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Orchidées de Tunisie
Abstract and Figures
Les connaissances sur les orchidées sont encore à développer car tout n’est pas encore connu sur cette famille de plantes. On ne peut qu’estimer le nombre d’espèces distinctes existant dans le monde (de 25 000 à 30 000) dont beaucoup seraient encore non décrites! L’Europe compte environ 300 à 500 espèces et sous-espèces (nombre variable selon les auteurs !).
Quant à la zone méditerranéenne, elle reste à l’heure actuelle encore assez mal prospectée, en particulier les zones sud et est. De plus, les référentiels taxonomiques sont partiels et variables d’un ouvrage à l’autre. Il est donc difficile de chiffrer leur nombre exact sur un territoire aussi grand et varié que l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen.
Quid de la Tunisie ? Le présent ouvrage est le fruit de prospections intenses et organisées sur le terrain. Il compile aussi les publications anciennes avec tout ce que cela représente d’incertitudes.
L’ouvrage se compose :
• d’une première partie exposant les principales caractéristiques géographiques de la Tunisie ;
• d’une deuxième partie présentant succinctement la famille des Orchidacées ;
• d’une série complète de monographies sur les orchidées de Tunisie : 50 taxons cartographiés en détail.
Il a fallu aux auteurs dix années de prospections pour réunir le matériel nécessaire à la réalisation de cet ouvrage. Ils ont effectué une vingtaine de voyages (de plusieurs jours… à plusieurs mois !) afin de prospecter toutes les régions favorables aux orchidées : le tiers nord du pays. Ils ont mis en oeuvre un effort de prospection relativement important : une consultation de la bibliographie ancienne traitant du sujet, des milliers d’observations géo-référencées, environ 15 000 photos, des milliers de mesures de plantes. De plus, au fil des rencontres, s’est constitué un réseau de compétence et d’amitié ayant contribué à la
réalisation de cet ouvrage.
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... Its range extends from the Azores and the Canaries in the west to the Caucasus, and in the east and north as far as Brittany (France) (Gölz & Reinhard, 1980;Pérez Chiscano et al., 1991;Delforge, 1995Delforge, , 2016. In Tunisia, according to APD (2018) al., 2010;Véla et al., 2012;Martin et al., 2013Martin et al., , 2015 considered S. lingua subsp. tunetana as synonym of S. strictiflora. ...
... Characters of S. lingua subsp. tunetana were measured in the field; data of the other species result from literature (Lorenz, 2001;Baumann et al., 2006;Venhuis et al., 2007;Martin et al., 2015;Delforge, 2016). In order to assess the IUCN status (IUCN, 2012) of this taxon the Extent of occurrence (EOO) and the Area of occupancy (AOO) were calculated using the GeoCAT tool according to Bachman et al. (2011) calculated with a 2 × 2 km cell fixed grid. ...
... duriaei (Rchb.) Maire by Le Floc'h et al. (2010) and Martin et al. (2013Martin et al. ( , 2015. ...
Taxonomic and distributive notes on Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana (Orchidaceae), a rare endemic to Tunisia. -- Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana, a rare endemic orchid confined to Tunis, northern of Tunisia, has been rediscovered far away from its type locality nearly after 22 years. Since its first finding in 1996 and its description published in 2005, the subspecies has not been found again, and was presumed to be extinct, or the taxon was erroneously identified. A detailed description of the subspecies justifying an amendment to its description, a map of its current distribution and colour photographs are also provided. The affinities to the related taxa within the S. lingua group occurring in Tunisia are here presented. The global IUCN status for this taxon is evaluated.
Resumen notas Taxonómicas y distributivas sobre Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana (Orchidaceae), una rara espècie endémica de Túnez.--Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana, una rara orquídea endémica con área de distribución restringida en Túnez, al norte de Túnez, ha sido redescubierta lejos de su localidad tipo después de 22 años. Desde su primer hallazgo en 1996 y su descripción publicada en 2005, la subespecie no se había encontrado nuevamente y se presume que se extinguió o fue identificada erróneamente. En este trabajo se proporciona una descripción detallada de la subespecie que justifica una enmienda a su descripción, y se aporta asimismo un mapa de distribución y varias fotografías. Se listan las prin-cipales afinidades de la subsp. tunetana con los táxones más estrechamente relacionados dentro del grupo de S. lingua que se distribuyen en Túnez. Se evalúa su estado de conservación atendiendo a los criterios y categorías de la UICN.
... Its range extends from the Azores and the Canaries in the west to the Caucasus, and in the east and north as far as Brittany (France) (Gölz & Reinhard, 1980;Pérez Chiscano et al., 1991;Delforge, 1995Delforge, , 2016. In Tunisia, according to APD (2018) al., 2010;Véla et al., 2012;Martin et al., 2013Martin et al., , 2015 considered S. lingua subsp. tunetana as synonym of S. strictiflora. ...
... Characters of S. lingua subsp. tunetana were measured in the field; data of the other species result from literature (Lorenz, 2001;Baumann et al., 2006;Venhuis et al., 2007;Martin et al., 2015;Delforge, 2016). In order to assess the IUCN status (IUCN, 2012) of this taxon the Extent of occurrence (EOO) and the Area of occupancy (AOO) were calculated using the GeoCAT tool according to Bachman et al. (2011) calculated with a 2 × 2 km cell fixed grid. ...
... duriaei (Rchb.) Maire by Le Floc'h et al. (2010) and Martin et al. (2013Martin et al. ( , 2015. ...
Taxonomic and disTribuTive noTes on SerapiaS lingua subsp. tunetana (orchidaceae), a rare endemic To Tunisia.— Serapias lingua subsp. tunetana, a rare endemic orchid confined to Tunis, northern of Tunisia, has been rediscovered far away from its type locality nearly after 22 years. Since its first finding in 1996 and its description published in 2005, the subspecies has not been found again, and was presumed to be extinct, or the taxon was erroneously identified. A detailed description of the subspecies justifying an amendment to its description, a map of its current distribution and colour photographs are also provided. The affinities to the related taxa within the S. lingua group occurring in Tunisia are here presented. The global IUCN status for this taxon is evaluated.
... Plusieurs individus de différentes formes sont dispersés sur le site. À l'extrême est du pays, il est remplacé par la sous-espèce caesiella (De bélair et al., 2005 ;le floc'H et al., 2010 ;Martin et al., 2015). De bélair et al. (2005) au nord-est de l'Algérie, en sympatrie avec la sous-espèce type. ...
... ficalhoana, Cephalanthera longifolia, etc. La sousespèce scolopax qui se distingue par ses fleurs à labelle plus grand n'a pas encore été observée dans la région. En réalité ces deux taxons se comportent en Algérie et en Tunisie comme des espèces stables sympatriques et synchrones (De bélair et al., 2005;Martin et al., 2015), mais la situation est plus confuse en France (Véla & tison, 2014) Quatre individus de cet ophrys tenthrède précoce ont été notés dans une formation à Pinus halepensis sur le versant nord de Djebel Bou-Taleb le 7 avril 2015 à 1 235 m d'altitude. ...
... Un seul pied a été observé dans un maquis de chêne vert le 30 mai 2014 et le 9 mai 2016, au niveau de Mechta Dakhla à 1 199 m d'altitude. Sa floraison est d'un mois plus tardive que celle de la sous-espèce type, à altitude égale, et divers critères morphologiques permettent aussi de la reconnaître (De bélair et al., 2005 ;Martin et al., 2015). Une seule population de cet Orchis, composée d'une cinquantaine d'individus, a été observée à Megriss le 4 mai 2016 à une altitude de 1 654 m. ...
La wilaya de Sétif, réputée par sa richesse floristique et pour sa diversité écologique, héberge une biodiversité floristique remarquable. Cette biodiversité nécessite une bonne investigation sur terrain afin de localiser, d’identifier et de cartographier les espèces rares et menacées de cette région. Parmi ces espèces, les orchidées demeurent les plus emblématiques en raison de leur beauté, mais aussi de la fragilité de leurs habitats et des menaces qui pèsent sur leur préservation. Les auteurs présentent dans cet article les nouvelles stations d’orchidées découvertes dans la wilaya de Sétif. Vingt-six (26) espèces et sous-espèces d’orchidées ont été observées, identifiées et géolocalisées. Parmi ces espèces, Orchis purpurea subsp. purpurea, Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. battandieri, Orchis mascula subsp. maghrebiana, Ophrys omegaifera subsp. hayekii et Ophrys marmorata subsp. marmorata ont été observées pour la première fois dans la région. Dactylorhiza elata s.l. est bien représenté, mais seulement dans des zones humides soumises à des dégradations humaines récentes ce qui fait craindre pour sa pérennisation.
Mots clés. – Orchidaceae, Anacamptis, Cephalanthera, Dactylorhiza, Himantoglossum, Ophrys, Orchis, Platanthera, Serapias, Djebel Babor, Djebel Bou Taleb, Djebel Megriss.
... Le cas de l'espèce algérienne Hypochaeris saldensis, syn. Achyrophorus saldensis ( Talavera, Ortiz, et al. 2017 ) qu'évolutionnistes ( Joffard 2017), mais aussi ailleurs en Europe, sont une source permanente d'inspiration pour les pays du Sud ( Martin et al. 2015) où les réseaux amateurs sont de plus en plus mis à contribution. Ainsi pour le genre Ophrys, la description morphologique demeure l'approximation la plus efficace lorsqu'on ne connait pas le pollinisateur, la chimie florale et/ou une phylogénie fortement résolutive, d'où la mise en application du concept de morpho-espèce ( Véla, Rebbas et al. 2015). ...
From the biodiversity inventory to conservation priorities in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot: can we fill knowledge gaps?
As a field naturalist, my doctoral research in plant ecology has focused on the biodiversity of open Mediterranean environments, conducted in parallel with a professional activity in a design office. This knowledge of botany, extended to the entire western Mediterranean, has subsequently allowed me to write chapters of books (monographs, identification keys, synonymic indexes, catalogs) on the flora of France and North Africa, then of the Middle East.
In collaboration with various European teams and Maghreb researchers, I started work on new lines of research (integrative systematics, biogeography and phylogeny). I diversified biological models (molluscs) and assimilated new methods (biochemistry, molecular genetics). Various endemic species have served as integrative models that we are studying at all levels, from in situ inventory and conservation, to the phylogenetic and paleo-ecological origins of endemism, works done in the context of several Ph.D. I participated and/or co-directed.
Within the research unit AMAP, I collaborated with Tela Botanica on the Pl@ntNet project (https://plantnet.org/) which continues through the Floris'Tic project (http://floristic.org/), with activities dedicated to the flora of North Africa and the Middle East. I refocused my research on descriptive botany and biodiversity cataloguing, through collaborative networking and the use of computerised information storage and taxonomic identification tools on the Mediterranean flora. I now focus on describing the unknown biodiversity in the Mediterranean hotspot, combining classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) approaches.
My research project is to continue the momentum that I initiated over the last dozen years. This project deals with biogeography, taxonomy and conservation in the service of knowledge, protection and promotion of biodiversity in the Mediterranean, particularly in the countries of the southern and eastern shores. It aims in the medium and long term to participate in the filling of the taxonomic deficit in areas of biodiversity hotspots but coldspots of knowledge, such as the Maghreb and the Mediterranean Middle East. The objective is the reappropriation, by the Maghrebian and Middle Eastern scientific corps, of a long and rich history of the biodiversity knowledge, partially interrupted for half a century, and whose historical collections of Montpellier (MPU), Paris (P), Geneva (G) or Barcelona (B) herbaria are its precious memory. The project draws its regional coherence through a natural biogeographic convergence and integrates all the disciplines from the biodiversity inventory to the decision support tools.
The project is structured around three objectives: 1) Improvement and capitalization of fundamental knowledge on Mediterranean botany in the Maghreb and the Middle East; 2) Training and assistance, in southern countries, of field teams, mixing professionals and amateurs; 3) Production of practical identification tools, classical or modern, adapted to the needs of botanists and ecologists.
Conserving wild plants in the south and east Mediterranean region
Including Libya
The Mediterranean is a top global tourism destination that receives more than 300 million visitors per year. In contrast to the multiple attractions of the region, plant diversity is virtually unknown to the majority of tourist. This, despite that the Mediterranean is a hotspot for biodiversity primarily due to its remarkable botanical richness.Plant conservation is often overlooked in conservation priorities, where the focus is frequently on more “iconic” organisms, such as birds, mammals or reptiles. As a consequence, dialogue between plant scientist, site managers, communities and civil society organizations in the Mediterranean tends to be fragmented. Furthermore, the lack of a consistent regulatory framework enhances the magnitude of the challenge. As the environmental agenda during the next decade will inevitably be linked to climate change impacts on species and habitats, there is a clear opportunity to integrate plant conservation into climate change policies through the Nationally Determined Contributions for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.This publication is the first to gather existing scientific knowledge, practical examples and lessons learned for effective regional plant conservation. It would not have been possible without the collective effort of more than 50 authors, including botanist and conservation practitioners. This is a good example of the convening role of IUCN and its capacity to mobilize national experts, the IUCN secretariat and members of the Species Survival Commission. The recommendations included here enable decision makers to integrate plant conservation priorities into broader conservation actions or initiatives. This will contribute, in turn, to meet national reporting needs and global commitments to the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Aichi Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The identification of effective conservation priorities is critical when resources are limited. Integration of IUCN knowledge products offer a cost-effective and efficient opportunity to strengthen regional biodiversity spatial planning portfolios. Information from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the World Database on Key Biodiversity Areas, was used in this publication to deliver critical analyses and guide the work of decision makers on behalf of Mediterranean plan conservation.
The authors present the results of more than 5 years of observations of orchids in the western Tell Atlas of Tiaret (Algeria). These taxa were inventoried at the regional level, according to subjective sampling, and the ecological conditions at each of the stations collected. The identification of taxa was made through different flora, with a taxonomic conception based on morphological criteria using “morpho-species”. Twenty taxa belonging to 7 different genera were identified, dominated by Ophrys and Anacamptis. New data regarding the biogeography of these taxa are provided and several taxonomic difficulties encountered are highlighted. This study made possible to compare local data with those found in some publications on orchids in Algeria.
Concluding messages
1. In order to halt and reverse the continuous decline of plant diversity, specific action plans and programmes addressing particular plant conservation challenges must be incorporated in regional and national conservation programmes and strategies.
2. Enhanced cooperation between botanists, practitioners and communities is essential for effective and successful plant conservation programmes.
3. The Red List of Threatened Species and Key Biodiversity Areas are useful sources of information for global, regional and national priority setting, and need to be regularly added to and updated.
4. Despite advances in planning, action on the ground is still too limited to be effective in slowing the rate of loss of threatened species and habitats; it is therefore urgent to move on from the planning phase to the implementation phase.
5. Suggested actions to achieve conservation implementation are:
• Reinforce national Protected Area systems, ensure their effective management and include the conservation of threatened plant diversity in their management plans.
• Explore and apply, where feasible, the various schemes for the conservation of species that occur outside protected areas, such as conservation easements and plant microreserves.
• Recognise the importance of other area based conservation measures (OECMs), and community/participatory conservation.
• Encourage community involvement and participatory approaches as essential factors in successful plant conservation.
• Devise national ecological habitat restoration programmes that combine restoration techniques with the integration of human activities within the landscape.
• Recognise the importance of conserving genetic diversity as a key element in species conservation, recovery and reintroduction programmes. Ensure the genetic conservation of species of economic importance – notably wild crop relatives and medicinal and aromatic plants – by a diversity of means, including ex situ conservation in gene banks, botanic gardens, ancillary botanic gardens and targeted in situ approaches.
ABSTRACT: Sequences of the nrDNA ITS region have been obtained from 88 named taxa of family Orchidaceae to investigate the phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae. The first paper in this sequence (Pridgeon et al., 1997) emphasized intergeneric relationships, but the focus here is within genera. Overall, the monophyly of most genera is well supported, whereas support within genera is more variable. Beginning with the derived, globose-tubered genera, Ophrys, Serapias, and Himantoglossum–Barlia are well supported as genera but have short internal branches, reflecting their controversial morphologically based classifications. Orchis as currently widely delimited is triphyletic, prompting extensive taxonomic revisions below. A heterogeneous group characterized by 2n = (32–)36 is placed in an expanded Anacamptis; it contains four monophyletic groups based on “Orchis” laxiflora, “O.” coriophora, “O.” papilionacea–A. pyramidalis, and “O.” morio. Species of 2n = 42 form two clades. The smaller and more derived clade, based on “O.” ustulata and “O.” tridentata, is placed in an expanded Neotinea. The larger clade contains Orchis s.s. (including the now synonymized, molecularly and morphologically similar Aceras) and, more tentatively, Traunsteinera. Orchis s.s. can be divided into an anthropomorphic grade (e.g. “Aceras”, O. militaris) and two monophyletic groups based respectively on O. mascula and O. anatolica (perhaps including the O. patens aggregate). Passing down into the digitate-tubered grade, the Platanthera s.l. clade also encompasses Galearis and, more tentatively, Pseudorchis. Platanthera s.s. is well supported, and species relationships suggest specific migration patterns. Dactylorhiza is also well supported, but surprisingly also encompasses the now synonymized Coeloglossum viride. Interspecific branches are fairly short, and internal conflicts understandably characterize data from the reticulate allotetraploid complex. The supposedly primitive diploid D. iberica is shown to be a derived member of the spotted-orchid group. “Nigritella” is nested within (and thus synonymized into) Gymnadenia, revealing far more morphological than molecular divergence between the two previously recognized genera; their relationship to Dactylorhiza remains ambiguous.
Overall, relationships among species within the revised genera show ITS disparities of 0–95 steps, and those among genera 36–165 steps. In most cases there appears to be a strong positive correlation between molecular and morphological disparities, though this has yet to be quantified. Relationships within species cannot be assessed using ITS, requiring instead a combination of morphometric and population genetic techniques plus range-wide pollinator surveys. Historical review reveals that the pre-Victorian concept of Orchis was gradually dismantled into a series of monophyletic genera delimited by morphological synapomorphies, leaving Orchis as a plesiomorphic (and thus phenotypically cryptic), triphyletic residuum. It is not surprising that past attempts at hierarchical classifications within this still species-rich genus show little congruence with the ITS phylogeny, especially as they were highly typological. Their relative accuracy depended on levels of homoplasy in the chosen morphological character suite (low homoplasy for tubers, moderate for gynostemium, high for spur dimensions and perianth hooding). Attempts to study the taxonomy and biology of the artificial construct Orchis s.l. have been further hampered by misinformation (e.g. erroneous reports of hybrids and chromosome counts) and misconceptions (e.g. that contrasts among species in the relative amounts of floral pigments could be arranged in a primitive > derived polarity). Patterns shown by these character sets are far more explicit and informative in the phylogenetic context provided by the ITS data, as are several notable morphological parallelisms and convergences.
Rebbas, K. & E. Véla (2013): New observations on Pseudophrys of Central East of northern Algeria.-J. Eur. Orch. 45 (2-4): 217-233. Since the middle of the 20 th century, almost no taxonomic revision was made on Algerian orchids. In Tunisia, orchids are well known after recent studies of the 2000s. Authors made a set of focused investigations between 2004 and 2012 in the Centre-East of northern Algeria. Inventory and cartography are made without taxonomical a priori. Then, taxonomical assessment was made a posteriori following a morpho-species concept. Between Tipaza and Sétif, from the Mediterranean littoral until the Hodna mountains, 30 localities were found including at least one taxon belonging to genus Ophrys section Pseudophrys. Knowledge of section Pseudophrys is then highlighted by numerous observations including 9 species, whose several ones considered as new and/or confirmed for Algeria (O. mirabilis, O. marmorata, O. funerea), especially because some confusions were frequent in this group. We can thereby illustrate from central-eastern Algeria: O. mirabilis P. Geniez & F. Melki; O. marmorata G. Foelsche & W. Foelsche; O. battandieri E.G. Camus; O. murbeckii Fleischm., pro hybr.; O. funerea Viv.; O. migoutiana J. Gay; O. fusca Link, O. lutea Cav., O. atlantica Munby. If we add 3 species formally known elsewhere on the national territory (O. dyris Maire; O. iricolor Desf.; O. pallida Raf.) we reach a total of 12 species for Algeria. Almost all individuals of these species can easily be identified without ambiguity on the field and/or on photograph. An original identification key illustrating the taxonomy followed here is built.
The holotype of Ophrys lutea Cav. var. subfusca Rchb. f. [syn. Ophrys subfusca (Rchb. f.) Batt.] was rediscovered in the Natural History Museum (Herbarium) in Vienna (W). This confirmed perfectly that, as generally accepted in the literature, this taxon has a small labellum (typically 5-9mm long) with a relatively wide yellow edge and a distribution restricted to Algeria and Tunisia. This rediscovered holotype supersedes the lectotype designated by LOWE (2011); also, the epitype designated by LOWE to support that superseded lectotype has no standing. It is also concluded that the name Ophrys murbeckii Fleischmann for plants
from Tunisia different from Ophrys lutea Cav. var. subfusca Rchb. f. is an nomen nudum because that name was not accompanied by a description or diagnosis of the taxon or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis. The diagnosis of the name Ophrys lutea Cav. subsp. subfusca (Rchb.) Murbeck is not applicable to Ophrys murbeckii because that is a nomen confusum based on different two taxa from Algeria and Tunisia, namely Ophrys lutea var. subfusca Rchb. and Ophrys battandieri E.G.
Camus, P. Bergon & A. Camus.
As previously reported by the present authors (MIFSUD & LEWIS 2011), field studies at various locations on Malta indicate that Ophrys caesiella and O. gazella, and O. africana are the same species. The name O. caesiella is now chosen for this combined species. LOWE (2011) similarly concluded that O. caesiella, O. gazella and O. africana were synonyms but also further concluded that O. subfusca (Rchb. f.) Hausskn. is an earlier synonym for these taxa. However, in the opinion of the present authors, the assumptions on which Lowe's further conclusion is based cannot be validated and (if legitimate) O. subfusca should therefore continue to be considered a member of the O. lutea complex. New sites for O. caesiella on Malta and Gozo are also reported. DELFORGE (2012) concluded that the early-flowering form of O. iricolor s.l. on Malta was morphologically different from O. mesaritica on Crete and described it under the new name O. hospitalis. This is now renamed Ophrys iricolor subsp. hospitalis. Reference is also made to the legal protection of wild orchids on Malta.
The authors note the recent discovery of two new varieties of the Bee Orchid,
Ophrys apifera Hudson subsp. apifera var. bicolor (O.Nägeli) E. Nelson in
Kroumiria (northwestern Tunisia) and Ophrys apifera Huds. subsp. apifera
var. saraepontana (Ruppert) H. Baumgartner bis & Kreutz in Ténès (north
Algeria). The two varieties growing near the southern shore of the
Mediterranean were observed for the first time in North Africa and are
described more in detail.
Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. est décrite comme une espèce méditerranéo-atlantique (DELFORGE
, 1994). Les populations connues aux Canaries (voir à la fin de cet article, deux photos de cette espèce prises à Tenerife), à Madère, au Portugal (TYTECA, 1985) d’une part, et en Corse (VIVANT, 1965 et 1968 ; D
UTARTRE, 1980 ; DUSSAUSSOIS, 1980 ; PARADIS,1994 ; PARADIS et al.,1996), Sardaigne, Baléares (TERRISSE, 1984) et Afrique du Nord d’autre part, accréditent en effet clairement cette hypothèse. Cependant, aucune citation n’était connue à l’est de la Tunisie et de la Sardaigne, jusqu’à ce que nous trouvions, non sans surprise, cette plante dans l’ouest de la Turquie. Cela suppose donc un nouveau regard sur la distribution réelle de l’espèce, ainsi que sur son écologie et sa biogéographie.
