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Transition from Analog To Digital Television A Much Awaited Change In India

Authors:

Abstract

India despite being one of the technologically developing nations is still far behind in the race of adopting modern technologies. This is quite evident from the fact that Indian televisions are still tuned to analog channels and digital TV has not pervaded the society be it rural or semi-urban. Though metro cities have adopted digital TV as the only mechanism of relaying channels, transition is still due in rest of the cities. In this paper, a thrust have been given on digital TV technologies along with the reasons behind the requirement for rapid changeover from analog to digital TV for better development and better benefit per unit.
Transition from Analog To Digital Television
A Much Awaited Change In India
Swastik Gupta
Assistant Professor, SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Katra, India
swastik.gupta@smvdu.ac.in
Mradul Tiwari
Under Graduate Student, SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Katra, India
2012EEC19@smvdu.ac.in
Abhay Deep
Under Graduate Student, SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Katra, India
2012EEC31@smvdu.ac.in
Alka Gupta
Faculty, DCSIT
University of Jammu
Jammu, India
alka.gupta@smvdu.ac.in
Himanshu Garg
Under Graduate Student, SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Katra, India
2012EEC77@smvdu.ac.in
Alok Kumar Yadav
Under Graduate Student, SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Katra, India
2012EEC29@smvdu.ac.in
AbstractIndia despite being one of the technologically
developing nations is still far behind in the race of adopting
modern technologies. This is quite evident from the fact that
Indian televisions are still tuned to analog channels and digital
TV has not pervaded the society be it rural or semi-urban.
Though metro cities have adopted digital TV as the only
mechanism of relaying channels, transition is still due in rest of
the cities. In this paper, a thrust have been given on digital TV
technologies along with the reasons behind the requirement for
rapid changeover from analog to digital TV for better
development and better benefit per unit.
KeywordsTV; Digital TV; QAM; QPSK; OFDM
I. INTRODUCTION
According to different recent surveys conducted in
India, it is quite evident that India despite being a developing
nation is quite reluctant to adopt modern technologies in the
field of video broadcasting. Yet, many countries have already
switched to the Digital TV broadcasting but except in
metropolitan cities rest of the cities in India are still using
Analog video broadcasting technologies. DVB is a modern
concept of broadcasting video digitally which is having
different versions like DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-S and DVB-H.
It is having many advantages over the previous method of
broadcasting, i.e., AVB like it has more bandwidth efficiency,
having improved picture and audio quality, restricts the illegal
usages and provides us with the Right to Path. It is also free
from different types of noises and ghosting. Using this concept
we can multiplex our same bandwidth with more number of
channels those were missing in AVB, giving us a ratio of 7:1
in context of numbers of channels. DVB provides us with
different facilities like video on demand, games and much
more. Hence, it becomes quite evident from all the aspects that
DVB is a far better technology than AVB, so India should
switch to this technology as soon as possible for the better
development as well as benefit.
II. ANALOG VIDEO BRODCASTING
Broadcasting information in the analog format using
various transmission techniques is what Analog TV is all
about. An analog transmission technique involves
transmission of encoded video and audio data in analog
format. The different parameters like sound, brightness, and
colours are encoded as either frequency, amplitude or as the
phase of the signal. Analog transmission uses different
encoding techniques like NTSC, PAL, and SECAM which
encodes the signal accordingly and then the encoded signal is
modulated with either a VHF or UHF carrier using RF
modulation. The transmission signals contains complete
information about the timing and synchronization which is
then used by the receiver for the reconstruction of two-
dimensional images out of a one-dimensional signal. Analog
signals require a large bandwidth for their transmission. The
different encoding techniques used in the transmission of
analog signals are:
Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
National TV Standards Committee (NTSC)
Sequential Color with Memory (SECAM)
A. Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
Phase Alternating Line is a colour encoding standard
used in the broadcast of analog television. PAL standard uses
a Quadrature Amplitude Modulating Signal which has the
chrominance information which is added to luminance video
signal which in turn give rise to the formation of video
baseband signal. In this standard some part of the colour
information is made to be in the reverse phase which helps in
removing the phase errors in the transmission by cancelling
them out [1]. PAL receivers now use a chrominance Analog
Delay Line (ADL) which stores each lines colour information
which is an average of the information got from the current
and previous lines which drives the picture tube. PAL signals
have 13.5 MHz pixel clock frequency (720 active pixel/line)
which can be referred from Table I. These signals have a
negative horizontal sync polarity within almost 5 MHz
bandwidth. There are different abstractions of PAL standard
like PAL B, PAL M, PAL N, PAL I, PAL D/K and PAL G, H
which use either VHF or UHF frequency band for their
transmission [1].
B. National TV Standards Committee (NTSC)
National TV Standards Committee was the first television
standard adopted by U.S. in 1941 (Black and White) later,
Japan, Canada, South Korea and several other South American
countries also have adopted it. In 2009 the digital TV standard
superseded the analogue NTSC standard in USA. NTSC
colour encoding is done by framing, frame rate is in video per
second with 262.5 scan lines and 483 scan lines for visible
raster comprises in a total of 525 scan lines which can be
referred from Table I. This process is termed as Lines and
refresh rate. After encoding of frames colorimetry is done
which gives RGB combination in the encoded data and to
have more uniform colour regeneration i.e., SMPTE-C comes
in to play. To ensure the compatibility with black and white
mode television system colour encoding is done so that it may
not cause any compatibility problem [2]. Transmission of the
frames occupies a bandwidth of 6MHz with a video carrier
wave of 1.25MHz. Transmission module scheme comprises of
various modes to transmit whole data, i.e., AM, QAM, FM
and Vestigial sideband techniques. When transmission is done
the frame rate conversion takes part, which usually runs at a
rate of 24 frames per second (fps) and to ignore 3:2 pull-down
condition often rate is opted as 30 fps. Transmission
modulation is done along with analog satellite transmission to
reduce attenuation, noise prone factors and when it is
demodulated SNR comes out to be more than 50db, so it
requires high power or giant antenna to transmit and receive
signal/frame. An NTSC frame comprises of an odd and even
field, this pattern is alternatively set as an algorithm so as to
obey the receiving signal properly which otherwise would
result in "comb" interlacing artifacts [3].
C. Sequential Color with Memory (SECAM)
SECAM is a television transmission format used for the
first time in France. It is the first European standard for color
TV’s. The first proposed version that came in 1961 was
called SECAM I, followed by other formats for the
improvement in compatibility and image quality. These
improvements were SECAM II and SECAM III which came
in 1967 and followed by others like SECAM IIIA, SECAM
IIIB. SECAM is a standard which is compatible with the
existing monochrome televisions to make it compatible for the
color information which is then interlaced with the
monochrome signal before the transmission [4]. The word
chrominance is decided for color information and luminance
for the black and white information. Color receivers can
process both the signals, which was not possible with
monochrome receivers. This technique does not require more
bandwidth. The color signal is inserted into the monochrome
signal taking care that it should not disturb the latter one. The
spectrum of monochrome signal is somewhat discrete in
nature which facilitates the insertion of color signal in the free
space of its spectrum. A fixed frequency carrier is used which
is modulated by the color signal which helps in differentiating
the color and monochrome signal at the receiver. After
removing the luminance the colour sub carrier still have a two
dimensional signal [4]. SECAM uses frequency modulation to
encode chrominance information on the sub carrier and it
sends only one either Red or Blue information at a time and
then use it as an information for the next line. A memory
device called Analog Delay Line is used for storing the
information of one color line. As SECAM uses FM
modulation of the colour information, it makes it completely
free of the dot crawl problem which is a common problem
encountered with another analog standards. Because of the FM
nature, the color signal remains present even at very low
amplitude [4]. As SECAM is free of the colour artefacts it
transmits only one color at a time.
TABLE I. TELEVISION STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV
Features
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
PAL
PAL N
PAL M
SECAM
L,K1,K,D
Lines/
Field
525/60
625/
50
625/50
525/60
625/50
Horizontal
Frequency
15.735
kHz
15.6
25
kHz
15.625
kHz
15.75
kHz
15.625 kHz
Vertical
Frequency
60 Hz
50
Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
Colour
Subcarrier
Frequency
3.5794
MHz
4.43
362
MHz
3.5830
MHz
3.5756
MHz
4.406250 MHz/
4.250 MHz
Video
Band-
width
4.3
MHz
5.01
MHz
4.21
MHz
4.21
MHz
6.0 MHz
Sound
Carrier
4.5
MHz
5.56
MHz
4.51
MHz
4.51
MHz
6.5 MHz
III. DIGITAL VIDEO BRODCASTING
Digital TV involves transmission of audio and video
data by multiplexed and digitally processed signals. Digital
TV requires less bandwidth hence can support multiple
channels over the same given bandwidth. Digital TV is also
noise immune and supports high definition output. It does not
have problems like ghosting, interference as present in Analog
TV. There are some efficient and good broadcasting
techniques evolved over a period of time which are given
below-
A. Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T)
DVB-T first introduced in 1997 and was used to
broadcast in UK in 1998. This became possible by
transmitting compressed digital audio and video using OFDM
through MPEG-TS
Using OFDM data stream, digital data is divided into a
giant number of digital streams and whose frequencies are
modulated digitally which comprises a set of adjacent sub
carrier frequencies [5].
Along with all other DVB techniques, DVB-T i.e. DVB-
Terrestrial have two types of carriers, i.e., 2k mode and 8k
mode [6].
It contains three types of modulation schemes
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Taiwan, Columbia, Trinidad, Tobago and many other
countries adopted DVB-T using VHF (7 MHz) and UHF
(8 MHz); on the other hand Philippines use channels of 6 MHz
[7].
The two latest standards of DVB-T are
DVB-H
DVB-T2
Both of these were finalized in August 2011. This standard
deals with ‘Guard Interval’ and allows the receiver to cope
with strong multipath situations.
B. Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H)
Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld (DVB-H) was
officially endorsed from March 2008 by the European Union
as the preferred technology for terrestrial mobile broadcasting.
It is among the four prevailing broadcasting formats (DMB,
DVB-H, OneSeg, and MediaFLO) present nowadays. DVB-H
is a technical specification for making broadcast services to
battery operated devices like mobile handsets and PDAs
possible. DVB-H was published in November 2004 as ETSI
standard EN 302 304 [8].
DVB-H technology is a successful counterpart of DVB-T
technology with some more supplementary features. It can
share the same multiplex with DVB-T. It uses a mechanism
known as multi-protocol encapsulation (MPE), making it
possible to transport data network protocols on top of MPEG-
2 transport streams [9].
DVB-H has mechanism called multi-protocol
encapsulation (MPE), which makes it possible to transport
data network protocols on top of MPEG-2 transport streams
[9]. A forward error correction (FEC) scheme is used
simultaneously with this to improve the robustness and thus it
will provide mobility to the signals. A 4k code has been added
to DVB-H along with 2k and 8k modes available in DVB-T
which provides flexibility for network design. There was a
short “in-depth” interleave introduced for 2k and 4k modes
that provides better tolerance against impulsive noise (making
us eligible to achieve an optimum level of robustness like in
the 8k mode) [10].
In this standard, time slicing technology is employed which
is responsible in reduction of power consumption in small
handheld terminals. IP datagram’s are made to be transmitted
as data bursts in small time slots and each burst may contain
up to two megabits of data (including parity bits) [9, 11]. For
each 191 data bit, there are 64 parity bits which are protected
by Reed-Solomon codes. A time period comes in account
when data burst of a specified service area is in air, for that
period only the front end of the receiver switches on. In this
short period of interval, time buffer get stored by high data
rate is received. This buffer can play out live streams and has
the ability to store the downloaded applications. Dependency
of power saving is achievable by the relation of on/off-time.
The maximum achievable rate of the power saving for the
front end could be up to 90% if there are approximately ten or
more busted services in a DVB-H stream [12].
DVB-H is operated on the following bands:
VHF-III :-(170-230 MHz, or a portion of it)
UHF-IV/V:- (470-862 MHz, or a portion of it)
L :-(1.452-1.492 GHz)
C. Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite services
to Handhelds (DVB-SH)
DVB-SH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite services
to Handhelds) is a physical layer based standard for providing
handheld devices like mobile phones or PDAs with the IP
based media contents and data which are based on a hybrid
satellite/terrestrial downlink. The DVB-SH standard was
published by DVB organization in February 2007.
The DVB-SH system supports UHF band, L band or S
band as it is designed for directed on the frequencies below 3
GHz. A much better development could done in physical layer
which compliments existing mode DVB-H. Its parent
specification (DVB-H) is based on DVB IPDC delivery
service purchase and protection standards as well as electronic
service guides [9, 10].
DVB-SH standard has two functional modes:
SH-A: In this the use of COFDM modulation is parallel with
terrestrial and satellite links with the benefit of executing both
links simultaneously in SFN mode [8].
SH-B: It uses COFDM on the terrestrial link Time-Division
Multiplexing (TDM) on the satellite link [13].
The DVB-SH comprises of a number of qualities compared
to DVB-H:
Different coding rates are available.
Scheme of 64QAM modulation was omitted.
It includes 1k FFT and it supports bandwidth of
1.7MHz.
Turbo coding for creating FEC.
Improvement in Time interleaving.
Antenna diversity was supported by its terminals.
D. Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite (DVB-S)
DVB-S was first released in 1995 while development
took four years from 1993 to 1997. Australia avail the first
application use of DVB-S through Galaxy, allowing digital
broadcast to deliver television in real market via satellite.
Each continent is being served via satellites. It uses both
MCPC and SCPC for broadcast network. But usually
MCPC is not used as multiplexing is not practical, so to
overcome this drawback SCPC is used. SCPC shares a
transponder instead of multiplexing of signals. It uses
single signal at a fixed bandwidth (frequency). SCPC can
also be used in communicating with satellites and with
non-satellites. DVB-S is mandated as MPEG-2, known
MPEG-transport stream (MPEG-TS) [14].
DVB-S has two versions:
a) Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite-Second Generation
(DVB-S2)
DVB-S2 was discovered as a successor for the popular
DVB-S System. It was developed in 2003 and permitted by
ETSI in March 2005. It enables transmission of audio and
images from remote locations world-wide to home television
stations via mobile units. It started with HDTV and H.264
earlier. With reference to Table III this standard includes
techniques like MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 for encoding. The gain
of DVB-S2 was around 30% that of DVB-S, which was a
successful attempt.
Two main features added in DVB-S are:
Irregular Repeat-Accumulate codes, it is a scheme
based on LDPC code which was introduced [15].
Modes VCM and ACM were introduced to allow
optimizing bandwidth utilization within dynamically
changing transmission.
b) Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite - Second Generation
Extension(DVB-S2X)
It is again an extension of pre-coming technique DVB-S2.
When compared with DVB-S2 its efficiency comes out to be
51% more than DVB-S.
Advantages:
Higher Modulation Schemes (64/128/256APSK)
Smaller Roll-off factors
It also improved filtering which makes it possible to get
decreased spacing in the carrier [16].
E. Digital Video Broadcasting-Cable (DVB-C)
Digital Broadcasting Cable is a DVB European consortium
standard which is used in the broadcast of digital television
over cable. It first came into existence in 1994, it transmits
digital stream of audio and video data in either MPEG2 or 4-
format. It uses single carrier QAM with Reed Solomon
channel coding [17]. It mainly laid emphasis on unique data
format; the MPEG transport stream. It includes 16-256 bits
QAM modulation schemes [18]. This standard does not
include various techniques like Guard Interval, Internal
Interleaving and External Interleaving. It includes one bit
interleaving error reduction technique and it also doesn’t
include any kind of pilots in it [18].
TABLE II. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DVB-C AND DVB-C2
Features
DVB-C
DVB-C2
Input
Single TS
Multiple-TS and
Generic Stream
Encapsulation
Modes
Constant Coding
Variable and
Adaptive Coding
FEC
RS
LDPC + BDC
Modulation Scheme
16 - 256 QAM
16 - 4096 QAM
Guard Interval
N/A
1/64 or 1/128
IFFT Size
N/A
4k
Interleaving
Bit Interleaving
Bit Time and
Frequency
Interleaving
F. DVB-C2
After some years there came an evolution in the DVB-C
technique and it was referred to as 2nd generation of DVB-C
technique. It is a single, much flexed standard, covering a
wide range of applications through cable. It is fully equipped
with flexible input stream adapter which in turn enables it for
single and multiple input streams either packetized or
continuous [17]. Referring to Table II, this standard has a
range of 16 to 4096 bits QAFM modulation schemes [18].
This standard has Adaptive as well as Variable coding
techniques. In this method of broadcasting the types of
channel coding used in it is LDPC+BCH ½, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6,
7/8, 8/9, 9/10 [18].
TABLE III. FEATURES OF VARIOUS BROADCASTING TECHNIQUE
Features/DVB
DVB-C
DVB-S
DVB-T
DVB-H
DVB-
SH
MPEG-2
MPEG-4
Year
1994
1995
1997
2004
2007
MPE
FEC
TST
Satellite
TDM
FFT
SCPC/MCPC
LDPC/ACM/VCM
IV. ANALOG COMPARISON OVER DIGITAL
Digital TV is a much better option than analog because in
digital transmission extra amount of data can be transmitted
than Analog transmission in same bandwidth. One of the
points for opting Digital TV instead of Analog one is that a
better intelligent and advanced TV can be made using Digital
technology. Due to wider range of frequency and better
sampling we can have better sound quality than in analog TV
[19]. Some of the comparisons on different grounds are given
below.
A. Technical
Digital technology is far better than analog one as data sent
in analog technology is not liable to be reproduced at the
receiver’s end. Analog data can deteriorate over distance and
it is also prone to many problems like interference, producing
ghost images. In analog transmission the transmitted data
produce lower quality of audio and picture than the original
one due to the noise and a degraded frequency response.
Another problem with analog transmission is that it takes a lot
of valuable bandwidth either in UHF or VHF band [19]. In
digital transmission, instead of transmitting a whole
continuous signal, digital broadcast converts the programming
into a stream of binary ON/OFF bits. Its significant advantage
is that when we reconstruct these bits an exact copy of
message signal get reproduced at the receiver’s end, hence the
sound and picture quality is also better than those in analog
one. The digital technology is also free from noise as it
contains bits so there is no fuzziness, no snow in the picture
and no ghosting. The most significant advantage of the digital
broadcasting is that it is more bandwidth friendly. It is more
bandwidth efficient hence local television station can
broadcast two, three or even four digital channel in space of
single analog channel bandwidth. With Digital Technology
government will get to know about the real and exact number
of users in the country hence in turn they can amend and
release their policies accordingly so that each and every
fraction of the society can take advantage of them.
B. Social
There are some social problems also related to the Analog
Broadcasting like if there are users at geographically remote
areas it is not economically and practically feasible to
facilitate them with a cable connection there which is quite
possible with the use of digital broadcasting techniques like
with DVB-T. Thus, the introduction or use of digital
technology may help minimize the ‘social divide’ in the
particular realm. The another problem with the cables used in
Analog Transmission technology is that they create a problem
of Right of Way in countries like India where there is a
problem of space. Also, digital broadcasting techniques are
more secured then analog one as it avoids possibility of
tapping of information.
C. Economic
With the use of Digital TV, the service providers can
easily track the number of users and illegal users can be
successfully averted. There would be no cost of cables hence it
will be cheaper than the Analog TV.
V. EXPENDITURE INCURRED AND ITS IMPACT
Digitalization is the foremost need of the present
scenario in India but like many other things it also has many
merits and demerits. The biggest setback is an initial cost of
setting up the whole arrangement for digitalization is quite
high because of which majority of the users are reluctant in
adopting this technology. Along with this the cost for
maintenance of STB’s and its arrangement is also high in the
case of malfunction in comparison to analog arrangement.
Also, if there is more than one television in any house they
have to install all of the TV’s with separate kit despite of the
fact that one of the televisions is only meant for listening news
on it. The monthly cost of maintaining digital TV’s is also
quite high which makes a direct impact on the end users
belonging to lower financial status.
VI. PROBLEMS FACED IN SHIFT AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
People in India might be considered to have a
disparity over the shift from Analog to Digital Technology but
seeking truth from the insights the actual reason is the lack of
awareness. India has decided to have a Digital shift in its
Entertainment Industry and planned different phases to
achieve it properly. In phase 1, the success rate was only 30%.
In other phases so far the success rate is quite low with
incorporated delay in the schedule. Some of the reasons
behind that are lack of awareness among the users about the
advantages of the Digital shift. Secondly, the initial cost of
setting up the arrangement was also quite high hence the users
at large with low financial background are reluctant in
adopting this aberrant change and the cost of maintaining the
later one is also higher than the previous technology. Hence to
abridge this gap Government have to take some measures like
making the users aware about the advantages of the shift,
making initial setting cost low so that each faction can manage
to adopt this change easily and along with this all the MSO’s
should have to unite so there will be minimum possible
confusion among the users. Lowering the Average Revenue
per user (ARPU’s) initially will also help a lot.
VII. CONCLUSION
The study in the end concluded that all the service providers
need to shift for digital broadcasting to have a transparent,
more interactive and better viewing experience. Digitalization
provides us better picture quality, more number of channels,
user interactive entertainment. Government and industry
should work on lowering the initial cost, monthly maintenance
cost and effective awareness methods among the users for the
smooth and swift implementation of the shift. Therefore it is
the foremost need of the present scenario to implement the
Analog to Digital shift.
VIII. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
For the purposes of the present document, the following
abbreviations apply:
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld
DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PAL Phase Alternating Line
SECAM Sequential Color with Memory
NTSC National TV Standards Committee
ADL Analog Delay Line
DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite
DVB-S2 Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite -
Second Generation
DVB-SH Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite services
to Handhelds
TDM Time-Division Multiplexing
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting-Cable
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards
Institute
IP Internet Protocol
FEC Forward Error Correction
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
VCM Variable Coding and Modulation
ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation
IPDC Internet Protocol Data Casting
MHP Multimedia Home Platform
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
ARPU Average Revenue per user
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
IPDC IP Data Cast
LDPC Low density parity check
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
SI Service Information
TS Transport Stream
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