wird er verwendet? Welchen potenziellen Mehrwert bietet das Resilienzkonzept als „Ein-Wort-Antwort“ auf unterschiedliche Krisenarten (psychologische, politische, ökonomische, ökologische, soziale und andere Krisen) und über die Systemebenen (Individuen, Organisationen, Gesellschaften) hinaus?
... Emergence is made possible and encouraged when there is awareness of various factors. Among these are the ability of individuals and groups in the community to self-organize; the power of small changes, which have the potential to make a significant impact; the nonlinearity of community processes, which make cause-andeffect relationships less relevant; the importance of utilizing random opportunities; and the importance of passion and responsibility of the community actors (Corning, 2002;Snowden, 2000). ...
... Another way to understand the context of emergence in communities is through the Cynefin Framework, which distinguishes between simple, complicated, complex and chaotic situations or modes (Snowden, 2000). We suggest introducing the Cynefin Framework modes, which are usually applied in organizational contexts, to community practice. ...
... Global and local community changes challenge the roles, approaches, and skills of community practitioners, who are required to work in complex, uncertain and volatile environments (Weil et al., 2013). Inspired by the Cynefin Framework (Snowden, 2000), we can rephrase its message by saying that the community practitioner's work generally falls into the following categories. S/he responds to: (1) a simple community situation by acting according to a known procedure, and being a project manager of a well-orchestrated team of professionals and volunteers; (2) a complicated situation by analyzing the community/situation, formulating a proper response and being a multi-party conflict manager; (3) a complex situation by probing the field, looking for an emergence of unexpected opportunities, and being an engager and facilitator of community activists; and (4) a chaotic situation by improvising a response, checking the results and leading a decentralized crisis management process. ...
Article
Community practitioners are often challenged to work in complex environments and situations that naturally occur in communities. This article focuses on the theoretical and practical use of the Emergence-Based Approach that is relevant for work in complex community situations. Using this approach, the practitioner encourages the emergence of novel ideas and initiatives, and engages a decentralized network of activists, helping them develop their initiatives. Using a field study, we compare this approach to the traditional Outcomes-Based Approach. Although their mindsets are very different, and even contradict one another, we suggest practical ways to combine the two in an effective way.
... Finally, although contingency theory tries to explain the various areas of concern, it does not provide a solution for organizational leaders and managers to deal with each area (Landis et al. 2014; Northouse 2019). Stacey (1996) and Snowden (2000) proposed their sense-making frameworks to facilitate the use of sense-making theory in managers' decision-making. The common point of these frameworks is the division of the business world into four domains: simple, complicated, complex, and chaos. ...
... 2. The use of Cynefin in association with OIPT allows managers to better understand the area of concern and adopt an approach appropriate to these conditions, as discussed in Section 4. 3. The use of Cynefin enables the decision-makers to constantly monitor any changes in the organizational conditions and consciously respond to fit disruption (Snowden and Goh 2020). Also, less rigid boundaries between Cynefin areas distinguish among these areas and address the conditions of transition from one area to another (Snowden 2000). Therefore, using Cynefin and contingency theory helps avoid stagnation in the organization's management and adopt a dynamic approach. ...
Article
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The present study contributes to developing a pragmatic constructivist framework for detecting the nature of real-world's problems. To do so, we developed a framework that appreciates factual and logical aspects of reality and considers the values of actors participating in the situation using their communication. This occurs by integrating contingency theory and sense-making theory, which utilize rational and discursive inference mechanisms , respectively. In order to effectively cope with the complexity of understanding problems' nature, it is suggested to use rational and discursive mechanisms in complement. To do so, in this study, organizational information processing theory (OIPT) from contingency theory was utilized to enrich the Cynefin framework stemming from sense-making theory. Then, we used qualitative conceptual analysis to investigate Cynefin papers in a deductive-inductive way to develop the evolved Cynefin framework. The rationality of OIPT improves the analytical capabilities of Cynefin. Additionally, OIPT's contextual factors facilitate structuring debate sessions to reach a consensus. Cynefin helps us extract contextual narrations, which enables the acquisition of new knowledge. OIPT tries to extract actors' existing explicit and tacit knowledge. Finally, the developed framework is validated by utilizing it in the field of business process management and discussing how it helps problem-solvers make sense of their processes.
... Moreover, where each component has attributes with relationships and interdependencies. Whitty and Maylor (2009:305) describe a complex system as "a system formed out of many components whose behavior is emergent," which we may relate to the "complex" domain of the Cynefin framework for complexity (Snowden, 2000). The Cynefin framework has four main domains: simple, complicated, complex and chaotic. ...
... It emerges (probe-sense-response). The fourth domain is termed chaos by Snowden (2000). There you have lost control and it is about doing something to try to stabilize the situation (act-sense-response). Ballard and Koskela (2013) link the works on rhetoric and design by Kaufer and Butler (1996) to the concept of "wicked problems" (Churchman, 1967). ...
Article
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The construction project being studied is a government investment related to the relocation of a biomedical institute delivering research-based knowledge and contingency support in the fields of animal health, fish health and food safety. The project covers a total of 63,000 square meters distributed over 10 buildings with a very high degree of complexity. The design alone has required 1 million hours, which relates to a client cost of about 100 million Euro. The purpose of this paper is to study the applied methodology for managing the detailed design to identify lessons learned from the project. The theory underlying the study is inspired by lean design management and design theory linked to design as phenomena, including reciprocal interdependencies, iteration, decomposition, design as a “wicked problem”, learning, gradual maturation, etc. The article is based on an abductive research design and has been implemented as a case study where both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used.
... With respect to sense-making, communities either share a common (expert) language that effectively excludes those who do not have that expertise. Snowden (2000) coins this "restricted sense making". At the other pole, coined "open sense making", expertise is either not necessary or inappropriate. ...
... Membership, even if embedded in formal organisations, is often informally regulated and based on emotions, common experience, values or beliefs, with a long time of apprenticeship, (transition) rituals and enforcing myth form stories, and long tenure (Snowden, 2000). ...
Conference Paper
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Managing in turbulent fields was always an issue in projects, however, recommendations were often lacking understanding different degrees of complexity and neglecting the significance of (non-)recurrences of projects. In this paper, we use the Cynefin framework as simple, but practical tool to distinguish and sort distinct project settings. A 2x2 matrix spanning the dimensions of the level of complexity according to the Cynefin framework combined with the repetitiveness of the project content allows for a typology of projects to instruct decision-making behaviours in turbulent and surprising project situations. The article relates the perception and sense-making of these project conditions to action patterns, learning and training methods, and project management approaches. Grounded in social constructivism, we argue that there is no "one best way" to manage the unexpected in projects but successful actions depend on the sense-making of the incident, rooted in organisational history and professional identity, and the alignment of internal resources and external demands to this self-perception.
... He goes on to suggest a manager should function like a good community leader in what he calls an engaged and distributed management style, so anyone and everyone can work with initiative, the pre-requisite to innovations within the organization. Snowden (2000), a proponent of the theory of complex nature of organizations and the emergence of informal self-organizing communities within organizations, does not advise managers to form new communities for the purpose of achieving an organization's objectives. He argues that such artificially formed communities are rarely sustainable as employees who voluntarily participate in informal communities "can and do resist mandated behavior." ...
... Taking into consideration Snowden's (2000) and Wenger's (2000) cautioning on the delicate nature of communities within organizations, and Fischer and Ostwald's (2001) suggestion that we need to push the boundary of our understanding of the community in the innovation process, we conducted a qualitative research diving into the communities that are contributing to the innovation work in one university. The paper first develops a working concept for communities that are facilitating or that can potentially facilitate innovation, and consider the factors that affect their success. ...
Article
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Purpose This paper aims to increase our understanding of the nature and role of communities within organizations with regard to innovation management, the drivers of community innovation and macro-processes of community innovation management. Design/methodology/approach The authors first use an inductive qualitative technique to analyze data gathered from a UK university to build up the concept of communities of innovation and then refine the concept of communities of innovation by contrasting it to the more established literature on communities of practice. Finally, with the aid of existing literature on collaborative innovation and the innovation processes, the authors induce from the data the drivers of community innovation and the three macro-processes of community innovation management. Findings The research findings suggest communities of innovation play a central and pivotal role in contributing to the generation of innovations within organizations. Drivers of innovation included corporate culture, money and time, intellectual property management, motivation, knowledge facilitators, activists and maintenance and opportunities to interact. The three macro-processes of community innovation management are identified as divergence management, gateway management and convergence management. Research limitations/implications As this is an exploratory research into communities of innovation, all the 11 communities of innovation analyzed belong to ABC University. It is necessary to expand on this research within the education industry, as well as into other industries to further test the reliability of the findings in this paper. Practical implications Business executives who have a better understanding of communities of innovation, the drivers of community innovation and the macro-processes of community innovation management will be better able to promote innovation within their organizations. Social implications Governments that have a better understanding of communities of innovation, the drivers of innovation and the macro-processes of community innovation management will be better able to promote innovation within their countries. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first research studies attempting to understand communities of innovation and the macro-processes of community innovation management.
... An important Welsh term explaining place attachment is cynefin which means "habitat" or "place" and implies place of humans' multiple experiences or personal belonging and endeavors to explain how humans process the world around them (Snowden 2000). Snowden (2000) explains that this is a social-cultural framework that makes these ideas of place rooted in cultural, religious, and geographical influences. ...
... An important Welsh term explaining place attachment is cynefin which means "habitat" or "place" and implies place of humans' multiple experiences or personal belonging and endeavors to explain how humans process the world around them (Snowden 2000). Snowden (2000) explains that this is a social-cultural framework that makes these ideas of place rooted in cultural, religious, and geographical influences. ...
Chapter
The power in language is palpable and yet is weakened by cultural differences, misunderstandings, and assumptions that can include and exclude individuals and groups. In this chapter, various terms are deconstructed that explore the human-ecological relationship, using landscape as the context to explore disciplinary discourses like the environment, nature, and place. Theoretical (e.g., biophilia, ngurra, cynefin, solastalgia, and sense of place) and Australian practical frameworks (e.g., exploring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and spiritual and religious traditions) are then explored. This exploration will be undertaken to break down language silos and bridge the gap between different discourses currently occurring in Australia. An attempt at developing a new model to understand the human-ecological relationship has been made. This is an ego-social-ecological determinant of health model that inverts previous perspectives of social-ecological models (e.g., Hancock and Perkins’ Mandala of Health, 1985) such that instead of the individual, the earth is the core. More specifically, this model will be presented, drawing on previous research on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island groups and Australian religious groups, with outer layers representing the individual, community and ecosystem, and the center representing the planet. This chapter is designed to prompt discussion on emerging language in this field to move away from human-centric perspectives of the Earth.
... 'Social accountability' is an approach to fostering accountability that focuses on citizen engagement and empowerment. It includes involving citizens and communities in the governance processes (Snowden, 2012). KM will be more sustainable when civic communities are engaged as part of social accountability. ...
... Por ello, para la presentación global de los distintos artículos nos parece sugerente hacer el ejercicio de aplicar, entre todos, las dimensiones de lo simple, lo complicado, lo complejo y lo caótico apuntado en el marco conceptual Cynefin (Snowden, 2000). En nuestro caso esta práctica ayudaría a caracterizar, aunque de un modo genérico, la naturaleza de los cambios propuestos en el marco de la evaluación educativa acompañada de TIC que plantean los artículos seleccionados. ...
Article
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La evaluación de la educación digital y digitalización de la evaluación son procesos por el que transita tanto la educación digital como la educación digital de emergencia. Aunque el tema de la evaluación, por sí misma, ya es complejo, esta complejidad aumenta cuando media la tecnología digital. Lejos de pensar que se trata de una acción técnica, la evaluación digital y la digitalización de la evaluación, como lo demuestra el contenido de este monográfico, no se reducen a la inserción de sistemas tecnológicos, sino a la comprensión pedagógica de su rol e impacto en los procesos educativos. Los trabajos que conforman este monográfico buscan contribuir, desde el análisis empírico y la reflexión pedagógica, a la construcción de una irremediable línea de trabajo que se pregunta: ¿cómo transforma, y transformamos, la condición digital, procesos tan sensibles como la evaluación del aprendizaje mediado y la evaluación de los sistemas educativos digitales? Al respecto, en este número se avanza en la respuesta en torno a cuatro núcleos. Por un lado, trabajos que ponen énfasis en la nueva exigencia digital impuesta a la evaluación en tiempos de pandemia, el papel renovado del feedback educativo en la necesaria autorregulación con soporte tecnológico, la necesidad de encarar con garantías la evaluación digital como condición de rendimiento y, como mecanismo observante, la evaluación de la calidad de la educación digital. Estos trabajos sobre evaluación educativa tienen poco de simple, mucho de complejo y bastante de complicado, pero esta es su naturaleza y con la que hay que entender el hecho digital.
... It may seem that much of this research is motivated by a growing realization that classical PM techniques, for example, breakdown structures, network analysis, Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and critical path analysis, are most effectively applied in obvious or complicated problem contexts. 59,61 In their bibliometric network analysis of 50 years of project complexity research de Rezende, et al. 5 conclude that PM research is changing from project control to project adaptability when dealing with complex projects. This is aligned with the call to complement mechanistic and modernist views with their false promises of prediction, certainty and control, 51 with a worldview that is made up of interconnected technical and social entities that more often produce behaviors that cannot be predicted by analyzing the behavior of a single part in isolation or by simply aggregating the behavior of the parts. ...
Article
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The last decade has seen a growing interest in the benefits of applying project management (PM) and system engineering (SE) in an integrated way toward complex projects and programs. The concept of project complexity dimensions, with roots in both disciplines, is suggested as a component of an integrated project complexity narrative. This paper investigates how such a project complexity narrative is reflected when informants talk about the role of PM and SE in two academic organizations. Most informants address uncertainty and social‐political risks as part of their work, but any consistent use of a project complexity narrative is related to environmental and technical systems. The findings also indicate difficulty differentiating between the concepts of complicated and complex. The paper further contemplates how these findings inform efforts to manage complex research projects and programs.
... We have been elaborating about complex systems. However, in many other complexity theories distinction is made between complex and complicated systems (Snowden 2000;Kurtz and Snowden 2003;Boone and Snowden 2007). These are not the same and for those readers that have experience with other definitions the differences are explained here: ...
Chapter
In the previous chapter, the concept of information in design was introduced. It was shown how the Information AxiomAxiomInformation could be applied to increase the robustnessRobustness of processes. It was also shown that the axioms in Axiomatic Design (AD) should be addressed in a distinct order. In this chapter, four different kinds of complexity in AD are explained that can be applied for typical situations. Also, a way to visualize complexity in design is introduced; the “Functionality DiagramFunctionality diagram.” After studying this chapter, the reader should know the following: The reader will understand the particular but powerful definition complexity of in AD, which kinds of complexity in AD have been defined, and how they can be applied. The reader will also learn how to apply complexity in functionality diagramsFunctionality diagram, that offers a powerful way to visualize the design processDesignprocess as it evolves over time.
... The assumption of intentional capability means that each partner of the Trio would concentrate on its talents and strengths and rely on them but would also accept accidental acts and ways to proceed. At its most obvious dimension, the Trio would involve a division of work, roles and responsibilities, but along the disruptive journey, new roles and actions would come up (Snowden 2000;Kurz et al. 2003). ...
Thesis
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Over the last 20 years, a very large number of startups have been launched, ranging from mobile application and game providers to enormous corporations that have started as tiny startups. Startups are an important topic for research and development. The fundamentals of success are the characteristics of individuals and teams, partner investors, the market, and the speed at which everything evolves. Startup’s business environment is fraught with uncertainty, as actors tend to be young and inexperienced, technologies either new or rapidly evolving, and team-combined skills and knowledge either key or fatal. As over 90% of software startups fail, having a capable and reliable team is crucial to survival and success. Many aspects of this topic have been extensively studied, and the results of the study on human capital are particularly important. Regarding human capital abilities, such as knowledge, experience, skills, and other cognitive abilities, this dissertation focuses on design skills and their deployment in startups. Design is widely studied in artistic and industrial contexts, but its application to startup culture and software startups follows its own method prison. In the method prison, old and conventional means are chosen instead of new techniques and demanding design studies. This means that when a software startup considers design as a foundation for creativity and generating better offerings, they can grab any industry with a disruptive agenda, making anything software-intensive. The concept of design can be expanded and deepened to a new level. Business can escape the method prison if it adopts artistic design to help stagnant industries and uses disruptive methods with realistic self-efficacy. Through five partially overlapping articles with varying details, this dissertation clarifies the daily themes and interests of startups required to survive and succeed. This dissertation is a reflective practitioner’s investigation of startup practices using a mixed-methods approach. With design-based creativity, startups will be stronger and more successful in the future. They can cause or protect themselves from disruption. Startup can retain customers and its self- efficacy strengthen.
... The assumption of intentional capability means that each partner of the Trio would concentrate on its talents and strengths and rely on them but would also accept accidental acts and ways to proceed. At its most obvious dimension, the Trio would involve a division of work, roles and responsibilities, but along the disruptive journey, new roles and actions would come up (Snowden 2000;Kurz et al. 2003). ...
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Over the last 20 years, a very large number of startups have been launched, ranging from mobile application and game providers to enormous corporations that have started as tiny startups. Startups are an important topic for research and development. The fundamentals of success are the characteristics of individuals and teams, partner investors, the market, and the speed at which everything evolves. Startup's business environment is fraught with uncertainty, as actors tend to be young and inexperienced, technologies either new or rapidly evolving, and team-combined skills and knowledge either key or fatal. As over 90 per cent of software startups fail, having a capable and reliable team is crucial to survival and success. Many aspects of this topic have been extensively studied, and the results of the study on human capital are particularly important. Regarding human capital abilities, such as knowledge, experience, skills, and other cognitive abilities, this dissertation focuses on design skills and their deployment in startups. Design is widely studied in artistic and industrial contexts, but its application to startup culture and software startups follows its own method prison. In the method prison, old and conventional means are chosen instead of new techniques and demanding design studies. This means that when a software startup considers design as a foundation for creativity and generating better offerings, they can grab any industry with a disruptive agenda, making anything software-intensive.
... Trust among co-workers is an important cultural element for successful knowledge management (Issa & Haddad, 2008). Similarly, Snowden (2000) regards trust as a fundamental ...
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This paper discusses the knowledge transfer and retention challenges that result in knowledge loss in Nairobi City County Government (NCCG) and how this affects service delivery by the county government. The NCCG provided the contextual insight to the study leading to this pape, which adopted a convergent parallel mixed methods research design. The target population comprised 12,363 Nairobi City County government workers, of which 746 were sampled. The researcher used a multi-stage (stratified, information-oriented purposive and random) sampling technique to get the actual respondents. Quantitative and qualitative data was E-collected using questionnaires and key informant interviews respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using statistical analysis using SPSS and presented by means of descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti. The findings of the study indicate that NCCG staff experience the fear of job loss when knowledge is transferred; technophobia, especially for those who are unable to use emerging technologies; lack of sensitisation, and lack of user needs assessments as challenges for knowledge transfer and retention. The results of the study can be used by the NCCG and other county governments to identify hindrances to knowledge transfer and retention. This may lead to appropriate mitigations to make sure they leverage on knowledge they have.
... 3 SIGECAD Research Group is created in 1998, in which domain topics are information system, knowledge management, and decision aid. Snowden [28] consolidates our research when writing about developing practices of knowledge management (pp. 241-242). ...
... 3 SIGECAD Research Group is created in 1998, in which domain topics are information system, knowledge management, and decision aid. Snowden [28] consolidates our research when writing about developing practices of knowledge management (pp. 241-242). ...
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In a world overwhelmed with pervasive digital technologies, the organization is transformed and becomes a socio-technical system which is constantly renewed. Organization needs specific skills, adapted to the values and to the cultures peculiar to each location. The cooperation and the mobility become a shape of inescapable work which rests on a permanent personal and collective learning. Beyond the information handled in the digital information systems, the role of the tacit knowledge, which is in each individual's head, cannot be ignored. A constructivist attitude replaces a determinist attitude strongly deep-rooted in our educational modes. The managers have to pass from a posture of authority and of control to a posture of incitation, of support, and of accompaniment. The notions that are introduced in this chapter result from a managerial and socio-technical vision of knowledge management. They arouse essential reflections to develop a mode of management adapted to the digital transformation of the organizations called management based on knowledge.
... 3 SIGECAD Research Group is created in 1998, in which domain topics are information system, knowledge management, and decision aid. Snowden [28] consolidates our research when writing about developing practices of knowledge management (pp. 241-242). ...
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In a world overwhelmed with pervasive digital technologies, the organization is transformed and becomes a socio-technical system which is constantly renewed. Organization needs specific skills, adapted to the values and to the cultures peculiar to each location. The cooperation and the mobility become a shape of inescapable work which rests on a permanent personal and collective learning. Beyond the information handled in the digital information systems, the role of the tacit knowledge, which is in each individual’s head, cannot be ignored. A constructivist attitude replaces a determinist attitude strongly deep-rooted in our educational modes. The managers have to pass from a posture of authority and of control to a posture of incitation, of support, and of accompaniment. The notions that are introduced in this chapter result from a managerial and socio-technical vision of knowledge management. They arouse essential reflections to develop a mode of management adapted to the digital transformation of the organizations called management based on knowledge.
... Such challenges refer to the variability and stability (and predictability) across and within organizations, the range of solutions applicable to any given problem, the multiple mechanisms involved, the differing ability of the individual/organization to affect these mechanisms, and the varying relationships between mechanisms and outcomes (in terms of linearity and impact). 26 Equally, evidence is often weighed alongside other clinical factors and experiential knowledge can be privileged. 27,28 As a result, the production of evidence in its own right is not sufficient per se to influence change. ...
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Generating and implementing evidence-based policy is an important aim for many publicly funded health systems. In dentistry, this is based on the assumption that evidence-based health care increases the efficiency and effectiveness of interventions to improve oral health at a population level. This article argues that a linear logic model that links the generation of research evidence with its use is overly simplistic. It also challenges an uncritical interpretation of the evidence-based paradigm and explores approaches to the evaluation of complex interventions and how they can be embedded into policy and practice to improve oral health at a population level.
... We believe that the concept of 'intervening to achieve an improvement' better reflects the iterative and negotiated process required to test multiple interventions whilst noticing and responding to local system requirements over an extended period of time (cf. Snowden's probe-sense-response) [81]. ...
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Background: Ensuring patients benefit from the latest medical and technical advances remains a major challenge, with rational-linear and reductionist approaches to translating evidence into practice proving inefficient and ineffective. Complexity thinking, which emphasises interconnectedness and unpredictability, offers insights to inform evidence translation theories and strategies. Drawing on detailed insights into complex micro-systems, this research aimed to advance empirical and theoretical understanding of the reality of making and sustaining improvements in complex healthcare systems. Methods: Using analytical auto-ethnography, including documentary analysis and literature review, we assimilated learning from 5 years of observation of 22 evidence translation projects (UK). We used a grounded theory approach to develop substantive theory and a conceptual framework. Results were interpreted using complexity theory and 'simple rules' were identified reflecting the practical strategies that enhanced project progress. Results: The framework for Successful Healthcare Improvement From Translating Evidence in complex systems (SHIFT-Evidence) positions the challenge of evidence translation within the dynamic context of the health system. SHIFT-Evidence is summarised by three strategic principles, namely (1) 'act scientifically and pragmatically' - knowledge of existing evidence needs to be combined with knowledge of the unique initial conditions of a system, and interventions need to adapt as the complex system responds and learning emerges about unpredictable effects; (2) 'embrace complexity' - evidence-based interventions only work if related practices and processes of care within the complex system are functional, and evidence-translation efforts need to identify and address any problems with usual care, recognising that this typically includes a range of interdependent parts of the system; and (3) 'engage and empower' - evidence translation and system navigation requires commitment and insights from staff and patients with experience of the local system, and changes need to align with their motivations and concerns. Twelve associated 'simple rules' are presented to provide actionable guidance to support evidence translation and improvement in complex systems. Conclusion: By recognising how agency, interconnectedness and unpredictability influences evidence translation in complex systems, SHIFT-Evidence provides a tool to guide practice and research. The 'simple rules' have potential to provide a common platform for academics, practitioners, patients and policymakers to collaborate when intervening to achieve improvements in healthcare.
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Digital transformation is fueled by the growing offer of digital technology, promising new business models, and growing revenues. The inevitable systemic change needed for digital transformation accompanied by the dynamic conditions for such is what contributes to the growing complexity of transformation projects in organizations, bringing new opportunities and hurdles for the people affected. This complexity results in most digital transformation activities falling short of their goal and leaders not being able to create the desired impact. There is evidence that design thinking has the potential to significantly contribute to the field of digital transformation. This research project aims at getting a better understanding of how design thinking as strategic approach can contribute to the success of digital transformation activities and, if so, to what extent. With a mixed-method approach, including a literature review and qualitative research, we conducted three case studies. Our learnings show that digital transformation is very individual to the respective organization regarding scope, motivations, goals, and starting points. Therefore, there is no general or linear approach to digital transformation processes. Our findings show that it can start anywhere and includes forward as well as backward steps. The individual transformation needs of organizations are also based on the high complexity of transformation processes and activities. Orchestrating complex transformation projects requires a systematic, clearly structured, and integrated process. This process needs both diverging and converging activities in the areas of analysis, vision, learning, and diffusion. These activities enable ambidextrous navigation through all transformation areas. To overcome transformation hurdles, the constant integration of human, technology, and system perspective is crucial to mirror the interrelation of all three systems. We found that the organizational culture plays a significant role in successful transformation projects. On a strategic level, the cultural digital transformation maturity can serve as decision reference to define starting point, metrics, and individual identification. On a systemic level, we learned that methods are less likely to be transferred into the organizational value creation practice than concepts/principles (as individual lessons learned). Our cases show the vulnerability and fragility of transformation processes: On an operational level, transformation gets blocked by daily business or urgent matters leading to teams hitting the breaks in transformation activities. To make our research actionable, we developed an integrated and clearly structured digital transformation process and transferred the findings of this project for creating an adaptive digital transformation strategy kit, that aims at closing the research-practice gap and offers practitioners a scientifically substantiated strategic decision support on how to navigate their own digital transformation endeavors.
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Se ha llegado al punto en que el conocimiento tiene que ser reconocido como un recurso que necesita ser administrado. En la presente investigación se propone un modelo de Administración del Conocimiento compuesto por un conjunto de elementos organizacionales, culturales, estructurales y tecnológicos que deben existir en las organizaciones para apoyar y facilitar los procesos de creación, almacenamiento, transferencia y aplicación del conocimiento. Así mismo, se presenta un instrumento de medición que permite evaluar el grado de implementación y desarrollo de los elementos del modelo antes mencionados. A través de este instrumento las organizaciones podrán detectar áreas de oportunidad que les permitan mejorar la manera en cómo administran su conocimiento. Tanto el modelo propuesto como el instrumento de medición tienen aplicación para cualquier tipo de organización, pública o privada, manufacturera o de servicios, grande o pequeña. En esta investigación el instrumento fue aplicado a un caso particular de estudio en una institución de educación superior. La investigación concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para estudios posteriores relacionadas con el instrumento de medición y con el modelo propuesto así como con una serie de hipótesis que surgen del análisis realizado en el caso de estudio sobre la manera en cómo se relacionan cada uno de los elementos del modelo y sobre cómo son percibidos por el grupo directivo de la institución bajo estudio. La necesidad es indiscutible, se requiere que las organizaciones administren su conocimiento. Como bien lo comenta Carrillo (2001), podemos afirmar con base en la naturaleza del nuevo ambiente global, que tarde o temprano podremos distinguir dos grandes bloques de especies en el mundo de las organizaciones: las que gestionen su conocimiento y las extintas.
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The study researches the use of the hybrid project management approach in practice. The challenges of both agile and traditional project management models represented by 15 established project management Critical Success Factors (CSF) were used to examine the differences between traditional, agile and hybrid project management practices. Although other studies have investigated the CSF in traditional and agile project management, this study is the first to review 15 CSF for hybrid project management. The research takes a quantitative approach using a survey as the research method. The primary data for the present study were collected in Germany by an online survey. These primary data were collected with the participation of project management professionals from the German Chapters of the Project Management Institute (PMI). In the subsequent analysis of the online survey data, 15 hypotheses for hybrid project management were formulated, in addition to the existing body of knowledge of traditional and agile project management. Project management models make change possible where simple, complicated and complex kinds of project management are required and academia benefits from this work through its insight into the increased need for flexibility in this context. This research shows that neither traditional project management nor agile project management is wholly similar to hybrid project management. The main finding of this research is that its similarity depends on the CSF. As a research outcome, the guiding principles have been formulated for showing which situations merit hybrid project management. The research also benefits practitioners, since it will guide project managers who are not sure when and where to use a certain project management paradigm. As an outcome, the research implies that project managers will better understand why and in which situation traditional approaches should be chosen, and why and when agile or hybrid project management approaches should be preferred.
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A current osteopathic tenet inherited from Native American principles involves viewing each person as a dynamic interaction of body-mind-spirit (BMS). Because of its traditional medicine heritage and current evidence-based approach, the osteopathic profession is, arguably, uniquely positioned to promote evidence-informed person-centered approaches that transcend improvements in pain and musculoskeletal function. It may be particularly relevant in the context of integrating the BMS tenet into osteopathic care according to the diversity of patients’ values and sociocultural assumptions towards health, symptoms, and subsequent care, which range from the typical Western to complementary and alternative medicine perspectives. There is currently a lack of robust clinical practice frameworks in this area, confusing patients and practitioners and blurring professional identities. The current commentary provides an opportunity to initiate discussions in the profession with a rationale for creating a roadmap to develop an evidence-informed framework for osteopathic care that integrates the BMS tenet.
Chapter
Scrum Master und Product Owner führen gemeinsam Expertenteams ohne hierarchisch vorgesetzt zu sein. Dieses Spannungsfeld führt im Alltag immer wieder zu Konflikten, kann die beiden aber auch zu einem echten Team werden lassen, wenn sie einige Tipps beherzigen, die in diesem Kapitel gegeben werden.
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Der einführende Beitrag geht zunächst auf die grundlegenden Unterschiede zwischen der klassischen, projektbasierten und der agilen Entwicklung digitaler Produkte ein und stellt dabei die Vorteile einer agilen Vorgehensweise dar. Im Anschluss daran wird Scrum, als die in der Praxis dominierende agile Entwicklungsmethode, im Detail erläutert. Mit Kanban wird danach eine andere, ebenfalls sehr populäre Methode beschrieben, bevor zum Schluss im Überblick auf weitere genutzte Mischformen sowie Weiterentwicklungen agiler Methoden zur digitalen Produktentwicklung eingegangen wird.
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The teaching of storytelling is considered as an unessential aspect of the English language by many teachers in Ghana. Notwith- standing its benefits to both pupils and teachers, it has been relegated to the background due to inappropriate resources for its teach- ing. It is in line of this that the study sought to look appropriate resources for effective teaching of storytelling in English language in Akropong Presbyterian College of Education Demonstration Primary School in the Eastern Region of Ghana. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to obtain data. From data gathered and analyzed, the study revealed that during storytelling lessons, teachers asked pupils to tell stories in turns in the local language while the teachers attend to other things before the researcher’s intervention. After the intervention by researcher, not only are the teachers able to draw and design pictures to teach storytelling effectively, but also developed the skills of creativity, imagination and improvisation. Keywords: Teaching; Storytelling; Appropriate Resources; Picture Sequence; Ghana
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Komplexität ist ein Begriff, der in Unternehmen und der Wirtschaftswelt häufig, fast alltäglich, verwendetet wird, zugleich wird er gerade wegen dieser weiten Verbreitung sehr oft ungenau verwendet, daher ist zunächst eine Klärung des Inhaltes notwendig. Auf der Basis eines konstruktivistischen Zuganges und der Betonung der Beobachterperspektive werden der Begriff Komplexität und damit im Zusammenhang stehende Konzepte geschärft. Als praktische Anwendungen werden bekannte Modelle des Umganges mit Komplexität wie das Cynefin-Framework vorgestellt. Speziell für Projekte stellen wir ein Modell vor, das neben Komplexität die eingeschränkte Möglichkeit des Lernens aus der Erfahrung bei nicht-repetitiven Projekten betont.
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Die Sozialdimension definiert, wen die Organisation beachtet, und legt Erwartungen fest, wie Personen handeln sollen. Hierarchien und Kommunikationswege bestimmen, wer wem gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig ist und wer mit wem worüber reden und woran zusammenarbeiten muss. Weiters werden die Beziehungen zwischen den Mitgliedern und externen Gruppen abgesteckt. Die Strukturen werden meist als Rollen, Hierarchien, Organigramme, Berichtslinien und alle Arten von formaler und informeller Über- und Unterordnung dargestellt. Dazu kommen persönliche Charakterisierungen, insbesondere die Art und Weise, wie eine Organisation einzelne Akteure und Akteurinnen beschreibt und welches Verhaltensrepertoire zu erwarten und angemessen ist. Die Organisations- oder Teamkultur definiert, was innerhalb der Organisation als offensichtlich und selbstverständlich betrachtet wird und was jeder, der mit der Organisation vertraut ist, versteht und akzeptiert.
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Among the key factors that researchers in organizations have singled out as the key challenge to managing complex organizations was the ability to cope with uncertainty (for instance Ansoff, 1965; Burns & Stalker, 1961; Thompson, 1967). This study sought to determine the level of interest of strategic management researchers in the topic of uncertainty, and to get an idea about the trends of publications on the topic. A preliminary analysis conducted on 337 articles collected from four journals over 35 years showed the trend to be increasing in two of the journals. Furthermore, while US researchers had authored 80 percent of the research papers through 1999, more recently the number of non-US researchers had grown to almost half of those doing research in this area. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Conference Paper
Privacy is a crucial issue to be discussed, defined, and specified in any system. There is a lack of resources offering a decision-making context that enables identification of the perceived situation according to users' data contained by the systems. All the available data should be understandable for all stakeholders; many of them have no technical background. This paper proposes a framework based on a traditional psychological tool and discusses its application to a real case to evaluate its practical application. It recognizes that there are four privacy domains to improve how systems stakeholders explore, perceive, and understand privacy situations, supporting decisions about access to personal data. The perceived situation has multiple views, according to who accesses and uses other people's personal data, and according to the person who provides the data, even if this person has explicitly granted access to them. There are different purposes and values involved, which demands a clear and deliberate approach.
Chapter
„Alles, was erfunden werden kann, wurde bereits erfunden“, sagte Charles Duell als Chef des amerikanischen Patentamts im Jahr 1899. Bill Gates wiederum sah auf jedem Schreibtisch, in jedem Haus einen Personal Computer. Vision und Tradition standen sich immer schon polarisierend gegenüber: Das Thema „Arbeiten nach agilen Werten“ spaltet nicht nur die Energiebranche in gleicher Weise. Für die eine Fraktion ist es schon nicht mehr neu und für die andere immer noch ein Reizthema. Die einen arbeiten mit diesen Methoden nachgewiesen erfolgreicher und wollen oder können sich arbeiten „ohne agil“ gar nicht mehr vorstellen. Die Konventionellen und Veränderungsaversen sind skeptisch. Agile „Experimente“ in technisch sensiblen Bereichen können nicht nur lebensgefährlich sein, sondern können unser tägliches Leben total lahmlegen. Das hat nicht nur Marc Elsberg in seinem Buch „Blackout“ (Elsberg 2013) eindrücklich beschrieben. Die Agilen leben und arbeiten nicht nur sprachlich in einer für die anderen scheinbar eigenen Welt von Scrum, Kanban, Product Owner und Scrum Master. Die Beständigen halten sie für arrogant und besserwisserisch. Sie arbeiten lieber, anstatt Zettel zu kleben. Um es vorwegzunehmen, beides hat seine Berechtigung. An den Schnittstellen kommt es zu Spannungen. Wie lebt und arbeitet also die Quantum als Energiedienstleister agil, während ihre Gesellschafter und Kunden das nicht tun? Warum arbeiten wir heute nach agilen Werten und Konzepten? Wie machen wir was anders? Einige dieser Fragen versuchen wir mit dem nachfolgenden Beitrag zu beantworten.
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Knowledge process is created for information circulation and it's transfer between individuals who have assembled together with common characteristics, and knowledge management ,regardless social capital concept ,will lose own effectiveness. As this process will not be produced except with the members trust together, the good group relations and reciprocal cooperation feeling. This article examines and studies the social capital and knowledge management relationship between employees at three dimensions: individual, group and management at one university unit. Research information and data have been collected by using questionnaire. Research findings indicate that there is a close relation between social capital and knowledge at this university unit. Findings indicate that social capital has a direct and positive effect on process, individuals group and management dimensions, and knowledge management. It is worthy to mention at this article we have attempted to explain social knowledge management concept correctly, too and to provide a pattern for its better understanding.
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Full-text available
Knowledge process is created for information circulation and it's transfer between individuals who have assembled together with common characteristics, and knowledge management ,regardless social capital concept ,will lose own effectiveness. As this process will not be produced except with the members trust together, the good group relations and reciprocal cooperation feeling. This article examines and studies the social capital and knowledge management relationship between employees at three dimensions: individual, group and management at one university unit. Research information and data have been collected by using questionnaire. Research findings indicate that there is a close relation between social capital and knowledge at this university unit. Findings indicate that social capital has a direct and positive effect on process, individuals group and management dimensions, and knowledge management. It is worthy to mention at this article we have attempted to explain social knowledge management concept correctly, too and to provide a pattern for its better understanding.
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This paper aims to examine entrepreneurship at the border, more specifically in the Portugal-Spain border, particularly the Alentejo-Extremadura, since this is one of the regions with the worst socioeconomic indicators of the whole European Union. As part of a major investigation, this paper has as main objective the description of a model developed to evaluate the frontier effect in the entrepreneurial initiatives of the region under study. To justify and validate the proposed model, were performed: literature revision; analysis of regional indicators; case studies with interviews to the managers, employees and customers. The main contributions are to assist all those involved in the process of entrepreneurship, to assess the real conditions of the different border territories, as well as assisting academics in the study and creation of scientific knowledge on the promotion of entrepreneurship in peripheral and low-density areas as a way of developing regional and territorial cohesion.
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The application of the scaled lean agile methodologies within a traditional domain, based on an appreciation of neuroscience and human interaction, to improve the delivery of valuable outcomes.
Chapter
Requirements elicitation plays a vital role in building effective software. Incorrect or incomplete requirements lead to erroneous software and costs a huge amount of rework. Rework costs in terms of money and efforts are usually higher than the early detection of potential flaws in the requirements. This happens because most of the techniques employed to extract requirements fail to understand end user goals. Understanding your users and their goals is important to build a capable, viable and desirable product or software system. This paper attempts to suggest and evaluate an alternative approach to understand your potential users and their goals so that correct and complete requirements can be formulated resulting in a successful software. We introduce the concept of a tool-guided elicitation process, classify elicitation techniques in term of their suitability in such a tool-guided process, and present an initial study of the usability und usefulness of our prototype called Vision Backlog.
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