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New species and new combinations in Micromeria (Lamiaceae) from the Canary Islands and Madeira
Abstract
Based on recent molecular evidence, one new species and one new subspecies of Micromeria are described for the Canary Islands: M. pedro-luisii and M. hierrensis subsp. incana. Six new combinations are proposed: M. canariensis, M. canariensis subsp. meridialis, M. gomerensis, M. rupestris, M. herpyllomorpha subsp. palmensis, and M. hierrensis. Three new hybrids are described for La Gomera: M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. gomerensis, M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. pedro-luisii, and M. lepida subsp. lepida × M. pedro-luisii. A new name is also given to the taxon from Madeira: M. maderensis. A revised key to the species present in the Canary archipelago is provided.
... Micromeria is distributed in parts of Asia and Africa, and the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions. The highest number of species is found in the Canary Islands, where 21 of the 54 recognized species of Micromeria grow (Pérez de Paz 1978; Puppo & Meimberg 2015a, 2015b. ...
... Recent molecular analyses (Puppo et al. 2014a(Puppo et al. , 2015 revealed that species of Micromeria within each island of the Canary Islands are more closely related to each other than taxa from other islands, supporting each taxon as a single-island endemic. To incorporate this new molecular evidence, a taxonomic revision of Micromeria in the Canaries was published in 2015 (Puppo & Meimberg 2015a, 2015b. ...
... For this study, we revised the material of Micromeria tragothymus (= M. varia) deposited at the University of La Laguna Herbarium (TFC) in Tenerife and consulted the taxonomic revisions and other relevant literature for the genus (Pérez de Paz 1978, Puppo & Meimberg 2015a, 2015b, Puppo et al. 2014a, 2016, Curto et al. 2017. We also collected fresh material in the massifs of Anaga and Teno in July 2023 ( Fig. 1). ...
Based on molecular and morphological evidence, a new species of Micromeria is described for Tenerife, Canary Islands. Micromeria tenensis is endemic to the massif of Teno, occurring between 100–1000 m elevation. It is characterized by having more or less pendulous branches, tomentose stems and leaves, hispid calyx, and calyx apices triangular to lanceolate, densely white hispid.
... It is a monophyletic genus with ca. fifty four species [25] from which approximately 22 are present on the Canary Islands and Madeira [24,26,27]. They grow on all of the Canary Islands and in all ecological zones. ...
... Micromeria species from the Canary Islands were previously described by Pérez de Paz [24] based on morphological data and then reclassified by Puppo & Meimberg [26,27] using phylogenetic information. Of all the species present on the Canary archipelago, six share similar morphological characters that lead to their previous classification as the same species (M. ...
... varia). These taxa occupy all islands except La Palma and have been recently separated based on molecular phylogenetic analyses [26,27,29] (Fig. 1). ...
Background
Especially on islands closer to the mainland, such as the Canary Islands, different lineages that originated by multiple colonization events could have merged by hybridization, which then could have promoted radiation events (Herben et al., J Ecol 93: 572–575, 2005; Saunders and Gibson, J Ecol 93: 649–652, 2005; Caujapé-Castells, Jesters, red queens, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora, 2011). This is an alternative to the scenario where evolution is mostly driven by drift (Silvertown, J Ecol 92: 168–173, 2004; Silvertown et al., J Ecol 93: 653–657, 2005). In the former case hybridization should be reflected in the genetic structure and diversity patterns of island species. In the present work we investigate Micromeria from the Canary Islands by extensively studying their phylogeographic pattern based on 15 microsatellite loci and 945 samples. These results are interpreted according to the hypotheses outlined above. ResultsGenetic structure assessment allowed us to genetically differentiate most Micromeria species and supported their current classification. We found that populations on younger islands were significantly more genetically diverse and less differentiated than those on older islands. Moreover, we found that genetic distance on younger islands was in accordance with an isolation-by-distance pattern, while on the older islands this was not the case. We also found evidence of introgression among species and islands. Conclusions
These results are congruent with a scenario of multiple colonizations during the expansion onto new islands. Hybridization contributes to the grouping of multiple lineages into highly diverse populations. Thus, in our case, islands receive several colonization events from different sources, which are combined into sink populations. This mechanism is in accordance with the surfing syngameon hypothesis. Contrary to the surfing syngameon current form, our results may reflect a slightly different effect: hybridization might always be related to colonization within the archipelago as well, making initial genetic diversity to be high to begin with. Thus the emergence of new islands promotes multiple colonization events, contributing to the establishment of hybrid swarms that may enhance adaptive ability and radiation events. With time, population sizes grow and niches start to fill. Consequently, gene-flow is not as effective at maintaining the species syngameon, which allows genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation to be established between species. This process contributes to an even further decrease in gene-flow between species.
... Because oceanic islands are relatively small areas that are clearly delineated by their isolation in vast oceans, it might be tacitly assumed that extensive collecting has been done in all areas of islands and that insular floras are well documented. Despite extensive fieldwork on many archipelagos, new plant taxa are constantly being described (e.g., Ferreira et al., 2014;Puppo, 2015). In some instances, novelties have been found in very inaccessible areas (Funk and Wood, 2014). ...
Plant species on oceanic islands comprise nearly 25% of described vascular plants on only 5% of the Earth`s land surface yet are among the most rare and endangered plants. Conservation of plant biodiversity on islands poses particular challenges because many species occur in a few and/or small populations, and their habitats on islands are often disturbed by the activity of humans or by natural processes such as landslides and volcanoes. In addition to described species, evidence is accumulating that there are likely significant numbers of "cryptic" species in oceanic archipelagos. Plant systematists, in collaboration with others in the botanical disciplines, are critical to the discovery of the subtle diversity in oceanic island floras. Molecular data will play an ever increasing role in revealing variation in island lineages. However, the input from plant systematists and other organismal biologists will continue to be important in calling attention to morphological and ecological variation in natural populations and in the discovery of "new" populations that can inform sampling for molecular analyses. Conversely, organismal biologists can provide basic information necessary for understanding the biology of the molecular variants, including diagnostic morphological characters, reproductive biology, habitat, etc. Such basic information is important when describing new species and arguing for their protection. Hybridization presents one of the most challenging problems in the conservation of insular plant diversity, with the process having the potential to decrease diversity in several ways including the merging of species into hybrid swarms or conversely hybridization may generate stable novel recombinants that merit recognition as new species. These processes are often operative in recent radiations in which intrinsic barriers to gene flow have not evolved. The knowledge and continued monitoring of plant populations in the dynamic landscapes on oceanic islands are critical to the preservation of their plant diversity.
... 54 species distributed in parts of Africa and Asia, the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia (Br€ auchler et al. 2008). Micromeria is present in the Canary Islands with 21 species, presenting the highest diversity on Tenerife and Gran Canaria, with 8 and 7 species, respectively (Puppo and Meimberg 2015). In Tenerife, three species are narrowly restricted to the paleo-islands, one to Teno (M. ...
Geological history of oceanic islands can have a profound effect on the evolutionary history of insular flora, especially in complex islands such as Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Tenerife results from the secondary connection of three paleo-islands by a central volcano, and other geological events that further shaped it. This geological history has been shown to influence the phylogenetic history of several taxa, including genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae). Screening 15 microsatellite markers in 289 individuals representing the eight species of Micromeria present in Tenerife, this study aims to assess the genetic diversity and structure of these species and its relation with the geological events on the island. In addition, we evaluate the extent of hybridization among species and discuss its influence on the speciation process. We found that the species restricted to the paleo-islands present lower levels of genetic diversity but the highest levels of genetic differentiation suggesting that their ranges might have contracted over time. The two most widespread species in the island, M. hyssopifolia and M. varia, present the highest genetic diversity levels and a genetic structure that seems correlated with the geological composition of the island. Samples from M. hyssopifolia from the oldest paleo-island, Adeje, appear as distinct while samples from M. varia segregate into two main clusters corresponding to the paleo-islands of Anaga and Teno. Evidence of hybridization and intraspecific migration between species was found. We argue that species boundaries would be retained despite hybridization in response to the habitat's specific conditions causing postzygotic isolation and preserving morphological differentiation.
Micromeria silicii, a new species from St. Andrea (Svetac) and Biševo Islands of Dalmatia (Croatia) is described and illustrated. Previously, it was attributed to M. microphylla, but careful morphological investigation allowed to differentiate it from the latter. In order to emphasize the relationships with the other taxa currentelly attributed to M. microphylla group were examined also M. acropolitana, M. cypria, M. carpatha, M. hispida, M. sphaciotica and M. rodriguezii, which are distributed in various territories of the Mediterranean area. All these species were studied from the taxonomical, nomenclatural and chorological point of view, as well as a new icononography was provided for some of them. Besides, an analitical key for all investigated species is given too.
Micromeria Bentham (1829: sub t. 1282) (Lamiaceae) is a monophyletic and taxonomically intricate genus, represented by
nearly 70 species. These are distributed from the Macaronesian-Mediterranean region to southern Africa, India, and China
(Morales 1991b, Govaerts 1999, Harley et al. 2004, Bräuchler et al. 2005, 2008; Puppo & Meimberg 2015, Puppo et al.
2014, 2015).
Micromeria microphylla (d’Urville) Bentham (1834: 377) was described by d’Urville (1822: 327) as Thymus
microphyllus, and is spread in the Mediterranean region (mainland Italy, Sicily, Maltese Islands, Balearic Islands). This species
is a pubescent dwarf shrub 10–30 cm, with filiform, procumbent or ascending stems; leaves 3–6 × 2–4 mm, triangular-ovate
to elliptical, the upper sometimes narrowly elliptical, rounded or cuneate at base, acute, entire, flat, subsessile; verticillasters
with 1-6 usually erect-patent flowers; peduncles or pedicels ca ½ as long as subtending leaves; calyx 2.5–3.5 mm, patentpubescent, villous in throat; teeth ca ½ as long as tube, lanceolate-acuminate to-subulate, unequal; corolla 5–8 mm, purple
(Chater & Guinea 1972, Greuter et al. 1986, Mus & Rosselló 1987, Bolòs & Vigo 1996, Morales 1991a, 2010, Pignatti
2018).
Bräuchler (in Bräuchler et al. 2008: 393) had previously lectotypified the name Thymus microphyllus using a specimen
held at P (see below). However, the type designated by this author is ineffective, being contrary to Art. 9.12 (this and all
articles in the following refer to the ICN, Turland et al. 2018). The aim of this paper is revise the typification of the name.
Micromeria rodriguezii es una especie endémica de las Islas Baleares (Mediterráneo occidental). Una población de esta especie se ha encontrado en la provincia de Castellón (España), en el margen de un camino forestal. Se proporciona un estudio de la morfología de las plantas de esta población, así como su estado de conservación en la Comunidad Valenciana. Debido a que esta es la única población ibérica conocida hasta el momento, se debe elaborar un plan de manejo y conservación para garantizar su conservación.
Some aspects concerning the typification of the Linnaean name Satureja graeca, basionym of Micromeria graeca (Lamiaceae)
are discussed. This name had previously been “typified” by Siddiqi in 1985 from a specimen kept at LINN, and also
later by Morales in 1991 from another specimen preserved in the same Linnaean herbarium. However, it is not sure that these
specimens are part of Linnaeus’s original material so neither cannot be considered a lectotype. An illustration published by
Morison in 1699 and cited by Linnaeus in the protologue of Satureja graeca is designated as the lectotype of the name.
As found in other oceanic islands, the Canary Islands include a large number of single island endemic species, some of which form clades that are broadly distributed within the archipelago. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae), for instance, includes groups of morphologically similar but ecologically diverse species on each island, representing a great model to investigate niche shifts and adaptation within the Canary Archipelago. Previous attempts to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the genus did not lead to robust phylogenies, presumably due to introgression and/or incomplete lineage sorting. In this study, we use a newly developed RAD-sequencing method to improve phylogenetic resolution and to better understand relationships among the Canary Island endemic Micromeria. Overall, we obtained 3571 loci that were genotyped for a total of 46 individuals of Micromeria. Our data reconstructed a highly resolved phylogeny, and corroborated the latest species reclassification of the M. varia s.l. species complex, the taxonomically most complicated group within the genus. Furthermore, taxa occupying similar ecological conditions in different islands, were shown to be closely related. This is the case of taxa from the laurel forest from La Gomera and Gran Canaria, suggesting that the laurel forest likely worked as a filter, only allowing the establishment of colonizers already pre-adapted to these conditions. We also found introgression between these species so it is also possible that the genes that facilitated the adaptation to laurel forest were swapped between Gran Canaria and La Gomera. The observations obtained in this study also allowed us to explain the role of introgression in the origin of M. varia s.l. species complex.
Recently, the authors presented a proposal to conserve the names Micromeria varia Bentham (1834: 374) with a conserved type and M. hyssopifolia Webb & Berthelot (1844: 72) against Thymus ericifolius Roth (1800: 50) (Puppo et al. 2014a) to avoid disruption of current usage of these two well established names. This proposal, however, was not recommended by the Nomenclature Committee (Applequist 2016) and subsequently turned down by the General Committee (Wilson 2017). While regretting this decision, we are prepared to accept the taxonomic and nomenclatural implications.
A new species, Micromeria aybalae H.Duman & Dirmenci (Lamiaceae), Micromeria Benth. sect. Micromeria, is described from Muğla Province in southwestern Turkey. A description, taxonomic note, distribution map, habitat, and nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F based phylogeny are presented. The differences between the new species and its allies, Micromeria cremnophila Boiss. & Heldr. s.l. and M. hispida Benth., are discussed, and an identification key is provided for the Turkish Micromeria.
Following the publication of New species and new combinations in Micromeria (Lamiaceae) from the Canary Islands and Madeira (Puppo & Meimberg 2015), two necessary corrections were brought to our attention.
A complete and up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3.125 species belonging to 1.041 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. New combinations are proposed within the genera Cheilanthes, Pericallis and Pulicaria. A second section lists 2.250 synonyms and their presumed identity.
Trees, shrubs, subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, rarely climbers, aromatic or not. Roots rarely tuberous. Stems often quadrangular, erect to prostrate, somtimes forming usually present, of glandular, rarely scale-like, usually multicellular-uniseriate, simple, branched, dendroid or stellate, sometimes gland-tipped, large-headed subsessile glands rarely absent.
Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae) is a very common genus in the Mediterranean region. To test the monophyly of the genus and to elucidate its phylogenetic placement within subtribe Menthinae (Dumort) Endl. of tribe Mentheae Dumort we performed parsimony analysis of trnK intron sequence data of 51 accessions representing 15 genera of Nepetoideae and two genera of subfamily Ajugoideae. Tree topology reveals a well-supported "core group" indicating four distinct lineages. The first one comprises three species of Satureja L. s.str., the second one includes taxa of the genus Clinopodium L. from both the Old and the New World, paraphyletic with respect to Monarda L. and two species of Micromeria section Pseudomelissa Benth. A third group contains all samples of the remaining Micromeria species. Within this monophyly, a western lineage including taxa from NW Africa, the Balearic, and the Canary Islands, is sister to an eastern lineage with species distributed from SE Asia to the western Mediterranean. In a further clade the genera Thymbra L., Thymus L., and Origanum L. are grouped together. Combined analysis using a reduced dataset of trnK/trnL-F sequences increased support for the infrageneric resolution within Micromeria. Based on the phylogenetic reconstructions there is evidence that the genus as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic. Results are discussed in the context of morphology, karyology, and biogeography, outlining the necessity of removing section Pseudomelissa from Micromeria.
No comprehensive revision of Micromeria is available and uncertainties about the taxonomy of the genus have lasted for a long time. Since the last synopsis many new data from both morphological and molecular genetic studies have been accumulated and, consequently, the number of accepted taxa and the delimitation of the genus have changed considerably. The authors provide a review of recent and unpublished research on the genus, a new circumscription and description of the genus and an updated distribution map. All published Micromeria names are listed with a reference to their current taxonomic position. Names of taxa currently placed in Micromeria are provided with type citations. A new combination, M. cristata subsp. kosaninii, is validated, along with the new name M. longipedunculata for the illegitimate M. parviflora of Reichenbach. The author standard abbreviation E. F. Chapm. is proposed for one of the authors of M. graeca subsp. cypria and 24 names are typified. Taxonomic problems needing special attention in future research are identified.
Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of Micromeria in the Canary Islands using eight nuclear markers. Our results show two centers of diversification for Micromeria, one in the eastern islands Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, the other in the western islands, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. Suggested directions of inter-island colonization are the following: Gran Canaria to Lanzarote and La Gomera; Tenerife to La Palma (from the paleoisland of Teno), to El Hierro (from the younger, central part), and to La Gomera and Madeira (from the paleoislands). Colonization of La Gomera probably occurred several times from Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The taxonomic implications of these results are discussed. Incongruence among the different markers was evaluated and, using next generation sequencing, we investigated if this incongruence is due to gene duplication.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
AimUsing phylogenetic and morphometric approaches, our study aims to understand the diversification process of the two groups of Micromeria species in Tenerife: the species restricted to the palaeoislands, and the species widely distributed in the younger part of the island.LocationTenerife, Canary Islands.Methods
We calculated a calibrated phylogeny and a Neighbor-Net network based on eight nuclear loci from 37 samples: 22 of the 8 species currently recognized in Tenerife, and 15 of their closest relatives occurring in neighbouring islands and continental populations. We performed a principal components analysis (PCA) of 27 morphological characters from 54 specimens sampled from Tenerife.ResultsOur phylogeny showed that the species from Tenerife can be subdivided into three main clades: one composed of the species inhabiting the palaeoisland of Anaga (M. teneriffae, M. glomerata and M. rivas-martinezii); another composed of the species present in the palaeoisland of Teno (M. densiflora); and a third group that includes all the central species (M. hyssopifolia, M. varia, M. lachnophylla and M. lasiophylla). Morphometric analyses indicated two main groups corresponding to the palaeoisland species and the central ones.Main conclusionsOur study points to a relationship between the diversification in Micromeria and the geological history of Tenerife. We conclude that Micromeria first arrived in Anaga where it diversified, subsequently colonized Teno and from there occupied the central part, presumably after the formation of the Teide volcano. The species of Micromeria in Tenerife constitute an interesting example of how species diversification on oceanic islands can be shaped by the island's geological history, which probably contributed to the high levels of endemism on Tenerife.
The Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Micromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations.
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borges, P.a.V., abreu, C., aguiar, a.M.F., Carvalho, P., Jardim, r., Melo, I., oliveira, P., Sérgio, C., Serrano, a.r.M. & Vieira, P. (eds.)
(2008) A list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. direcção regional do ambiente
da Madeira and universidade dos açores, Funchal and angra do Heroísmo, 440 pp. available from: http://cita.angra.uac.pt/
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66720
hyssopifolia leaves less than 12 mm long., abaxial mid-vein puberulent, lanate, strigose, hirsute, or villous but not sericate
- M Lasiophylla
M. lasiophylla
15.
leaves up to 16 mm long., abaxial mid-vein sericate (Tenerife)............................................................................... M. hyssopifolia
leaves less than 12 mm long., abaxial mid-vein puberulent, lanate, strigose, hirsute, or villous but not sericate (la gomera, la
Younger parts of branches villous; corolla up to 7 mm long. (la Palma)
- La Palma
- Hierro
- La Gomera
- Canaria Gran
M. lepida
-Cymes sessile or shortly pedunculated, peduncles less than 5 mm long. (la Palma, el Hierro, la gomera, gran Canaria, lanzarote
or Fuerteventura)............................................................................................................................................................................. 17
17.
Younger parts of branches villous; corolla up to 7 mm long. (la Palma)............................................................
Younger parts of branches puberulent, canescent, strigose, tomentose, incanous or lanuginose; corolla up to 5 mm long. (el Hierro, la gomera, gran Canaria, lanzarote or Fuerteventura)
- M Herpyllomorpha
M. herpyllomorpha
-Younger parts of branches puberulent, canescent, strigose, tomentose, incanous or lanuginose; corolla up to 5 mm long. (el Hierro,
la gomera, gran Canaria, lanzarote or Fuerteventura)................................................................................................................. 18
18.
Cyme peduncles up to 2 mm long.; corolla light purple (gran Canaria)
- M Rupestris
M. rupestris
-Cyme peduncles up to 2 mm long.; corolla light purple (gran Canaria).................................................................... M. canariensis
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6611
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