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International Journal of Research and Development - A Management Review (IJRDMR)
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ISSN (Print): 2319–5479, Volume-4, Issue–3, 2015
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Workplace Spirituality–The Essence of Modern Business
Organizations
1Moitreyee Paul, 2Purnachandra Saha
1Phd Scholar, School of Human Resource Management, Xavier University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
2Senior Associate Professor, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Abstract— Previously, workplace was depicted as a place
where the goals of task accomplishment were paramount.
Over the time, the concept of workplace has expanded to
encompass various geographical and psychological
boundaries. Nowadays, organizations suffer from business
losses, strained relationships with customers, delayed
contracts and employee exits. Spirituality has now become
an effective tool to handle stress related issues and for
overcoming business problems. ―Spirituality‖ has become
more oriented on subjective experience and psychological
growth. It does not compel people to follow religions and
stringent methods but is in fact used as an effective tool to
make employees feel that they are an integral part of the
organization. The objective of this study is to discuss about
the effect of spirituality on workplace, various spiritual
approaches shaping the modern organizations that will
help employees with personal disorders and other work-
related problems. Spirituality draws on the ethics, values,
motivation, work/life balance, and leadership elements of
an organization. The unique characteristics that
differentiate a spiritual organization from others are:
strong sense of purpose, focus on individual development,
trust and openness, employee empowerment and toleration
of employee expression. Spiritual approaches shaping the
modern workplace are: God-centred, Ethical, Existential
and Buddhist approach. Some recommendations for
incorporating spirituality at workplace are: Employee
assistance program (EAP), Meditation breaks, listening to
spiritual music, honing spiritual skills for better job
performance, setting up of a spiritual fund, Taking risks to
open one‘s spiritual self, Bereavement programs and
Leadership practices. ‗Mood chart‘ is a new evolving
concept as a part of Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)
to enhance workplace spirituality. It is a chart that shows
the deviations of mood levels over time and has
information on our mood, hours of sleep, and medications.
Thus, organizations that encourage workplace spirituality
experiences improved organizational performance and
profitability.
Index Terms— Employee Assistance Program (EAP),
Mood chart, organizational performance, spiritual
approaches workplace spirituality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Traditionally „spirituality‟ has been defined as a process
of personal transformation in accordance with religious
ideals. Since the 19th century spirituality is often
separated from religion, and has become more oriented
on subjective experience and psychological growth. The
term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in
which the term "religious" was formerly employed.
Contemporary Spirituality develops inner peace and
forms a foundation for happiness. Meditation and
similar practices may help any practitioner cultivate his
or her inner life and character. According to Swami
Vivekananda, “The greatest help to spiritual life is
meditation. In meditation we divest ourselves of all
material condition and feel our divine nature”.
Nowadays, organizations suffer business losses, strained
relationships with certain customers, distressed tempers,
employee exits, delayed contracts, the list of woes are
threatening to become overwhelming. These factors are
leaving the employees demoralized and isolated. So,
spirituality at work has become a tool for overcoming
business problems. Over the past few years, spirituality
has been recognized as a fundamental area of research in
the academic world to add more meaning to one‟s
workplace [1-6]. The concept of spirituality draws on
the ethics, values, motivation, work/life balance, and
leadership elements of an organization [7]. Corinne
McLaughlin, co-founder, The Centre of Visionary
Leadership, has said that Spirituality has both vertical
and horizontal aspects. Vertically it is connected to the
universe and horizontally it relates to family, co-workers
and humanity as a whole. Spirituality at workplace is
about how spiritual practices help the employees of an
organization to concentrate on their job and perform
well. Hence, spiritual practices are currently being
introduced in many companies around the world, such as
Google and Twitter. In India, organizations like Reckit
and Coleman, Wipro, Dabur or Tata Tea are among a
few organizations that have embraced workplace
spirituality. Spiritual organizations are concerned with
helping employees develop and reach their potentials.
Pethe [8] describes Workplace Spirituality (WS) as the
expression of talent, brilliance and genius. talent which
is god gifted; brilliance in terms of our intellect and we
all are genius in some way.
Several research on influence of spirituality in the
workplace have observed that organization with highly
influenced workplace spirituality is able to outperform
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ISSN (Print): 2319–5479, Volume-4, Issue–3, 2015
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other organizations with either little or no workplace
spirituality up-to 86 percent by developing a humanistic
environment in which workers can achieve their full
capacity [9-10]. Humanistic work environment can
create a win-win situation for employees and their co-
workers, which is good for the organization [3][11].
Reave [12]has proposed that workplace spirituality
programs result in positive individual level outcomes for
employees such as increased joy, serenity, job
satisfaction and commitment. Mitroff and Denton [13]
indicates that employees of spiritual organizations have
basic beliefs and values in the workplace; significantly
contribute to their work, using their creativity and
intelligence which make their organizations more
profitable. If we are not prepared we may experience
trauma and chaos. According to Swami Vivekananda,
“It is fear that is the cause of our woes, and it is
fearlessness that brings heaven in a moment”.
Workplace spirituality help individuals understand the
meaning and purpose of their job by being able to
realize their full potential as a person. Thus, if the
employees are given the freedom to bring their physical,
intellectual, emotional and spiritual attributes to their
workplace, they will become more productive,
innovative and dedicated. On the other hand, if the
employees work in a dispirited workplace, they will
indulge themselves in various work stress, low morale,
rising absenteeism, high turnover, burnout, frequent
stress-related illness and the adoption of non-committed
attitude to the organization [14].
The main objective of this study is to give an idea about
what workplace spirituality is and how modern spiritual
practices and tools help employees with personal
disorders and other work-related problems to cope up
with the situation and embrace spirituality in
organizations thereby enhancing their organizational
performance.
II. DEFINING SPIRITUALITY
Spirituality can be approached from various
perspectives. It is a term used in various contexts that
means different for different people at different times in
different cultures. Spirituality is that which comes from
within[10]. For some, it has a religious connotation and
for others it does not [15]. According to Moxley [16],
being spiritual is about being fully human, and about
integrating all the energies that are part of us. Mitroff
and Denton[13]say that within spirituality there is a
supreme power that rules the entire universe.
Spirituality is reaching beyond or having a sense that
things could be better. It is also about being holistic and
being interconnected with everything else [17].
Freke [18] considers self- knowledge, selflessness, love,
personal growth, morality, humility, acceptance,
positivity, and forgiveness as part of spirituality.
According to Taylor[19]Spirituality is creativity,
communication, respect, vision, partnership, energy,
flexibility, fun, and finding oneself. Thibault et al. [20]
defined the term 'spiritual' as: 1) Pertaining to one's
inner resources, especially one's ultimate concern, 2)
The basic value around which all other values are
focused, 3) The central philosophy of life - which guides
conduct, and 4) The supernatural and non-material
dimensions of human nature. Howard [21] defined
Spirituality from the faith perspective saying its about
the four sets of connections - connection with self, with
others, with nature and environment, and with the higher
power. The terms spirituality and religiosity differ are
different. According to Peterson and Nelson
[22],religion is an organized body of beliefs and
practices, whereas spirituality goes beyond religion and
religious practices and includes inspiration, meaning,
and purpose of life. Spirituality also includes
forgiveness, and relatedness. Mitroff and Denton[23]
found support to the view that religion and spirituality
differ. The participants of the study defined "spirituality"
as "the basic feeling of being connected with one's
complete self, with others, and the entire universe”.
Turner [10] says that one thing that spirituality is not
organized religion. According to Thompson[24],
spirituality is not formal, structured, or organized. It is
non-denominational, broadly inclusive and embraces
everyone. It is the sacredness of everything, the
ordinariness of everyday life. Dhiman[25] said
Spirituality is the awareness of the Divine Principle of
our being, as characterized by our effort to live in
harmony with that Divine Principle .According to Bruce
[26] spirituality is ''the way we orient ourselves towards
the Divine".
The numerous definitions of spirituality indicate that it is
more a personal concept than a common or generalized
variable. The definition of spirituality may thus differ in
the cultural context too.“Spirituality means beginning to
become aware of consciousness higher than that of body-
mind centered ego, and the ability to live more and more
in it or under its guidance. It is this consciousness, non-
contingent, self- existent, pure ego, which is spirit or self.
Spirituality is recognition of something greater than mind
and life... a surge and rising of the soul in man out of the
littleness and bondage of our lower parts towards a
greater thing secret within him”[27]. Marques et al. [28]
concluded that spirituality in workplace is driven by
internal (human), external (organizational), and
integrated (human/organizational) factors and once these
factors are interconnected, one can arrive at multi-
applicable definition. Now we look at how spirituality at
work has been conceptualized to understand the
interconnections.
III. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF
WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY
Krishna Kumar and Neck [29] mentioned three main
viewpoints of the workplace spirituality perspective
which are intrinsic-origin view, religious view and the
existentialist view. The intrinsic-origin view put forward
by them is a concept or a principle that originates from
the inside of an individual. Supporting this view,
Graber[30] said that “spirituality avoids the formal and
International Journal of Research and Development - A Management Review (IJRDMR)
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ceremonial connotations of religion; It implies an inner
search for meaning or fulfillment that may be
undertaken by anyone regardless of religion”; and by
Mitroff & Denton[13], who believe that spirituality is
not in actuality, associated with religion, God or higher
powers. In other words, the concept of spirituality is not
associated with religion and belief. Mahoney &
Graci[31] proposed that spirituality involves a sense of
giving and service, a sense of connection (community),
compassion and forgiveness, meaning and morality.
Ashmos and Duchon[1] have defined workplace
spirituality as “a recognition that employees have an
inner life which nourishes and is nourished by
meaningful work, taking place in the context of a
community”. Giacalone and Jurkiewicz [2] have brought
to us the definition of workplace spirituality as “a
framework of organizational values evidenced in the
culture that promotes employees‟ experience of
transcendence through the work process, facilitating
their sense of being connected to others in a way that
provides feelings of completeness and joy”. Kinjerski
&Skrypnek[32] define the workplace spirituality as “the
experience of employees who are passionate about and
energized by their own work, find meaning and purpose
in their work, feel they can express their complete selves
at work, and feel connected to those with whom they
work”.
IV. IMPORTANCE OF WORKPLACE
SPIRITUALITY IN ORGANIZATIONS
The emergence of Spirituality at the workplace points to
the desire that there be more to work than just survival.
Previously, historical models of management did not
consider spirituality at workplace. These models
typically focused on organizations that were efficiently
run without feelings toward others. Similarly, concern
about an employee‟s inner life had no role in managing
organizations. Now, an awareness of spirituality can
help one to better understand employee work behavior
in the current scenario. The Indian employees have now
found a significant component of spirituality that
manifests implications about their workplace
performances and logical decision making capabilities
and work attitudes towards ethical issues. We yearn to
work for a place in which we both experience and
express our deep soul and spirit. Swami Vivekananda
has rightly said “You have to grow from inside out.
None can teach you, none can make you spiritual. There
is no other teacher but your own soul”. Spirituality is a
relatively new budding concept at the workplace.
However there is a realization of the benefits of
spirituality at work. Organizations have begun to learn
that encouraging spirituality boosts loyalty and enhances
morale[1].White emphasizes that spirituality at work is
becoming important because people want to feel
connected to work that is important, and to each other at
work[33]. Vaill[34]emphasizes the importance of
spirituality at work by focusing on the role of a
managerial leader. A managerial leader, according to
him, manages and leads a system of spiritually
conscious and spiritually concerned people. Thompson
[24]similarly observes that many people who are
looking for jobs today put the compensation, and
benefits secondary to working in a spiritually oriented
workplace - a place where they are treated with respect,
not only for what they know and can do, but also as
human beings. According to White [33], there are two
basic reasons to cultivate an environment for the human
spirit: to dispel fears and to harness the internal energy
of the employees. Until now, corporations have outbid
each other to bring in the highly intelligent and self-
motivated performers[35]. However, with higher costs
associated with hiring and retaining intelligence,
managers bring in fewer employees to accomplish more
with less. Therefore, the presence of spirited individuals
with high internal energy is critical for today's work
environment. Swami Vivekananda once said, “Do not
spend your energy in talking, but meditate in silence and
become a dynamo of spirituality.” Spirituality brings in
happiness and fulfillment in the employees. Personal
fulfillment and high morale are closely linked to
outstanding performance and therefore to organizational
success [10]. Schoonover and Weiler [36]say that for
career purposes our soul is the center of our being. It is
that part of us that knows our deepest needs and
aspirations and that is the source of our energy. If we
leave our soul at home and have no time for it later, our
job will not be very fulfilling. Davidson[37],emphasizes
that since the underlying unity of existence is reflected
at work in the dynamic process of interdependence, the
web of relationships at work manifests the workings of
the whole. Therefore, when spiritual individuals
recognize that the survival, success, and well-being at
work depend on their mutual reliance in a collaborative
system, they move towards greater harmony and
effectiveness. The emerging desire to form a
"community" within the culture demonstrates that teams
and organizations that powerfully connect to their spirit,
achieve exponential gains in products and services, and
they find that work is sacred[33]. According to Rutte
[38], spiritual individuals are in touch with the source of
creativity. As business people, they realize the value of
creativity and innovation. Creativity is the cornerstone
of business. It allows them to come out with new
products and services that are unique. It allows them to
do more with less. Spirituality can positively affect
employee and organizational performance[15]. It can
lead individuals to experience consciousness at a deeper
level, thereby enhancing their intuitive abilities. This can
help individuals develop a more purposeful and
compelling organizational vision, which can increase
innovation. Spiritual values can enhance teamwork and
employee commitment to the organization. The
importance of having spiritually oriented or spiritually
competent persons at work cannot be negated. It has
therefore become very important to understand what we
mean by spiritual orientation and how it can be
measured and developed in the employees.
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V. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIRITUAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Now, the question comes to our mind how can we
distinguish a spiritual organization from a non–spiritual
organization? What are the distinct characteristics that
differentiates a spiritual organization from others?
Abiding by the wisdom of “Sanatan Dharma” and the
findings of modern research, Pethe[8] has mentioned the
following hallmarks of a spiritual organization:
Strong sense of purpose: Organizational
members know the purpose of existence of the
organization they are working for and what it values.
Focus on individual development: Employees
are the part and parcel of an organization therefore need
to be nurtured to help them grow. These characteristics
also include a sense of job security.
Trust and openness: The relationships among
the organizational members are characterized by mutual
trust, honesty and openness.
Employee empowerment: Employees are
allowed to a make work related decisions that affect
them, highlighting a strong sense of delegation of
authority.
Toleration of employee expression: The
organization culture encourages employees to be
themselves and to express their moods and feelings
without guilt or fear of reprimand.
VI. SPIRITUAL APPROACHES SHAPING
THE WORKPLACE
Nowadays, more people are finding inspiration and
fulfillment in their jobs by bringing their spirituality into
the workplace. Spiritual approaches are shaping the
modern workplace today, and Michael Caroll in his
article “Fearless at work”[39] has proposed four
categories:
A. God-centered approach
Hundreds of organizations dedicate their time and
resources to bringing God-centered spirituality into the
workplace. Mostly Christian organizations seek to
strengthen employee faith in God. Members work to help
the underprivileged, build religious schools, support
missionary work and promote Catholic values in
business. Other God-centered organizations sponsor
charity drives, employee prayer meetings and Bible
study. This approach mainly focuses on spreading the
faith and extending a helping hand to those in need.
B. Ethical approach
The ethical approach to workplace spirituality focuses on
cultivating values that inspire us to be decent in our jobs
and professions. It concentrates on values that drive
current business practices, like efficiency, material
wealth and competition, and cultivating those that at
times may be overlooked, like honesty, fairness, respect
and compassion.
C. Existential approach
This approach to workplace spirituality centers on
finding and preserving meaning in our jobs and careers.
It focuses on social activism; preserving the valuable
human aspect of work and preventing dehumanizing
business practices by helping workers protect what is
meaningful and valuable to themselves and their families.
D. Buddhist approach
The Buddhist approach is unique in its own way that“
before committing to charity or ethics or activism,
Buddhists are first committed to being authentic”. Such
authenticity for Buddhists is based on practicing
mindfulness awareness meditation where practitioners
discover that in order to help others we, as human beings,
must first learn to trust ourselves -- to have the
confidence that we can live an inspired life without
resentment and fear. And it is from this wakefulness that
Buddhists engage work on an utterly human level. Thus,
Buddhists work with those who promote charity, ethics
and social activism. Having control over their hearts and
minds through meditation Buddhists are open and willing
to address work wakefully, courageously and
authentically
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
INCORPORATING WORKPLACE
SPIRITUALITY
Introducing spirituality into the organizations is nothing
new for Human Resource (HR). For instance, matters
such as work -life balances, proper selection of
employees, setting performance goals and rewarding
people for their work are all components of making the
organization more spiritual. HRM is the vehicle by
which the organization helps employees understand their
responsibilities and offers the requisite training to make
things happen. In the end, it‟s HRM that will make the
workplace a supportive work environment, where there
is no barrier to communication and employees feel free
to express themselves. For those people who work full-
time in mainstream business environment, dealing with
challenges of the working day actually offers a great
playground and outlet for developing their spiritual
selves and for sharing their light with others. Some
suggestions for incorporating spirituality at workplace
are as follows:
A. Employee Assistance Program (EAP)
If an employee is struggling with emotional problems,
family or job-related problems, an Employee Assistance
Program (EAP) can be of immense help. An EAP
provides free counseling services to employees.
Professional counselors provide short-term counseling to
employees and family members who want help dealing
with life changes or work, family or personal problems.
Many larger companies provide an EAP for its
employees. The HR Department is usually bestowed
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with handling the EAP services. If the difficulties are
beyond the scope of their services, such as severe
depression, the counselor will refer to other professional
services for further assistance. EAP counselors do not
provide prescriptions or medication. Companies benefit
from EAPs because the services they provide help to
improve job performance, reduce absenteeism and
turnover and keep health care costs down. EAP at the
right time will help employees to improve performance
thereby promoting spirituality at workplace. Services
may include help with: Family or marital relationships,
Communication issues, Alcohol or drug problems,
Depression, Stress, and Anxiety. EAP Counselors can
help employees living with psychiatric disorders deal
with workplace misunderstandings and stigma.
Information about the services one receives is kept
strictly confidential. The only exceptions are those
situations which are required by law to be reported, such
as suspected child abuse or when a client commits, or
threatens to commit, a crime that would harm someone
else. An employee may choose to sign a release of
information. An employee facing a potential disciplinary
situation may decide to release information to their
employer to demonstrate that he/she is seeking
assistance with the problem. EAPs can help employees
who help themselves.
1) Mood chart: a new evolving concept as a part of
Employee Assistance Programs(EAP) to enhance
workplace spirituality
a) „Mood Chart' is a new emerging concept that
helps employees adapt to change when new projects are
at hand. There is always a phase when an innovation
team feel demoralized and a mood chart will help gauge
just that.
b) Definition of a Mood Chart
A graph that shows the rise and fall of mood levels over
time. They are very useful in predicting the onset of
mood episodes and documenting the response to
medications. It is a chart that has information on our
mood, hours of sleep, and medications. Most people use
mood charts to investigate any problems that they may
be going through. This is the best way to detect mood
swings early and will give us a tool to use with our
doctor to fight bipolar disorder.
c) How mood chart works?
Mood has a direct impact on productivity, and negativity
can severely undermine the productivity of our
workplace. Researchers upon conducting a thorough
survey on adult employees regarding their observations
of negative emotions in the workplace, and their impact
on their own moods and performances have found that, a
majority of respondents felt that the negative emotions
they observed impacted their mood and productivity.
The impact tended to vary per respondent with some
saying it would have a “significant impact” on mood and
rest indicating a “significant impact” on productivity.
There are many other significant findings and
explanations such as “group mood,” perceived
responsibility for negative emotions, and the role of
management in influencing emotion in the workplace.
So, if mood and productivity are inextricably linked, and
management can have a significant impact on
employee‟s emotions, then companies can implement
some solution for enhancing mood and thereby enjoying
increased productivity. One such company have come
up with a unique solution: mood tracking. Mood
tracking helps to establish a baseline to see in what
general mood our team or organization is right now, to
see which activities generate what types of moods in our
team members, assess individual team member moods
on a regular basis to identify individuals who may be
struggling and take appropriate action, including
providing support and counseling as needed, propose
and implement solutions and see how these solutions
impact the incoming mood data; then, obtain additional
feedback to adjust these solutions as needed[40].
Knowing where your organization stands and being able
to evaluate your improvements on an ongoing basis can
be valuable, whether you are facing a significant
problem with morale or simply want to fine-tune your
work environment to increase employee satisfaction and
facilitate productivity.
B. Listening to spiritual music in background
Employees can put their headphones on and run mantras
or spiritual music in the background when they are
writing reports, drafting emails etc or repeat little
prayers or intentions throughout the day. Also by
completing their daily tasks quickly and efficiently they
can return home and have time to focus on other
spiritual practices.
C. Taking mini meditation breaks during the day
Employees can just download a meditation track from
the internet or any other source and listening to it makes
him refreshed.
D. Taking mini meditation breaks during the day
Employees can just download a meditation track from
the internet or any other source and listening to it makes
him refreshed.
E. Honing spiritual skills for better job performance
Employees could even try learning how to dowse for
new business opportunities and gauge which potential
clients have a good positive vibration that resonates with
their own.
F. Using our salaries to help fund spiritual learning
Employees can set budget aside from the monthly
paycheck to seek out the best teachers and practitioners
to enhance spiritual learning. One can put money into
good deeds and charitable causes
G. Encouraging bereavement programs
Bereavement programs are undertaken by assisting
survivor employees to adapt to an environment without
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the deceased while experiencing a continued
(transformed) relationship with the deceased. It also
helps the family members understand and move forward
in the grief process by facilitating their expression of
thoughts and feelings and helping them identify or
develop and utilize healthy coping strategies.
H. Taking risks to open one‟s spiritual self
Employees can overstep the mark by looking for
opportunities to expose one spiritual self and give
opinions that help to retain sustainability in business.
I. Implementing Leadership practices that support the
growth and development of all employees
Leaders are encouraged to apply spiritual values such as
humility, trust, courage, integrity, and faith in their work
with teams. Some organizations are offering lunchtime
Spirit at Work Discussion Groups. Others are offering
team building courses that incorporate spiritual values or
practices.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Spirituality is a relationship with self, which cannot be
dictated by any organized religion. Employing
Spirituality within the workplace is an opportunity to
recognize our power and to understand the process
involved in exchanging our energy with others.
Organizations that encourage spirituality experiences
improved organizational performance and profitability.
Employees and managers increasingly need to reflect on
the ways of incorporating spirituality in workplace as a
factor to promote job performance. Workplace
Spirituality does not compel people to follow religions
and stringent methods but is in fact used as an effective
tool to make employees feel that they are an integral part
of the organization. Spirituality-driven activities have
not only benefited employees, but also saved companies
millions of dollars that are spent on high turnover rates,
legal suits, recruitment activities and many more. In this
era of globalization where activities are widespread
across the globe. Indian gurus are inculcating this
knowledge through programs such as Swami
Vivekananda‟s books, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's Art of
Living, Yogi Ashwini's Dhyana and many more have
been trending in recent times. Henceforth, the focus
should be shifted from only profit-making to the
creation of the „whole person' and „fostering spirituality‟
can help us to achieve just that.
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