Ecological characteristics of the main river catchments in Vrachanska Planina Mountains

Abstract

Assessment of the ecological status of river ecosystems of the major watersheds in the Vrachanska Planina Mts. (Leva River, Cherna River and some tributaries) is made. The assessment is carried out by determining the composition and structure of phytobenthos, benthic macroinvertebrate communities and fish. The following indexes are calculated: diatom pollution index IPS, macrozoobenthic Biotic Index and Fish Based Index (BFI), adopted for assessing the ecological status as required by WFD (Directive 60/2000). Additionally, various physical and hydrochemical analyzes are performed. Based on our results the majority of the mountainous zones of the studied rivers is "good" or "high" ecological status. Deteriorated ecological conditions is observed downstream some villages: for Leva River below the village of Zgorigrad and for Cherna River nearby the village of Dolno Ozirovo. This is probably owing to contamination with organic matter from the human settlements in the area. An accident pollution (with a predominantly protein character) was found in the Cherna River near the Lupovaka area.

Full text

Bechev, D. & Georgiev, D. (Eds.),
F
aunistic diversity of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park.
ZooNotes, Supplement 3, Plovdiv University Press,
Plovdiv, 2016
Ecological characteristics of the main river
catchments in Vrachanska Planina Mountains
SVETOSLAV CHESHMEDJIEV, LYUBOMIR KENDEROV, TIHOMIR
STEFANOV, PLAMEN IVANOV, VESELA EVTIMOVA, YANKA
VIDINOVA, VIOLETA TYUFEKCHIEVA, TEODORA TEOFILOVA
Abstract. Assessment of the ecological status of river ecosystems of the major watersheds
in the Vrachanska Planina Mts. (Leva River, Cherna River and some tributaries) is
made. The assessment is carried out by determining the composition and structure of
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settlements in the area. An accident pollution (with a predominantly protein character) was
found in the Cherna River near the Lupovaka area.
Key wordsPDFUR]RREHQWKRVÀVKGLDWRPVHFRORJLFDOVWDWXVELRWLFLQGLFHV%XOJDULD
Introduction
The anthropogenic impact on the river ecosystems on the territory of the Vrachanski
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probability of contamination in the major river catchments (Leva River and Cherna River),
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rocks, etc.). The objective of this work is to present data for the actual ecological state of
the river ecosystems assessed using selected biological and water chemistry indicators, in
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Material and Methods
Study sites
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ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RIVERS
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Table 1. *HRJUDSKLFFRRUGLQDWHV1RUWKlatitude, East longitude) and altitude of the river
sites.
Station 1 St. 2 St. 3 St. 4 St.
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East longitude ·µ ·µ ·µ ·µ
altitude (a.s.l.) P P P P
Station 5 St. 6 St. 7 St. 8 St.
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East longitude ·µ ·µ ·µ ·µ
altitude (a.s.l.) P P P P
Station 9 St. 10 St. 11 St. 12 St.
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East longitude ·µ ·µ ·µ ·µ
altitude (a.s.l.) P P P P
River typology according to the Water Framework Directive
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time, a number of special cases in the typology are presented within the study area as
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ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RIVERS
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Ichthyofauna
)LVKVDPSOHVZHUHFROOHFWHGIURPWKHGRZQVWUHDPSDUWVRIWKHWZRVWXGLHGFDWFKPHQWV
 VLWHV  DQG  6FLHQWLÀF GHYLFH IRU HOHFWURÀVKLQJ +DQV *UDVVO ,*  DFFRUGLQJ WR
VWDQGDUG(1ZDVXVHG7KHHFRORJLFDOVWDWXVZDVGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQWKH%),
LQGH[Y0LKRY7KHVFRSHRIWKH%),LQGH[LVSUHVHQWHGLQDFFRUGDQFH
ZLWK5HJXODWLRQ1IRU5ULYHUW\SH
Results
Water chemistry
Most of the measured values for the physical and the chemical parameters for sites
FRUUHVSRQG WR ÅJRRGµ RUÅKLJKµ HFRORJLFDOVWDWXV 7DEOH,Q&KHUQD5LYHU QHDU
/XSRYDNDDUHD VLWH ZDVIRXQGGHWHULRUDWLRQRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOVLWXDWLRQ EDVHG RQ
WKHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDPPRQLXPQLWURJHQSKRVSKDWHV WRWDOSKRVSKRUXVWRWDOQLWURJHQ
%2'. Moreover, we found serious pollution by organic substances (for instance proteins).
7KHVDPSOHVZHUHFROOHFWHGRQ;,DIWHUWRUUHQWLDOUDLQVZKHQRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFH


ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RIVERS
was observed foaming, and the river water became white in colour.
Table 2. Ecological status of the river sites as based on the physical and chemical parameters
RIWKHZDWHU/HJHQG²KLJKVWDWXV²JRRGVWDWXV²PRGHUDWHRUORZHUVWDWXV
RXWVLGHWKHVFRSHRIWKH5HJXODWLRQ1EROG²H[WUHPHO\KLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
6LWH OS+ cond. 11+11Ǽ11ǼPO
 T P 71 %2'

*

**

*

*

*

**

**

**

***

**

*

--

*

*

*

*

**

**

*

**
 
*

**

*

*

*

***

*

*

**

**
 
**

**

*
0,88
***

**

**
0,31
***
1,24
***
1,80
***
5,50
***
Phytobenthos
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGLDWRPLQGH[,36WKHVLWHVZHUHFKDUDFWHULVHGDVIROORZV
6LWH²LQ´EDGµHFRORJLFDOVWDWXV,36 7KHGRPLQDQWWD[DZHUHSRO\VDSUREHV
tolerant to organic pollution (Nitzschia palea.W]LQJ:6PLWKAchnanthidium saprophilum
+.RED\DVL  60D\DPD 5RXQG  /%XNKWL\DURYD Eolimna minima *UXQRZ /DQJH
%HUWDORW:6FKLOOHU
6LWH²LQ´JRRGµHFRORJLFDOVWDWXV,36 7KHGRPLQDQW
WD[DZHUHǃPHVRVDSUREHV
(Navicula reichardtiana/DQJH%HUWDORWAchnanthidium minutissimum.W]LQJ&]DUQHFNL
Diatoma vulgaris%RU\GH6DLQW9LQFHQW
6LWH²LQ´KLJKµHFRORJLFDOVWDWXV,36 7KHGRPLQDQWWD[DZHUHROLJRVDSUREHV
WR ǃPHVRVDSUREHV Achnanthidium pyrenaicum +XVWHGW +.RED\DVL Achnanthidium
subatomus +XVWHGW/DQJH%HUWDORW
Macrozoobenthos
The bottom invertebrates recorded from the mountainous sites of the catchment of
/HYD5LYHUZHUHPDLQO\[HQRVDSURELFRUROLJRVDSURELFVSHFLHVVLWHV7KHPRVWDEXQGDQW
species was Gammarus fossarum.RFK$PSKLSRGD,QWKHVHPLPRXQWDLQRXVVHFWRU
VLWHPRUHXELTXLWRXVDQGǃPHVRVDSURELFVSHFLHVZHUHIRXQG7KHPRVWDEXQGDQWWD[RQ
was Hydropsyche sp. (Trichoptera).
,QWKHFDWFKPHQWRI &KHUQD 5LYHUWKH PRVWDEXQGDQWVSHFLHVZDV Oligoneuriella
rhenana,PKRII (SKHPHURSWHUD7KLVVSHFLHVLVW\SLFDO IRUWKHVHPLPRXQWDLQRXV
ULYHUW\SHLQ%XOJDULD5W\SH 'XULQJRXUVWXG\WKLVVSHFLHV ZDVIRXQGH[DFWO\DWWKLV
ULYHUVHFWRUVLWHV9HU\KLJKDEXQGDQFHKDGHydropsyche sp. (Trichoptera), which was
IRXQGDW DOPRVW DOO VLWHV;HQRRUROLJRVDSURELFWD[DVXFKDVLeuctra hirsuta %RJRHVFX
7DEDFDUX  Perla pallida *XpULQ0pQHYLOOH  Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis,
D. megacephala .ODSDOHN3OHFRSWHUDEpeorus sp. (Ephemeroptera) and G.
fossarum ZHUHIRXQGRQO\IURPWKHPRXQWDLQRXVVHFWRUVLWHV2YHUDOOWKLVPL[WXUHRI
typical mountain reophilic indicators (Perlidae, Epeorus sp.), semi-mountain indicators (O.
rhenana, plentiful Hydropsyche sp.) and typical karst elements (Niphargus bureshi )DJH
SOHQWLIXO G. fossarum GHÀQHELRORJLFDO UHIHUHQFH FRQGLWLRQVIRU WKHVHKLJKO\ NDUVW
rivers (calcareous conditions).


ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RIVERS
*HQHUDOO\WKHHFRORJLFDOVWDWXVRIVWXGLHGULYHUVFRUUHVSRQGHGWRÅJRRGµRUÅKLJKµ
VWDWXV7DEOH7KH%LRWLFLQGH[KDGWKHKLJKHVWYDOXHVLQWKHPRXQWDLQRXVVHFWRUVIURP
ERWKFDWFKPHQWV%, RU'RZQVWUHDPRIWKHULYHUFXUUHQWVWKHYDOXHVRIWKH%LRWLF
LQGH[GHFUHDVHG,Q&KHUQD5LYHUFDWFKPHQWWKLVGHFUHDVHZDVZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRIÅJRRGµ
HFRORJLFDOVWDWXV%, IRUVHPLPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVLWHV,QWKHORZHUSDUWRI/HYD
5LYHUVLWHWKH%LRWLFLQGH[KDGPLQLPDOYDOXH%, DQGLQGLFDWHGÅPRGHUDWHµHFRORJLFDO
status.
,QGH[HV771DQG(37VKRZHGDVLPLODUG\QDPLFVIRUERWKZDWHUVKHGV7DEOH7KH
highest values have been recorded in the mountainous areas of the rivers. The ecological
VWDWXVDWWKHVHVDPSOLQJVLWHVZDVGHÀQHGDVÅJRRGµDWVLWHVDQGVLWHIRU771
LQGH[DQG VRPHFDVHDVÅKLJKµDWVLWH IRU771LQGH[DWVLWHVDQG IRU(37LQGH[
2QO\LQ/HYD5LYHUGRZQVWUHDPWKHYLOODJHRI=JRULJUDGVLWHGHWHULRUDWHGFRQGLWLRQVZHUH
LGHQWLÀHGDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJHFRORJLFDOVWDWXVZDVGHÀQHGDVÅPRGHUDWHµDVEDVHGRQ
the macroinvertebrate assemblages.
Table 3. Ecological status of the river sites as based on different biological parameters of
WKHPDFUR]RREHQWKRVDIWHU5HJXODWLRQ1/HJHQG²KLJKVWDWXV²JRRGVWDWXV
²PRGHUDWHVWDWXV
Index / site 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
%LRWLFLQGH[           
771LQGH[         no no no
(37LQGH[         no no no
Fish
7KHÀVKIDXQDRI WKH 9UDFKDQVND 0WVLVFRPSRVHGRIVSHFLHV WKDW DUHW\SLFDO IRU
VHPLPRXQWDLQRXV%XOJDULDQULYHUV$WRWDORIHLJKWVSHFLHVKDYHEHHQIRXQGLQWKHDUHD,Q
/HYD5LYHUVLWHWKHJUHDWHVWDEXQGDQFHDQGELRPDVVKDGWKH5RPDQLDQEDUEHOOBarbus
petenyi+HFNHOLQGJU,QDGGLWLRQWKHÀVKLQGH[YDOXHLQGLFDWHGÅPRGHUDWHµ
HFRORJLFDO VWDWXV %),   )RU &KHUQD 5LYHU VLWH  WKH JUHDWHVW DEXQGDQFH KDG B.
petenyiLQGDQG*ROGHQVSLQHGORDFKSabanejewia balcanica.DUDPDQLQG
while the European chub Squalius cephalus/LQQDHXVKDGWKHKLJKHVWELRPDVV
JU 6SHFLHV FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG DJH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH LFKWK\RIDXQD ZDV ZHOO EDODQFHG 7KH
YDOXHRI%),LQGH[LQGLFDWHGÅJRRGµHFRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQ%), 
Discussion
7KHKLJKLQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXWULHQWVFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDQGGHWHULRUDWLRQ RI WKH R[\JHQ
regime on Cherna River in the mountainous area demonstrated that in the territory of
WKH1DWXUH3DUN9UDFKDQVNL%DONDQWKHUHZHUHVRXUFHV RI VHULRXV RUJDQLF SROOXWLRQ WKDW
H[WHQGVEH\RQGWKHVWDQGDUGVIRUZDWHUTXDOLW\7KLVVLWXDWLRQZDVPRVWOLNHO\WHPSRUDU\
and may be due to past pollution of karst groundwater, which stands out after heavy rains.
$OODSSOLHGELRORJLFDOTXDOLW\HOHPHQWVSK\WREHQWKRVEHQWKLFPDFURLQYHUWHEUDWHV
and ichthyofauna) showed that in urban areas there was deterioration in environmental
FRQGLWLRQV PDLQO\ GRZQVWUHDP YLOODJH RI =JRULJUDG +RZHYHU LW ZDV DVVXPHG WKDW QR


ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RIVERS
SHUPDQHQWGHJUDGDWLRQRIDTXDWLFHFRV\VWHPVGXHWRGURXJKWK\GURPRUSKRORJLFDOSUHVVXUH
or other anthropogenic changes in the catchment area of the two major watersheds.
0RUHRYHUPRXQWDLQULYHUVHFWLRQVZHUHLQQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVDQWKURSRJHQLFXQLQÁXHQFHG
and with high biological integrity.
$OOULYHUVLQWKH1DWXUH3DUN9UDFKDQVNL%DONDQVKRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDVDVSHFLÀF
FDVHRIPRXQWDLQULYHUW\SH5FDOFDUHRXVRUVHPLPRXQWDLQULYHUW\SH5FDOFDUHRXV
XQGHU VHDVRQDO VHPLGU\LQJ FRQGLWLRQV :H UHFRPPHQG YHU\ FDUHIXO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH
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types) are usable for a proper ecological status assessment based on analyses of benthic
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prevention of any further water pollution.
References
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'*HFKHYD (GLWRUV Biological analysis and environmental assessment of surface
water types in Bulgaria.8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV´3DLVL\+LOHQGDUVNLµ3ORYGLY²
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FRPPXQLWLHVLQGLIIHUHQWULYHUW\SHVLQ%XOJDULDWater Research and Management,
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macro-invertebrates from wadeable rivers.
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devices for benthic macroinvertebrates in fresh waters.
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spectrometric method.
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standard for the routine sampling and pretreatment of benthic diatoms from rivers.
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sensulato. Frustulia. In:/DQJH%HUWDORW+(GDiatoms of Europe. Diatoms of the
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of diatom indices and inventories management. Hydrobiologia,²
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ȖȕȖȟȘȐȎțȖȭȠȎțȎǾȎȚȘȜȐȎȠȎȒȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎȕȎȐȜȒȖȠȓDzȖȞȓȘȠȖȐȎDzȜȝȨșțȖȠȓșțȜ
ȟȎ ȖȕȐȨȞȦȓțȖ ȞȎȕșȖȥțȖ ȢȖȕȖȥțȖ Ȗ ȣȖȒȞȜȣȖȚȖȥțȖ ȎțȎșȖȕȖ ǰȨȕ ȜȟțȜȐȎ țȎ țȎȦȖȠȓ
ȞȓȕȡșȠȎȠȖȝȜȑȜșȭȚȎȠȎȥȎȟȠȜȠȝșȎțȖțȟȘȖȠȓ ȕȜțȖ țȎ ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȠȓ ȞȓȘȖȟȎ ȐÅȒȜȏȞȜ´
ȖșȖÅȜȠșȖȥțȜ´ȓȘȜșȜȑȖȥțȜȟȨȟȠȜȭțȖȓǰșȜȦȎȐȎțȓȐȓȘȜșȜȑȖȥțȖȠȓȡȟșȜȐȖȭȟȓțȎȏșȬȒȎȐȎ
ȟșȓȒ țȭȘȜȖ ȟȓșȎ ȕȎ ǹȓȐȎ ȞȓȘȎ ȝȜȒ ȟȓșȜ ǵȑȜȞȖȑȞȎȒ Ȗ ȕȎ ȞȓȘȎ ȅȓȞțȎ ȝȞȖ ȟȓșȜ DzȜșțȜ
ǼȕȖȞȜȐȜȀȜȐȎȚȜȔȓȏȖȟȓȒȨșȔȖțȎȕȎȚȨȞȟȭȐȎțȓȟȜȞȑȎțȖȥțȖȐȓȧȓȟȠȐȎȜȠțȎȟȓșȓțȖȠȓ
ȚȓȟȠȎȐ ȜȏșȎȟȠȠȎ ǾȓȑȖȟȠȞȖȞȎțȜȓȖȖțȤȖȒȓțȠțȜȕȎȚȨȞȟȭȐȎțȓȟȝȞȓȒȖȚțȜ ȝȞȜȠȓȖțȜȐ
ȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞȐȞȓȘȎȅȓȞțȎȐȏșȖȕȜȟȠȒȜȚȓȟȠțȜȟȠȠȎǹȡȝȜȐȎȘȎ
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