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ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN
1175-5334
(online edition)
Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 4021 (2): 387
–
394
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Article
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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4021.2.9
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C811FF22-C410-40CA-BFA8-CA3918E5933B
Genera of the Scirtothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)
with a new species of Siamothrips from Malaysia
Y. F . N G
1
& L.A.
MOUND
2
1
Centre for Insect Systematics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: ng_yf@ukm.edu.my
2
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: laurence.mound@csiro.au
Abstract
The Scirtothrips genus-group is here considered to comprise 11 genera, and an identification key to these is presented.
These genera are Ajothrips Bhatti, Anascirtothrips Bhatti, Biltothrips Bhatti, Cercyothrips Morgan, Drepanothrips Uzel,
Ephedrothrips zur Strassen, Kenyattathrips Mound, Parascirtothrips Masumoto & Okajima, Scirtidothrips Hood, Scirto-
thrips Shull and Siamothrips Okajima. One genus, Sericopsothrips Hood, is considered a new synonym of Scirtothrips,
with the only species now referred to as Scirtothrips palloris (Hood) comb.n. A second species in the genus Siamothrips
is described from Malaysia as Siamothrips initium sp.n.
Key word: Scirtothrips genus-group, key to genera, Siamothrips new species
Introduction
The Scirtothrips genus-group is here recognised as comprising 11 genera, of which 10 genera comprise a total of
18 species whereas 110 species are now listed in Scirtothrips. Of these genera, only Scirtothrips and
Anascirtothrips are widespread globally, whereas the remaining nine genera are restricted in their distributions,
five of them being monotypic. The members of this group of Thripinae breed on a wide range of plants, on which
they appear to prefer tissues of the youngest leaves and fruitlets. Some species are of considerable economic
importance as major pests, for example, of Citrus in South Africa (Gilbert 1990), of avocado in California
(Rugman-Jones et al. 2007), and of various crops in Asia (Talekar 1991). Moreover, a few species have become
widely distributed, probably through the horticultural trade, including Scirtothrips dorsalis and Anascirtothrips
arorai (Hoddle et al. 2012), also Biltothrips minutus (Ng et al. 2014). A further example of such inadvertent
dispersal is the description of Kenyattathrips katherinae based on specimens taken in quarantine at Melbourne,
Australia, from leaves imported from Kenya (Mound 2009). Some pest species of Scirtothrips are highly
polyphagous (Garms et al. 2013), but others have a more restricted host range, such as species associated with
avocado in Central America (Hoddle et al. 2008a). Other taxa with a restricted host range include species of
Anascirtothrips that seem to breed largely on the leaves of various Ficus trees, and the two species of
Ephedrothrips that are known only from the leaves of Ephedra species (Ephedraceae).
Masumoto & Okajima (2007) provided a valuable introduction to the Scirtothrips genus-group, but excluded
Ajothrips Bhatti on the basis of four character states. Of these, it is now accepted that the number of veinal setae
among the species involved is greater than was known in 2007, and the absence of a dorsal split on tergite X of
Ajothrips garuda is not true for all available specimens. The condition of the prospinasternum, the third character
employed, is not visible in many slide preparations as this is a very weak sclerite, and is here not considered
suitable for decisions on relationships. Thus, of the four character states, only the presence of campaniform sensilla
on tergite IX in Ajothrips distinguishes this taxon clearly. The genus is therefore here included as a member of
Scirtothrips-group, in which all species share the following character states, except where indicated: Body usually
pale and small, less than 1 mm long. Antennae usually 8-segmented, but 7-segmented in six species and 6-
segmented in one species; antennal segment I without dorso-apical setae, segment II with inner dorsal seta usually
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longer than outer seta, segments III–IV with sense cone forked. Head and pronotum usually with closely spaced
striae; interantennal projection relatively wide; ocellar setae pair I present (absent in Biltothrips). Pronotum usually
without long posteroangular setae, with 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae. Tarsi 2-segmented. Fore wing first vein
with setal row incomplete, second vein setal row varying from few (or zero) to many setae. Meso and metasternal
endofurca usually with spinula. Abdominal tergites laterally with closely spaced rows of microtrichia (absent in
Scirtidothrips); median pair of setae, S1, usually close together; tergite IX without campaniform sensilla (present
only in Ajothrips); tergite X without dorsal longitudinal split (weakly present in Ajothrips); male without sternal
pore plates, tergite IX sometimes with paired drepanae.
Nomenclatural details are available in ThripsWiki (2015). The following abbreviations and depositories are
used: CPS—campaniform sensilla; ANIC—Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra. CISUKM—Centre
for Insect Systematics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. USNM-—United States National Museum of
Natural History. UCME—Entomology collection from Complutense University of Madrid.
Key to genera of Scirtothrips genus-group
1. Antennae 6-segmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drepanothrips
-. Antennae 7 or 8-segmented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Antennae 7-segmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
-. Antennae 8-segmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Antennae widely separated, interantennal projection wider than length of antennal segment I; first ocellar setae long, about 3
times as long as distance between posterior ocelli; pronotum with a pair of long anteromarginal setae . . . . . . . . Kenyattathrips
-. Antennae not widely separated, interantennal projection not wider than length of antennal segment I; first ocellar setae not
elongate; pronotum with no long anteromarginal setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Mesonotal median and submedian setae arising almost in a transverse line; abdominal tergites with many rows of closely
spaced microtrichia on lateral thirds; tergal median setae S1 longer than distance between their bases . . . . . . . Anascirtothrips
-. Mesonotal submedian setae arising near posterior margin, posterolateral to median setae; abdominal tergites lateral thirds with
few microtrichia on sculpture lines; tergal median setae S1 shorter than the distance between their bases. . . . .Parascirtothrips
5. Abdominal tergites IV–VII without rows of microtrichia on lines of sculpture laterally (Fig. 4); fore wing second vein with
complete row of about 16 setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scirtidothrips
-. Tergal lateral thirds with closely spaced rows of microtrichia on sculpture lines; fore wing second vein with less than 12 setae
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Tergal setae S1 and S2 arise laterally closer together than their length; head with ocellar setae pair I absent, no setal pair in
front of first ocellus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biltothrips
-. Tergal setae S1 usually close together medially, distant from setae S2; ocellar setae pair I present, sometimes wide apart
(absent in some specim ens of Scirtothrips malayensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Abdominal sternites IV–VI with median two pairs of posteromarginal setae arising in front of posterior margin (Fig. 2). . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercyothrips
-. Abdominal sternites IV–VI with posteromarginal setae arising at margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Tergite IX with pair of campaniform sensilla present medially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ajothrips
-. Tergite IX without any campaniform sensilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Fore wing second vein without setae; pronotum trapezoidal, as long as wide (Fig. 10); sternites with complete posteromarginal
comb of microtrichia; [where known, male apterous] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siamothrips
-. Fore wing second vein with some setae; pronotum transverse, wider than long; sternites rarely with complete posteromarginal
comb of microtrichia; [where known, male macropterous] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Major setae on pronotum and fore wing tapering and sharply pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scirtothrips
-. Major setae on pronotum and fore wing thickened, parallel-sided and bluntly pointed (Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ephedrothrips
Ajothrips Bhatti, 1967
Three species are described in this genus, all from India. Masumoto & Okajima (2007) excluded the genus from the
Scirtothrips genus-group, but the chaetotaxy of the fore wing is similar to that of Scirtidothrips, and the dorsal split
on tergite X is very short and not always clearly defined. The most obvious difference from the species in the other
genera discussed here is the presence of a pair of campaniform sensilla medially on the ninth tergite.
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Anascirtothrips Bhatti, 1961
This genus currently includes four species. Associated with the leaves of various Ficus species, these have a natural
distribution in the tropics of eastern Asia to northern Australia. However, A. arorai has been distributed by the
horticultural trade in Ficus plants, and is reported from Florida (Mound & Wang 2000) and Israel (zur Strassen &
Kuslizky 2007). The species differ from those of Scirtothrips in having seven-segmented antennae with the second
segment having both dorsal setae equally developed, and the mesonotum with both the median and submedian
discal setal arising far anterior to the posterior margin of this sclerite.
Biltothrips Bhatti, 1973
The only species in the genus was described from India, West Bengal, but has subsequently been reported from
Thailand and Malaysia (Ng et al. 2014) as well as the Society Islands in the Pacific Ocean (Hoddle et al. 2008b).
However, no information is available concerning the biology and host plant of this species. Within the Scirtothrips
genus-group it is unique in lacking ocellar setae pair I, the usual pair of pre-ocellar setae (Ng et al. 2014).
Cercyothrips Morgan, 1925
(Figs 1–2)
The two species described in this genus were both based on single females, the type-species from Puerto Rico and
the other from Trinidad. However, Mound and Marullo (1996) reported a series of both sexes from southern Brazil
that apparently represent the type species, and the figures given here are of one of these females from Brazil. This
genus shares with Kenyattathrips and Scirtidothrips the unusual character state of having the sternal
posteromarginal setae arising in front of the margins (Fig. 2). However, the chaetotaxy in the former genus is very
different as indicated below. Antennal segments VII and VIII are far more slender than those in the second genus,
and the metanotum has transverse sculpture lines (Fig. 1) that are similar to those found in Ajothrips.
Drepanothrips Uzel, 1895
The only species in this genus is presumably European in origin, but has been recorded from Russia, Japan and
North America. Known as a pest of grapevines in Europe and America, although not in Japan (Masumoto &
Okajima 2007), it lives on the leaves of Corylus and Quercus trees in Britain (Mound et al. 1976). The species is
unique among the Scirtothrips genus-group in having the three terminal antennal segments fused to produce a six-
segmented condition, and the male bears a pair of conspicuous drepanae laterally on the ninth tergite.
Ephedrothrips zur Strassen, 1968
(Figs 5–6)
Two species are placed in this genus, from Morocco and Spain. These were described as having 2-segmented
maxillary palps, a character state shared only with Cercyothrips among the genera discussed here. However, the
presence or absence of a distal suture on these palps is sometimes difficult to determine, and one paratype of E.
ontigolae (in UCME) has been studied that appears to have two segments on the right palp but three on the left
palp. The form of the setae on the pterothorax (Fig. 5) and fore wings is different from that found in any other
genus in the Scirtothrips group.
Kenyattathrips Mound, 2009
The only known species in this genus was described from Catha edulis (Celastraceae) from Kenya but taken in
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Quarantine at Melbourne, Australia. The species is unusual in having the inner pair of setae on the second antennal
segment exceptionally long, ocellar setae pair I long and arising far forward on the interantennal projection, the
pronotum with a pair of long anteromarginal setae, tergite VII as well as VIII with a complete marginal comb of
microtrichia, and sternites V–VII with the posteromarginal setae arising in front of the margin.
FIGURES 1–7. Cercyothrips: (1) pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum; (2) sternites IV–VI. Scirtidothrips: (3) pronotum,
mesonotum and metanotum; (4) tergites III–V. Ephedrothrips ontigolae (paratype): (5) pronotum; (6) tergites III–V.
Scirtothrips palloris (Hood) comb.n: (7) pronotum.
Parascirtothrips Masumoto & Okajima, 2007
The single described species in this genus remains known only from Honshu, Japan, where it was recorded from at
least five different genera of plants, most of which are members of the Fagales or even Fagaceae. The species is
unusual within the Scirtothrips genus-group in having the pronotal sculpture weak with widely spaced lines, the
mesonotal submedian setae arising close to the posterior margin, the tergites with few rows of microtrichia, and the
antennae are 7-segmented.
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SIAMOTHRIPS FROM MALAYSIA
Scirtidothrips Hood, 1954
(Figs 3–4)
This genus comprises a single species, S. torquatus, described from Brazil but subsequently recorded from Costa
Rica (Mound & Marullo 1996). Although very similar to species placed in Scirtothrips in body form and the
sculpture of the head and thorax, it differs in lacking microtrichia on the lateral sculpture lines of the tergites, the
two dorsal setae on antennal segment II are sub-equal in length, the fore wing second vein bears a complete row of
16–17 setae, and the median two pairs of sternal posteromarginal setae arise submarginally at least on sternites V–
VII. The figures given here (Figs 3, 4) are from a female in the USNM collection, taken in January 1951 at
Turrialba, Costa Rica, on Mimosa flowers and foliage, that has been studied together with the holotype female.
Scirtothrips Shull, 1909
Scirtothrips Shull, 1909: 222. Type species Scirtothrips ruthveni Shull.
Sericopsothrips Hood, 1936: 83. Type species Sericopsothrips palloris Hood. syn.n.
Hood described Sericopsothrips for a single species that remains known only from a single female, collected from
blueberry flower in 1934 at Canandaigua, New York. He compared the genus to Sericothrips, but curiously made
no reference to Scirtothrips. In contrast, based on the description, Stannard (1968) stated that the genus would “key
to Scirtothrips”, although Masumoto and Okajima (2007), also Mound (2009), stated that Sericopsothrips could be
distinguished from Scirtothrips by having a pair of long posteroangular setae on the pronotum. Again, however, the
comments by these authors were based only on the original description. The holotype female of palloris has now
been examined, and the pronotal setae S2 are 50 microns long (Fig. 7). This is not significantly longer than the 45
microns long setae of S. ewarti Bailey from western USA, nor the 30 microns long setae of the common pest
species S. citri (Moulton). In other character states, the species palloris is a typical member of Scirtothrips, with the
inner dorsal seta on antennal II conspicuously longer than the outer seta, and the genus is here placed into
synonymy. The species level taxonomy of North American Scirtothrips species remains unsatisfactory (Hoddle et
al. 2012), and comparisons of Scirtothrips palloris comb.n. with other species are currently not possible. However,
it is a pale individual, with no obvious darker markings, the ocellar area bears widely spaced irregular transverse
striae and setae pair III are closer together than the diameter of the first ocellus, the metanotum has elongate
reticulation with the median setae arising far behind the anterior margin, the lateral microtrichial fields on the
tergites bear three pairs of setae, and no discal microtrichia are visible on the ninth tergite; the sternites are not
visible. As a result of this synonymy, Scirtothrips now comprises 110 species, most of which are found in the
warmer parts of the world. Several species have been reported as pests on a range of important crops, including
avocado, capsicum, citrus, grapes, mango, strawberry and tea (Hoddle & Mound 2003). As noted in the key above,
one recently described species, S. malayensis, is unusual in that the holotype and several (but not all) paratypes
lack ocellar setae pair I, a remarkable condition that was not noted in the original description (Ng et al. 2014).
Siamothrips Okajima, 1990
This genus has previously included the single species S. argus Okajima. This was described from 78 females and
nine males taken on Solanum melongena leaves in Thailand. A second species is described below, based on six
females collected in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia.
Key to species
1. Body and wings pale; sculpture on mesoscutum and metascutum without inner markings; median and submedian setae on
mesoscutum not arranged in a transverse line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . argus
-. Body, head, thoracic segments (Figs 8–11) and fore wing with brown markings (Fig. 15); sculpture on mesoscutum and metas-
cutum with inner markings; median and submedian setae on mesoscutum arranged in a transverse line (Fig. 11). . .initium sp.n.
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Siamothrips initium sp.n.
(Figs 8–17)
Female macropterous. Body pale to brown, anterior margin of head brown; pronotum uniformly pale; femora,
tibiae and tarsi pale, tarsi slightly shaded at extreme apex; antennal segments I–III pale, IV–V shaded in apical half,
VI–VIII uniformly shaded (Fig. 12); fore wing brown at base including clavus, and middle areas (Fig. 15);
abdominal tergites pale; all abdominal sternites pale including antecostal ridges.
Head wider than long; ocellar setae I present; II situated outside ocellar triangle, III arising on tangent between
anterior margins of hind ocelli; two pairs of postocular setae; mouth-cone not extending beyond posterior margin of
pronotum, maxillary palps 3-segmented; compound eyes without pigmented ommatidia. Antennae 8-segmented,
segment I without dorsal apical setae, II without CPS and mid dorsal setae, with four rows of microtrichia dorsally;
III and IV with sense cones forked; III–VI with three to four rows of microtrichia on both dorsal and ventral
surfaces. Pronotum trapezoidal with about 30 fine setae, transverse striae at margins but striae irregular medially;
no long posteroangular setae, 2 or 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae (Fig. 10). Mesonotum with irregular transverse
striae with inner markings; no anterior CPS, median and submedian setae arranging in a transverse line.
Metanotum sculpture irregular reticulate medially with inner markings, lateral area with longitudinal lines, median
and submedian setae situated at anterior margin, without CPS. Mesosternum with about 23 long and fine setae,
endofurca with spinula. Metasternum with about 12 long and fine setae (Fig. 14), endofurca with spinula. Fore
wing first vein with 3 + 2 setae on basal half, 5 setae with distinct gap on apical half; second vein without setae;
clavus with three veinal and one discal setae; posteromarginal fringe cilia weakly wavy. Tarsi 2-segmented;
abdominal tergites II–VII with closely spaced rows of small microtrichia on lateral thirds, S1 setae arising close
together; tergite VIII with rows of microtrichia extending across segment on anterior half, with complete
posteromarginal comb (Fig. 16); tergite IX with no CPS or microtrichia. Sternites II–VII with rows of discal
microtrichia across median area, at least on posterior halves, posterior margin with fringe of microtrichia; segment
II with 2 pairs of long posteromarginal setae, III–VII with 4 pairs of long posteromarginal setae (Fig. 17), on VII
median pair arising in front of margin.
Measurements of holotype (in microns). Distended body length 870. Head, length 57; width across cheeks
88; vertex length 8–12. Pronotum median length 100; width 126. Metascutal median setae 11; submedian setae 16.
Fore wing length 430. Antennal segments I–VIII length (width): 11 (20), 28 (21), 31 (16), 35 (15), 26 (13), 39 (13),
9 (6), 11 (5).
Male unknown.
Material studied. Holotype female: MALAYSIA, Perak, Pulau Pangkor, on Commersonia sp., 2–7.v.2009
(Ng, Y.F.) (in CISUKM). Paratypes: 5 females collected with holotype (in CISUKM and ANIC).
Etymology. This species was first recognised in 2009 during a visit by the first author to the laboratory of
Laurence Mound at CSIRO, Canberra. The species name initium, meaning “beginning’, is in reference to that
commencement of our collaborative studies.
Comments. The colour of this new species is clearly different from that of Siamothrips argus. In contrast to
the uniformly pale colour of that species, initium has several brown markings including the anterior margin of the
head, the posterior area of the mesoscutum, the entire metascutum, and the base and middle area of the fore wing.
Moreover, the arrangement of the metascutal median and submedian setae in a transverse straight line, and the
inner markings to the reticulation on the meso- and metascutum are different from argus.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Jacinto Berzosa of the Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, to Cheryle O’Donnell
at USDA–APHIS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, and to Paul Brown at The Natural History Museum, London for
arranging loans of type specimens from their respective institutions. A special thanks also to the editor and three
anonymous referees for their invaluable comments.
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FIGURES 8–17. Siamothrips initium sp.n: (8) Head, (9) frons; (10) Pronotum; (11) Mesonotum and metanotum; (12)
Antenna; (13) Abdominal tergites VI–X; (14) Mesosternum and metasternum; (15) Fore wing; (16) Abdominal tergites VII–IX
(close up); (17) Abdominal sternites VI–VII.
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