Engineering Materials: Properties and Selection
... Research on materials properties and selection mainly centers on engineering (e.g. Ashby, 2005;Budinski, 1996;Lindbeck, 1995;Mangonon, 1999), products (e.g. Karana, Hekkert, & Kandachar, 2008, 2009, 2010van Kesteren, Stappers, & de Bruijn, 2007), and architectural design (e.g. ...
... A majority take an objective approach based on technical and measurable properties, particularly prevalent in engineering. Various categorizations include physical, mechanical, chemical, and dimensional properties, codes and regulations, environmental and ecological properties, processing and fabricability, cost, and material availability (Ashby, 2005;Budinski, 1996;Mangonon, 1999). ...
... Rather than separating them, as in Hegger et al. (2007) and , we consider them together, as recommended by Karana et al. (2008). Our study supports the literature (Budinski, 1996;Hegger et al., 2007;Karana et al., 2008) that proposes market properties as a crucial factor affecting decisionmaking. In our study, the material cost, material availability, and skilled workmanship were distinct sub-themes under market properties, particularly regarding interior finishes. ...
The increasing diversity of materials creates many possibilities and constraints that designers have to consider when selecting materials for projects. While the literature has investigated materials selection in engineering, product, and architectural design, knowledge is still lacking in interior design. Accordingly, this study focused on interior finishing materials with three objectives: (1) explore the determinants of materials selection in interior design, and within the residential design context, (2) identify designers’ finishing material preferences and selection criteria for floors, walls, and ceilings; (3) investigate designers’ criteria prioritizations while selecting materials. For this we conducted one-to-one interviews with architects and interior designers specializing in residential spaces. We first explored their material selection considerations in general. Second, we documented their material designations in residential project entry halls they had designed along with their selection criteria. Third, we presented an entry hall of a residential space for them to choose the materials while we questioned them about their materials selection priorities. The results reveal that the main determinants of materials selection include material-related, project-related, and designer-related factors. Moreover, materials choices and selection criteria vary between surfaces in space. Finally, the designers give the most priority to sensorial properties and the least to ecological properties. These findings expand our knowledge about materials in interior design, enhance the knowledge base for materials education, and have implications for designers and manufacturers regarding selecting and designing finishing materials.
... In this combined states, the energies of the metals are lower. In the metallic state, the energies of the metals are higher, and thus, there is a spontaneous tendency for metals to react chemically to form compounds [1 Protection by inhibitors is widely used for metals in corrosive environment. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical additive, which, when added to a corrosive aqueous environment, reduces the the inhibitive effects of Aspilia africana leaves extract on the corrosion of luminium alloy AA8011 in sulphuric acid was investigated using weight loss method at room and elevated temperatures respectively. ...
... In this combined states, the energies of the metals are lower. In the state, the energies of the metals are higher, and thus, there is a spontaneous tendency for metals to react chemically to form compounds [1][2][3]. ...
... 1,2 Normally, grey cast iron consists of 2-4% total carbon with at least 1% silicon. 3 Sometimes other alloying elements such as phosphorus may be added, to tune/improve the properties of cast iron. A high phosphorus content helps reduce wear and inhibit sparking. ...
... Steadite is a phosphorus eutectic that occurs in the cast iron structure when it contains more than 0.06% P. Free carbon is precipitated in the iron and forms graphite. 2,3 The brake shoe is prepared using the sand-casting process, with high phosphorus (2.5-3.5 wt% P) grey cast iron, according to rules put in place by The State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The property requirements of brake shoes by SRT include 200-230 HB hardness. ...
Grey cast iron has a wide range of industrial applications. In the Thailand railway industry, grey cast iron is used in the manufacture of brake shoes. The problem encountered in brake shoes is a high wear rate and hence a short lifetime in service. To minimize this issue, in this study, ferro-silicon (FeSi) was used as an inoculant for sand casting brake shoe samples of high phosphorus grey cast iron. The amount of FeSi was varied to study its effects on the graphite structure and properties of the brake shoes. The results showed that the high phosphorus cast iron brake shoes were composed of ferrite, steadite, pearlite, and graphite flakes, and the amount of FeSi affected graphite formation in the cast iron. The inoculation treatment led to a decrease in graphite type III, an increase in graphite type I, and changes in the quantities of steadite, pearlite, and ferrite phases. At 0.2wt% FeSi, while steadite and pearlite phases were found to be at their highest levels, the maximum hardness of 216 HB was reached. In addition, the porosity in high phosphorous brake shoes interfered with the wear resistance of the samples. The volume loss with 0.2wt% FeSi had decreased from 447 to 349 mm3. By carefully controlling the FeSi inoculation and managing porosity levels, the study sought to minimize wear and enhance the longevity and performance of brake shoes in the railway industry. Studies have shown that the inoculation process can improve the structure of graphite. Meanwhile, the amount of pores also affects the mechanical properties of cast iron.
... The role of temperature in reducing leak rates through elastomer swelling corresponds with studies on material behavior under varying temperatures [31]. The observed material damage in AFLAS seals at 477.15 K and PTFE seals at 394.15 K aligns with known material vulnerabilities at extreme temperatures discussed in literature [32]. ...
... Furthermore, the deformation caused by thermal effects observed on the sealing lip of the elements is different for each of the materials, highlighting the synergistic effect of using different elements in the sealing stack. The thermal expansion coefficients of AFLAS and PTFE are 1.14 × 10 − 4 and 2.85× 10 − 4 K − 1 respectively [28,32]. This indicates that for the temperatures tested the AFLAS elements expanded 10.5 %, and 12.8 % while the PTFE elements expanded 4.20 %, and 5.15 % of the original size respectively. ...
... In today's manufacturing environment, designers of new products have a large number of engineering materials [29,30] and manufacturing processes available for selection [28,31]. Choice decisions are difficult due to the high number of materials available, and material selection for a specific application should to be made during the design phase. ...
... New materials are constantly appearing and product designers must be up to date and know how to select correct materials. Table 1 represents the main traditional methods of material selection used in different contexts, according to their own authors [10,[30][31][32]39]. These authors address different requirements for material selection, most of which are common to all authors, such as technical properties. ...
Material selection for product design is a complex task. Thus, one of the objectives of this work is to analyze and understand and to promote the importance of material selection to conceive quality products with the help of designers that promote green self-identity in the early stage of new product conception. A questionnaire was sent to professional designers and engineers. Thirty-eight responses were validated, which represented the sample for this study. The aspects that influence the complex material selection process and the final quality of the products through the design and production process are presented. Taking into consideration the responses from product designers who work in the market, as well as some engineers and students who are graduating in product design, a new approach for material selection was developed. Based on a collection of main ideas from the traditional and non-traditional material selection methods, seeking to group the maximum requirements of both methods, and inspired by the “canvas” model on the basic modular methodology, a new model for new product projects is presented. Our study focuses on material selection, since this aspect is one of the most relevant steps in the early stage of the prototyping phase of new products, with a view to reducing CO2 from the air in the atmosphere that we all breathe. The classification of materials is complex due to the diversity of available options. The novelty of this model is that all the properties of a newly designed product, such as technical, aesthetic, productive, and environmental properties, are grouped in the model, which serves as an innovative support. Thus, designers have a tool at their disposal that can help them to select the best materials for the products they design. The results of this study contribute to the field of material selection, to the quality and design of new products, and to promoting green self-identity of designers in the initial phase of product design. Consequently, all consumers in search of a sustainable planet will profit from this study.
... In today's manufacturing environment, designers of new products have a large number of engineering materials [29,30] and manufacturing processes available for selection [28,31]. Choice decisions are difficult due to the high number of materials available, and material selection for a specific application should to be made during the design phase. ...
... New materials are constantly appearing and product designers must be up to date and know how to select correct materials. Table 1 represents the main traditional methods of material selection used in different contexts, according to their own authors [10,[30][31][32]39]. These authors address different requirements for material selection, most of which are common to all authors, such as technical properties. ...
Material selection for product design is a complex task. Thus, one of the objectives of this work is to analyze, understand and promote the importance of selection of materials to conceive quality products with help of designers' that promote green self-identity in the early stage of the conception of new products. A questionnaire was sent to professional designers and engineers. 38 responses were validated, this being the sample of our study. The aspects that influence the complex selection of materials and the final quality of the products through the design and production process is presented. As a result of the answers carried out with product designers who work in the market, with students who are graduating and with some engineers, a new approach for the selection of materials was developed. Based on a collection of main ideas from traditional and non-traditional methods of material selection, seeking to group the maximum requirements of both methods, inspired by the "Canvas" model on the basic modular methodology, a new model for a project of new product is presented. Our study focuses on the selection of materials, since this aspect is one of the most relevant steps in early stage of the prototyping phase of new products, with a view to reducing CO2 from the air in the atmosphere that we all breathe. The classification of materials is complex, due to the diversity of available options. The novelty of this model is that all properties of the newly designed product, such as technical, aesthetic, productive, environmental and other properties, are all grouped in a model, which serves as an innovative support. Thus, the designer has at his disposal a tool that can help him in the selection of the best material for the products he designs. This study intends to make a contribution in the field of material selection, quality and design of new products, promoting a green self-identity for designers in the initial phase of product design. Consequently, all consumers in search of a sustainable planet will profit from it.
... Mathematically, the differential volume term can be simplified to represent the unsteady state heat transport within the component during quenching [5], [13]; the heat conduction equation is developed and provided by: (9) kr, kθ, kz -heat conductivity coefficient in r, θ and in zdirection respectively, W/m°C; T -temperature, °C; q -heat generation, W/m 3 ; ρ = mass density, kg/m 3 ; c -specific heat of the medium, J/kg•K; t -time, s. ...
... Using the relationship between the J-Distance and the HRC as described in [9], [12], the hardness (HRC) can be computed. The findings are displayed in Table I and in Fig. 13a, 13b, 13c, and 13d for radii of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mm, respectively. ...
The modeling of an axisymmetric industrial quenched alloy steel SCM440 based on the finite element method (FEM) has been produced to investigate the impact of process history on material properties and metallurgical. Mathematical modeling of the 1-Dimensional element axisymmetric model has been adopted to determine the temperature history and consequently the hardness of the heat-treated steel bar at any node. The lowest hardness point (LHP) will be at the half-length at the center and the effect of radius on (LHP) is calculated. In this manuscript hardness (HRC) in specimen points was determined by the conversion of computed characteristic cooling time for phase transformation t8/5 which equal (t5 - t8) to hardness. The model can be employed as a guideline to design a cooling approach to achieve desired mechanical properties such as hardness, toughness, and microstructure. The developed mathematical model was converted into a computer program. The computer program can be used independently or incorporated into a temperature history software named (E-LHP-software) to continuously determine and display the temperature history of the heat-treated quenched steel bar and thereby calculate the lowest hardness point and the effect of the radius in LHP can be analyzed and studied. The developed program from the mathematical model (MM) has been verified and validated by comparing its hardness results with experimental work results. The comparison indicates the reliability of the proposed model.
... While the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites are a result of the combination of both fiber and matrix, the constituents, fiber and matrix, retain their unique physical and chemical properties [1,2,[8][9][10][11][12].Fibrous composite can be unidirectional or multi-directional. In the study of composite structures strength it is a common practice to study the behavior of a unidirectional ply as an initial approach in understanding the behavior of multi-directional laminate. ...
... is the filament strength for monofilament composites; and denote the theory-experiment correlation factors; ̅ and ̅ are actual filament and matrix volume content; 11 and 11 denote the in-situ longitudinal moduli of the matrix and the fibers respectively. ...
Integration of composite materials in aviation applications undeniably offer multiple important benefits, and more modelling techniques and failure analysis tools are increasingly being developed in evaluated to reduce the high costs associated with investigating the mechanical characteristics and prediction of failure of fiber reinforced composites. This article evaluates and compares between some of the most common failure criteria, Hashin, Puck and maximum stress criteria. The conclusion of this article shows that the interactive failure criteria are more adequate to use in the prediction of failure although they are inherently more complex to describe.
... However, numerical solution is possible by finite difference method, finite volume method, and the most popular one -finite element method (FEM) [1,5] . During the quenching process of a steel bar, the heat transfer is in an unsteady state as there is a variation of temperature with time [1,6] . ...
... Derivation of equation of heat transfer in axisymmetric one-dimensional line (radius) elements by applying the conservation of energy to a differential volume cylindrical segment has been done [1] . As shown in Fig. 6; 6 Axisymmetric element from an axisymmetric body. ...
One-dimensional (1D) model of an axisymmetric industrial quenched carbon steel-1045 bar based on finite element
method (FEM) has been applied to investigate the influence of process history on its material properties. The lowest
hardness point (LHP) and the effect of the radius of the bar on its temperature history and the LHP is determined. In
this paper hardness in specimen points was obtained by calculated characteristic cooling time for phase
transformation t8/5 to hardness. The model can be employed as a guideline to design cooling approach to achieve
desired microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness. A computer program of the model is developed,
which can be used independently or incorporated into a temperature history software named LHP-software to
continuously calculate and display temperature history of the industrial quenched steel bar and thereby calculate LHP
and to study the effect of radius on temperature history and LHP. The developed program based on 1D FEM model has
been verified by comparing its hardness results with experimental results. The comparison indicates its validity and
reliability.
... For carbon content 0.40% -0.50% used for car frames, crankshafts, rails, boilers and screwdrivers. For carbon content 0.50% -0.60% is used for hammers and sleds on machines [4]. ...
... Called HSS because cutting tools made with this material can be operated twice as fast as carbon steel. Meanwhile, the price of HSS is two to four times that of carbon [4,7]. ...
The development of technology in the material sector is currently very fast, it can be seen from the many uses of metal materials, especially in the mass production industry with certain specifications, such as stainless steel, high carbon steel, and tool steel. Home industries such as the manufacture of rings, pans, bottle caps, stove components and others often use these materials as materials to make tools called press tools. In this press tool, high carbon steel or tool steel is mostly used as a punch, but as the cost and difficulty of these materials make home industries suffer big losses for the manufacture of production tools. For this reason, through this study the authors conducted experiments in the laboratory on recycle leaf spring materials. The experiment was carried out in four stages of testing, namely composition test, tensile test, hardness test, and microstructure test. The composition of elements of the recycle leaf spring are 0.6627% Carbon (C), 0.7304% Manganese (Mn), 0.0240% Sulfur (S), 0.0257% Phosphorus (P). The tensile strength of recycle leaf springs is 1332.5 kg/mm2. The hardness is carried out with the Rockwell C hardness test, the result of the test is 52.5 HRC. There are elements of martensitic and austenite in the microstructure test. The results of the laboratory experiments were compared with the data in the literature, so this recycle leaf spring material could be used as a substitute for cutting blades in press tools.
... FSP is widely used to improve the surface properties of materials, such as corrosion resistance, by altering their microstructure. FSP helps to redistribute these second phases more evenly throughout the material, reducing galvanic effects and improving corrosion resistance [141]. AA 2024 is a high-strength, copper-containing alloy commonly used in aerospace applications. ...
Friction stir processing (FSP) is an innovative solid-state processing technique that enhances the microstructure and mechanical properties of metals. This technique is particularly advantageous for aluminum alloys, including aluminum 2024, which is widely used in aerospace and automotive applications due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio and fatigue resistance. AA 2024 is characterized by its high strength, low density, and good fatigue resistance, making it suitable for critical applications. However, it also has limitations such as susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking and lower toughness compared to other aluminum alloys. FSP addresses these challenges by refining the microstructure, which can lead to improved mechanical properties. The process involves a rotating tool that generates heat due to friction and deformation while traversing across the material’s surface, resulting in localized plastic deformation and stirring of the material without melting. This work aims to present a comprehensive review on nanoparticle-reinforced surface composites of AA 2024. In addition, different types of ceramic and carbonaceous nanoparticles used as reinforcements have also been discussed in this article. Furthermore, different types of reinforcement strategies used for nanoparticle reinforcement have also been discussed. The basic parameters that influence the properties of synthesized composites have been reviewed as well. This paper extensively examines the pros and cons of nanoparticle FSP studies that have been published over the years.
... silika merupakan komponen penting yang berperan dalam reaksi kimia dengan semen, menghasilkan hidrat yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas adukan. Selain itu, serat eceng gondok memiliki berat jenis sekitar 0.25 gr/m 3 (Budinski & Budinski, 1999dalam Purboputro, 2006. ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis stabilitas angkur trashboom agar angkur trashboom dalam keadaan aman. Analisis ini dilakukan guna memperoleh nilai angka aman pada kondisi sebelum dan setelah pemasangan angkur trashboom. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder guna menganalisis penentuan layout dan lokasi angkur, geoteknik, dan daya dukung angkur. Berdasarkan perhitungan beban ultimate, diperoleh Qu 19.68 ton. Tiang boredpile ditanam hingga kedalaman 13 m. Daya dukung pada kedalaman 13 m bernilai 23.04 ton > Qu. Daya dukung > Qu = AMAN. Pada lokasi penelitian, semakin dekat posisi boredpile ke tebing maka semakin kecil daya dukung tanah dan semakin besar potensi terjadinya keruntuhan tanah. Didapatkan solusi dengan memindahkan posisi angkur sejauh ± 5m ke belakang. Dipilih opsi angkur dengan kedalaman 13m dengan SF > 1.25.
... Aluminium is the most abundant metal in nature. Some 8% of the weight of the earth crust is Aluminium (Budinski, 1983). Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal, being second only to steel in world consumption (Norton, 1998). ...
... Some 8% of the weight of the earth crust is aluminium [1]. Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal, being second only to steel in world consumption [2]. The unique combination of properties exhibited by aluminium and its alloy make aluminium one of the most versatile, commercial and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of users, from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. ...
... Some 8% of the weight of the earth crust is aluminium [1]. Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal, being second only to steel in world consumption [2]. The unique combination of properties exhibited by aluminium and its alloy make aluminium one of the most versatile, commercial and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of users, from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. ...
... Some 8% of the weight of the earth crust is aluminium (1). Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal, being second only to steel in world consumption (2). The unique combination of properties exhibited by aluminium and its alloy make aluminium one of the most versatile, commercial and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of users, from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. ...
... Rights reserved. radiation having λ = 0.154 Å was used [20]. Crystallite size was calculated using Debye Scherer's formula: ...
Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) synthesized with different methods was investigated as the anode material of low-temperature solid ceramic fuel cells because of high electron mobility, excellent thermal and mechanical stability, and high electrochemical reactivity towards redox-based reactions as well as low leakage current. The sample prepared via the carbothermal reduction method has multiple phases of cubic SiC (JCPDS 01–075-0254), SiO2 (01–076-0933), and quartz (00–008-0415), respectively. Further samples developed using hydrothermal and solid-state methods show the cubic structure of SiC with JCPDS No. 01–073-1708. Fourier transform spectroscopy confirms the presence of Si–C, Si–C and Si–O bonds in the synthesized material. Raman analysis shows the transverse optical line of Si–C stretching mode in all three samples at 801 cm⁻¹. Thermal analysis reveals that the sample prepared using the solid-state method is more stable due to negligible weight loss and less decomposition during thermal heat treatment. The microstructure of materials synthesized using the solid-state method has more porosity, and therefore, better electrical conductivity of 1.1 Scm⁻¹ is obtained compared to other samples synthesized by the hydrothermal method and carbothermal reduction method, respectively. The cell reached the maximum power density of 100 mW cm⁻² with an open circuit voltage of 1.1 V at 550 °C. This work demonstrates an innovative synthesis method for 3C-SiC and novel material for developing highly efficient anode materials of solid ceramic fuel cells.
Graphical Abstract
... Entre as inovações recentes na construção civil, destacam-se os compósitos reforçados com fibras. Estes materiais são compostos por uma matriz frágil, como pasta, argamassa ou concreto, combinada com fibras que melhoram significativamente suas propriedades mecânicas [2]. A introdução de fibras em matrizes cimentícias tem como objetivo principal melhorar a resistência à tração e a tenacidade, além de controlar a propagação de fissuras [3]. ...
... Gambar 1. Pack Karburizing[9].3. Metode PenelitianPada penelitian ini sebagai media pengarbonan digunakan serbuk arang kayu ulin. ...
Kemampukerasan merupakan kemampuan suatu material untuk dapat dikeraskan sampai kedalaman tertentu dengan cara perlakuan panas hingga terbentuk martensit pada proses pendinginan untuk mencapai kekerasan tertentu. Kekerasan suatu logam, khususnya baja dapat dimodifikasi tanpa menambahkan unsur paduan dan dilakukan dengan perlakuan panas. Nilai kemampu kerasan baja sangat dipengaruhi oleh kandungan karbon (karburasi) dalam strusktur baja tersebut. untuk meningkatkan kekerasan suatu material dapat dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan karbon kepermukaan benda tersebut pada saat dilakukan heat treatmen. Kekerasan permukaan diukur dengan metode Rockwell Hardness Test. Hasil pengujian pada spesimen menunjukan bahwa proses karburasi padi masing-masing spesimen dapat meningkatkan kemampu kerasan permukaan specimen. Distribusi nilai kemampu kerasan mendekati garis linier yaitu temperature heat treatment 900oC.
... They also exhibit good fatigue characteristics and are corrosion-resistant [77][78][79][80]. Although they can be expensive [71,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87], synthetic composites may not be biodegradable [8,27,28]. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive review of natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) for lower-limb prosthetic designs. It covers the characteristics, types, and properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites as well as their advantages and drawbacks in prosthetic designs. This review also discusses successful prosthetic designs that incorporate NFRCs and the factors that make them effective. Additionally, this study explores the use of computational biomechanical models to evaluate the effectiveness of prosthetic devices and the key factors that are considered. Overall, this document provides a valuable resource for anyone interested in using NFRCs for lower-limb prosthetic designs.
... Dissolution effects of galvanic corrosion of electrically coupled iron and aluminum alloys in seawater have been studied very recently [18]. Last but not least, a micro-galvanic coupling contributes to corrosion when this coupling is due to alloying elements used to strengthen the aluminum [19]. ...
The paper presents a study on corrosion prediction for preventive aeronautical heritage protection, considering the aeronautical heritage stored or exhibited in an aviation museum. For the purpose of the study, the hangar with exhibited historical aircraft of significant cultural and societal value is located in the Aviation Museum Kbely, Prague, Czech Republic. Until now, such a preventive approach to protecting the aircraft heritage constituted from ancient aluminum alloys, in particular, has not been presented rigorously. Monitoring the hangar meteorological, pollution, and environmental data are acquired and interrelated with measured corrosion data to find a statistical model describing atmospheric corrosion in the hangar environment. The statistical model searched represents a Gaussian process based on a likelihood approach. As a result, the Gaussian process model is regressed to predict the corrosion of aluminum alloy-based artifacts in the monitored hangar with the marginal likelihood that is compared to machine learning-based prediction. Finally, it is shown that atmospheric corrosion is accurately predicted only when, among others, a synergistic effect of airborne pollutants and wind speed is considered.
... The simulated carburizing atmosphere was established in the carburized steel container and obtained from the mixture of the activated eucalyptus charcoal and catalysts (Na2CO3 and CaCO3) with a ratio of 80:20. This ratio was prepared to ensure the occurrence of carbon dissociation and diffusion in the simulated environment [10,[19][20]. The samples were then exposed to the simulated carburizing atmosphere set up at 600 o C,750 o C, and 900 o C with the same exposure time of 4 hrs. ...
This paper aimed to evaluate the anti-corrosion performance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment set up at 600oC, 750oC, and 900oC for 4 hrs. The microstructural alternation was investigated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (EPR) was employed to study the anti-corrosion performance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment. Hardness measurement was also conducted to study the role of carbon atoms released from the simulated environment. The results showed the formation of precipitated chromium carbides along grain boundaries and sensitization degree was found in ascending order: 600oC (Pa =0.23), 750oC (Pa =0.32) and finally 900oC (Pa =0.41). All carburized conditions promote carbon dissociation and diffusion through the substrate of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, resulting in the increased hardness and decreased corrosion resistance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment.
... The heat transfer analysis in this paper will be conducted in three dimensions. To reduce cost and computer time, the three-dimensional analysis will be simplified to a two-dimensional axisymmetric analysis [7, [18][19][20][21][22]. This is achievable because in axisymmetric conditions, the temperature deviations is only in (R) and (Ɵ) while there is no temperature variation in the (z) direction as seen on Figure1. ...
A Novel 2-D mathematical modeling to determine LHP to ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 64 (2023) broj 3 ABSTRACT 2-dimensional mathematical model of axisymmetric transient industrial quenched low carbon steel bar, to examine the influence of process history on metallurgical and material characteristics, a water-cooled model based on the finite element technique was adopted. A 2-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model was utilized to predict temperature history and, as a result, the hardness of the quenched steel bar at any node (point). The LHP (lowest hardness point) is evaluated. In this paper, specimen points' hardness was evaluated by the transformation of determined characteristic cooling time for phase conversion t8/5 to hardness. The model can be used as a guideline to design a cooling approach to attain the desired microstructure and mechanical properties, such as hardness. The mathematical model was verified and validated by comparing its hardness results to commercial finite element software results. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed model is reliable.
... Some 8% of the weight of the earth crust is aluminium [1]. Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal, being second only to steel in world consumption [2]. The unique combination of properties exhibited by aluminium and its alloy make aluminium one of the most versatile, commercial and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of users, from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. ...
... GNPs in Figure 1d. The addition of Zn in the composite caused the coarsening of the grain size (Budinski & Budinski, 1999). Besides Zn, the addition of Mn helps in reducing grain size. ...
The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) content on the hardness of magnesium-based composites was studied. A magnesium-based composite, Mg6%Zn0.2%Mn with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), was fabricated via powder metallurgy process at room temperature and compressive pressures of 50kN for 20 minutes, which was then sintered at 500°C for 2 hours. It produced significant grain refinement microstructure. The change in microstructure was examined by 3D microscope analysis, and the hardness value was evaluated using the Vickers microhardness apparatus. This study demonstrated the importance of GNPs reinforcement with zinc and manganese for microhardness analysis in the sintered Mg-based GNPs composites. It also portrayed their influence on grain refinement of the microstructure. The hardness results agreed with the microstructure results, proving that the presence of GNPs increases the hardness of the Mg-based composites.
... Pengujian yang dilakukan menggunakan pengujian impak charpy dengan standar ASTM E D256-00. Pengujian ini menggunakan serat sabut kelapa sebagai penguat dan pati sagu sebagai matrik untuk fraksi volume yang divariasikan [9,10]. ...
Tanah liat adalah bahan dasar membuat bata merah yang sumber daya alamnya melimpah di maluku, sedangkan serat sabut kelapa adalah merupakan potensi limbah alam yang sampai sekarang belum dikaji secara ilmiah dan dimanfaatkan untuk suatu tipe material. Sedangkan pati sagu dalam penelitian ini digunakan sebagai perekat yang nantinya dipakai pada saat pembuatan bata merah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Hand Lay Up, dalam pembuatan komposit serat tunggal dengan variasi fraksi volume tanah liat : serat sabut kelapa : matrik pati sagu yaitu, 50%:10%:40%, 50%:20%:30%, 50%:30%:20%, dan 50%:40%:10%. Komposisi komposit dibuat sesuai variasi fraksi volume yang sudah ditentukan, dan dicetakan dengan cara manual. Setelah itu specimen di keringkan pada suhu 130⁰C, selama 1 jam, kemudian dilakukan uji impak. Hasil penelitian adalah terjadi kenaikan kekuatan impak seiring penambahan fraksi volume, dimana energi impak tertinggi untuk fraksi volume 50% : 40%:10%, sebesar 2.38 J, dan energi impak terendah pada fraksi volume 50% : 10%:40%, sebesar 1.67 J. dan harga impak tertinggi untuk fraksi volume 50% : 40%:10%, sebesar 0.030 J/mm2, dan energi impak terendah pada fraksi volume 50% :10%:40%, sebesar 0.021 J/mm2. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kekuatan impak komposit serat sabut kelapa dan tanah liat yang diperkuat pati sagu mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan bertambahnya fraksi volume serat.
... Sometimes, other alloying elements may be added to improve the mechanical and chemical properties of cast iron to be appropriate. The advantage of cast iron is that it can be easily molded into complex workpieces, good resistance to wear and corrosion [2][3][4]. The microstructure of gray cast iron contained ferrite, pearlite, steadite, and graphite flakes. ...
This research aims to investigate the microstructure and hardness property of high phosphorus gray cast irons brake shoes for Thai railway applications. The brake shoes were produced by sand casting process, which as-received from the factories of State Railway of Thailand(SRT) and the outsource company. The results showed that the microstructures and hardness property of the brake shoes from State Railway of Thailand factory were different from that of the outsource company. Microstructures of both brake shoes consisted of pearlites, graphite flakes, ferrite and a secondary phase of steadite. The difference in quantities and shapes of these phases in microstructures between those brake shoes had observed visually. Coarse graphite flakes obtained in outsource brake shores, while fine rosette graphite contained in SRT brake shoes. It is possible that there were the difference in production process control, such as the chemical composition, mole design, temperature, etc. In addition, average hardness values of steadite, ferrite and pearlite phases were 700 HV, 200-300 HV and 300-400 HV, respectively. Therefore, a higher amount of secondary phase (steadite) in microstructures of the outsource brake shoes led to obtain higher hardness value comparing with SRT brake shoes. Introduction Nowadays, the railway industries of various countries have developed in order to increase efficiency. The braking system of the railway has been widely developed, which the brake shoe is an important part of a railway braking system. The brake shoe are used on the coaches of railway trains to control the speed of the train. The brake must be strength enough to stop the train [1]. The problems of brake shoes consist of high wear rate, large porosity, and short lifetime. The process of producing brake shoe is carried out by the sand mold casting process, which is a forming process at high temperature. Problems found in brake shoes may be caused by chemical composition, cooling rate, and sand mold design leading to obtain non-qualify products. Currently, a phosphorus gray cast iron is widely used for railway brake shoe. This cast iron normally consists of 2-4% carbon, 1-3% silicon, 0.1-1.2% Manganese, and 2-3% phosphorus. Sometimes, other alloying elements may be added to improve the mechanical and chemical properties of cast iron to be appropriate. The advantage of cast iron is that it can be easily molded into complex workpieces, good resistance to wear and corrosion [2-4]. The microstructure of gray cast iron contained ferrite, pearlite, steadite, and graphite flakes. Free carbon is precipitated in the iron and formed as graphite [5]. The mechanical properties of gray cast iron are controlled by the size, shape, volume fraction and distribution of flake graphite. The large graphite tends to produce soft, weak castings. At the same time, short graphite tends to produce stronger casting [4,6].
... In this research, we decided to estimate cooling time between 800 o C -500 o C [6][7][8][9]. Because the typical cooling time for phase change in the majority of structural steels is between 800 -500 °C (time !/# ) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
Simulation of hardness distribution in quenched specimens has been investigated using three-dimensional finite-element (FE) analyses which reduced into a 2-dimensional axisymmetric analysis based on Ansys Software capable of predicting temperature history; evolution hardness of four different types of Molybdenum steel bars during thermal processing of materials in quenching process is presented. The Jominy test results are used to estimate specimen hardness. specimen points hardness used to be determined through conversion of evaluated characteristic cooling time for phase transformation t8/5 into hardness. The lowest hardness point (LHP) of each quenched Molybdenum steel bar has been determined to be in mid its length in the center. Experimentally, it is quite impossible to determine this hardness value, and earlier approaches could only assess surface hardness. Normally, this value of hardness at the surface is greater than (LHP), that, under certain conditions might lead to component failure and deformation. The model can be employed to establish a cooling method to attain the required microstructure as well as mechanical properties, which include hardness.
... Corrosion, the deterioration of a material of construction or its properties due to reaction with the environment [1,2], is a problem to a lot of industries and is even a greater challenge in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, where in addition to the loss of production time for maintenance and risk of equipment failure, there exists the additional risk of product contamination by corrosion products which may result in food poisoning. As a consequence food processing machinery, in spite of cost considerations has been as a standard constructed using stainless steels [3]. ...
This work studied the corrosion rate of ductile iron in cassava fluid and developed prediction software for the process using Java programming language. The work measured the corrosion effect of the cyanotic cassava fluid on ductile iron by determining the corrosion rate using gravimetric method. Cassava tubers were procured, grated and their fluid were manually squeezed out. The ductile iron samples used were slightly machined and treated with silicon carbide papers and were immersed in the cassava fluid for a period of 30 days. The corrosion specimens were weighed with a digital chemical weighing balance and recorded, this continued at regular interval of 5 days. The results achieved from the experiment were used to model and simulate a Java-oriented program that is capable of predicting the longtime effect of corrosion rate of ductile iron in cassava fluid. Exposure time in days and specific area of samples are the required parameters to generate corrosion rate, weight lost, and the graph of weight loss versus exposure time using the software. This Java application was also expanded to accommodate other metals in different environments.
... Meanwhile, the thoroughly hardened experimental knife B reached a hardness of 627HV and the microstructure of martensitic with fine chromium carbide was evenly distributed. The experimental results of knife making obtained are close to the mechanical properties of imported X knives which have a tempered martensitic matrix microstructure with carbide and a hardness level of 640 HV [8][9][10][11][12]. ...
The rubber tapping knives produced by blacksmiths have cracks and chipped and even broken on their blades, so rubber farmers must often replace them with new knives. Thus the product cannot be used for a long time and has reduced economic value. The cause of this rubber tapping knives made by blacksmiths is easily damaged because the gilding method on the product is not done properly. So the product was produced have a relatively low level of hardness. This study aims to determine the effect of the hardening and quenching process on the hardness of rubber tapping knives made by blacksmiths. Data of test were analyzed using ANOVA with full factorial level design, main effect model design, and 3 replications assisted with Design-Expert software. At a temperature of 800℃, the maximum hardness value of 62,8 HRC obtained from the quenching results using a water cooling media, while the minimum hardness value of 62,2 HRC was obtained from oil cooling media. At a temperature of 850℃ the maximum hardness value of 60,4 HRC obtained from the quenching results using water cooling media, and the minimum hardness value obtained from the oil cooling media is 59,1 HRC.
... it also has one of the highest coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 x 10 -6 . The melting point is 650 0 C. It has a white appearance [6].More than half of magnesium produced in this country is used in powder and ingot form for alloying with aluminum. About 30% is used for chemical processes and other nonstructural applications [11].Magnesium has great effect on the mechanical properties when used as alloying element with other group of metal of the same properties. ...
This research work covers the investigation on the effect of addition of magnesium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Aluminum Bronze. The first approach to this research was casting a specimen with a crucible furnace. Metals were charged into the furnace according to their melting points. Magnesium was introduced into the cast in different proportions from 1-4 wt% also a cast with 0wt% of magnesium. After the alloying process, the specimens were sectioned, grinded, polished and etched before viewing under an optical metallographic microscope. Mechanical tests were carried out on the specimens such as hardness and tensile strength which shows level of hardness, yield strength and ductility of each specimen.At the end of the experiments, it was concluded that the addition of magnesium to aluminum bronze increases both hardness and yield strength of aluminum bronze and reduces its ductility.
Karena sifatnya yang lunak, liat dan mudah dibuat, baja banyak digunakan sebagai bahan dalam pembuatan suatu produk. Untuk mendapatkan sifat yang keras pada permukaan dan tetap lunak pada intinya maka dilakukan proses pengerasan permukaan (face hardening), sehingga produk tersebut dapat difungsikan sesusai dengan tujuan desainnya. Salah satu cara untuk melakukan pengerasan permukaan ini adalah dengan media carbon padat atau pack carburizing. Untuk melakukan proses carburizing ini, diperlukan sebuah tungku pembakar yang dirancang tahan panas serta mudah dioperasikan. aman dengan bahan bakar batu bara. untuk penguji tungku yang telah dirancang dilakukan pengujian pada baja rabon rendah dengan mengunakan media karburisasi 1000 gr arang aktif dengan variasi: 200 gram, 100 grm, 66.7-gram Kalsium karbonat (CaCo3) pada temperatur pemanasan 950 0C dan waktu tahan 4 jam Kemudian dilanjukan dengan proses quenching. Dari hasil pengujian menunjukan bahan uji dengan komposisi 1000 gr arang aktif dengan 200-gram calcium carbonat lebih baik penambahan unsur karbon sehingga waktu dilakukan quenching terbentuk struktur mikro martensite.
Backgrounds/Objectives: The finite element method (FEM) is an advanced numerical technique that can be applied in orthodontics to study tooth movements, stresses, and deformations that occur during orthodontic treatment. It is also useful for simulating and visualizing the biomechanical behavior of teeth, tissues, and orthodontic appliances in various clinical scenarios. The objective of this research was to analyze the mechanical behavior of teeth, tissues, and orthodontic appliances in various clinical scenarios. Materials and Methods: For this study, we utilized a model derived from a set of CBCT scans of a 26-year-old female patient who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment using the lingual technique. Through a series of programs based on reverse engineering, we constructed a three-dimensional reconstruction of the teeth and their internal structures. Using the finite element method (FEM), we obtained six simulations of an orthodontic system utilizing the fixed lingual technique, in which we employed brackets made of chrome–nickel or gold, and archwires made of nitinol, gold, or stainless steel. Results: The study reveals that although the deformation of the archwires during orthodontic treatment is the same, the forces generated by the three types of archwires on brackets differ. The variation in forces applied to the brackets in the fixed lingual orthodontic technique is essential for customizing orthodontic treatment, as these forces must be precisely controlled to ensure effective tooth movement and prevent overloading of the dental structures. Conclusions: The FEM analysis allows for the identification of ideal combinations between the materials used for orthodontic archwires and the materials used for brackets. This ensures that the optimal intensity of forces applied during the fixed lingual orthodontic technique results in desired tooth movements without causing damage to the enamel, dentin, or pulp of the teeth.
In the oil & gas (O&G) industry, non-metallic (NM) composite pipes are gaining traction to mitigate corrosion-related issues that might arise from using carbon steel pipes in severe environment with presence of highly salinity water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. The substitution of the carbon steel pipes to NM composite pipes reduces the number of workover and intervention needed for carbon steel pipes due to corrosion, which indirectly reduces the carbon footprint over the well lifetime. This paper outlines the steps involved in the development, deployment, and operation of the first fully bonded carbon fiber spoolable composite downhole tubular, which reduces the majority of carbon emissions over the tubular lifetime.
This paper highlights key activities, variables and support systems involved in NM composite tubular development and qualification for O&G downhole application. New product development follows general workflow that includes comprehensive understanding on application requirements, environment, load, and challenges. This step is followed by evaluation of feasible pipe designs, construction and material selection, feasibility study on suitable manufacturing process and finally multi-level qualification programs to confirm product specification. Performance envelope derived from qualification tests is utilized to benchmark pipe specification against load scenarios covering the entire pipe lifecycle. Similar approach is also utilized to develop supporting items such as connection and interfaces to other well components. O&G downhole deployment is typically high-risk operations hence, supporting exercises are required to ensure equipment compatibility and operation safety to meet user’s standard practice requirements.
The installation, deployment, and operating environments for various O&G applications- from surface to offshore to downhole fields vary, particularly for load cases in terms of temperature, pressure, and mechanical strength. This results in different material requirement and compatibility in the use environment. As NM composite tubulars are made with different layers and materials typically NM fibers, polymers, and others, material compatibility between layers is crucial during pipe manufacturing. Testing requirements differ too since they have different load cases in different applications, as well as the type of pipe design and construction also demands different qualification needs. This prompts the move to develop a new guideline for qualifying NM composite tubulars in downhole application as existing standards for composite tubulars in other O&G operations are not exactly applicable to downhole conditions, nevertheless, there are interrelated testing concepts between the new guideline and existing standards. NM tubular development process reflects the missing gaps during pipe research and development and eventually allows one to systematically follow the process to develop the first fully bonded carbon fiber composite tubular for downhole application.
Utilizing NM downhole tubulars comprises high complexity, compared to pipes used in other applications. This is the first fully bonded carbon fiber reinforced spoolable composite tubular developed for downhole O&G applications, leveraging newly established holistic protocols. While pipe development poses only about one third of the challenges, the remaining two thirds are associated with the connections and the necessary system components for the different lifecycle phases, making NM downhole tubulars a reality.
This research aims to prepare the ternary alloy (Ti-6Al-4Nb) Using powder technology and studying X-ray diffraction analysis and micro hardness of this alloy. Titanium, aluminum, and niobium, powders were mixed together to homogenize the elements, and then the pressing process was carried out under pressure (5Ton) and for a period of time(60sec) For the purpose of obtaining a cohesive alloy in the form of discs, then the heat Treatment process (annealing) was conducted at different temperatures. (650,750,850,950,1050)˚C for two hours, the structural properties were studied through X-ray diffraction examination (XRD)And studying the mechanical properties by measuring the micro hardness using the Vickers hardness method before and after annealing, the results of the tests showed (XRD)The phases of the basic materials that make up the alloy, as the crystalline structure of titanium appeared to be of the hexagonal stacked type(HCP)As for aluminum, it appeared in a cubic system with concentric faces(FCC) and niobium in a body-centered cubic system (BCC)A new phase also appeared after the annealing process, which is the phase(AlNbTi2)Has a right rhombic crystal structure(Orthorhombic)The results of the micro hardness test (Vickers) showed that the annealing process has a positive effect on improving the mechanical properties, as the hardness value increases when temperatures increase.
The most important environmental constraints at the present time
is the accumulation of glass waste (transparent glass bottles). A lot of
experiments and research have been made on waste and recycling
glass to get use it as much as possible. This research using recycling
of locally waste colorless glass to turn them into raw materials as
alternative of certain percentages of cement to save the environment
from glass waste and reduce some of the disadvantages of cement
with conserving the mechanical and physical properties of concrete
made. A set of required samples were prepared for mechanical test
with different weight percentage of waste glass (2%, 4%, 5%, 6%,
8%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). American standard for calibration
(ASTM C109 / C109M-02) to measure the compressive strength
where the results showed that the Maximum compressive strength
was obtained at the low weight percentage replacement 2%, 4% and
5% 6% which is 67.12, 69.24, 62.56 and 59.96 Mpa respectively. for
originally mix recorded bending resistance (54.16) Mpa.
To combat the increasing corrosion costs and associated risks in well operations, one of the preventive strategies is to substitute metallic tubulars prone to corrosion with non-metallic (NM) alternatives for longer service life, elimination of corrosion-related hazards and lower total cost of ownership. The focus of this paper is to discuss the research and development for HPHT downhole application with the non-metallic materials and the pipe construction that have been utilized as pipeline tubulars successfully in surface and offshore applications.
A detailed discussion on the commercially available non-metallics in terms of fibers, polymers, and composites is presented with focus on those utilized in oil and gas tubulars where high pressure and high temperature in subsurface are of utmost concern to material integrity, where specific material properties are to be considered during material selection. Consideration of how the pipe construction and design are impacted by the demanding restrictions of the well structure and conditions, as well as manufacturing limitations, are explained and indicate certain types of pipe construction are not viable to meet future demands as revealed from the gap analysis.
This study identified the missing gaps where the stringent requirement of the downhole well conditions demand higher pressure rating and higher temperature resistance tubulars which are not readily available in the market. The selection of the materials in terms of the temperature and chemical resistance of the specific material properties are based on the application requirement, where technology and financial viability plays an important role too. These findings point to the disparity between a wide selection of non-metallic materials and yet limited commercial availability of these non-metallics materials for pipeline tubulars development. In that aspect, advancement of material development is paramount to improve the material properties that are suitable for use in downhole tubulars at HPHT condition.
Besides material properties as a consideration for the selection of pipe construction and design, the stringent requirement of the well architecture, harsh conditions, and manufacturability limit the types of pipe construction and design to a great extent, which needs extensive effort to develop robust yet cost effective product. A lack of standardization in qualification and operational processes renders the deployment of non-metallic downhole tubulars a big challenge in the oil and gas industry.
This publication provides a concise discussion of the material ranges that are currently available for use in pipeline tubulars and their relation to pipe construction and design. To advance downhole tubular development attention is directed to material development for a higher temperature and chemically resistance product to meet stringent downhole conditions. This leads to R&D efforts towards the part of the missing gaps that are essential to make non-metallic downhole tubular a reality.
This case study contains the results of the comparative analysis of the impact generated by using composite materials versus traditional materials. This comparative analysis was based on the determination of carbon print and energy consumption for each stage of the life cycle (producing of raw material, fabricating, transporting, using and post-using of materials) in order to establish the impact of five types of materials: wood, aluminum, steel, fiber glass and carbon fiber. The case study is represented by the construction of wind blades, dimensioned so as to obtain a mechanical power of 1 kW at a wind speed of 13.8 m/s. The comparison was carried out according to the weight and size of wind blade, mechanical strength of the material, production cost and lifetime, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of using each type of material.
ISBN 978-80-247-5019-4
El siguiente texto investiga el empleo de cinco modelos de planchas de aluminio como soporte alternativo de grabado sustituyendo a los metales utilizados frecuentemente. Se analiza la composición de las planchas por medio de microscopía electrónica de barrido y se presentan las características principales de las planchas y su composición, fundamental para comprender la resistencia que ofrecen a los medios corrosivos. Como segunda parte del ensayo se establece una comparativa de precios en el mercado entre aluminio cobre y zinc y se muestran los diferentes tipos de resultados y procesos de grabado que se pueden llevar a cabo sobre el metal. Finalmente se hace un estudio de la reacción química que se produce con cloruro de hierro sobre aluminio, para comparar todos los resultados y establecer cuáles son los mas adecuados para grabar y se presentan ejemplos de algunos resultados exclusivos que se consiguen únicamente al grabar sobre este material con mordidas en superficie, mordidas por baño y la de impresión planográfica sobre planchas fotosensibles junto con sus resultados.
Clam-shell dome project aims to design and manufacture a clam-shell dome with a diameter of 1.5 meters made up of fiberglass with integrated controller mechanisms. As a group, our motivation is to design and manufacture a clam-shell dome which coincides with the standards of TÜBİTAK National Observatory, and represent the name of Turkey with a delicately innovated design. Design process of the clam-shell dome has been dealt step by step. First step consisted of distinguished technical
perspective and conceptual design. Other steps followed the predetermined technical perspective and the design has achieved its up to date form. Following such distinguished technical perspective allowed us to succeed in finalizing the project, and perform practical and experimental tests to prove our claims such as isolating the scientific instruments placed inside the dome from outer effects.
Biocompatibility is a key characteristic in the design of biomaterial such as implants. The key aspects of surface quality that affect biocompatibility are surface roughness, surface feature, surface chemistry, crystallinity and porosity. The biocompatibility can be assessed in vitro by observing cell behaviour such as cell differentiation, proliferation and viability. Furthermore, surface aspect such as surface roughness induced selective protein adsorption onto the biomaterial surface. The effect of surface quality on protein adsorption is also important to be understood because cells will attach to the protein adsorbed, instead of the material directly. This review paper critically analyses the role of surface quality on biocompatibility of biomaterials based on the information available in literature. For quantitative analyses, in vivo assessment such as osseointegration phenomenon was discussed in detail. Towards that, a systematic review was conducted with chronological development in this field.
Granta Design develops software that is used for advanced materials selection in industry. CES EduPack is the Educational version that is specifically designed to guide and show the steps of the decision process for the purpose of teaching and training. It helps students to understand a rational and systematic approach which is invaluable to engineering and design. This compilation of projects ideas is intended to give inspiration to educators teaching material selection using CES EduPack.
Corrosion is an unintentional gradual degradation of metal that occurs because of chemical or electrochemical attach. The corrosive nature of the gaseous environment at high temperature may cause rapid material degradation and result in premature failure of components. Boiler tubes in power plant are subjected to a wide variety of failure due to high temperature corrosion fatigue. For the reduction of corrosion either a material of required mechanical properties is used, which is impossible for a single material to have all these properties or provide the coating to existing material with surface coating methods, which improves the existing properties in economical way and reduce the cost of replacement. In this paper an attempt has been made by conducting the experimental work on SAE213 T-22 boiler steel tubes with different coating powders having composition of WC-10% CO-4% Cr and WC-12% Cr by adopting the High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray technique to protect the boiler tubes from hot corrosion in gaseous environment and do the various calculations to made the comparison between uncoated and coated tube materials, by creating the artificial environment in the lab.
In this study, four types of oil palm chisels are selected to be performed a metallurgical study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the metallurgical characteristics and the required properties of each of the oil palm chisels. To begin the study, the chemical composition of each chisel sample is determined using glow discharge spectrometer (GDS) machine. Then the samples are classified into specimen 1, 2, 3 and 4 according to the chemical composition. Each specimen was then prepared for microstructural examination, hardness testing, tensile testing, charpy impact testing and wear abrasive slurry testing. This entire testing are chosen to compare the properties of each specimen which are related to the application as oil palm chisel according to the literature. Chemical composition has showed that specimen 1 (0.684%C) and specimen 2 (0.755%C) is a high carbon steel while specimen 3 (0.064%C) is a low carbon steel and specimen 4 (0.25%C) is a medium carbon steel. To propose the best chemical composition for oil palm chisel, the microstructures and selected properties such hardness, tensile strength, toughness and wear resistant for each specimen are to be determined. In general, the hardness value is higher for specimen 1 and 2, but lower in the specimen 3 and 4. On the other hand, the toughness value which is measured using energy absorbed shows that specimen 3 and 4 are tougher than specimen 1 and 2. Tensile testing has shown that specimen 3 and 4 are more ductile then specimen 1 and 2. The test also reveals that the tensile strength is higher for specimen 3 and 4 rather than specimen 1 and 2. Finally, wear abrasive test has shows that higher the carbon content, higher the weight loss of the specimen which proved by higher weight loss in specimen 2 and very little weight loss in specimen 3. All of this data have been discussed and the best chemical composition for oil palm chisel are then revealed.
Book Abstract:
Heat transfer calculations in different aspects of engineering applications are essential to aid the engineering design of heat-exchanging equipment. Minimizing computational time is a challenging task faced by researchers and users. Methodology of calculations in some application areas is incorporated in this book, such as differential analysis of heat recoveries with CFD in a tube bank, heating, and ventilation of the equipment, and methods for analytical solution of nonlinear problems. Numerical analysis is the prerequisite of design and for the manufacture of heat exchanging equipment. Some numerical and experimental information is presented with the utmost skill. Similarly, the analytical solution of heat transfer is touched on in this book. The study of heat transfer phenomena and applications is equally emphasized in this issue.
Conclusion of our chapter: (Chapter 6):
A mathematical model of steel quenching has been developed to compute the E-LHP of the quenched Chromium steel 8650H at any point (node) in a specimen with cylindrical
geometry and to study the effect of radius on E-LHP. The model is based on the finite
element Galerkin residual method. The numerical simulation of quenching consisted of
numerical simulation of the temperature transient field of the cooling process. This mathematical model was verified and validated by comparing the hardness results with ANSYS software simulations. From the mathematical model and ANSYS results, it is clear that the nodes on the surface [W5, W5-12, W55, W5-23, W555, and D55] respectively cool faster than the nodes on the center [W1, W1-12, W11, W1-23, W111, and D11] because tCW5, tCW5-12, tCW55, tCW1-23, tCW555 and tCD55 less than tCW1, tCW1-12, tCW11, tCW1-23, tCW111, and tCD11, this means that the mechanical properties will be different such as hardness where the hardness on the surfaces nodes [W5, W5-12, W55, W5-23, W555, and D55] will be higher than the hardness on the center nodes [W1, W1- 12, W11, W1-23, W111, and D11] respectively.
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