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Linguistic markers of social distance and proximity
... The idea that human relationships and interaction depend on the interplay between separation and connection is consistent with various accounts from fields as diverse as social psychology and linguistic anthropology. Semin (2011) talks of interpersonal relationships in terms of the "self versus the other" in socially distant relationships, and the "self and the other" in intimate relationships, and as the strategic regulation of interpersonal proximity and distance. Meanwhile, linguistic anthropologist Gumperz (1982) proposes that speakers have access to two "codes" (be they languages, dialects, registers, etc.), which he dubs the "we" code and the "they" code respectively. ...
... Whereas the T forms are prototypically used as markers of connection, the V counterparts mark separation (see Brown and Gilman 1968;Helmbrecht 2003;House and Kádár 2020). Semin (2011) points out that the V forms also tend to be grammatically plural, thus rendering them more generalized and abstract (and therefore more distant), whereas the T forms refer to a non-plural specific "you" and are thus more personal. The marking of socio-proxemic space by 2P pronouns is also complemented by alternations in address term usage, with more formal forms being used in distant contexts and more intimate forms being used when the speech situation is proxemic. ...
... Rather than simply marking socio-proxemic space in a static way, speakers can actively modulate their use of social deictic forms to modulate connection and separation. In other words, speakers can shift to proximal forms in order to extend intimacy to someone, or use distal forms in order to withdraw it (Brown and Gilman 1968;Semin 2011). In addition to withdrawing intimacy, the appearance of distal forms in intimate interactions can also communicate sarcasm (Brown 2013). ...
Space has been integral to the way that im/politeness has been theorized, most notably in the concept of “social distance” (Brown and Levinson 1987) and also Arundale’s (2006) “connection/separation face” dialectic. In this chapter, we show how previous research has positioned what we refer to as “socio-proxemic space” not merely as a theoretical concept, but as interactionally relevant in the ways that speakers understand and perform im/politeness across multiple languages. Speakers invoke the metaphor of space when talking about human relationships (“close”/”distant” relationships) and the language used within them (speaking in a “close”/“distant” way; speaking “up/down” to someone). In order to index various degrees of proximity and separation, research shows that speakers manipulate deictic expressions related not just to interpersonal distance but also to physical distance. Furthermore, speakers manipulate the spatial organization of communication in relation to im/politeness factors. When im/politeness is called for, research shows that physical proximity is modulated, along with bodily alignment and the use of large gestures that may threaten personal space. To illustrate how interaction is spatially organized in relation to im/politeness factors, we employ a case study of speakers of Catalan performing a map task in two contrasting social situations: (1) with an intimate and (2) with an unfamiliar status superior. Our analysis shows that speakers make subtle adjustments to the form of deictic gestures according to the relative socio-proxemic distance with the interlocutor. In sum, this chapter demonstrates the importance of space in the way that im/politeness has been conceptualized in im/politeness research
... As women are often more concerned than men about social relationships (Murray-Close et al. 2007), they might use more explanations than evidence, and men might use more evidence than explanations. Furthermore, people can indicate a closer relationship with their audience via deixis markers (e.g., we, they, Semin 2007). In this study, we examine whether gender or deixis are related to student use of evidence and explanations via statistical discourse analysis (SDA, Chiu 2008) of posts from students participating in online debates. ...
... For example, my idea, our idea, your idea, his/her/their idea, and the idea progressively shows a person's greater distance from the idea through the use of pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, their) and articles (the, a, an). As greater deictic proximity suggests a speaker's closer relationship with the referent (Semin 2007), a person's use of closer deictic markers in a message may reflect greater concern about his/her relationship with the addressee, suggesting greater empathy, mutual agreement or consensus seeking via flexible, general explanations rather than rigid, specific evidence (De Wied et al. 2007). Hence, we propose this hypothesis: ...
... Using markers that convey social proximity (we, you) and social distance (he/she/they) in responses did not influence students' use of evidence versus explanations within a post. Although greater deictic proximity suggests a closer relationship between speaker and referent (Semin 2007), the findings did not support the hypothesis (H3) that a person's use of closer deictic markers in a post reflects a person's concern with his/her relationship and predicts use of explanation rather than evidence. We suggest two plausible explanations for the finding. ...
We examined how social antecedents impact students’ use of explanations versus evidence to justify arguments using statistical discourse analysis on 2028 postings from 87 graduate students in five courses, each participating in four online debates. The results show that students overall were much more likely to justify arguments with explanations than with evidence. Explanations were more likely than evidence to be used in postings by women, when students posted responses to messages that conveyed greater social proximity (using he/she/they and using you instead of we) or directed attention (there), when making posts in early parts of a discussion thread and in the opening argument. Evidence was more likely to be used when responding to messages from men and when making posts towards the end of each discussion thread.
... Although this explanation appears plausible and can explain many of the construal effects described above, CLT nonetheless has been criticized for being a pattern-driven and not a process-driven theory (e.g., Semin, 2007). According to these critics, CLT simply proposes an associative relationship between construal level and distance but does not specify why this is the case. ...
... Several studies have shown that the use of concrete words, e.g. verbs, leads to more proximity, whereas the use of abstract words leads to more distance (for an overview see Semin, 2007). A number of experiments have addressed the relationship between language use and quality of interpersonal rapport. ...
... For instance, if you want others to like your new friend you should describe your friend in concrete positive terms rather than in abstract positive terms. This should lead to a feeling of greater proximity of your new friend (Semin, 2007). ...
One mechanism underlying the acquisition of interpersonal attitudes is the formation of an association between a valenced unconditioned stimulus (US) and an affectively neutral conditioned stimulus (CS). However, a stimulus (e.g., a person) is not always and necessarily perceived to be unambiguously positive or negative. An individual can be negative regarding abstract (trait) information but at the same time display a positive (concrete) behavior. The present research deals with the question of whether the valence of abstract or concrete information about a US is encoded and subsequently transferred to an associated CS. The central assumptions are that the valence of the concrete information is more important for the evaluation of the US, whereas the abstract information is more important for the evaluation of the CS. The rationale behind these assumptions is that the US is a psychologically proximal stimulus because it elicits a more direct affective reaction. The CS, however, is psychologically more distal because it is merely associated with the US and is therefore only experienced indirectly. It is postulated that the associative relation between US and CS constitutes a dimension of psychological distance. In four studies, the valence of abstract and concrete information about a number of USs was manipulated. Within an evaluative learning paradigm, these stimuli were associated with affectively neutral CSs. As predicted, ambivalent USs were evaluated according to the valence of the concrete information. The evaluation of CSs, however, was influenced more strongly by the valence of the abstract information. Moreover, in a subsequent lexical decision task, participants were faster to categorize abstract (vs. concrete) stimuli when the stimuli were preceded by a CS prime as compared to a US prime. The results provide first evidence that perceived psychological distance influences the evaluations of US and CS in an associative evaluative learning paradigm.
... While evidence is specific and often objective, explanations are broader and open to revision, so students concerned about social relationships might tend to use flexible explanations rather than rigid evidence. People can mark social distance with pronouns [we, they] person deixis (Semin, 2007). Women are often more concerned than men about relationships, so they might use more explanations than evidence. ...
... For example, my idea, our idea, your idea, his/her/their idea, and the idea progressively shows a person's greater distance from the idea through the use of pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, their) and articles (the, a, an). As greater deictic proximity suggests a speaker's closer relationship with the referent (Semin, 2007), closer deictic markers involving the addressee suggests a greater concern about their relationship, so they might be more likely to empathize, seek consensus or mutual agreement through flexible, general explanations rather than rigid, specific evidence (De Wied, Branje & Meeus, 2007). Hence, we propose that: H-3: People using pronouns that convey greater social distance (he, she, they) are more likely than others to use evidence than explanations. ...
... Fiedler, Semin, Finkenauer, and Berkel (1995) demonstrated that couples who had only been together a short time described events concerning their relationships with more abstract predicates compared to SYMBOLIC AND PRACTICAL GOALS IN LANGUAGE USE 285 couples who knew each other for a longer period. In a similar vein, Semin (2007b) reported that couples in ongoing, close relationships used more concrete language to describe themselves, their partners, and their relationship than those who had broken up or were in a distant relationship. ...
... On the one hand, previous findings have shown that the distance between partners (e.g., short-term or dissolved couples) is associated with abstract language, whereas closer, long-term partners tend to use more concrete language irrespective of the positive or negative valence of the behaviour or event described (Rubini & Kruglanski, 1997;Semin, 2007b). Consequently the predictions were that, when the communicative goal was simply to self-disclose, participants would use more abstract language in composing messages aimed at initiating , Study 1) or terminating (Study 2) a romantic relationship. ...
This article addresses the role of linguistic abstraction in the achievement of symbolic and practical goals. Reviewing evidence from laboratory studies, we first elaborate on the power of language as a means of ingroup enhancement or outgroup derogation under different intergroup conditions. We then report several experimental and archival studies that showed how language serves the achievement of different practical goals such as initiating, maintaining, and ending romantic relations, accounting for individual and group decisions, maintaining or obtaining political and gender power, and persuading others. The analysis of open-ended language measures—which represents a methodological thread of the reviewed studies—shows how language is strategically moulded according to individual and group goals in laboratory as well as in real-life contexts. The implications of the interplay among language, cognition, and action are addressed.
... Despite some differences across industries and contexts, we confirm what research conducted in the communication accommodation theory (Semin, 2007;Zhu, 2022) had identified: when speakers signal their relational closeness with their audiences and reduce the differences in linguistic features during their interaction, there is an increased opportunity to establish a more meaningfu l connection . ...
... In order to study human behavior in response to conflict, we used frequency analysis and semantic analysis of the verbs used by the respondents in their openended answers. Attempts to analyze the relationship between the use of the parts of speech and human mental conditions were undertaken in the research of Chang and Pennebaker (2007), Pennebaker and Stone (2003), Semm (2007), and Semm, Rubinm and Fiedler (1995), among others. ...
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę rozwijania dziecięcej proaktywności z wykorzystaniem design thinking jako metody wpisującej się w nurt edukacji dla zrównoważonego rozwoju. W związku z postępującym kryzysem klimatycznym głównym celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie, w jaki sposób metoda design thinking wspiera rozwój proaktywności w zakresie działań na rzecz ochrony przyrody u dzieci z klasy III szkoły podstawowej
... In order to study human behavior in response to conflict, we used frequency analysis and semantic analysis of the verbs used by the respondents in their openended answers. Attempts to analyze the relationship between the use of the parts of speech and human mental conditions were undertaken in the research of Chang and Pennebaker (2007), Pennebaker and Stone (2003), Semm (2007), and Semm, Rubinm and Fiedler (1995), among others. ...
Oddany do rąk czytelników wolumin „Forum Pedagogicznego” ma charakter in-nowacyjny. Jego część tematyczna odsłania bowiem obszar problemowy nazwany „pedagogiką lasu”, który nie pojawił się dotąd na łamach naukowych czasopism poświęconych edukacji i wychowaniu. Nie można tu nie wspomnieć o zaistniałych, w różnych kontekstach i opracowaniach specjalistycznych, pojęciach posiadających już swoją historię, takich jak: edukacja leśna czy edukacja przygodowa, w ramach których wymienia się: experiential education (oudoor education, adventure edu-cation), pedagogika przeżyć (niem. Erlebnispädagogik) czy rodzima metodyka harcerska. W kontekście prób usystematyzowania wielu bliskoznacznych terminów wyróżnić należy pionierskie analizy poczynione dotychczas przez Ewę Palamer-Kabacińską, poczynając od artykułu pt. Miejsce pedagogiki przygody w naukach pedagogicznych z 2012 roku, przez studium porównawcze pt. Czeskie doświadczenia w obszarze pedagogiki przeżyć, opublikowane w 2016 roku, i w końcu najbardziej aktualne i wyczerpujące dzieło z roku 2021, znane jako Pedagogika przygody a harcerstwo Studium teoretyczne. Natomiast to, co na tym tle wyróżnia pedagogikę lasu, mieści się w samej jej nazwie. Z jednej strony akcentuje bowiem dobrze znane pojęcie dziedziny nauk o wychowaniu i kształceniu, jaką jest pedagogika, a z drugiej łączy się z kategorią bytu naturalnego o wysokim stopniu bioróżnorodności i samoregulacji, jakim jest las
... Despite some differences across industries and contexts, we confirm what research conducted in the communication accommodation theory (Semin, 2007;Zhu, 2022) had identified: when speakers signal their relational closeness with their audiences and reduce the differences in linguistic features during their interaction, there is an increased opportunity to establish a more meaningfu l connection . ...
In this paper, we confirm and extend the empirical evidence that discusses the role of individual traits in determining resource acquisition by entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 59,538 crowdfunding campaigns launched on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter, we explore how the use of language can impact a campaign's success. This paper adopts a combined methodology that relies on the Crovitz 42 Relational Words, emotional text mining (ETM), and Machine Learning to model key variables and identify the elements of a campaign that could primarily affect successful funding. This research concludes with practical suggestions for how entrepreneurs can use language and other controllable variables to increase their chances for success with their crowdfunding campaigns from the very start, as well as understand which uncontrollable variables may boost their chances of success during a campaign.
... Similarly, researchers studying romantic relationships have speculated that use of "we" words during couples' interactions may not be a reliable signal of interdependence (Slatcher et al., 2008, p. 419), given that "we" words in such interactions do not seem to predict relationship satisfaction (Sillars et al., 1997;Simmons et al., 2005;Slatcher et al., 2008) or relationship stability (Slatcher et al., 2008; in contrast, "we" words used to describe one's relationship do seem to be more predictive; Agnew et al., 1998). Thus, whereas use of plural pronouns appears to be a marker of the existence of a shared identity, it is not clear that this reliably signals closeness per se; indeed, Semin (2007) and Pennebaker (2011) have each pointed out that the use of "we" can at times signal distance, as in the case of use of the "royal" we. Furthermore, from a psychological distance perspective, use of "we" rather than "I" suggests a consideration of another person, who is inherently more psychologically distant than the self (Fiedler et al., 1995;Trope & Liberman, 2010). ...
There has been much discussion around when people use "I" versus "we" pronouns, and abstract versus concrete communications, as well as how each of these can shape communication effectiveness. In the current research we bring together these separate research streams. Drawing on research arguing that abstract and concrete language are linked with communicative scope, we argue for an association between linguistic abstractness and personal pronoun usage. Across three archival data sets and two experiments, we find support for this association: Speakers who use more concrete language also use more first person singular (vs. plural) pronouns. In two follow-up studies we further find that this association can impact message effectiveness, such that using more first person singular than plural pronouns is increasingly ineffective when using abstract rather than concrete language, and using more concrete language is increasingly effective when using first-person singular rather than plural pronouns. By illustrating the link between linguistic abstraction and pronoun use, we offer insights into previously documented phenomena and suggest a key way of enhancing communication effectiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... Besides, the use of negative passion was also evident in text that incited violence towards an individual or a group because of belonging to a given protected social characteristic. Devaluation is a commitment to hate characterized by the use of demeaning words in text messages to refer to a target group using animal or insect [4,59]. Subjectivity was characterized by the use of faulty arguments that were biased, or propaganda through the use of quantifiers and certainty terms like "always", "never", "all". ...
This study examines the problem of hate speech identification in codeswitched text from social media using a natural language processing approach. It explores different features in training nine models and empirically evaluates their predictiveness in identifying hate speech in a ~50k human-annotated dataset. The study espouses a novel approach to handle this challenge by introducing a hierarchical approach that employs Latent Dirichlet Analysis to generate topic models that help build a high-level Psychosocial feature set that we acronym PDC. PDC groups similar meaning words in word families, which is significant in capturing codeswitching during the preprocessing stage for supervised learning models. The high-level PDC features generated are based on a hate speech annotation framework [1] that is largely informed by the duplex theory of hate [2]. Results obtained from frequency-based models using the PDC feature on the dataset comprising of tweets generated during the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections in Kenya indicate an f-score of 83% (precision: 81%, recall: 85%) in identifying hate speech. The study is significant in that it publicly shares a unique codeswitched dataset for hate speech that is valuable for comparative studies. Secondly, it provides a methodology for building a novel PDC feature set to identify nuanced forms of hate speech, camouflaged in codeswitched data, which conventional methods could not adequately identify.
... The Distance word family comprises terms that represent psychological distancing or proximity in intergroup or interpersonal relationships, often known as "othering" language [49]. This is frequently suggested by a pronoun-heavy vocabulary like "we," they", and so on [50,51,52,53]. An example message is "We make better leaders...they are Cowards". ...
This study uses natural language processing to identify hate speech in social media codeswitched text. It trains nine models and tests their predictiveness in recognizing hate speech in a 50k human-annotated dataset. The article proposes a novel hierarchical approach that leverages Latent Dirichlet Analysis to develop topic models that assist build a high-level Psychosocial feature set we call PDC. PDC organizes words into word families, which helps capture codeswitching during preprocessing for supervised learning models. Informed by the duplex theory of hate, the PDC features are based on a hate speech annotation framework. Frequency-based models employing the PDC feature on tweets from the 2012 and 2017 Kenyan presidential elections yielded an f-score of 83 percent (precision: 81 percent, recall: 85 percent) in recognizing hate speech. The study is notable because it publicly exposes a rich codeswitched dataset for comparative studies. Second, it describes how to create a novel PDC feature set to detect subtle types of hate speech hidden in codeswitched data that previous approaches could not detect.
... Collective responsibility is out of our scope. systematically mark distance or proximity in interpersonal relations by means of personal pronouns (Semin, 2007). ...
The categorical structure of the term "responsibility" and its relations with the concept of self were revealed in a study conducted with 57 English-speaking participants with different native languages. 30 words were extracted from dictionaries and encyclopediae and the psychosemantic distances between them were measured by means of the free classification method. It seems that people perceive responsibility as relatively distant from their Self-concept. They relate it more to the narrow social sphere, and less to the wider social sphere, more to terms with a locus of responsibility closer to personality (e.g. "will"), and less - to terms with a locus of responsibility farther from personality (e.g. "obligation"), more with positive and neutral prerequisites and consequences of responsibility, and less with its negative prerequisites and consequences. Sex and native language influence the categorical structure of responsibility to some extent.
... In getting things done through language, individuals also regulate their social relationships ( Semin 2007). This relationship may indicate their proximity to, neighbourhood with, or distance from their interlocutors ( Bourdieu 1989). ...
Drawing on concepts such as convergence, divergence and maintenance associated with Communication Accommodation Theory, this article examines a group of Vietnamese ethnic minority students’ language choice in relation to their identity and social distance between them and their interlocutors. Our analysis suggests that the strategies of accommodation deployed by individuals can be related to common values/tendencies that are maintained by the groups and communities to which they belong, raising issues about structural influence on individual language choice and agency. We observe that enhancing the ethnolinguistic vitality of the home and the community in which senior members hold the key to language maintenance should be considered vital in reducing the new in-group distance created by young members. Moreover, multilingual policies which enable flexible attainment goals for all languages may provide a way forward for equity and reduction of social distance between different ethnic groups in society.
... Only a minor part of one's world knowledge is based on direct firsthand experience; the greatest part is conveyed via second-hand communication by parents, friends, teachers, and the media. Language was particularly shown to afford a versatile instrument for distance regulation (Semin, 2007). Linguistic abstractness, the most common measure in construal-level theory and in actionidentification theory (Vallacher & Wegner, 1987), is the most frequently cited correlate of psychological distance. ...
In the present research we elaborate on an ecological account (Fiedler, Jung, Wänke & Alexopoulos, 2012) for the unitary distance dimension postulated in construal-level theory, highlighting linguistic influences on distance regulation. We first replicate that distinct action verbs solicit similarly distant or close episodes in many judges, producing strong positive correlations between ratings of four distance aspects (time, space, probability, personal distance). A primary semantic-pragmatic dimension that accounts for a large part of the verb impact is valence: Negative action verbs trigger more distant episodes than positive verbs. Experiment 1 rules out an alternative explanation in terms of participants' mood. Experiment 2 cross-validates the valence effect with a new sample of affective state verbs. Consistent with implicit verb causality, state verbs solicit more distant episodes than action verbs, suggesting lack of intentional control and power as another semantic-pragmatic dimension. Experiment 3 supports this interpretation using high- and low-power nouns.
... A possible explanation of these results might be referred to the higher proximity of these applicants to members of hiring committees. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that when communicators describe people who are very close to them, they tend to use more concrete terms than when they refer to distant others (for a review, see Semin, 2007). Rubini and Kruglanski (1997) have also shown that when interlocutors use a concrete language, they reciprocally perceive each other as more close and friendly than when they use an abstract language. ...
The present research examines how hiring committees strategically use language abstraction to collectively account for their decision to hire a job applicant over the others. In addition, the authors investigate how work interdependence between single members of hiring committees and applicants and common affiliation to the same work organization affect the language used to write individual reports on job candidates. Results of the first study show that selected applicants were described with positive terms at a higher level of abstraction and negative terms at a lower level of abstraction. The second study supports the selection linguistic bias in individually written reports and demonstrates that members of hiring committees describe interdependent applicants and those belonging to their group with negative terms at a lower level of abstraction than other applicants. The implications of the findings for the wider personnel selection context are discussed.
... Die größere Distanz und Fremdheit von Migranten führt zu deren generell abstrakteren Beschreibung (vgl. Semin, 2007). ...
Einflüsse der Medien auf Prozesse der Diskriminierung und Toleranz gegenüber Menschen anderer sozialer Gruppen sind relevant,
da unterschiedliche Formen und Inhalte der Berichterstattung zu spezifischen Wirkungen auf Seiten der Rezipienten führen können. Eines der klassischen Themen der kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Inhaltsanalyse
ist die Frage, wie verschiedene Minderheiten durch die Massenmedien dargestellt werden (vgl. Krippendorff, 2004, S. 202 ff.;
Neuendorf, 2002, S. 203). Die Inhaltsanalyse stellt dabei eine Forschungsmethode dar, mit der replizierbare und valide Schlüsse
von Texten auf deren Kontexte gezogen werden können (Krippendorff, 2004, S. 18). Themen, Akteure und Bewertungen der Medienberichterstattung
werden systematisch codiert und Häufigkeiten der Erwähnung bestimmter Minderheiten und ihrer Kontextualisierung mit Realstatistiken
verglichen. Befunde dieser Studien zeigen, dass die Mehrheit die als fremd empfundenen Minderheiten der Migranten stereotyp
darstellt: Etwa durch verzerrte Häufigkeitsschätzungen von Minderheiten beziehungsweise ihrer Handlungen, insbesondere berichtete
Straftaten, die sich mit sozialstatistischen Indikatoren direkt vergleichen lassen.
This article explores a new style of journalism identified in the contents of 21 public Telegram channels from the second half of 2020. The case follows the poisoning of the Russian oppositionist Alexei Navalny as part of a broader research programme on the Russian public sphere. The qualitative analysis of the data provides insight into the use of Telegram as a source for ‘insider news’. This article distinguishes the linguistic peculiarities of the texts, such as markers of orality, and contrasts them with various modes of virtual journalism. The article proposes a model of a three-way proximity-building as a feature of a new journalism style. The article contributes to understanding the dynamics of the Russian public sphere and its overspill beyond the Russian territory and the institutional media outlets.
Online crowdfunding has become an important venue for innovating entrepreneurs, enabling them to bypass traditional funding sources and directly pitch to the masses. And yet, most crowdfunding campaigns fail to reach their funding goals. In this paper, we examined the role of language in crowdfunding success by investigating a widely used, but understudied, linguistic feature: proximal language. We conducted two studies that combined behavioral and experimental evidence to investigate how and why proximal language is persuasive. Using behavior data from a sample of 459 online crowdfunding campaigns on a technological innovation, Study 1 found that campaigns using more proximal language, such as collective-referencing we-pronouns, audience-orienting you-pronouns, and concrete words, were more likely to succeed. By contrast, campaigns using more distal terms, such as self-referencing I-pronouns, were less likely to succeed. Building upon these results, Study 2 reported a multi-message, mixed-design experiment (N = 177) where we examined the causal mechanism underlying the suasory effects of proximal language. The results showed that proximal (vs. distant) language reduced psychological distance, which enhanced perceived message quality and eventually led to stronger financing intentions. Implications for persuasion and entrepreneurial practice are discussed.
Three studies test several mechanisms of cognitive bridging, or how a strategic communication message functions to connect the abstract goal of an individual with the specific means to achieve the goal. Across all of the experiments (n = 276, n = 209, n = 145), it was demonstrated that participants who received an induced bridging mechanism were more likely to produce cognitive bridging outputs and report more abstract responses than participants who did not receive a bridging technique. We do not find the same pattern of results among participants who received an integrated bridging technique. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that how abstractly or concretely an individual is thinking can be influenced by abstraction cues planted within a strategic message, providing promise for messaging efforts at the moment of decision. In other words, the level of abstract thinking an individual is carrying into an exposure situation is possible to change using cues within the message itself. This is the first article to juxtapose the induced and integrated mechanisms of cognitive bridging.
This study explores: (a) how Urdu/English bilinguals flag-up social identities and power relations in the digital discourse, and (b) whether or not bilingualism favours mixing and/or diffusing local identity in the global discourse. The data were sampled from 200 Bachelor of Science students (who had Urdu as their primary language of communication and English as one of the academic languages or the most prestigious second language) of 5 universities situated in Lahore, Pakistan. The data were delimited to their Facebook conversations ‘on the wall’. The analysis procedure was based on the Sociocultural Communication Approach to unpack selective discursive practices responsible for linguistic choices by Urdu/English bilinguals in the digital discourse. In addition to English–Urdu code-switching as an identity marker, they use a range of linguistic features covering linguistic reduction, neologism and paralinguistic features to reflect solidarity, power and gender within their speech community. The study further anticipates that prevalence of certain linguistic forms among the participants depends on their position in the social systems. It is hoped that the patterns found in this study regarding how Urdu/English bilinguals identify themselves in the digital discourse will continue to be relevant in the future.
Der Artikel analysiert, ausgehend von relevanten Definitionen zur Diskriminierung, Faktoren und Strukturen der Medienberichterstattung über Minderheiten. Systematische Inhaltsanalysen zu Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen von stereotyper und diskriminierender Berichterstattung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Angesprochen werden auch Ansätze zur Einschätzung und Messung von sprachlicher Diskriminierung im Intergruppenkontext (Linguistic Intergroup Bias), die auf Medienanalysen übertragen worden sind. Abschließend werden Diskussionspunkte und Dimensionen des Forschungsbedarfs benannt.
Der Artikel analysiert, ausgehend von relevanten Definition zur Diskriminierung, Faktoren und Strukturen der Medienberichterstattung über Minderheiten. Systematische Inhaltsanalysen zu Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen von stereotyper und diskriminierender Berichterstattung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Angesprochen werden auch Ansätze zur Einschätzung und Messung von sprachlicher Diskriminierung im Intergruppenkontext (Linguistic Intergroup Bias), die auf Medienanalysen übertragen worden sind. Abschließend werden Diskussionspunkte und Dimensionen des Forschungsbedarfs benannt.
Der Artikel analysiert, ausgehend von relevanten Definition von Diskriminierung, Faktoren und Strukturen der Medienberichterstattung über Minderheiten. Systematische Inhaltsanalysen zu Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen von stereotyper und diskriminierender Berichterstattung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Angesprochen werden auch Ansätze zur Einschätzung und Messung von sprachlicher Diskriminierung im Intergruppenkontext (Linguistic Intergroup Bias), der auf Medienanalysen übertragen worden ist. Abschließend werden Diskussionspunkte und Dimensionen des Forschungsbedarfs benannt.
Der Artikel anlysiert ausgehend von relevanten Definition von Diskriminierung Faktoren und Stukturen der Medienberichterstattung über Minderheiten. Systematische Inhaltsanalysen zu zu Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen von stereotyper und diskriminierender Berichterstattung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Angesprochen werden auch Ansätze zur Einschätzung und Messung von sprachlicher Diskriminierung im Intergruppenkontext (Linguistic Intergroup Bias), der auf Medienanalysen übertragen worden ist. Abschließend werden Diskussionspunkte und Dimensionen des Forschungsbedarf benannt.
Der Artikel anlysiert ausgehend von relevanten Definitionen von Diskriminierung Stukturen der Medienberichterstattung über Minderheiten. Systematische Inhaltsanalysen zu Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen von stereotyper und diskriminierender Berichterstattung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Angesprochen werden auch Ansätze zur Einschätzung und Messung von sprachlicher Diskriminierung im Intergruppenkontext (Linguistic Intergroup Bias), der auf Medienanalysen übertragen worden ist. Abschließend werden Diskussionspunkte und Dimensionen des Forschungsbedarf benannt.
In her discussion on register, Hasan (1973, pp. 271ff.) explains that register is ‘characterized by reference to some syntactic, lexical or phonological patterns’, and such characterization is motivated by the following five factors: subject matter of the discourse, situation type of the discourse, participant roles within discourse, mode of discourse and medium of discourse. The discussion then elaborates the relations between these factors and certain linguistic patterns. On the factor of participant roles within discourse, Hasan (1973, p. 277) points out that individuals can be related by several ‘socially defined positional roles’ but these role relations are not equally relevant to a particular social activity, emphasizing the necessity of qualifying the term ‘participant roles’ as ‘participant roles within discourse’. The different degrees of relevancy of role relations to a social activity are likely to be reflected by certain linguistic patterns emerging from the language used by the individuals in that social activity, hence exhibiting registerial variation. Hasan provides an example of a social activity of classroom interaction in which the teacher happens to be the mother of a student. The role relation that is more relevant would be teacher-student instead of mother-daughter, which would probably be reflected in certain linguistic patterns of the language use of the teacher/mother and the student/daughter.
[...from the chapter] In the present article, we delineate a different approach, which is by no means inconsistent, but largely overlaps with the aforementioned definitions. However, our approach is simpler and refrains from a number of rather strong assumptions to which other conceptions subscribe. Using a simple and straightforward criterion, we define intuition in terms of the size of the sample used in reaching a decision: Judgments and decisions are intuitive to the extent that they rest on small samples.
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