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Abstract
Aiming at the problems in farmland wireless sensor networks such as uneven nodes distribution, strict energy constraint, etc., a topology based routing algorithm TBCS-EA was proposed. Cluster heads were selected by considering the residual node energy and the node topology parameters, such as node position and density. This strategy made the nodes in an intensive area or close to the sink has a higher possibility to become a cluster-head, which could improve the network power efficiency. Existing clustering algorithms elect cluster head frequently, which will bring extra power consumption. An energy approximation scheme was also included in the algorithm. A node kept as cluster head until its residual energy reached the energy approximation target, then another node was selected as the new cluster head by using the topology based scheme. By doing this, the protocol cost could be significantly reduced. The simulation and experiment results showed that the network life span of TBCS-EA was more than 2200 rounds, which was about 1.5 times of CHCS and 2.2 times of LEACH. According to the node energy curve, the node energy balance of TBCS-EA was much better than that of LEACH, and it was almost like CHCS. The overall performance of TBCS-EA was better than that of the existing methods of LEACH and CHCS. ©, 2015, Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. All right reserved.
... Therefore, researchers have proposed a multi-hop hybrid routing structure between cluster heads. Sun et al. [18] proposed an energy approximation cluster head selection method that continuously appoints a node as the cluster head until it approaches the average residual energy in the cluster and adopts the multi-hop method between cluster heads to reduce the excess energy consumption overhead of remote cluster heads and prolong the network life. ...
Clustering of sensor nodes is a prominent method applied to wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In a cluster-based WSN scenario, the sensor nodes are assembled to generate clusters. The sensor nodes also have limited battery power. Therefore, energy efficiency in WSNs is crucial. The load on the sensor node and its distance from the base station (BS) are the significant factors of energy consumption. Therefore, load balancing according to the transmission distance is necessary for WSNs. In this paper, we propose a hybrid routing algorithm based on Naïve Bayes and improved particle swarm optimization algorithms (HRA-NP). The cluster heads (CHs) are selected according to the CH conditional probability, which is estimated by the Naïve Bayes classifier. After the selection of the CHs, the multi-hop routing algorithm is applied to the CHs. The best routing path from each CH to the BS is obtained from an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulations were conducted on evaluation factors such as energy consumption, active sensor nodes per round, the sustainability of the network, and the standard deviation of a load on the sensor node. It was observed that HRA-NP outperforms comparable algorithms, namely DUCF, ECRRS, and FC-RBAT, based on the evaluation factors.
... With complex farmland environment and numerous uncertain factors, the clustering method for traditional farmland wireless sensor network features poor dynamic performance and weak invulnerability [8]. In a clustering structure, all connections between cluster member nodes and the data center are single threaded [9]. ...
Through systematic analysis of the structural characteristics and invulnerability of spider web, this paper explores the possibility of combining the advantages of spider web such as network robustness and invulnerability with farmland wireless sensor network. A universally applicable definition and mathematical model of artificial spider web structure are established. The comparison between artificial spider web and traditional networks is discussed in detail. The simulation result shows that the networking structure of artificial spider web is better than that of traditional networks in terms of improving the overall reliability and invulnerability of communication system. A comprehensive study on the advantage characteristics of spider web has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting the invulnerability research of farmland wireless sensor network.
... WSN (wireless sensor network) is suitable for farmland environment monitoring due to the characteristics such as self-organize, multi hop and low cost [1] . However the wireless communication condition varies according to the farmland environment. ...
With the rapid development of technology, the smart lighting system has been a part of our daily life. The control theory has absolutely changed the traditional lighting system. Due to the flexibility, lower cost and power dissipation, the smart lighting system uses ZigBee technique to realize its function. This paper proposed a new routing algorithm based on the traditional algorithm—ADPS (Address Redistribute and Path Reselection). The improved address allocation method according to the weight and network depth has been put forward. The results show that the new routing algorithm can basically optimize the real-time performance and reliability of smart lighting system.
Wireless sensor networks have been widely used in target monitoring application. It is often assumed in a typical target coverage algorithm that the environment is known, and each target is covered by only one node. However, these algorithms are not scalable. In fact, one target may need to be covered by more than one node, which is the K-coverage problem. Aiming at the application of target monitoring in wireless sensor network, a K-coverage model— kernal matrix based genetic algorithm (KMGA) based on the genetic algorithm—is proposed. The KMGA model ensures that each target is covered by multiple sensors simultaneously. First, multiple Covers are generated as much as possible through genetic algorithm, and then, while coverage requirements are ensured, coverage between Covers is switched based on remaining energies of nodes so as to extend the network life. Experimental data show that the proposed KMGA model can effectively extend the network lifetime and ensure coverage rate.
Power consumption is a key point of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) lifespan. Because of difference among monitoring objects and complex signal channel condition, the power consumption of each node in farmland WSN is uneven, which makes the network performing as multi-level energy heterogeneous. LEACH and its improving algorithms average the power consumption between nodes by clustering and cluster-head switching. But the cluster-head voting brings a lot extra power consumption. To solve this problem, this paper proposes EACHS (Energy Approximation Cluster-Head Selection), an optimized cluster-head selection mechanism that approximates the energy of cluster-head targeting the lowest energy level in the network. When approaching the target, the current cluster-head collects the energy status of all nodes and determines which one becoming the new cluster-head. The simulation results show that, EACHS can balance the network power consumption and reduce most protocol cost, prolong the overall network lifespan.
Farmland environment is away from power facilities and its information collection lasts long time. These characteristics make the wireless sensor networks in agriculture face the problem of energy constraint. Efficient routing and sleeping algorithm can save energy. Considering the node residual energy and the collection cycle of the destination nodes, this paper improved a WSN routing and sleeping algorithm based on the AODV routing algorithm. This algorithm establishes routing path based on the node residual energy and the node collection cycle. Node sleeping cycle determined after the routing path has been established. By routing path selection and appropriate sleeping cycle this algorithm can reduce overall energy consumption and avoid excessive energy consumption of some individual nodes.
Energy conservation is one of the research hotspots in WSN, while routing protocols have direct impact on energy consumption. On the basis of analyzing the existing clustering multi-hop routing protocols, a cluster-based routing protocol(EBCRP) that considers multiple factors to balance energy consumption is proposed. In EBCRP, relay cluster heads are selected by considering the distance and direction to itself, experience factor is multiplied to make that the probability being a cluster head changes with the distance from the node to the Sink by negative exponential function; relay cluster heads wait for a certain time to facilitate data fusion, which is inversely proportional to the distance from the Sink to itself; in addition, the rotation cycle is discussed by simulation, and an optimal cycle is determined. The simulation results show that EBCRP can enable WSN that the first node death postponed, more balanced energy consumption, longer lifetime.
In large-scale farmland wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, how to select the optimum network architecture and corresponding self-organization model is the problem which should be resolved urgently. Based on multi-hop and wireless self-organization Ad Hoc networks, and inspired from the biological organization mechanism of growth and cooperation along large numbers of cells, a hierarchical WSN topology was proposed, which integrated star network with mesh network, and cluster head cycle-switching schemes were also proposed. Inner-cluster management was used to reduce long distance signaling exchange between sensor nodes and base stations, network setup complexity and cost of network routing and data processing.
A system structure for two-layer wireless sensor networks (WSN) was designed to meet the requirements of precision irrigation and characteristics of fixed pipeline type sprinkler irrigation system. Through analyzing the relation between sensor's detection radius and sprinkler's range, two analysis expressions for minimum number of nodes were theoretically educed under circumstances of full coverage in a region.combining network structure with nodes assignment, a data transmission mode was presented, and data transmission reliability was guaranteed by fault diagnosis with classifying management. The preliminary research indicates that communication via this network is feasible.
The internet of things (IOT) in agriculture consisted three layers, including perceive, transportation and application. The perceive layer were used to acquire the information of crops, soil and environment. The transportation layer was used to establish the transportation network of IOT in agricultural by combing the techniques like GPRS, Zigbee, WIFI, Bluetooth and the intelligent networking methods. The process layer focused on the intelligent management of agriculture, including multidimensional information fusion, intelligent decision and automatic control, et al. The key problems, research emphasis and application fields of IOT in agriculture include three layers were discussed in detail and analyzed. The prospect and development trend of IOT in agricultural in modern agriculture was put forward.
A near infrared reflection (NIR) soil water sensor was developed for rapid measurement of soil moisture content. Light emitting diodes (LEDs), at 1940 nm and 1800 nm respectively, were used as measurement and reference light sources. The photodiode received the light reflected from the soil surface to produce an output electronic signal, which was related to the soil moisture content. The received signals were put into a two stage pre-amplifier, an analogue/digital (A/D) transfer, and then were displayed and stored. A certain relationship was found between the output reflected light and soil moisture content. The experiment results showed that the distance from light sensor to soil surface had some influences on the intensity of received signal. According to the sensor structure, a certain distance could be chosen to make a better intensity and stability of reflected signal. The reflectance of the two light sources decreased with increase of soil particle size. There was a strong linear correlation between the relative absorption depth and soil moisture content, and the determination coefficient was 0.863.
In this paper, an adaptive distributed clustering routing protocol (ADCR) is proposed for wireless sensor networks. ADCR determines the current optimal cluster number adaptive through dispersion of node distribution and curvature change based on Nth-order nearest-neighbor theory when position of sensor node or network topology is changed. Furthermore, with the residual energy of sensor nodes, the optimal proportion of cluster head in network is calculated to elect the cluster head set according to optimal cluster number. Simultaneously, Hausdorff distance is introduced to adjust the initial rapid formation clusters. Simulation results have proved the efficiency of ADCR. It prolongs lifetime more than DT, LEACH and PEGASIS.
Agricultural internet of things (Ag-IoT) is the highly integrated and comprehensive application of the new generation of information technology in agricultural field. Ag-IoT is playing an important leading role in the agricultural informationization of China. It has changed the traditional agricultural production mode, and it is also promoting the transformation from the traditional agriculture to intelligent and precision agriculture. The concept of Ag-IoT and its technical system framework were firstly introduced. Then the research status and advances of sensing technologies, communicating technologies and key application technologies used in Ag-IoT were reviewed in detail. The challenges and problems existing in the development of Ag-IoT in China were further analyzed. Based on the analysis, countermeasures for the applications and development of Ag-IoT of China in many aspects were proposed, such as research priorities, development layout, advancing directions, application models and mechanisms for sustainable development.
The large scale farmland WSN monitoring has the characteristics of wide area and energy constraint. Nodes around sink node undertake lots of data transfer work, so these nodes have the problems of excessive energy consumption and some of them are inclined to early death. This study gives an improved a topology control algorithm for farmland wireless sensor networks based on Yao Graph topology and clustering algorithm. The improved algorithm is aimed to balance the nodes energy in the critical region and prolong the network lifetime by clustering and energy regulatory in the sink node communication range. The simulation results shows that this topology control algorithm is conductive to energy balance in the communication key areas-sink node communication range and at last prolong the nodes and the network life time.
This paper focuses on the communication aspect to present a protocol for WSN to improve energy efficiency. It is called Energy Efficient Double Rounds Clustering Protocol (EEDRCP). It improves the LEACH protocol as follows: it adds a parameter of energy for the head node's election arithmetic, combines flat topology, hierarchical topology and location-based routing to form a hybrid topology, uses double rounds clustering instead of every round clustering. Finally, it is simulated on Matlab, and the results are compared with LEACH and DIRECT protocol. The results show that it improves the energy performance of network by 33%~82%. © by Institute of Software, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Routing technology at the network layer is pivotal in the architecture of wireless sensor networks. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols excel in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on. In this paper, cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are analyzed. Cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission are three key techniques in cluster-based routing protocols. As viewed from the three techniques, recent representative cluster-based routing protocols are presented, and their characteristics and application areas are compared. Finally, the future research issues in this area are pointed out.
In order to gather information more efficiently in terms of energy consumption, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are partitioned into clusters. In clustered WSNs, each sensor node sends its collected data to the head of the cluster that it belongs to. The cluster-heads are responsible for aggregating the collected data and forwarding it to the base station through other cluster-heads in the network. This leads to a situation known as the hot spots problem where cluster-heads that are closer to the base station tend to die earlier because of the heavy traffic they relay. In order to solve this problem, unequal clustering algorithms generate clusters of different sizes. In WSNs that are clustered with unequal clustering, the clusters close to the base station have smaller sizes than clusters far from the base station. In this paper, a fuzzy energy-aware unequal clustering algorithm (EAUCF), that addresses the hot spots problem, is introduced. EAUCF aims to decrease the intra-cluster work of the cluster-heads that are either close to the base station or have low remaining battery power. A fuzzy logic approach is adopted in order to handle uncertainties in cluster-head radius estimation. The proposed algorithm is compared with some popular clustering algorithms in the literature, namely Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Cluster-Head Election Mechanism using Fuzzy Logic and Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering. The experiment results show that EAUCF performs better than the other algorithms in terms of first node dies, half of the nodes alive and energy-efficiency metrics in all scenarios. Therefore, EAUCF is a stable and energy-efficient clustering algorithm to be utilized in any WSN application.
With the rapid increase in low cost sensor devices, internet of things (IoT) has become more and more popular. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is commonly recognized as the core technology of IoT, which has become a hot research area in both academic and industry recently. Because of unreliable and unpredictable behaviors of WSN, intelligent routing selection is crucial to WSN.To provide good quality of service (QoS) guarantee and reduce energy consuming, some routing protocols in WSN consider link-quality estimation on the routing selection. Most of them consider little with the stability of link quality and the weights of varying. This paper proposed a novel routing selection algorithm in WSN, called integrated link quality estimation-based routing protocol (I-LQER). I-LQER firstly analyzed the energy consuming model, added the different weights for the elements in link-quality estimation, and then established a metric for the stability of link quality. I-LQER considered both the link quality and the stability of link quality to support better QoS. For evaluating the performance of I-LQER, we made extensive simulation experiments in network simulator-2 (NS-2). The simulation results show that I-LQER gives better performance in terms of end-to-end delay, scalability and energy consumption, compared with the link quality estimation-based routing (LQER).