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Iron Minerals Removal from Different Quartz Sands

DOI:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.136
Authors:
Jaroslav Šuba at Slovak Academy of Sciences
Jaroslav Šuba
Darina Štyriaková at ekolive s.r.o.
Darina Štyriaková
  • ekolive s.r.o.
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Abstract

Quartz sand occurs in varying degrees of purity in dependence on the iron mineral composition, but only a small percentage is suitable for the glass industry after washing and magnetic separation treatment. Bioleaching in combination with washing can increase the quality of quartz sands. The addition of glucose in the leaching medium was important for the continuing leaching activity of iron by heterotrophic bacteria. The amount of bacterial iron removal was not directly proportional to the initial iron content of untreated samples. It was dependent on the mineralogical composition of the quartz sandswith kaolinite, illite encapsulated and sealed by goethite (Q1), quartz sands with phengite, kaolinite encapsulated and sealed by siderite (Q2), quartz sands with glauconite encapsulated and sealed by clinoptilolite and Fe smectite (Q3). Heterotrophic bacteria decomposed these sealed polymineral grains with the iron dissolution and caused the formation of a fine–grained fraction of mineral particles predominantly below 49μm in size. Bioleaching resulted in a 50% decrease in Fe content of Q1, in a 47% decrease in Fe content of Q2 and in a 30% decrease in Fe content of Q3 after 83 days bacterial treatment. This bioleaching pretreatment may be used for the decomposition of iron minerals sealed by silicate minerals and the removal iron surface coatings from different quartz sands. The elutriation process can removed the fine–grained iron particles bioformed after bioleaching. The reductive dissolution of iron polyminerals and washing process may have biotechnological application in the quality improvement of quartz sands.
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Content uploaded by Jaroslav Šuba
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All content in this area was uploaded by Jaroslav Šuba on Jul 14, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Iron Minerals Removal from Different Quartz San
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Content may be subject to copyright.
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 ( 2015 ) 849 – 854
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
1878-5220 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.136
ScienceDirect
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© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015.
850 Jaroslav Šuba and Darina Štyriaková / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 ( 2015 ) 849 – 854
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... This biotechnological method using fungal metabolites to remove metal impurities is less complex, cheaper, easy to purify, and produces less waste. Previous laboratory experiments verify that bacteria and fungi can leach iron from kaolin, felspar, and quartz [29]- [31]. However, no studies have been reported on fungal-based purification of quartz to remove iron and other metals from Langkat quartz. ...
... However, no studies have been reported on fungal-based purification of quartz to remove iron and other metals from Langkat quartz. The effectiveness of microbiological leaching depends on the mineralogical characteristics of the raw material and metal binding properties [31], [32]. The objective of the present research is to characterize Langkat quartz, focusing on the development of bioleaching methods to purify quartz to high grades. ...
... Fungal bioleaching in the current study resulted in more effective iron removal compared to bacteria. In the experiment conducted by Suba and Styriakova [31], bioleaching using heterotrophic bacteria removed 30-50% of the Fe content from three types of quartz samples with different mineralogical properties in 83 days of the process. The original quartz samples comprised 85.8-96.1% of SiO2, 0.26-1.03 of Fe2O3 and 1.71-7.71% of Al2O3. ...
Biobeneficiation of Langkat quartz sand by using indigenous Aspergillus niger fungus
Article
  • Sep 2023
Purpose. This research aims to characterize the Langkat quartz mineral, especially its impurities, and to study the effectiveness of fungal-based leaching methods to purify the mineral in order to improve the quartz quality for high-tech industrial applications. Methods. Quartz was firstly analyzed to identify the mineral and chemical impurities. Quartz purification and beneficiation was performed by direct bioleaching using live indigenous Aspergillus niger, indirect bioleaching using metabolic lixiviant of the fungus, and chemical leaching using analytical grade oxalic acid. Findings. The mineral composition of the Langkat quartz deposit is dominated by quartz mineral (93%) with minor amounts of orthoclase feldspar (KAlSi3O8, 5%) and calcite (CaCO3, 2%). The chemical composition comprises 98.1% SiO2 with metal impurities of 0.8% Fe2O3, 0.29% Al2O3, 0.03% NiO, 0.028% Cr2O3 and 0.063% CuO, indicating that quartz is still not enough for advanced material production industry. The bioleaching process removes up to 98% of iron (Fe2O3) from the original quartz sample, and completely removes other metals within eight days of the process by direct bioleaching and eight hours by indirect bioleaching. The content of Fe2O3 and other metals in the treated quartz meets the specifications of high purity quartz (≤ 0.05%) for advanced material production industry. Meanwhile, chemical leaching using 0.2 M oxalic acid removes 96.9% of iron and 92.8% of aluminium. Originality. Comparison of the bioleaching potential of present indigenous Aspergillus niger with some of the previous studies shows that this strain has a higher ability to remove metal impurities from quartz in a much shorter processing time (8 hours instead of weeks or months) than most of the previously published microorganisms. Practical implications. The experimental result of this research provides significant potential for using a fungus-based purification approach to obtain high-purity quartz to be used in a high-value-added modern commercial product.
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... Traditional impurity removal methods mainly use a combination of physical and chemical methods to remove impurities, including the use of HF in acid leaching, which is effective but extremely harmful to human health and the environment, and HF can also cause loss of ore resources [7,8] . Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) are also used but are also very harmful to the environment. ...
Recent advances in the marketing, impurity characterization and purification of quartz
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2023
Due to its stable physical and chemical properties and its abundance in nature, quartz is widely employed in industrial and high-tech applications. However, the presence of diverse types and states of impurities in quartz ores from different geological formations poses a challenge in the process of purifying high-purity quartz, leading to wastage of raw materials and escalated costs. This study presents the socio-economic applications of quartz, scrutinizes the formation and separation mechanisms of impurities in quartz ores from a mineralogical perspective, examines the obstacles faced in quartz purification, explains the current state of development, and provides a technical summary of quartz purification. The analysis reveals that lattice impurity elements and various types of inclusion impurities are the principal factors affecting the purity of quartz. Various green separation techniques are applied based on the composition of the quartz minerals and the state of the impurities. Standard practices may involve physical pre-treatment such as scrubbing, ultrasonic crushing, and electromagnetic pulse cracking, followed by rough cleaning through color separation, superconducting high gradient magnetic separation, and flotation, and chemical pre-treatment (high-temperature or microwave roasting with chloride doping, and ammonium sulfate thermal crushing combined with water quenching to remove gas-liquid inclusions from quartz minerals). Finally, finishing processes such as fluorine-free and catalytic hot-pressure acid leaching or microbiological purification treatment with filamentous or Aspergillus fungi are used to obtain high-purity silica sand with an anticipated purity of about 99.99%.
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... The understanding of sand reserves can be further advanced by performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD offers an easy way for mineral identification, allowing to establish the phase purity [13][14][15]. Using X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method, phase quantitative analysis can also be performed [16]. ...
Structural, Chemical and Magnetic Characterization of Quartz Sand from Cluj Area, Romania for Future Beneficiation in the Glass Industry
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
For use in crystal glass production, quartz sand must contain less than 0.09% iron. If the sand contains more than 0.09% Fe, the iron must be removed. In the present study, quartz sand from tailings ponds near the Cluj area of Romania is analyzed for potential use in the glass industry, after magnetic separation. The particle size distribution of raw sand was determined, and mineralogical analyses was realized. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), morphology and elemental distribution maps on the particle was performed. The evolution of the iron content versus the particle size was analyzed. Using X-ray diffraction, the phases occurring in the sand were investigated in relation to the particle size. Magnetic separation with two magnets, having different energy, was performed for identifying the phases attached to the magnetic particles. Magnetic hysteresis measurements evidenced complex and multiple iron phase behavior.
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... Liç işlemleri, kaolen ve kuvars gibi cam, kağıt ve seramik endüstrileri için önemli olan minerallerden ve diğer endüstriyel hammaddelerden demirin uzaklaştırılmasında büyük öneme sahiptir [9-12, 16, 26-33]. Günümüzde en çok kullanılan yöntemler kimyasal yöntemler olup, düşük pH'da yüksek seviyelerde demir uzaklaştırılması ve beyaz kuvars elde edilmesi amacıyla güçlü indirgeyici ortamlardan yararlanılmasına dayanmaktadır [27,34,35]. Kuvarsda demir ve diğer kirletici bileşenler ne kadar yüksek ise reaktif tüketimi ve kimyasal yöntemlerin maliyeti de o derece yüksek olacaktır. ...
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Investigation of an eco-sustainable beneficiation technique for the Shankargarh silica sands, Uttar Pradesh (India) and its impact on the soda-lime-silica glass compositions
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
The Shankargarh silica sand deposits occurring in parts of Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India, is manually mined and processed to remove deleterious surficial impurities/coatings using pressurized groundwater leading to the groundwater depletion and environmental degradation from the sludge ponds. The present study attempts to suggest an eco-sustainable beneficiation technique for the purification of silica sand samples. The investigation involved the collection of 10 samples from the in situ outcrops and 18 unprocessed samples from the dump sites. The mass magnetic susceptibility (MMS) values (−0.66 to 9.16 × 10 −8 m 3 kg −1) and observed hues of brown, yellow, pink and grey, etc. are used to select three representative samples having minimum, intermediate, and maximum MMS. These samples are analysed for their physical and chemical properties, and the sample with maximum impurities (≈ highest MMS) was subjected to various beneficiation processes (magnetic separation, water washing, hot and cold acid leaching, sieving and ultra-sonic cleaning). In all, 9 silica sand (± processed) and a sludge samples are synthesized for their corresponding soda-lime-silica (SLS) glasses. The SLS glasses show limited chemical heterogeneity in terms of their major oxide concentrations. The measured refractive indices of these glasses (1.513-1.531) match well with their respective calculated values (1.498-1.521) as well as earlier reported data for similar SLS compositions. The major outcomes of the present study include the following: (1) some of the silica sand samples (S9, S3-01, S5-02 and S6), collected from the in situ outcrops, can be directly used in the glass and foundry industries without purification; (2) the SLS glasses synthesized during the present study are identical to those reported worldwide; and (3) the magnetic separation, instead of conventional water washing, is suggested as the environmentally sustainable beneficiation technique although hot acid washing maximizes the removal of impurities.
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Neptunium behavior in conditions of deep stratum-collector of liquid radioactive waste
Article
Np isotope is one of the long-lived and hazardous components of the accumulated liquid radioactive waste (LRW). The potential for environmental contamination when the LRW is directly disposed of in deep geological stratum is a matter of concern. Np(V) is highly mobile in the groundwater, and numerous studies are focused on its interaction with natural geological systems and prospective engineered barriers for the radioactive waste repositories. In this work, we studied the neptunium behavior in simulated conditions of acidic liquid radioactive waste injection to the deep permeable stratum collector. To determine components of the host rock preferentially binding the neptunium, and to estimate the effect of elevated temperature on its mobility, a series of laboratory experiments on sorption and leaching of neptunium was carried out using synthetic acid LRW solution and real stratum-collector sand along with individual component simulants. It was found that neptunium sorption on stratum collector sands in the conditions of acidic waste injection is quite low. Clay minerals turned out to be the sorption-dominating components of the host rock for neptunium. Increase in temperature significantly enhances the retention of neptunium on solid phase. Solid-bound neptunium species are sufficiently stable over the two-year experimental time under ambient conditions.
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Effect of quartz crystal structure transformations on the removal of iron impurities
Article
Trace elements in quartz, especially iron impurities, can severely affect the quality of products. The removal of iron impurities is one of the technical difficulties in the preparation process of high-purity quartz sand. In this work, the effect of the transformation of the crystal structure on the removal of iron impurities in quartz sand was investigated. After respectively roasting at 600 °C, 900 °C, and 1200 °C for 4 h, the crystal structure of quartz was transformed, and the target crystal structure was solidified via quenching to form a structure favorable for the removal of iron by acid leaching. The experimental results show that the transformation of the crystal structure can effectively improve the removal efficiency of iron impurities. The content of β-quartz was found to be as high as 94.7% after roasting at 900 °C for 4 h. The removal efficiency of iron impurities reached 98.7% after acid leaching at 200 °C, and the removal efficiency of the total impurities reached 88.2%. In addition, the influences of different crystal structures on the removal of iron impurities were systematically investigated. This work provides excellent practical support for the removal of iron impurities during the preparation of high-purity quartz sand.
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Improvement of iron removal from silica sand using ultrasound-assisted oxalic acid
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
This paper deals with the removal of iron from silica sand in aqueous oxalic acid, in the absence and presence of ultrasound. The parameters investigated were the reaction temperature, stirring speed, ultrasound power, acid concentration and reaction time. The optimum conditions for the maximum removal of 75.4% of iron with ultrasound were determined as follows: reaction temperature, 95°C; stirring speed, 500 rpm; ultrasound power, 150 W; acid concentration, 4 g/l; reaction time 30 min. The method induces a remarkable acceleration for the iron leaching process, the leach acid concentration reducing dramatically and the removal efficiency increasing considerably, compared to conventional stirring method. The advantages of ultrasound-assisted leaching were also confirmed by characterizing the silica sand and the leached solid samples using particle size, SEM and color measurement analysis.
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Factorial experiments in the development of a kaolin bleaching process using thiourea in sulphuric acid solutions
Article
In the present study a bleaching process of a kaolin of industrial interest was carried out using thiourea as the leachant agent in the iron removal process. The beneficiation of kaolin, by iron removal, improves its economic value, and it is then possible to use it in the ceramic and paper industries. The effect of thiourea was investigated together with other factors, such as sulphuric acid concentration, temperature and treatment time. Full factorial experiments were performed to determine the main and interaction effects on the iron dissolution from the mineral: the largest iron extraction yield (94%) was obtained after 150 min. of treatment at 90°C, 0.25 M H2SO4 and with 10 g/l of thiourea. At the same temperature the iron extraction yield was 68% after 120 min. of treatment with 0.1 M H2SO4 and 1 g/l thiourea. An empirical model of data fitting was used in order to evaluate the optimal conditions of the process, considering as factors the treatment time and the thiourea concentration. The experimental results show the technical feasibility of this process for the removal of iron from kaolin used in the experimental tests.
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High efficiency iron removal from quartz sand using phosphoric acid
Article
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was firstly used to remove iron impurities at very low concentrations from quartz sand under ultrasound irradiation with higher efficiency, simpler technology and is less harmful to the target product compared with the other comparable methods that use industrial strong acids such as sulfuric (H2SO4), hydrochloric (HCl), and even hydrofluoric (HF) acids. Our results have revealed that phosphoric acid is a good leaching agent for iron removal from quartz sand because of its leaching efficiency up to 77.1%. It is about 30%–40% higher than the other comparable methods, and leaching time consumption is less than the others. The optimal values of operating parameters, such as types and concentrations of the leaching agents, leaching temperature, particle sizes of quartz sand, s/l mass ratio, and with/without ultrasound irradiation, are also examined. The optimal leaching rate (the maximum in the conditions considered in this context is at least 81.0%) of iron removal is given by a consideration of higher leaching efficiency, lower concentrations of acids used, less energy consumed and less leaching time used.
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Bioleaching of clays and iron oxide coatings from quartz sands
Article
Silica sands of low quality contain free iron oxides, clay and silt. These impurities may be removed by biological leaching as well as by industrial washing. The fine fractions obtained from industrial washing of quartz sand from Šastín, Slovakia, with a higher content of iron-bearing minerals and clay minerals were used to study bioleaching of impurities of the quartz sands. The influence of biological leaching by indigenous heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus spp. bacteria was evaluated by changes in chemical composition of the fine fractions before and after reaction. The bioleaching experiments were performed for 63 days at 24 °C. The extracted iron and clay products were characterized by XRD, FTIR, Mössbauer spectroscopy, chemical and granulometric analyses, SEM, EDX, and nitrogen adsorption techniques. The bacteria assisted in releasing the poorly ordered clay minerals from the surface of quartz particles via dissolution of amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides.
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Biohydrometallurgy for Nonsulfidic Minerals—A Review
Article
  • Apr 2004
Bioleaching is a technology applicable to metal extraction from low-grade ores, ore beneficiation, coal beneficiation, metal detoxification, and recovery of metals from waste materials. The technology is environmentally sound and it may lower operational cost and energy requirement. Whereas leaching of sulfidic minerals using chemolithoautotrophic bacteria is the most studied and commercially exploitable aspect of mineral biotechnology today, there is a dearth of literature on the dissolution of nonsulfidic minerals. Biohydrometallurgy of nonsulfidic minerals involves the action of heterotrophic microorganisms. Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi have the potential for producing acidic metabolites that are able to solubilize oxide, silicate, carbonate and hydroxide minerals by reduction, acidolysis and complexation mechanisms. It is an important aspect of biohydrometallugy that requires development to meet future needs.
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Removal of Iron From Quartz Ore Using Different Acids: A Laboratory-Scale Reactor Study
Article
  • Apr 2014
The purification of quartz using chemical processes is extremely important for many industries, including the glass, electronic, detergent, ceramics, paint, refractory, and metallurgy industries, as well as for advanced technology products. The purpose of this work was to investigate the removal of iron as an impurity from quartz ores using a chemical leaching method with different reagents.The iron content of the quartz ore sample was 310 ppm, and the iron was in the form of Fe2O3. In the first step, pre-enrichment studies were conducted based on the particle size, and the Fe2O3 content of the quartz ore was decreased to 88 ppm. A statistical design of the experiments and an ANOVA (analysis of variance) were performed in the second step to determine the main effects and interactions of the researched factors, which were the concentration of the leaching reagent (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, HClO4, and NTA [Nitrilotriacetic acid]), solid/liquid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time. The highest Fe2O3 removal was 86.6%, and a 11.8 ppm Fe2O3 content quartz product with a whiteness index (WI) value of 90.6 was obtained after 120 min of treatment at 90°C with a 10% S/L ratio and 1 M H2SO4.
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Dissolution of iron from quartz sands by basin bioleaching under static in-situ conditions
Article
Ultra-fine iron particles and clay minerals which coat quartz grains or are impregnated in silicate matrix are difficult to treat by conventional mineral processing methods. Treatment by basin water bioleaching in combination with electromagnetic separation can substantially improve the quality of quartz sands. The purpose of this in-situ study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a biological basin treatment process to improve the quality of quartz sands. The environmental conditions involved the changes of climate temperature, using fresh surface water without disinfection, inhibition of algae and fungi, and promoting bacteria. Analyses of the solution phase were used to monitor the dissolution of iron during the bioleaching of the quartz sands and to optimize the in-situ conditions for the bacterial activity. The rate of iron dissolution varied with environmental conditions, with the addition of chelators and organic feedstock in the form of glucose. Bacterial removal of clay and iron minerals can be used to expose the white surfaces of quartz grains. The quartz sands from the Šaštín deposit (Slovakia) can be used in glass industry after decreasing the Fe content.
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Biodestruction and deferritization of quartz sands by Bacillus species
Article
Quartz sand containing mineral impurities was subjected to bioleaching with Bacillus spp. strains and subsequent elutriation. Bioleaching of the sample removed visible Fe-bearing minerals that coated quartz grains. During the bioleaching, elements were dissolved from silicate minerals. Poorly crystalline Fe-oxides that sealed siderite nodules were released from intergranular spaces and formed a fine-grained (<0.1 mm) fraction. Voltammetry of the fine-grained fraction indicated reductive dissolution of Fe3+. However, chemical analysis showed a slight increase in Fe2O3 content and a decrease in the FeO content following three months bioleaching in the Bacillus culture. X-ray diffraction analyses showed the loss of Fe-bearing minerals and mica following the bioleaching and the elutriation of the fine-grained fraction. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays showed nucleation of fine-grained Fe,Al-silicates on bacterial surface after three months of bioleaching.
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