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Vol. 5(12), pp. 344-352, December, 2013
DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2013.0209
© 2013 Academic Journals
http://www.academicjournals.org/JVMAH
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Health
Full Length Research Paper
Epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal parasitic
infections in ruminants in Jakiri, Bui Division, North
West Region of Cameroon
Ntonifor H. N.1, Shei S. J. 1*, Ndaleh N. W.2 and Mbunkur G. N.3
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
2Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, South West
Region, Cameroon.
3Ministry of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Accepted 1 August, 2013
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, intensity of infection and management
systems associated with gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in grazing ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats).
Faecal samples were collected from 277 cattle, 104 sheep and 94 goats, from different areas in Jakiri.
Samples were analysed using the Formol-ether concentration technique. 318 samples were found
positive with one or more parasites giving an overall prevalence of 66.9%. Goats recorded the highest
(90.4%) prevalence of GIT parasites, followed by sheep (73.1%), and the least prevalence was observed
in cattle (56.7%). Concerning the various management techniques, prevalence of GIT parasites were
higher in tethered animals (88.1%) followed by free range grazing animals (60.9%). Animals confined in
paddocks had the least prevalence (45.5%). Eimeria species recorded the highest prevalence (20.9%)
among the various species of parasites encountered during the study in cattle, Trichostrongylus
species and Eimeria spp. in sheep (28.8%) while the highest prevalence in goats was Trichostrongylus
spp. (55.8). Mixed infections of Trichostrongylus spp., Eimeria spp. and Haemonhus species were most
prevalent in all the animal species. The prevalences of Fasciola species and Moneiza species were
significantly low in all the three animal groups in the study area. Adults were more infected compared
to young stock animals (lambs and kids). This work provides an important step to minimize economic
losses in ruminants by providing information that will help farmers practice the right traditional
management techniques.
Key words: Gastrointestinal parasites, ruminants, prevalence, management systems, Jakiri, Cameroon.
INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites are known to be
widespread in Cameroon (Ndamukong, 1985) and limit
livestock production in many areas and countries of the
world (Vlassoff and Leathwick, 2001; Ng’ang’a et al.,
2004). Studies have shown that helminth parasites are by
far the most serious causes of production losses in farmed
ruminants and the nematodes are indisputably the cause
of serious production losses to ruminants in sub-Saharan
Africa, and indeed worldwide (Ng’ang’a et al., 2004; Odoi,
2007; Kanyari et al., 2009).
Despite the relative importance of nematode parasites
in ruminants worldwide, other gastrointestinal parasites like
*Corresponding author. E-mail: ngumnto@yahoo.com. Tel: +237 75213156/75211978.
like the trematodes, cestodes and coccidians have also
shown higher prevalence rates in most countries of the
world. The trematodes of traditional veterinary and medical
significance are almost all digenetic flukes that require a
mollusc or snail as the first intermediate host. Prevalence
studies reveal that Fasciola species are by far the most
economically important trematodes of ruminants in the
tropics (Maingi et al., 1997). According to Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organisation
(WHO) (1999), intense fasciolasis has been reported in
the following African countries; Northern Nigeria, Kenya,
Lake Chad, Zaire, Zambia, Ivory coast, Zimbabwe and
Cameroon. The occurrence of flooding, water pans and
swamps are important habitats for propagation of the snail
intermediate hosts of these flukes. Some of the regions in
Cameroon have their borders to the west of the Atlantic
Ocean which makes them marshy and swampy, thus
suitable for survival of snail intermediate hosts.
Ruminants, the most widespread livestock in Cameroon,
are reared in traditional systems. Cattle, goats and sheep
rearing systems are: nomadic or pastoral, mixed farming
and the peri-urban systems. Production and management
systems vary from free range in less populated areas, to
year-round confinement and cut-and-carry feeding in
densely populated areas. Ruminants under extensive
systems rely on natural grazing. Because of shortage of
water and forage, malnutrition is often the major limiting
factor for profitable production of ruminants particularly
during the dry season. Grazers of the Fulani tribe in the
North West region of Cameroon seek refuge during dry
periods in Wasi-ber, Bangolan of Babesi and Bambalan
of Ndop. Animals suffer from stressful and disease
effects especially during these transhumance periods.
In most semi arid and arid regions of sub-Saharan
Africa, ruminants play a vital role in rural economies
through the provision of meat, milk, household income,
manure and skin (Mulugete et al., 2011). In most cases,
the animals are run in large flocks or herds, concentrated
in confined areas or tethered on pegs where they are
likely to pick up infective larva or oocyst from contaminated
pastures (Kanyari et al., 2009). These poor management
systems have contributed massively to economic losses
of ruminant production in sub-Saharan countries (Mulugete
et al., 2011). As a result, most of the rural farmers and
livestock farmers pay keen attention to parasites that may
likely cause the death of their animals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area
The study was c onducted in Jakiri, Bui Division (Figure 2). This
rural village is situated at Latitude. 6.1°N and Longitude 10.65°S
about 89 km from the capital city Bamenda of the North W est region
of Cameroon (Jocelyn, 1982). The climate in the area is
Ntonifor et al. 345
characterized by a long rainy s eason from April t o October, with
annual average rainfall ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 mm and an
altitude of about 1,100 m above sea level (Jocelyn, 1982). The dry
season stretches from November to March, with monthly average
temperatures in June reaching a maximum of about 21°C. Jakiri is
a typical mountainous area covered with grass on the hills and
valleys which constitute the major natural resource that the
ruminant population of livestock depends on.
Mixed crop/livestock production system is the main form of
agriculture. Most families are also involved in livestock farming,
especially goats and sheep. Flock sizes under the tethering system
in J akiri are in the order of 1 to 10 goats or sheep per household.
Cattle herds of large sizes are mostly owned by the Fulani tribes
and they form s eparate communities in the upland grazing quarters
of Jakiri.
Selection of study sites and farms
The study sites (Figure 1) were s elected on the basis of having a
higher concentration of livestock. The sites included small locations
(quarters) in J akiri village: Tan, Sodepa, Vekovi, Nkar, Kiform,
Weinamah and Shiy.
Study subjects
A total of 475 ruminants consisting of 131 males and 344 females
were examined for intestinal parasites, out of which 277 were cattle,
104 sheep and 94 goats. Also 335 of thes e animals were adult
ruminants, 57 heifers and 83 kids/lambs. For animals to be qualified
as subjects, the sheep, goats and cattle must have been living in
Jakiri and its environs for at least three months. Samples were
collected from ruminants of both sexes. The ages of the animals
were determined from interviews with the farmers. Animals with
ages ranging from one month to a year were classified as young
stock (lambs for sheep, kids for goats) while those from one year
and above were categorized as adults. The criteria for cattle were
different. Cattle with ages r anging from one month t o a year were
classified as calves while those from one to three years were
classified as heifers and those above three years were c ategorized
as adults.
Study design
A preliminary survey was carried out prior to sample c ollection to
sensitize interested farmers on the objectives of the study.
Questionnaires were administered to all the farmers whose animals
were to be examined. It included information on the age/sex/breed
of the animal, farm management practices and health conditions of
the animals. Oral interviews were also conducted to obtain other
relevant information about the ruminants and the study site.
Sampling and faecal analysis
Faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum using plastic
gloves and put into clean, dry, leak-proof, transparent plastic
bottles. The samples were labelled and transported to the
laboratory of the National Veterinary Training school f or Livestock
and Animal Husbandry in Jakiri where t hey were examined
immediately for parasite eggs and oocysts. Stool samples not
observed on the same day were treated and stored in the
346 J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Study sites.
Figure 2. Map showing rate and distribution of cattle, sheep and goats in Jakiri sub-division.
refrigerator for subsequent examination the next day. The formol-
ether concentration technique as described by Christensen et al.
(1984) was used to detect the presence of helminth eggs and
coccidian oocysts. The overall proportion of infective larvae from
faecal cultures among management systems was equally
determined. Strongyle species were identified based on standard
criteria. The eggs per gram (EPG) of feces were quantitatively
analyzed to determine the intensity of infection using the modified
McMaster technique and the coccidian oocysts quantified (MAFF,
1977).
Statistical analysis
Data was entered into Ms Excel® 2003 (Microsoft corporation, USA)
and analysis were conducted using the statistical package st atistical
package for social sciences (SPSS) version 12. Prevalence was
calculated as a percentage of d/n where d is the number of animals
infected and n = Total number of animals examined. The
association between independent factors (age, and area of origin)
and continuous dependent variables (EPG, oocyst numbers per
gram (OPG) and intensity of infection) was calculated using one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The association between the
independent factors and the prevalence of the various parasites
were evaluated using the Chi-square test (χ2). In all the analysis,
confidence level was held at 95%, and P ≤ 0.05 set for significance.
RESULTS
Out of the 475 ruminants examined, 318 were found positive
with one or more parasites, giving an overall prevalence
of 66.9%. Goats recorded the highest prevalence of 90.4%,
followed by sheep, 73.1% and the least prevalence was
observed in cattle, 56.7%. The study revealed a significant
difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of the
gastrointestinal parasites among the ruminants in the
study area (Table 1).
Gastrointestinal parasites identified from faecal samples
in the study along with their prevalences are shown on
Tables 2 and 3. Strongyle nematodes and Eimeria spp.
were the most prevalent parasites recorded in all the
three groups of animals. From the results obtained, goats
recorded the highest prevalence rates in Trichostrongylus
spp. 55.8%, followed by sheep 28.8%, and the least
prevalence was recorded in cattle 9.7%. Equally, goats
recorded the highest prevalence of Haemonchus spp.
49.5%.
Concerning the intensity of infection of the nematode
species, the study revealed that, mean egg per gram was
notably high for almost all the Strongyle nematodes
observed in small ruminants (sheep and goats). However,
faecal egg counts revealed overall low egg per gram in all
of the recovered worm egg types in cattle (Table 2). Most
of the animals had mix infections, with most of the
combinations being Trichostrongylus spp./Strongyloides
spp. (Table 4).
Village based prevalence revealed that, in cattle;
gastrointestinal parasites had the highest prevalence in
Wainamah (80.6%). Infection rates in goats were highest
in Vekovi (97.8%) and in sheep; Shiy recorded the
highest prevalence (87.5%). It was found that in all the
three groups of animals, statistically significant difference
(P ≤ 0.05) was not observed in the prevalence with
respect to the various villages (Tables 5, 6 and 7).
A total of 335 adult ruminants, 57 heifers and 83
kids/lambs were examined during the study. Out of these
lots, adult goats recorded the highest prevalence of gastro-
intestinal parasites (93.3%), followed by the young goats
(kids) (78.9%), and the least prevalence was observed in
adult cattle (53.1%). However, the overall prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites among the different age groups
showed that generally, the youngest animals (calves,
lambs and kids) had the highest prevalence (71.2%)
Ntonifor et al. 347
(Figure 3). Chi square value however revealed no
significant differences among the different age groups (P
≥ 0.05).
The present study also revealed details on the prevalence
of gastro intestinal tract (GIT) parasites in animals kept
under different traditional management systems. It was
found that, animals confined in paddocks recorded lower
prevalence rates compared to free range grazers and
tethered animals. For both sheep and goats, tethered
animals had highest infection rates of 85.4 and 90.4%,
respectively. Cattle and sheep that grazed in confined
paddocks had prevalence rates of 37.7 and 56.8%,
respectively. Free range grazers had prevalence rates of
61.2 and 73.3% for cattle and sheep, respectively. A
significant difference in prevalence was observed in both
cattle and sheep practising the different grazing systems
(Tables 8, 9 and 10).
DISCUSSION
The present study revealed an overall prevalence of GIT
parasites in the ruminants to be 67.45%, with 56.7, 73.1
and 90.4% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively.
These results are in line with the findings of Fikru et al.
(2006) and Biu et al. (2009). The high prevalence of GIT
parasites in small ruminants as a whole agrees with most
reports (Odoi et al., 2007; Fufa et al., 2009; Kanyari,
2009; Mulugete et al., 2011). The higher prevalence rate
in goats and sheep in the study area might be due to
poor management systems. In Jakiri, mixed crop
livestock production predominates where few numbers of
small ruminants are kept together. Majority of the sheep
and goats are tethered on farm lands. As a result of this,
most of the animals are re-infected due to pasture
contamination as they graze within a confined region for
several months. Ticks also posed a major health problem
to ruminants in Jakiri. Seven out of 15 farmers from
whom we collected faecal samples complained of their
animals passing out blood tinged urine which is a sign of
babesiosis; a tick-borne infection. Under such conditions,
gastrointestinal parasites thrive best due to reduced
immunity in the ruminants. This led to increased mortality
rates in ruminants prior to the research. The higher
prevalence of GIT parasites in goats compared to sheep
is in agreement with the report of Ndamukong (1985) in
Momo division, North West Region of Cameroon. This
result however, contradicts the findings of Kanyari (2009)
whose assertions explained that the grazing habits of
sheep (grazing closer to the earth soil) warrants these
animal species to be more infected than goats. However;
in the present survey, the difference in philosophy with
the previous findings may be because the majority of the
goats are kept under poor veterinary infrastructure and
medication. More importantly, this may be due to low or
348 J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
cattle sheep Goats Total
Adults
young stock
Prevalence
(%)
Figure 3. Age related prevalence of GIT parasites in ruminants in Jakiri.
Table 1. Overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in the study
area.
Ruminant No.
examined
Infected
no. Prevalence (%) χ2 (P value)
Cattle 277 157 56.7
38.4 (0.001)
Sheep 104 76 73.1
Goats 94 85 90.4
Total 475 318 66.9
Table 2. Pr evalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle, sheep and goats in study area (N = total number of
animals examined).
Parasite species
Cattle (N=277) Sheep (N=104) Goats (N=94)
Infected no.
(%) Intensity Infected no.
(%) Intensity Infected no.
(%) Intensity
Trichostrongylus spp 27 (9.7) 5.19±23.81 30 (28.8) 179.4±1007.2 53 (55.8) 693.4±1903.3
Haemonchus spp 16 (5.7) 2.6±12.47 24 (23.1) 75.4±413.6 47 (49.5) 344.2±1261.7
Oesophagostomum spp 18 (6.5) 11.7±50.7 3 (2.9) 4.4±30.3 5 (5.3) 11.7±50.6
Ostertagia spp 8 (2.9) 1.2±9.0 12 (11.5) 13.8±73.9 30 (31.5) 41.2±97.0
Strongyloides spp 25 (9.0) 4.2±21.0 26 (25.0) 86.7±409.8 46 (48.9) 324.9±831.
Trichuris spp 51 (18.4) 6.8±18.3 8 (7.7) 7.7±27.0 13 (13.9) 14.8±48.9
Other nematodes 17 (6.1) - 9 (8.7) - 3 (3.2) -
N = number of animals examined.
slow development of immunity in goats to GIT parasites
as compared to sheep and cattle.
The prevalence of GIT parasites in cattle in the study
area was generally low compared to small ruminants,
with a majority of the cattle having light infections. These
results are in line with the findings of Adrien et al. (2001),
Waruiru et al. (2005) and Kenyu et al. (2006). The reason
might be due to frequent drenching habits of the farmers.
Ntonifor et al. 349
Table 3. Prevalence of Trematodes, Cestodes and Eimeria species in cattle, sheep and goats in
the study area.
Parasite specie Cattle (N=277) Sheep (N=104) Goats (N=94)
Infected No. (%) Infected No. (%) Infected No. (%)
Fasciola spp 17 (6.1) 3 (2.9) 0 (0)
Entamoeba spp 5 (1.8) 1 (1.0) 13 (13.7)
Moniezia spp 10 (3.6) 8 (7.7) 4 (4.3)
Eimeria spp 58 (20.9) 30 (28.8) 45 (47.9)
Table 4. Prevalence of mixed infections in ruminants in the study area.
Mixed infections Cattle (N=277) Sheep (N=104) Goats (N=94)
Infected No. (%) Infected No. (%) Infected No. (%)
Trichostrongylus spp./Strongyloidse spp./Eimeria spp.
3 (1.08) 26 (13.06) 36 (38)
Trichostrongylus spp./Haemonchus spp. 5 (1.80) 45 (22.61) 12 (12.7)
Strongyloides spp./Eimeria spp. 6 (2.1) 36 (18.09) 4 (4.2)
Strongyloides spp./Trichostrongylus spp. 8 (2.88) 56 (28.14) 7 (7.4)
Haemonchus/Eimeria 2 (0.7) 1 (0.5) 3 (3.2)
Trichostrongylus spp./Eimeria spp. 5 (1.80) 25 (12.56) 11 (11.7)
N=number of animals examined.
Table 5. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle in the various villages
surveyed in the study area.
District No. examined No. infected Prevalence (%) χ2 (P- value)
Kiform 68 41 60.3
4.573 (0.47)
Nkar 24 15 62.5
Sodepa 53 20 37.7
Vekovi 36 18 50.0
Shiy - - -
Wainamah 31 25 80.6
Tan 65 38 58.5
Total 277 157 56.7
Also during the dry seasons, larva may develop success-
fully to infective stages in faeces but might not emerge
until moisture levels are optimal. Infected faeces continue
to be passed out by the cattle until moisture is available
when pasture contamination can then rise rapidly.
The most prevalent GIT parasites were the Strongyles,
Strongyloides and Eimeria oocyst. This result corroborates
many findings in Africa (Ndamukong, 1985; Ndamukong
and Sewell, 1992; Odoi, et al., 2007; Fufa et al., 2009;
Kanyari, 2009; Mulugete et al., 2011). Strongyle nematodes
were of the genera Trichostronglus, Haemonchus,
Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Charbatia and
Nematodirus. The climatic conditions of Jakiri (warm
moist) are highly suitable for survival of strongyles and
transmission of the parasites. Another contributing factor
towards the high prevalence of strongyle nematodes may
be due to poor farm management techniques including
constructions, feeding,watering systems and generally
poor hygienic conditions of the farms.
The prevalence of Fasciola spp. in the study area for all
the three animal groups was extremely low. This may be
due to the vegetation cover of Jakiri. The typical
mountainous area covered with grass on the hills does
not favour propagation of the snail intermediate hosts. It
is probable that, the few ruminants infected with Fasciola
gigantica might have gotten their infection during trans-
humance in Wasi-ber, Bangolan of Babesi and Bambalan
of Ndop, a period during which there is scarcity of pasture
350 J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health
Table 6. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in the
various villages surveyed in the study area
District No. examined Infected No. (%) χ2 (P- value)
Kiform - -
0.377(.0825)
Nkar 27 24 (88.8)
Sodepa - -
Vekovi 45 44 (97.8)
Shiy 22 17 (77.3)
Wainamah - -
Tan - -
Total 94 85 (90.4)
Table 7. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep in the
various villages surveyed in the study area.
District No. examined Infected No. (%) χ2 (P- value)
Kiform - -
1.343 (0.511)
Nkar 43 34 (79.1)
Sodepa 37 21 (56.8)
Vekovi - -
Shiy 24 21 (87.5)
Wainamah - -
Tan - -
Total 104 76 (73.1)
Table 8. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in
ruminants confined in paddocks.
Ruminant No. examined Infected No. (%)
Cattle 53 20 (37.7)
Sheep 37 21 (56.8)
Total 90 41 (45.5)
Table 9. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in
tethered ruminants.
Ruminant No. examined Infected No. (%)
Goat 94 84 (89.3)
Sheep 48 41 (85.4)
Total 142 125 (88)
and water in Jakiri. The distribution of the snail inter-
mediate host (Lymnea spp.) in this area of transhumance
is not well understood. The only cestode observed in the
study area was Moniezia spp with sheep having the
highest prevalence of all the three animal groups. These
results are in line with the findings of Sissay et al. (2008)
and Kanyari (2009). The pathogenic significance of this
parasite is not well understood. However, occurrence of
this parasite in the tropics is associated with the ingestion
of oribatid mites infected with cysts of Moniezia spp.
Locations in Jakiri where farmers practiced the traditional
management systems showed higher prevalence rates and
Ntonifor et al. 351
Table 10. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free
range grazing ruminants.
Ruminant No. examined Infected No. (%)
Cattle 224 134 (59.8)
Sheep 19 14 (73.7)
Total 243 148 (60.9)
intensities of infection compared to areas managed by
the government parastatal called” Societe de Developments
des Petite Ruminant” (SODEPA) under the semi-
intensive management system. The low prevalence rate
in SODEPA could be explained by the fact that the
parastatal has a curved out vast grazing land reserved
only for ruminants of the parastatal. Animals kept by
SODEPA are well catered for, frequently drenched, well
fed with supplemental feed and constantly monitored for
any irregularities that might lead to death of the animal.
Upland grazing areas in Jakiri recorded the highest
prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle as
compared to lowland grazing areas which had higher
prevalence of GIT parasites in small ruminants. The
upland grazing areas are occupied mostly by the Fulani
Tribes while the vast lowland grazing areas are occupied
mainly by the indigenes of Jakiri for crop farming. The
Fulani tribes form the minority group and often are faced
with a problem of limited grazing land. They often pitch
their tents and small huts closer to their cattle herds on
mountainous grazing areas for proper supervision of their
animals. Most of them rear cattle and few sheep inherited
from their parents. They do not keep goats since they
attach more religious significance to sheep during
Ramadan festivities. This therefore implied that the low
prevalence of GIT parasites in small ruminants in the
upland grazing community was not due to absence of
parasites on contaminated pastures but rather might
have been due to a relatively small sample size of small
ruminants kept by the Fulani community.
Though infection rates were higher in traditionally
managed animals (tethered goats and sheep), a study
carried out in Mankon in the North West Region of
Cameroon (Ndamukong, 1985) showed that mortality
rates were relatively low for all animals reared under the
traditional management systems. The reason behind this
could be that, local breeds of small ruminants and cattle
in the North West region of Cameroon (Cameroon Dwarf
goats, Red Sokoto, red Fulani cows, and Dwarf Forest
sheep) have acquired strong immunity to infection of GIT
parasites due to recurrent infections.
Generally, young stock animals had a slightly higher
prevalence rate of GIT parasites compared to the adults.
This result is in line with the findings of Ndamukong
(1985), Githigia (2001), Almalaik et al. (2008) and
Kanyari (2009). Calves, lambs and kids are more
susceptible to infection than adults due to low levels of
immunity. Higher prevalence in young stock may also be
due to failure in separating young stock from the adults at
pre weaning age, overgrazing of infested pastures coupled
with inappro-priate and inadequate use of anthelmintics
(Ndamukong, 1985).
Conclusion
The study clearly indicates that control measures should
make use of the variations in helminth prevalence and
intensity among management systems and age groups to
achieve rational use of anthelmintics. Also, tethered
animals should not be allowed to graze on a particular
spot continuously for several weeks. Grazing spots
should be rotated to reduce the chances of ruminants
being re-infected from contaminated pastures. Field
veterinarians should assist farmers in strategic
deworming with broad spectrum anthelmintics used at the
beginning and after the end of the rainy season. Finally,
farmers should be educated on the importance of using
dry season feed reserves as means to ensure safe feed
for zero-grazed ruminants.
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