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the nigerian palm-wine: science and socioeconomic importance

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Frank Morah at University of Calabar
Frank Morah
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THE NIGERIAN PALM-WINE: SCIENCE AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE






FRANK MORAH
 ! "#
PROFESSOROFCHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
Palm-wine is a very popular traditional
drink in West Africa. It is consumed by
more than ten million West Africans
(FAO, 1998). It is also consumed in
Central African countries like Zaire,
Congo and Cameroon etc. The
Nigerian palm-wine is made from
sugary sap of the oil-palm tree (Elaeis
guineensis) and Raphia palms. The
sap contains a lot of simple sugars in
solution. This is naturally inoculated
and fermented by wild yeast to give
palm-wine (Morah, 2004). In the real
sense of speaking, the palm trees do
not secrete or produce palm-wine.
They merely secrete the sap which is
fermented by wild yeast to produce
palm-wine.
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C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2
hydrolysis
disacchoride
fermentation
monosaccharide
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Streptococcus.-*(*.(.%$ *!/+%0- $012("*%+ ;#E.coli
 &.*..%0  *2($**Leuconostoc "!Micrococcus.-*(*. &.*
("*.7" $ "!&+(" +,-+%$*0."&0*+%/*.*0(+%*.(.%$ *!/+%0
*- $012("* +*- %'*"( "!(.-%.*.-&$(* $-+%$*0*,
+**$(*8*!%*+*.-%".($*/%+*&". $*%2*$0%8*0*"%00%"$,
..%( *!2(%".&0-7%"%/&"+* *!Raphia- $012("* .$ (0*!,
0 ",- $012("*!+("6*+.(. %00%"-+ 7*(".%&*+"('*+( %
+* Raphia- $012("*2(-%2!*+*!%++&.*!.*0 +6%/Sacoglo0s
gabonensis $.%6"%2" .edad "!nche 0%"'.*((%.>=6. "!
'%.+*.-*78*$,%.Raphia- $012("*!+("6*+. 8* B*.*!%*
/  *2("*2(%&Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6'(8*..%0 
&-.*&*%"*2(%" (".*.*0 +6(.D&(*(""%&%&.
Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6(. $.% !!*!%*- $012("*%-+*8*"
%++*!&*.%&+("'2(%&+.(". $*- $012("*
FERMENTATION KINETICS OF PALM-WINE
 $012("*-+%!&7%"(.  /*+0*" 7%"-+%*..2(*!(..%$8*!
.&' +. 7"' .*.&.+ *.*.&.+ *(."%+*-$*"(.*!* "%$
-+%!&7%"+(.*.% 0 <(0&0 "!.$%2.!%2"2(!*-$*7%"%/*
.&.+ *&"7$(*8*"& $$,.%-.%+ ::E#(!(,%/- $012("* $.%
("+* .*.%"7"&%&.$,2(70*!&*%* 78(,%/0(+%%+' "(.0..& .
Acetobacter.-*(*.2(%"8*+*-+%!&*!* "%$%* "%( (!
%+ :H?#O(%0("*! 78(7*.%/*.*0(+%%+' "(.0.- $012("*
/*+0*" 7%"-+%*..*%0*.+*!&*!% %".*&78*+* 7%",-*
*("/%*+/*+:?#("2(-+%!&*!* "%$ 7"' .*("*+0*!( *
-+%!& &0&$ *.%.%0**<*"*/%+**("'%"8*+*!("%*=" $
-+%!&* "%( (!%+ ::E "!;#
C6H12O6 CH3CH2OH CH3-CO2H
Glucose
(substrate)
Ethanoic acid
("nal product)
.*'+%2%/Acetobacter.-*(*.%"7"&*.** "%$(.%".&0*!
2($*%"*"+ 7%"%/* "%( (!&($!.&-*+ ("+(7 $-*+(%!
+*.&$.(" 0 <(0&0$*8*$%/* "%$C*+(.-%(" !*$("*("
%"*"+ 7%"%/* "%$.*.("%+ ::E "!;#
!!(7%"%/Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6%/*+0*"7"'- $012("*
("+* .*.*%"*"+ 7%"%/* "%$("*- $012("*(.(. B+(&*!
%* "70(+%( $*)*%/*.*0 +6("((.*'+%2%/*
 *+( +*.-%".($*/%+*%"8*+.(%"%/* "%$("%* "%( (!%+
*. 0*+* .%"*&.& $ "'*.("3 8%&+ "! .*%/- $012("*2(
70*(.!+ .7 $$,+*!&*!("*-+*.*"*%/*Sacoglo0sgabonensis
.*0 +6*-+*.*"*%/+&.*!Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6("
Raphia- $012("*(.*+*/%+* !8 " '*%&.%+ ;# .
+*%00*"!*!( . .&( $** -" &+ $*"8(+%"0*" $$,/+(*"!$, "!
$% $$, 8 ($ $*-+*.*+8 78*/%+- $012("*!!(7%"%.%!(&0
0* (.&$-(*2((. %"8*"7%" $-+*.*+8 78*/%+2("* "!/+&(G&(*
.(" .(0($ +2 , .Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6%+ :H? "!
::E#
PRESERVATI ON AND BOTTLED PALM-WINE
Fig. 1: Flowchart for bottled palm-wine.
Fresh palm-wine
Analysis of palm-wine
Addition of preservative
Bottle "lling
Corking
Pasteurizing
Labeling
Packaging
 $012("*(."%+0 $$, 6*"/+*. "!&"%B$*!%0*-*%-$*
*.-*( $$,0*"-+*/*+*. $*%8*+"('#- $012("*2((.$*...&' +,
2($(B$*.%&+ .* "!0&0%+* $%%$((.'(8*.*0*!*.(+*!
46(65*.* + ..%2" .%!(&00* (.&$-(*%+ ::E# "!
Sacoglo0sgabonensis.*0 +6%+ ;# +*.&( $*-+*.*+8 78*.
/%+- $012("*$%&'*"A% * .**"!***!(".%0*$% $$,%B$*!
- $012("* "(. %+ :HE#*"A%( (!(."%%C*"+*%00*"!*!
/%+-+*.*+8 7%"%/2("*.
*+*(. "(".('"(= "D& "7,%/%B$*!- $012("*("*
('*+( "- $012("*0 +6***..*"*%/%B$("'(.%-+*.*+8**
%+' "%$*-7-+%-*+7*.%/*- $012("*.& . .*3 8%&+ "!0%&
/**$ "!%*<*"!(..*$/1$(/**3%2 +/%+%B$("'%/- $012("*(.
'(8*"("('*/+*.- $012("*(.=+.*.*!/%+%' "%$*-7-+%-*+7*.
*0( $%0-%.(7%" "!0(+%( $ .. , $&$ *!D& "7,%/*
-+*.*+8 78*(. !!*! "!%+%&'$,0(<*!2(*2("**+*.&$7"'
0(<&+*(.=$$*!("%$* "%B$*. "!%+6*!*%+6*!2("*(.'(8*"%
*0-*+ &+*+* 0*"("%2 *+(.- .*&+(A*.(,6($$("'*,* .
"!%*+0(+%%+' "(.0.-+*.*"("*2("**- .*&+(A*!2("*(."%2
$ *$*!- 6 '*! "!.*"%*0 +6*Raphia- $012("*(.$% $$,
%B$*! $%"' $0+** $  + "!0 +6**!&"!*+*+ !*" 0*Palm
Booze.
PALM-WINE PRODUCTS AND USES
Local gin:*$% $'("'%*.,.&" 0*. .kaikaiogogoroakpetesikinkanasapele
waternumberone "!ufofob*(."%+0 $$,% ("*!+%&'+*-* *!.(0-$*
!(.7$$ 7%"%/ %&/%&+1! ,%$!Raphia- $012("*("*+ !(7%" $2 ,2($% $
!(.7$$ 7%" -- + &.*-*+*" '*%/ $%%$("*$% $'("8 +(*.!*-*"!("'%"*
.%&+* "!*<*"%/!(.7$$ 7%" "!0 ,*%8*+P8>8# $%%$*,(*$! "!D& $(,
%/'(" 8***".%2"%*.('"(= "$,(0-+%8*!, $$%2("'*- $012("*%/*+0*"
("*-+*.*"*%/0* (.&$-(*(%"%+ ::E#%+Sacoglo0sgabonensis*<+ .
%+ ;#*'("(.&.*!("9 " /%+$ +'*. $*-+%!&7%"%/+ "!*!.-(+(.
%! 1,*+"%+ "! *2:;#*$% $'("0 !*/+%0- $012("*%&$!*+*/%+*
.*+8* . $% $$, 8 ($ $*+ 210 *+( $/%+*("!&.+( $-+%!&7%"%/ ..%+*!+ "!,
2(.6, "!+&0*
Yeast: *- $012("*,* .. 8***"/%&"!%*(' $%%$-+%!&("'2($%2
(%0 .. .**"/%&"!%*8*+,.&( $*/%+*/*+0*" 7%"%/.&' +0%$ ..*.
 $ 6  "!- + ::#O(* &"! "*%/.&' +0%$ ..2 .7"' 2 ,("%&+
$% $.&' +/ %+(*. "!* &"! "*%/- $012("*,* .('*+(  . " &"! "*%/
$% $+ 20 *+( $./%+("!&.+( $-+%!&7%"%/*!($* $%%$/%+*" 7%"L.!(.7$$*+(*.
"!8("*' +-+%!&7%"-$ ".('1* "%$+*.(. ",* .(.%$ */+%0('*+( "- $01
2("* . $.%**".&*../&$$,&.*!("$ '*+**+-+%!&7%"'&etal;#  $01
2("*,* .(. '%%!.%&+*%/ 6*+L.,* ..G(%/%+etal::# "!+*2*+.,* .2(
+*&++*"$,(0-%+*!("%('*+( -%2*",=8* 0("% (!. 8***"(!*"7=*!("
*('*+( "- $012("**+*(. &"! "*%/8( 0(". "!*("- $012("*
"6+ :;IK ..(+:?;# $.%%" (". $%%/*..*"7 $0("*+ $.$.&"etalE#
(. ' (".(. 6'+%&"! +%/*..%+ ..(+:?;#+*%00*"!*!("$&.(%"%/- $01
2("*("*!(*%/-+*'" "2%0*" "!**" '*'(+$.
MEDICAL USES OF PALM-WINE
&*%*('0("*+ $ "!8( 0("%"*".%/- $012("*((.&.*!/%+%++*7%"
%/8( 0(" "!0("*+ $!*=(*",!(.* .*.(.. (!%$%2*+$%%!-+*..&+* "!
*"* $%%/,-*+*".(8*- 7*".("*+&+ $%00&"(7*.'%/%+- $012("*.
(".* !%/$ '*+**+!%6 "' "!6-%'%0*E#*. $(.*!-% ..(&0
.- +("'!(&+*.(.("&0 ".&G*. C*+%".&0-7%"%/Raphia- $012("*
TRADITIONAL VALUE OF PALM-WINE
 $02("*%&-(*. 8*+,-+%0("*"-%.(7%"("+ !(7%" $ 78(7*. "!$(/*1.,$*%/
*(" ( ".%/*.%&12*..%&1* . "!.%&1.%&'*%1-%$(7 $A%"*.%/
('*+( (.&.*!("+ !(7%" $0 ++( '**+*0%",+ !(7%" $2%+.(-/*.78 $.
.& .*2 0/*.78 $.* "!/%+%".&$ 7%"2(%&+ "*.%+. "*.+ $
.-(+(. "!!*(7*. $012("*(. $.%-+*.*"*!%.* $ '+**0*". "!$ "!
+ ". 7%".%".&$ 7%" "!+*"*2 $%/%8*" "2(%&+ "*.+ $.-(+(.(.
&.& $$,!%"*2(" 78*6%$ "&.**!#/%$$%2*!,*/*+0*"*!- $012("*%+
.%0*70*.(.!(.7$$ *$% $'("#(.*$(*8*! (.+*"*2. "!.+*"'*".*
%8*" "*2**"*$(8("'&0 "*("'. "!* "*.%+. "! $.%+("'.%"*("
%"*0*"2(*.-(+(2%+$!(.(. " $%'%&.2(*%"8*"7%" $%$,
%00&"(%" .-+ 7*!("*+(.*"!%02*+*+* !0 !*/+%0.**!#/%$$%2*!
,/*+0*"*!2("* +*.*+8*!%+*"*2 "!.+*"'*"*%8*" "*2**"&.
"!%&+%+!Q*.&.+(.
 78*$ 2 "!&.%00 ++( '*(.*
+ !(7%" $,("'%/"&-7 $0 ++( '*#
6"%"(!*"7/,("' ,%&"'$ !,%
0 ++,*,%&"'0 "'%*.2((.
/ 0($,0*0*+.%*'(+$L./ 0($,2(
6%$ "& "!- $012("*/%+*
46"%6("'%"*!%%+5*!%%+ "
%"$,$(*+ $$,*%-*"*!%".('7"'*
- $012("*$$%*+8(.(.%*("1
$ 2.*/%+** & $0 ++( '*
*+*0%",0&.* %0- "(*!2(
- $012("*
* *- "*%/*'+%%0,*
+(!*(.&.& $$,!%"*2('%%!- $01
2("*&+("'*% .(%"*+(!*L.
/ *+'(8*.*+ /&$$&-%/- $012("*
2(*(".+&7%"% "!(%8*+%
2%0*8*+.*(!*"7=*. .*++
('*'%*.%"+('-.*&!%1
.* +("*+%2!%/0*"..%%" .
.*(!*"7=*.*-*+.%"2%0.*
 .**"$%%6("' "!2 (7"'/%+.*
6"**$.!%2"*/%+*(06(..*.*
- $012("* "! "!.(%8*+%(0
(.(. "%-*"'(8("'%/*+ "!("%
*-+%-%.*!0 ++( '*
•*,%&"'0 "!*$ +*.(.
*- "*,%".&0("'*- $01
2("*(" --+*( 7%"%/*0%.
* &7/&$%)*+M*.&).**0-7*!
&-%/- $012("*2(.%0*0%"*,
2((."%2+*&+"*!%(./ *+1
("1$ 2* & $+ !(7%" $
0 ++( '**+*0%",(.=$$*!2(
-%0- "!- '* "+,2(%
/ 0($,0*0*+.%0("'%&%"*(+
*.%&7"'!+*..*.**+*0%",(.
$(0 <*!,*-%&+("'%/$( 7%"
2(- $012("*2($*..("'%/*
,%&"'%&-$*
CONCLUSION
+%!&7%"%/- $012("*("8%$8*.("!('*"%&.
.(*"* "!*"%$%',!*8*$%-*! "!-+ 7*!
,/+( ".($$(%".%/.%&*+"('*+( ".
%".&0**- $012("* "!$% $'("-+%!&*!
/+%0(*("!&.+, .-+%8(!*!' ("/&$
*0-$%,0*"/%+&"!+*!.%/%&. "!.%/
('*+( ".("%+&+ $ "!&+ " +* ..
"&+(7%" $8 $&*(..& ((. $0%. 
%0-$**/%%!("(.*$/ "!*"*(.
+*%00*"!*!("$&.(%"("*!(*%/-+*'" "
2%0*"**" '*'(+$. "!%"8 $*.*"..
!(&+*7*)*0 6*.(&.*/&$/%+,-*+*".(8*
- 7*".*$% $'("-+%!&*!/+%0- $012("*
%&$!.*+8* .$% $$, 8 ($ $*+ 20 *+( $/%+
*$ +'*. $*-+%!&7%"%/+ "!*!.-(+(.
2($**- $012("*,* .%&$!.*+8* . $% $
.&.7&*%*(0-%+*!,* ./%+$ '*+**+
+*2("' "! 6*+(*.* $012("* "!(.
!(.7$$ 7%"-+%!&$% $'("%&-(*.8*+,
(0-%+ "-%.(7%"("%&+&$&+* .2*$$ .
+ !(7%" $/+( "+*$('(%"%"*+*!*)%+
.%&$!*+*/%+**0 !*%2 +!./&+*+
!*8*$%-0*"%/*- $012("**"%$%', "!
("!&.+,
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