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Tanning of Different Animal Skins/Hides and Study of Their Properties for Textile Application

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... Processing of skin or hides into stable materialleather-is known as tanning. The main product of the tanning industry, leather is used to create clothing, footwear, furniture, purses, and other items (Lawal & Odums, 2015;Li, Shan, Shao, &Shi, 2006). ...
... They are found in a good quantity in the leaf, bark, fruit, and wood of a plant. The secondary metabolites are fabricated by plants to combat the biotic and abiotic agents like herbivores, pathogens, and other agents [120]. The existence of hydroxyl groups in the construction of tannin allows it to interconnect with the various metal ions and form complexes with them. ...
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Nanoparticles, nowadays, are being used in multiple applications such as therapeutics, industries, healthcare, cosmetics, and wound healing. Nanoparticles are entirely distinct from bulk particles as they have a giant surface area to volume ratio, therefore, showing various mechanical, electrical, physical, chemical, and optical properties, and thus, being used in different properties. As there are so many applications of metallic nanoparticles, there is a requirement for an efficient method for nanoparticle synthesis because the conventional chemical methods used to synthesize nanoparticles have limitations such as high cost and negative environmental impact. To overcome these drawbacks, green methods for nanoparticle synthesis have emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient alternative. The green method for nanoparticle amalgam is cost-efficient and eco-friendly, unlike the chemical technique for nanoparticle synthesis. A variety of dimensions of nanoparticles can be synthesized by a substitute of the plant’s extract. Moreover, there is no requirement for external stabilizing agents and the involvement of harmful chemicals. This review aims to investigate how plant compounds can be used to synthesize silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the potential of plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This review seeks to investigate the green production of metallic nanoparticles using plant-derived chemicals and to assess the potential of plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. The study investigates the function of numerous plant substances in the synthesis process, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenols. The paper also examines various methods for figuring out the morphology of nanoparticles created from various plant parts and their prospective uses as antibacterial agents, wastewater treatment, and reactive oxygen species modulators. This review offers insightful information about the possible uses of metallic nanoparticles by highlighting the advantages of environmentally friendly processes for the manufacture of silver nanoparticles.
... mm and 15.98 mm respectively (Table 5) which are far beyond the minimum recommended value set by UNIDO for distention at grain crack (6.5 mm) and distention at ball burst (7.0 mm) respectively for all types of leather. For various sheep leathers, several researchers reported distention at grain fracture 6.74 mm/9.9 mm and distention at ball burst 7.72 mm/ 10 mm [37]. The types of tannin ingredients, pre-tanning procedures, tanning, and posttanning processes are considered to be the influencing factors of the grain cracking load and ball-bursting load of leather [12]. ...
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Environmental issues are nowadays the prime concern worldwide for leather industries due to chrome containing solid and liquid wastes generated from the tannery. Therefore, experts are being encouraged in exploring alternative tanning agents. This study aimed at applying a novel vegetable tanning agent extracted from Xylocarpus granatum barks for the production of semi-chrome (SC) and chrome retanned (CR) leathers to reduce chromium use. Characterization of the SC and CR leathers was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which revealed prominent tanning activity of the extracted tannins. The tanned leathers exhibited shrinkage temperatures of 112˚C for SC and 103˚C for CR leathers. The physicomechanical properties were found as tensile strength >230 kg/cm2, tear strength >30 kg/cm, grain cracking load >20 kg, distention at grain crack >7 mm, ball bursting load >38 kg, and distention at ball bursting >12mm that was comparatively acceptable according to UNIDO standard for shoe upper leathers.
... mm and 15.98 mm respectively (Table 5) which are far beyond the minimum recommended value set by UNIDO for distention at grain crack (6.5 mm) and distention at ball burst (7.0 mm) respectively for all types of leather. For various sheep leathers, several researchers reported distention at grain fracture 6.74 mm/9.9 mm and distention at ball burst 7.72 mm/ 10 mm [37]. The types of tannin ingredients, pre-tanning procedures, tanning, and posttanning processes are considered to be the influencing factors of the grain cracking load and ball-bursting load of leather [12]. ...
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Environmental issues are nowadays the prime concern worldwide for the production of chrome tanned leather though this leather is very popular for its quality and strength properties. Due to the intense pressure on the chrome containing solid and liquid wastes generated from the tannery, experts in this field encourage exploring alternative tanning agents. The goal of this study was to apply a novel vegetable tanning agent extracted from Xylocarpus granatum bark for the production of semi-chrome and chrome retanned leather. Characterization of the semi-chrome (SC) and chrome retanned (CR) leather was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which revealed a prominent tanning activity of the extracted tannin. The tanned leather exhibited the shrinkage temperature of 112.34 ± 1.03˚C for the SC and 103.34 ± 3.05˚C for CR leather. The physico-mechanical properties were found as tensile strength >230 kg/cm 2 , tear strength >30 kg/cm, grain cracking load >20 kg, distention at grain crack >7 mm, ball bursting load >38 kg, and distention at ball bursting >12mm that was comparatively acceptable range according to United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) standard value.
... Sheepskin produces softer chamois leather as compared to goatskin. Besides, the chamois leather from goat and sheepskin has way better quality than cowhide (Lawal and Odums, 2015). However, there is very little information about rabbit skin as the raw material for chamois leather. ...
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One of the main characteristics of chamois leather is its high ability to absorb water; thus, chamois leather is generally used for cleaning and drying. The usual tanning material for chamois leather is fish oil. However, it makes the chamois leather product have a strong odor. This study aims to evaluate the quality of chamois leather from rabbit skin tanned with corn oil. The treatments included the addition of several corn oil concentrations consisting of P0 (30 % fish oil), P1 (10 % corn oil), P2 (20% corn oil), and P3 (30% corn oil). The results showed that corn oil as a tanning material was able to increase the ash content, elongation, tear strength, and water absorption of chamois skin and was able to reduce oil content, and did not change the tensile strength, color and odor of the chamois leather produced. The quality of chamois leather with 30% corn oil indicated the ash content as much as 3.19%, oil content as much as 7.87%, elongation as much as 94.51%, tear strength as much as 46.47 N/mm, water absorption (24 hours) as much as 279.03%; and tensile strength as much as 9.9 N/mm2. It also produced yellowish-white color with no odor. This quality has met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI): 0617521990. The study concludes that 30% corn oil can substitute fish oil to produce chamois leather.
... Woven shape, the density of collagen fiber bundles, collagen fiber integrity, and angles of woven corners determine the amount of tensile strength and leather elasticity. Leather with high tensile strength generally has low elasticity; on the other hand, leather with low tensile strength is prone to have high elasticity (14) . ...
... Processing of skin or hides into stable materialleather is known as tanning. Leather, the primary product from the tanning industry, where the product has got its applications in making footwear, furniture, bags, etc., [1,2]. The global leather industry generated about 18 billion square feet leather in 2003 with an estimated price of US$40 billion (World Leather Magazine). ...
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There are several processes involved in leather making, one of the process is tanning. In tanning process, higher concentration of chromium is commonly used. Whereas chromium is regarded as one of the toxic heavy metal. The disposal of these chromium effluent into water bodies is known to cause various ill effects. To replace that, vegetable tanning can be practiced, where the method is easy as well as ecofriendly. In this review, we have dealt about various procedures in leather processing especially chrome tanning and health hazards caused by chromium. Also added a note on vegetable tanning using tannins to replace the chrome tanning for making better environment.
... Various studies have found different value for grain crack and grain burst tests for sheep skins tanned leathers. For example, grain crack of 6.74 mm and a grain burst test of 7.72 mm [22], grain crack of 9.9 mm and grain burst of 10 mm [18], grain crack of 10 mm and grain burst of 10 mm [20]. The breed of sheep, pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning processes are known to affect the grain crack and grain burst test which vary from different tanners [23]. ...
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Due to high cost and unavailability of commercial mimosa in some parts of Kenya, there is a continued research on discovering cheap and locally available tanning agents for use in leather production. The quality of leathers produced using various vegetable tanning materials from plants locally growing in Laikipia County was evaluated and compared with standard mimosa produced leathers. The leathers were produced using vegetable tanning materials from Acacia nilotica, Acacia xanthophloea and Hagenia abyssinica plants and standard mimosa. The physical properties of leathers were determined using standard IUP methods which include: tearing strength, tensile strength, flexing endurance, shrinkage temperature, grain crack and grain burst tests. The quality of leathers tanned with these vegetable tanning materials were comparable to those tanned with commercial mimosa and all of them had more than the minimum set standards such as tearing strength 20 N, tensile strength 12 N/mm 2 , flexing endurance at 100,000 flexes, shrinkage temperature 75 o C, grain crack > 6.5mm and grain burst test 7.0 mm.In conclusion, the vegetable tanning materials from Laikipia County can be used to replace commercial mimosa in a tanning process.
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Making out animal skins or hides to leather is commonly called as tanning. This research was done for utilizing tannins of some medicinal plants and tannin induced green-synthesized silver nanoparticles along with minimal concentration of chromium to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of leather and thereby reducing the pollution caused by chromium in effluent which crucially affect the soil fertility, ground and surface water. In this study, Cassia alata, Euphorbia hirta, Thespesia populnea and Wrightia tinctoria were collected and tannins were extracted from the leaves. Tannins were utilized for production of silver nanoparticles. The extracted tannins and tannin induced silver nanoparticles were characterized, where the silver nanoparticles were found to be crystalline. Further, the tannin and tannin induced silver nanoparticles were used in leather processing either alone or in combination with chromium. The quality of tannin/silver nanoparticle treated leather was compared with chemically tanned leather for its tensile strength, tear strength, shrinking temperature, etc.
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The effect of histological features of leather on acrylic resin retanning was investigated by retanning pigskin, cattle hide and sheepskin leathers with fluorescein-labelled poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). A deeper penetration and a higher uptake rate of PAA were observed in the belly area of pigskin leather compared to in its butt area. This led to a greater increase in leather thickness of the belly. As for cattle hide and sheepskin leathers whose structural difference in various parts is not obvious, the differences in penetration and uptake of PAA and increase in leather thickness between their butts and their bellies were relatively slight. These results indicated that acrylic resins penetrate and fill the thinner and looser parts of the leather more easily. This fact gives acrylic resins a good selective filling property and is helpful to level out the structure of leather.
Article
To gain an understanding of the reaction mechanism of tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC) and collagen protein, we examined the interactions of THPC with polycaprolactam, polyvinyl alcohol and ethylenediamine, which were used as the substitutes for the amido, hydroxyl and amino groups of collagen protein. It was found that tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium mainly linked with amino groups of collagen and to a lesser extent with hydroxyl groups and amido groups. The combination capacity of tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium with hydroxyl groups and amido groups changed with pH and reached a peak at pH8.0.
Article
The color changes of bovine leathers, tanned with commonly used hydrolysable and condensed vegetable tannins, were measured colorimetrically as a function of prolonged irradiation with Xenon test light. The results showed that hydrolysable and condensed tannins exhibited differences in their light fastnesses. The color change of hydrolysable tannins under the effect of light was considerably low when compared to the condensed tannins. Gambier and quebracho tannins, among the condensed tannins, exhibited a rapid color change in the direction of red and yellow, while mimosa showed a slower color shift. Tara, among the hydrolysable tannins, exhibited a slower color shift than the others. At the end of 24 hours, the color changes, observed as darkening in all the tannin groups reached a maximum point after which color lightening was observed with extended time.
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