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A checklist of Branchiopoda (Anostraca and Cladocera) of Chilean continental waters

October 2015
Zootaxa 4027(3):366

DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.3

Authors:

Patricio R. De Los Ríos-Escalante

Temuco Catholic University

Alexey A. Kotov

Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution

The aim of the present study is to represent an annotated checklist of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) reported from Chilean inland waters. Only Anostraca and Cladocera are found in Chile, while there are no reports on Notostraca and "Conchostraca". Our checklist contains 85 valid taxa, among which nine anostracans and 76 cladocerans. Such "low" biodiversity of the branchiopods in Chile is in reality an artifact of insufficient sampling. Our work indicates that more faunistic, taxonomic and biogeographical studies of Chilean branchiopods are necessary, especially in areas with subtropical climate, Atacama desert, Southern Patagonia, and central Chilean ephemeral pools.

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366

Accepted by M. Alonso: 28 Jul. 2015; published: 5 Oct. 2015

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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.3

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:86633D28-9928-4719-AD86-CB9664E98AF8

A checklist of Branchiopoda (Anostraca and Cladocera)

of Chilean continental waters

PATRICIO DE LOS RIOS ESCALANTE

1,2

& ALEXEY A. KOTOV

Laboratorio de Ecología Aplicada y Biodiversidad, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad

Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile. E-mail: prios@uct.cl

Nucleo de Estudios Ambientales, UCTemuco

A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.

E-mail: alexey-a-kotov@yandex.ru

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to represent an annotated checklist of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) reported from Chilean

inland waters. Only Anostraca and Cladocera are found in Chile, while there are no reports on Notostraca and "Concho-

straca". Our checklist contains 85 valid taxa, among which nine anostracans and 76 cladocerans. Such "low" biodiversity

of the branchiopods in Chile is in reality an artifact of insufficient sampling. Our work indicates that more faunistic, tax-

onomic and biogeographical studies of Chilean branchiopods are necessary, especially in areas with subtropical climate,

Atacama desert, Southern Patagonia, and central Chilean ephemeral pools.

Key words: Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Cladocera, Neotropics, Chile

Introduction

Branchiopod crustaceans of continental waters of Chile attracted attention of zoologists for a long time, since the

pioneer work of Hercule Nicolet (1848), who described five cladoceran taxa among which only Daphnia spinifera

Nicolet, 1848 is regarded as a valid species now (within the genus Scapholeberis Schödler, 1858), while others are

species inquirenda. Several species of the Cladocera were described from Chile at the end of the 19th and 20th

century by well-known European investigators (Richard 1891, 1897; Ekman 1900; Vávra 1900). Then interest for

the cladoceran studies was lost, and new valuable taxonomic papers appeared already in the second half of the 20th

century (Löffler 1961; Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989). Despite the long history of study, the

Cladocerans of Chilean inland waters are still relatively poorly studied as compared, for example, with Argentina,

where many taxonomic problems are resolved, first of all, due to effort of Paggi (1994, 1995, 1996, 1999) and

recent attention of the geneticists (Adamowicz et al. 2002, 2009). Also Bolivian Andean region is an important

polygon for molecular phylogenetic studies (Aguilera et al. 2007; Mergeay et al. 2008), but no attention is paid to

Chile.

No recent "Conchostraca" and Notostraca are known from Chile. In contrast to the Cladocera, the first papers

for the Anostraca from Chile appeared at the end of the 20th century (Vanhaecke et al. 1987; Soto 1990). Since that

time, two species of the family Artemiidae Grochowski, 1896 were reported: Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906

(Gajardo et al. 1992, 1995, 2004) and A. persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968 (Campos et al. 1996; Gajardo et

al. 1998, 2000; De los Ríos & Zúñiga 2000; De los Ríos 2005). Several species of the the genus Branchinecta

Verrill, 1869 from family Branchinectidae Daday, 1910 were also found (De los Ríos 2005, 2008; De los Ríos &

Rivera 2007; De los Ríos et al. 2008a,b; Cohen 2008; Rogers et al. 2008; Hegna & Lazo-Wasem 2010; Burroni et

al. 2011).

Few papers on taxonomy of the anostracans (Gajardo et al. 1992, 1995, 2000; Rogers et al. 2008) and

cladocerans (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989; Villalobos 1994, 2006; Berrios & Sielfield 2000;

Kotov et al. 2010, 2002) of Chile appeared during last decades. At the same time, many ecological articles were

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A CHECKLIST OF BRANCHIOPODA

published on the branchiopods of different water bodies from large deep lakes (Villolobos 2002; De los Ríos &

Soto 2006, 2007a,b) to shallow permanent or ephemeral ponds (De los Ríos 2005, 2008; Soto & De los Ríos 2006).

Such papers also could contain some helpful faunistic information, i.e. on the records of different species in

different water bodies, new records for Chile etc., but this information needs to be checked.

Some species of Branchiopoda which are found in Chile (see Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Soto & Zúñiga 1991;

Gajardo et al. 2004; Soto & De los Ríos 2006; De los Ríos & Soto 2007), e.g. Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906,

Daphnia pulex (De Geer, 1778), Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1776), Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860), Alonella

excisa (Fisher, 1854), and some others, are regarded as cosmopolitan or widely distributed taxa now. However,

some obvious endemics of Chile were also described previously, especially from the Andean highlands (Hann

1986; Kotov et al. 2010). Information of the species composition of Chilean fauna needs to be summarized and

systematized.

The aim of the present study is to represent an annotated checklist of the Anostraca and Cladocera reported

from Chilean inland waters.

Checklist

Class Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817

Order Anostraca Sars, 1867

Family Artemiidae Grochowski, 1896

(1) Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906. Salar de Surire (18°48' S; 69°04' W), Salar de Llamara (21°18' S; 69° 37'

W), Yape pools (20° 40' S; 70° 15'W), Salar de Atacama: Cejas lagoon (23° 02' S; 68° 13' W); Tebenquiche lagoon

(23°07' S; 68° 16' W); Chaxas pools (23° 09' S; 68° 13'W); Pampilla pools (29° 50' S; 71° 22' W); Palo Colorado

(Los Vilos) pools (31° 51' S; 71° 25' W) (Zúñiga et al. 1994, 1999); El Convento Salt works (33° 52' S; 71° 44' W)

(De los Ríos & Zúñiga 2000); Pichilemu salt works (Gajardo et al. 1995); La Rinconada lagoon (Crespo & De los

Ríos 2004). A widely distributed taxon.

(2) Artemia persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968. Amarga lagoon (50° 29' S; 72° 45' W) (Gajardo et al. 1998,

1999; De los Ríos-Escalante 2011); De los Cisnes lagoon (53° 14' S; 70° 00' W) (De los Ríos 2005). The species is

distributed in southern Chile.

Family Branchinectidae Daday, 1910

(3) Branchinecta brushi Hegna & Lazo-Wasem (2010). Crater at Paniri volcano (22° 08' S; 68° 25' W) (Hegna &

Lazo-Wasem 2010). The species is known only from its type locality.

(4) Branchinecta gaini Daday, 1902. Vega del Toro ephemeral pools (51° 07' S; 71° 40' W) (Rogers et al. 2008);

Kon Aikén ephemeral pools II (52° 51' S; 70° 55' W) (De los Ríos et al. 2008a,b); Antarctic zone of Chile,

including Shetland Islands (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000).

(5) Branchinecta granulosa Daday, 1902. Ephemeral pools, Kon Aikén, km. 25 (52° 50' S; 71° 10'W) (Rogers et

al. 2008). Valid species distributed in southern portion of South American continent (Rogers et al. 2008).

(6) Branchinecta palustris Birabén, 1946. Salar de Coposa (21° 17' S; 68° 53' W) (Rogers et al. 2008). Valid

species with unknown distribution in South America: it was reported from Rio Negro Province in Argentina and

Atacama desert in Chile (Rogers et al. 2008).

(7) Branchinecta papillata Rogers, De los Ríos & Zúñiga, 2008. Ephemeral pools close to Salar de Coposa (20° 40'

S; 68° 42' W) (Rogers et al. 2008). The species is known only from Atacama desert (Rogers et al. 2008).

DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE & KOTOV

368

(8) Branchinecta valchetana Cohen, 1981. Paniri volcano (22° 08' S; 68° 15' W) (Rogers et al. 2008). Valid species

with unknown distribution in South America: it was reported from Rio Negro Province in Argentina and

Antofagasta Province in Chile (Rogers et al. 2008).

(9) Branchinecta vuriloche Cohen, 1985. Temporary pools close to Balmaceda (45° 53'S; 71° 40' W) (Rogers et al.

2008). The species was reported from Rio Negro Province in Argentina and Aysen region in Chile (Rogers et al.

2008).

Superorder Cladocera Latreille, 1829

Taxa of unknown taxonomic position

Daphnia granaria Nicolet, 1848. Species inquirenda.

Lynceus nasutus Nicolet, 1848. Species inquirenda.

Lynceus armatus Nicolet, 1848. Species inquirenda.

Lynceus albicans Nicolet, 1848. Species inquirenda.

Order Ctenopoda Sars, 1865

Family Sididae Baird, 1850

(10) Diaphanosoma chilense Daday, 1902. Villarica lake (Daday 1902); Huechún Reservoir (33° 03' S; 70° 48'

W)), Pellaifa lake (39° 36' S; 71° 57' W), Pucaró lake (Löffler 1961); Chungará (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Paggi

1978); Catapilco reservoir (32° 38' S; 71° 27' W), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), Orozco reservoir (33° 14'

S; 71° 25' W), Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W), Rapel reservoir (34° 10' S; 71° 29' W), Lanalhue lake (37°

55' S; 73° 19' W), Caburgua lake (39° 07' S; 71° 47' W), Villarrica lake (39° 16' S; 72° 07' W), Panguipulli lake

(39° 41' S; 72° 15' W), Pirihueico lake (39° 56' S; 71° 48' W), Ranco lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W), Puyehue lake (40°

39' S; 72° 30' W), Rupanco lake (40° 49' S, 72° 30' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985); Arica (18° 28' S; 70° 28' S) to

Puerto Montt (41° 28' S–72° 56' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Lagunitas lagoon (41° 28' S; 72° 56' W) (De los

Ríos 2003); Chapo lake (41° 27' S; 72° 30' W) (Villalobos et al. 2003a); Tarahuin lake (42°43' S; 73° 45' W),

Tepuhueico lake (42° 37' S; 73° 58' W), (Villalobos et al. 2003b); Pools at Cañi Park (39° 15' S; 71° 42' W) (De los

Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Löffler (1961) regarded this taxon as a variety of

D. excisum Sars, 1885. But now D. chilense is regarded as an independent taxon, distributed in southern portion of

South America only (Korovchinsky 2004).

(11) Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 s.lat. El Peral lagoon (33° 30' S; 71° 35' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1989); "zona de Valparaiso" (Berrios & Sielfield 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This is

a circumtropical species group needs to be revised (Korovchinsky 1992, 2004).

Order Anomopoda Sars, 1865

Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820

(12) Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894. Villarica lake (Daday 1902); Pocuro (32° 53' S, 70° 38' W), Pichilafquén

lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 07' W), Quillelhue lagoon (39° 33'; 71° 32' W), Villarrica lake (39° 16' S; 72° 07' W),

Puyehue lake (40° 39' S; 72° 30' W) (Löffler 1961); Yeso reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W) (Pezzani-Hernández

1970); Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Domíngez & Zúñiga 1976; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Rapel

reservoir (34° 10'S; 71° 29' W) (Zúñiga & Araya 1982); Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W), Puerto Montt (41° 23'

W; 72° 56' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), Orozco reservoir (33° 14' S; 71°

25' W), El Peral lagoon (33° 30' S; 71° 35' W), Negra lagoon (33° 39' S; 70° 08' W), Aculeo lagoon (33° 50' S; 70°

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A CHECKLIST OF BRANCHIOPODA

55' W), Lanalhue lake (37° 55' S; 73° 19' W), Lleulleu lake (38° 08' S; 73° 19' W), Caburgua lake (39° 07'S; 71° 47'

W), Calafquén lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W), Panguipulli lake (39° 41'S; 72° 15' W), Neltume lake (39° 47' S; 71° 59'

W), Pirihueico lake (39° 56' S; 71° 48' W), Rupanco lake (40° 49' S, 72° 30' W), Atravezado lake (45° 45' S; 72°

54' W), Lynch lagoon (53° 58' S; 69° 27' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985); Natri lake (42°47' S; 73°50' W), Tepuhueico

lake (42°37' S; 73°58' W), Huillinco lake (42° 40' S; 73°57' W) (Villalobos et al. 2003b); Paso (51° 02' S; 72° 55'

W), Redonda (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Larga (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W) (Soto & De los Ríos 2006); Conchi reservoir

(22°00' S; 68° 35' W) (De los Ríos et al. 2010); Puaucho pools (38°57' S; 73°19' W), Tinquilco lake (39°19' S; 71°

43' W), Pools at Cañi Park (39°15' S; 71° 42' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010); De los Sapos lagoon (45° 32';

72° 02'W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014). A widely distributed group which needs in a global revision,

because most probably represents a group of close species.

Ceriodaphnia dubia acuminata Ekman, 1900. Estancia Kark (51° 13' S 72° 27' W) (Ekman 1900). This taxon

needs to be revised. It could be a valid name for a dubia-like taxon from South America.

Ceriodaphnia limicola Ekman, 1900. Estancia Kark (51° 13' S 72° 27' W), Morro Chico (52° 05' S; 71° 22' W), Rio

Rubens (52° 04' S; 71° 22' W) (Ekman 1900). It is regarded as a junior synonym of C. dubia (see Harding 1955;

Löffler 1961; Flösner 1972), but after a global revision of the latter et al.it could be accepted as a valid species.

(13) Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.F. Müller, 1785) s.lat. Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70° 55' W) (Vávra 1900;

Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). A member of cosmopolitan species group needs a global revision.

(14) Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) chilensis (Hann, 1986) (described as Daphniopsis chilensis Hann, 1986). Pond at

Licancabur volcano (Hann 1986; Kotov et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). A micro-endemic of a

single locality (Benzie 2005; Kotov et al. 2010).

(15) Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) dadayana Paggi, 1999 (syn. D. sarsi Ekman, 1902). Cisnes (51° 02'; 72° 55' W)

(Villalobos 1994); Balmaceda pools (45° 53' S; 71° 40' W), Isidoro lagoon (50° 57' S; 72° 53' W), Don Alvaro

lagoon (51° 01' S; 72° 52' W), Monserrat lagoon (51° 07' S; 72 °47' W), Vega del Toro pools (51° 07' S; 72° 40' W),

Kon Aikén pools (52° 50' S; 71° 10' W), Porvenir pool (52° 50' S; 70° 10' W) (De los Ríos 2005); Juncos (51° 01'

S; 72° 52' W), Jovito (51° 02' S; 72° 54' W), Paso (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Redonda (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Larga

(51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Cisnes (51° 02', 72° 55' W) (Soto & De los Ríos 2006). Listed for Chile by Villalobos

(2006). It is distributed only in southern portion of South America (Benzie 2005).

(16) Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) exilis Herrick, 1895. Huechún reservoir (33º 04' S; 70º 48' W) (Heine Fuster et al.,

2010). This population in Chile is regarded as a result of invasion by Heine-Fuster et al. (2010), but it could be

wrong, because in reality "aborigenous" D. exilis is also present in South America (jun. syn. D. spinulata Birabén,

1917) (Adamowicz et al. 2009). Also other undescribed species, similar to D. similis Claus, 1876, is present in

South America (Adamowicz et al. 2009; Popova & Kotov 2013).

(17) Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) paggii Kotov, Sinev & Berrios, 2010. Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W)

(Kotov et al. 2010). At this moment, is could be regarded as a micro-endemic, inhabiting a single water body

(Kotov et al. 2010), but this opinion could be changed after further studies in the Andean highlands.

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) sarsi Ekman, 1902. Jun. syn. of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) dadayana Paggi, 1999.

(18) Daphnia (Daphnia) ambigua Scourfield, 1947. Puyehue lake (40° 39' S; 72° 30' W), Bonita lagoon (40° 53' S;

72° 54' W (Löffler 1961); Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W), Puerto Montt (41° 28' S; 72° 56' W) (Berrios &

Sielfeld 2000); Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), Orozco reservoir

(33° 14' S; 71° 25' W), Yeso reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W), Negra lagoon (33° 39' S; 70° 08' W), Lanalhue lake

(37° 55' S; 73° 19' W), Caburgua lake (39° 07' S; 71° 47' W), Villarrica lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W), Pellaifa lake

(39° 36' S; 71° 57' W), Panguipulli lake (39° 41' S; 72° 15' W), Neltume lake (39° 47' S; 71° 59' W), Riñihue lake

(39° 49' S; 72° 19' W), Pirihueico lake (39° 56' S; 71° 48' W), Ranco lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W) (Araya & Zúñiga,

DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE & KOTOV

370

1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Rapel (34° 10' S; 71° 29' W), La Luz (33° 08' S; 71° 25' W), Palmas (33° 32' S;

71° 25' W), Calafquen (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W) (Villalobos 1994); Natri Lake, Chiloé Island (42° 47'S, 73° 49'W)

(Hebert et al. 2003); Verde I lagoon (41°58' S; 71° 52' W), Chacano lagoon (46°10' S; 72°11' W), Tamango lagoon

(46° 11' S; 72° 08' W), lagoon close to General Carrera lake (46° 11' S; 72° 07' W), Laparent lagoon (46° 14' S; 72°

14' W), Verde II lagoon (45° 32' S; 72° 01' W), Riesco lake (45° 28' S; 72° 43' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al.

2014); El Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Ramos-Jiliberto & Zúñiga 2001); wetland at Tagua Tagua park

(41°44' S; 72°12' W), Alerces lagoon (41° 43' S; 72° 10' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante & Acevedo 2014). Listed for

Chile by Villalobos (2006). This taxon is widely distributed in the Americas (Benzie 2005).

(19) Daphnia (Daphnia) cavicervix Ekman, 1900. Morro Chico (52° 05' S; 71° 22' W), Rio Rubens (52° 04 S; 71°

22' W) (Ekman 1900); Km 146 of the highway 9, Morro Chico (52° 05' S; 71° 22' W) (Kotov & Gololobova 2005).

Endemic of southernmost portion of South America, definitively different from all pulex- and pulicaria-like taxa in

Adamowicz et al. (2004).

(20) Daphnia (Daphnia) commutata Ekman, 1900. Laguna de Mayer (48° 13' S; 72° 16' W) (Ekman 1900; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1989); Cisnes (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Chiguay (45° 56' S; 71° 50' W) (Villalobos 1994); "Probably in

Chile" (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). It is also an endemic species from southern

portion of South America, belonging to the D. obtusa group. Most probably, one of obtusa-like taxa revealed by

Adamowicz et al. (2004) could be associated with it.

(21) Daphnia (Daphnia) obtusa Kurz, 1874 s.lat. Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70° 55' W) (Vávra 1900); Laguna de los

Patos Bravos (53° 09' S; 70° 57' W), Frutillar (41° 07' S; 73° 06' W), Talcahuano (36° 43' S; 76° 47' W) (Vávra

1900; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Del Inca lagoon (32° 49' S; 70° 09' W); Roca Lake and unknown localities, Tierra

del Fuego (Villalobos 1994; Villalobos & Geller 1997); "Talcahuano (36° 43' S; 76° 47' W) a Punta Arenas (53° 09'

S; 70° 55' W)" (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). There are many clades of obtusa-

like taxa in South America (Adamowicz et al. 2009; Kotov & Taylor 2010), they need to be revised.

Daphnia (Daphnia) obtusa latipalpa Moiniez, 1888. Lunache (= Limache, 32° 59' S; 71° 17' W) (Richard 1897). It

could be a valid obtusa-like taxon. My be, one of the obtusa-like taxa revealed by Adamowicz et al. (2004) could

be assocated with it.

(22) Daphnia (Daphnia) peruviana Harding, 1955. Parinacota (Villalobos 1994); Pond in Parinacota marsh

(Kořínek & Villalobos 2003). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Andean endemic.

(23) Daphnia (Daphnia) pulicaria Forbes, 1893 s.lat. No records in Chilean literature, but it is present in Chile

(AAK, unpublished). Most probably, they are identical to D. "pulicaria" in Adamowicz et al. (2002, 2004),

definitively not identical to European D. pulicaria s.str.

(24) Daphnia (Daphnia) pulex (De Geer, 1778) s.lat. Chungará (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973); Negra

lagoon (33° 39' S; 70° 08' W), Riñihue lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W), Pirihueico lake (39° 56' S; 71° 48' W), Ranco

lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W), Rupanco lake (40° 49' S, 72° 30' W), Todos los Santos lake (41° 06' S; 72° 15' W),

Polux lake (45° 43' S; 71° 53' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985); Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W) (Löffler 1961);

lakes of Tierra del Fuego (Villalobos 1994); Tarahuin lake (42° 43' S; 73° 45' W), (Villalobos et al. 2003b); Conchi

reservoir (22° 00' S; 68° 35' W) (De los Ríos et al. 2010); Negrita (39° 15’ S; 71° 42’W), Escondida (39° 15' S; 71°

42' W), Vaca Hundida (39° 15' S; 71° 42' W) (De los Ríos & Roa 2010); Puaucho pools (38° 57' S; 73° 19' W),

Tinquilco lake (39° 19' S; 71° 43' W), Pools at Cañi Park (39° 15' S; 71° 42' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010);

Balmaceda pools (45° 53' S; 71° 44' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014); Chiguay lagoon (45° 59' S; 71° 52' W)

(De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014); Salar de Huasco (20º 18' S; 68º 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by

Villalobos (2006). Aforementioned determinations seem to be very dubious: there are many pulex and pulicaria-

like taxa in South America (Adamowicz et al. 2004; Aguilera et al. 2007; Mergeay et al. 2008), including

"European" D. pulex (Crease et al. 2012), and previous authors most probably put all them to "D. pulex". There is a

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chance that some obtusa-like taxa are also there. Numerous Chilean populations must be accurately revised. A

global revision of the pulex-group worldwide is also urgently needed (Kotov & Taylor 2010; Kotov 2015).

(25) Scapholeberis kingi Sars, 1888 s.lat. Lago Pellaifa (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W) (Thomasson 1963; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1989; Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Somewhat dubious

determination, we believe it is S. cf. rammneri Dumont & Pensaert, 1983, which is present in the Neotropics, while

S. kingi is present in Old Word only.

(26) Scapholeberis spinifera (Nicolet, 1849) (described as Daphnia spinifera Nicolet, 1849). San Carlos (36° 25' S;

71° 58' W) (Dumont & Pensaert 1983); Pocuro (32° 53' S, 70° 38' W), Ranco lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W),

Calafquén lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W), Panguipulli lake (39° 41' S; 72° 15' W), Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W)

(Löffler 1961); Riñihue lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W) (Campos et al. 1974), Caburgua lake (39° 07' S; 71° 47' W),

Pichilafquén lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 12' W), Neltume lake (39° 47' S; 71° 59' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1989); Valdivia (39° 48' S; 73° 14' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Los Patos pond (39° 10' S; 71° 42'

W) (De los Ríos et al. 2007); Sargazo lake (41° 30' S; 72° 46' W); Pool close to Sargazo lake (41° 30' S; 72° 37'

W), Triangulo lake (41° 35' S; 72° 32' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2012); Chacano lagoon (46° 10' S; 72° 11'

W), lagoon close to General Carrera lake ( 46° 10' S; 72° 10' W); De los Sapos lagoon (45° 32' S; 72° 02' W) (De

los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014); Morro Chico (52° 05' S; 71° 22' W) (Kotov & Gololobova 2005). Endemic of

southern portion of South America (Dumont & Pensaert 1983).

Scapholeberis obtusa in Vávra, 1900. This is an erroneous "taxon", Vávra (1900) probably meant Daphnia obtusa.

Scapholeberis spinifera var. brevispina Richard, 1897. San Carlos de Chiloe (= Ancud, 41° 52' S; 73° 50' W)

(Richard 1897); Morro Chico (52° 05' S; 71° 22' W), Mayer (48° 13' S; 72° 16' W), Rio Rubens (52° 04 S; 71° 22'

W) (Ekman 1900). Its differences from S. spinifera are dubious, but this taxon needs to be revised.

Simocephalus congener (Koch, 1841). Peña Blanca, Quilpué (33° 07' S; 71° 14' W); Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70°

55' W) (Vávra 1900). Dubious record for Chile.

(27) Simocephalus exspinosus (De Geer, 1778) s.lat. (Described as Daphnia exspinosa (De Geer, 1778). Riñihue

lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W) (Campos et al. 1974); Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), El Peral (33° 30' S; 71°

35' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld

2000). Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) has no material from the Americas, but she concluded that there is a single

widely distributed species worldwide. This opinion needs to be re-checked. Remember that Simocephalus iheringi

Richard, 1897 was described from Brazil, and it was regarded as a junior synonym of S. daphnoides Herrick, 1883

(Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001; Kotov & Ferrari 2010). This taxon is present in South America and Chilean

populations could belong to it.

Simocephalus inflatus Vávra, 1900. Valdivia (39° 49' S; 73° 15' W) (Vávra 1900; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989;

Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) regarded it as a junior synonym of S. serrulatus. But it

could be an independent taxon from the serrulatus-group.

(28) Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch, 1841) s.lat. (described as Daphnia serrulatus Koch, 1841). Peñuelas lagoon

(33° 09' S; 71° 32' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W)

(Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Los Patos pool (39°10' S; 71° 42' W) (De los Ríos et al. 2010); lagoon close to General

Carrera lake (46°10' S: 72°11' W); De los Sapos lagoon (45°32'; 72°02'W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014). See

S. inflatus.

(29) Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Müller, 1776) s.lat. (described as Daphne vetula O.F. Müller,1776, syn. Simosa

vetula). Rio Rubens (52° 04' S; 71° 22' W) (Ekman 1900); Chungará (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973;

Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); "Chungara (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) a Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71°

38' W)" (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Salar de Huasco (20º 18' S; 68º 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010); Morro Chico (52°

DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE & KOTOV

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05' S; 71° 22' W) (Kotov & Gololobova 2005). Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) did not have material from South

America, but S. cf. vetulus is present there (Kotov et al. 2010). Apparently Chilean populations need to be checked

morphologically and genetically keeping in mind existence of numerous vetulus-like taxa in the world (Huang et

al. 2014).

Family Moinidae Goulden, 1968

(30) Moina ciliata (Daday, 1905). Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for

Chile by Villalobos (2006). This taxon is regarded as an endemic of South America (Smirnov 1976).

Moina cf. macrophtalma Stingelin, 1914. Huechun lake (33° 02' S; 70° 47' W) (Löffler 1961). Löffler (1961)

recorded "Moina sp. cf. macrophthalma Stingelin". We believe that he mis-spelled this Stingelin's taxon; correct

name is "macrophtalma". Recently Moina macrophtalma is regarded as a junior synonym of M. micrura (Smirnov

1976), but it could be a valid endemic species.

(31) Moina micrura Kurz, 1874. Chungará (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1971, 1973); Rapel reservoir (34°

10'S; 71° 29' W) (Zúñiga & Araya 1982); Rungue reservoir (33° 01' S; 70° 54' W), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71°

32' W), Orozco reservoir (33° 14' S; 71° 25' W), Yeso reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W), Lanalhue lake (37° 55' S;

73° 19' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989; Villalobos 2006). A cosmopolitan group needs to be

revised, because it definitively consists of a series of species (Petrusek et al. 2004), even in the Neotropics there are

at least three phylogroups (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008).

Family Bosminidae Baird, 1845 sensu Sars, 1865

(32) Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O.F. Müller, 1776) (described as Lynceus longirostris O.F. Müller, 1776).

Riñihue lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W) (Villalobos 1994); El Plateado Reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Ramos et al.

2008); Illahuapi lake (40° 16' S; 72°18' E) (Galarce et al. 2013). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). It is a really

cosmopolitan taxon, populations of which are usual in the Andes and souther portion of Chile (AAK, unpublished).

Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird, 1857. Lago Maravilla (51° 13' S; 72° 45' W) (Ekman 1900).

Representatives of the subgenus Bosmina (Eubosmina) Seligo, 1900 are absent in South America, they are replaced

by taxa from the subgenus B. (Liederobosmina) Brtek, 1997. This taxon was proposed to replace B. (Neobosmina)

Lieder, 1957 which was found to be a homonym of earlier proposed insect genus (Brtek 1997; Kotov et al. 2009).

According to Paggi's (1979) outline of the "Neobosmina" species differentiation, Ekman's (1900, Fig. 20)

population belongs to B. huaronensis.

(33) Bosmina (Liederobosmina) chilensis Daday, 1902 (syn. Neobosmina chilensis). Villarica lake (Daday 1902);

Many lakes in Chile (Löffler 1961); Chungará lake (18° 15' S; 69° 10' W) Villarrica lake (39° 16' S; 72° 07' W),

Calafquén lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Escondido lake (45° 49' S; 72° 40' W) (De los

Ríos 2004); Pocuro (32° 53' S; 70° 398' W); Pichilafquén (39°16' S; 72° 07' W); Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57'

W), Riñihue lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W), Ranco lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W), Puyehue lake (40° 39' S; 72° 30' W),

Bonita lagoon (40° 53' S; 72° 52' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W), Todos los Santos lake (41° 46' S; 73°

15' W) (Löffler 1961); Natri lake (42°47' S; 73°50' W), Tarahuin lake (42°43' S; 73° 45' W), Tepuhueico lake

(42°37' S; 73°58' W), Huillinco lake (42° 40' S; 73°57' W), Cucao lake (42° 38' S; 74°40' W) (Villalobos et al.

2003b); Elizalde lake (45° 46' S; 72° 55' W), General Carrera lake (45° 50' S; 72° 00' W) (De los Ríos and Soto

2007); Del Toro lake (51° 12' S; 72° 38' W) (Campos et al., 1994); Juncos (51° 01' S; 72° 52' W), Jovito (51° 02' S;

72° 54' W), Paso (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Redonda (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Larga (51° 02' S; 72° 55' W), Cisnes (51°

02', 72° 55' W) (Soto & De los Ríos 2006); Isidoro lagoon (50° 57' S; 72° 53' W), Guanaco lagoon (51° 01' S; 72°

50' W), Monserrat lagoon (51° 07' S; 72 °47' W), Vega del Toro pools (51° 07' S; 72° 40' W), Kon Aikén pools (52°

50' S; 71° 10' W), Porvenir pool (52° 50' S; 70° 10' W) (De los Ríos 2005); Tinquilco lake (39°19' S; 71° 43' W)

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A CHECKLIST OF BRANCHIOPODA

(De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). South American representatives of B.

(Liederobosmina) were comprehensively revised by Paggi 1979), who found B. chilensis as a well-defined taxon

distributed in the southern half of South America (Paggi 1979).

(34) Bosmina (Liederobosmina) hagmanni Stingelin, 1904 (= Neobosmina hagmanni (Stingelin, 1904) =

Eubosmina hagmanni (Stingelin, 1904)). Calafquén lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W), Pucuró lake (40° 18' S; 72° 10' W)

(Löffler 1961); Chungará lake (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973); Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W)

(Domínguez & Zúñiga 1976); Rapel reservoir (34° 10'S; 71° 29' W) (Zúñiga & Araya 1982); Catapilco reservoir

(32° 38' S; 71° 27' W), Rungue reservoir (33° 01' S; 70° 54' W), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), Orozco

reservoir (33° 14' S; 71° 25' W), Yeso reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W), Negra lagoon (33° 39' S; 70° 08' W), Aculeo

lagoon (33° 50' S; 70° 55' W), Lanalhue lake (37° 55' S; 73° 19' W), Lleulleu lake (38° 08' S; 73° 19' W), Caburgua

lake (39° 07'S; 71° 47' W), Huilipilún lake (39° 08' S; 72° 10' W), Panguipulli lake (39° 41'S; 72° 15' W), Neltume

lake (39° 47' S; 71° 59' W), Pirihueico lake (39° 56' S; 71° 48' W), Atravezado lake (45° 45' S; 72° 54' W), La

Paloma lake (45° 55' S; 72° 15' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This species was

originally described within the genus Bosmina (see Stingelin 1904), later transferred to the genus Eubosmina by

Deevey & Deevey (1971), then to the subgenus Neobosmina (Paggi 1979). Due to the aforementioned replacement

of Neobosmina by Liederobosmina, now B. hagmanni must be regarded as a member of the latter. It is a widely

ditributed taxon in the Americas (Paggi 1979; De Melo & Hebert 1994).

(35) Bosmina (Liederobosmina) huaronensis Delachaux, 1918. Not recorded in Chilean literature, but definitively

present in many localities in Chile (A.A. Kotov, unpublished). A taxon which is widely ditributed in the Americas

(Paggi 1979; De Melo & Hebert 1994; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008).

Family Ilyocryptidae Smirnov, 1976 sensu Smrnov, 1992

(36) Ilyocryptus brevidentatus Ekman, 1905. Unnamed chanel, 105 km N of Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70° 55' W)

(Kotov et al. 2002). Endemic of southern South America (Kotov & Štitfer 2006).

(37) Ilyocryptus denticulatus denticulatus Delachaux, 1919 (described as Ilyocryptus sordidus var denticulatus

Delachaux, 1919). Chungará lake (18° 15' S; 69° 10' W); a small stream, Parinacota Region (18° 10' S; 69° 15' W)

(Kotov & Štifter 2005; Kotov et al. 2010). It seems to be an endemic of the Andean highlands (Kotov & Štifter

2006).

(38) Ilyocryptus denticulatus freyi Kotov et Štitfer, 2005. Shallow channel in grossy meadow, N of turnoff to

Monte Aymond (52º 10' N; 69º 30' W) (Kotov & Štifter 2005). Probably an endemic of southernmost portion of

South America (Kotov & Štifter 2006).

Ilyocryptus longiremis Sars, 1888. Valdivia (39° 49' S; 73° 15' W) (Ekman 1900). Junior synonym of I. spinifer

(Kotov & Dumont 2000).

(39) Ilyocryptus cf. nevadensis Cervantes-Martínez, Gutiérrez-Aguirre & Elías-Gutiérrez, 2000. A small stream,

Parinacota Region (18° 10' S; 69° 15' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). An Andean finding needs to be re-checked based on

more ample material.

(40) Ilyocryptus sordidus (Liévin, 1848) s.lat. (described as Acanthocercus sordidus Liévin, 1848). Chungará lake

(18° 15' S; 69° 10' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). Apparently this is a cosmopolitan species group which needs to be

revised (Kotov & Štifter 2006).

(41) Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882 (syn. Ilyocryptus halyi Brady, 1886, I. longiremis Sars, 1888,

Acanthocercus immundus Ihering, 1895, I. verrucosus Daday, 1905, I. tetraspinus Bergamin, 1939): Isla Margarita

(41° 46' S; 73° 15' W), Bonita lagoon (40° 53' S; 72° 52' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W), Todos los

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374

Santos lake (41° 06' S; 72° 15' W) (Löffler 1961; Zúñiga & Domínguez 1977); Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32'

W), Orozco reservoir (33° 14' S; 71° 25' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); "Valparaiso (33°

04' S; 71° 38' W) a Llanquihue (41° 15' S; 73° 01' W)" (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos

(2006). To this moment it is regarded as a truly cosmopolitan taxon (Kotov & Dumont 2000).

Family Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867 sensu Smirnov, 1992

(42) Cactus cactus (Vávra, 1900) (described as Macrothrix cactus Vávra, 1900). Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70° 55'

W) (Vávra 1900; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Lago San Ricardo, Tierra del Fuego (Smirnov & Kotov 2009). Listed

for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This taxon is an endemic of the southernmost corner of South America and Tierra

del Fuego.

(43) Macrothrix atahualpa Brehm, 1936 (syn. M. palearis Harding, 1955, syn. Echinisca palearis). Chungará lake

(18°15' S; 69°10' W) (Domínguez 1983; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989; Berrios & Sielfeld 2000), Salar de Lagunillas

(19°59' S; 68° 54' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006).

Macrothrix ciliata Vávra, 1900. Junior synonym of M. oviformis (Kotov 2007).

Macrothrix chevreuxi Guerne & Richard, 1892. Peña Blanca, Quilpué (33° 07' S; 71° 14' W), Valdivia (39° 49' S;

73° 15' W) (Ekman 1900). It is regarded as junior synonym of M. triserialis (Smirnov 1992). Even if M. chevreuxi

will be regarded as a valid taxon in the future, a chance to find this African taxon in South America is minimal

keeping in mind already demonstrated non-cosmopolitanism of this group (Dumont et al. 2002).

(44) Macrothrix goeldi Richard, 1897. "près de Concepción et à Lunache” (= Limache, 32° 59' S; 71° 17' W)"

(Richard 1897; Kotov & Ferrari 2010). A preliminary name for Macrothrix cf. spinosa King, 1853 from South

America. But this group needs to be accurately revised worldwide.

(45) Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady, 1867. Manzanillo river (33° 26' S; 70° 28' S) (Brehm 1936);

Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W), Yeso reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W) (Domínguez & Zúñiga 1976; Ruiz

& Bahamonde 1989); Santiago, Antarctic Peninsula (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos

(2006). In reality, this determination is problematic. No M. hirsuticornis s.st. is present in southern portion of South

America, only M. oviformis (Kotov 2007). But more northern populations need to be revised.

Macrothrix inflata Daday, 1902. Junior synonym of M. oviformis.

(46) Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine, 1820) s. lat. (described as Monoculus laticornis Jurine, 1820). El Peral (33° 30'

S; 71° 35' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985); Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile

by Villalobos (2006). A widely distributed group needs to be revised worldwide keeping in mind that even in

Holarctic it is represented by several species (Silva-Briano et al. 1999).

M. odontocephala Daday, 1902. Junior synonym of M. oviformis.

(47) Macrothrix oviformis Ekman, 1900 (syn. M. ciliata Vávra, 1900; M. inflata Daday, 1902; M. odontocephala

Daday, 1902. Del Inca lagoon (32° 49' S; 70° 09' W), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W) (Araya & Zúñiga

1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989; Berrios & Sielfeld, 2000), Laguna Melliza, Parque Nacional de las Torres del

Paine (51° 03' S; 72° 57' W); grassy meadow, 8 km north of turnoff to Monte Aymond (52° 08' S; 69° 31' W)

(Kotov 2007); Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006).

A taxon widely distributed in southernmost portion of South America, Tierra del Fuego, Antarctic Peninsula and

surrounding islands (Kotov 2007).

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A CHECKLIST OF BRANCHIOPODA

Macrothrix palearis Harding, 1955. Junior synonym of M. atahualpa.

(48) Macrothrix triserialis Brady, 1886 s.lat. Реñаblаnса close to Quilpué (33° 07' S; 71° 14' W); Valdivia (39° 49'

S; 73° 15' W) (Vávra 1900; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989)."Valparaiso (33° 04' S; 71° 38' W) a Valdivia" (Berrios &

Sielfeld 2000). Most probably, these populations belong to M. elegans Sars, 1901, common in South America

(Dumont et al. 2002; Kotov et al. 2004).

(49) Streblocerus serricaudatus (Fischer, 1849). Isla Margarita (Löffler 1961); Lago Llanquihue (41° 15' S; 73° 01'

W) (Thomasson 1963); Lago Todos los Santos (Zúñiga & Domínguez 1977; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Former

Lakes district (current River and Lakes districts: 39° 48' S–45° 48' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile

by Villalobos (2006). S. cf. serricaudatus from South America is very similar to those from Eurasia (Paggi 1976;

Smirnov 1992), but this taxon must be revised according to new standards of morphological analysis.

Family Chydoridae Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894

Subfamily Aloninae Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967

(50) Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) s. lat. (described as Lynceus affinis Leydig, 1860; syn Biapertura affinis). Lago

Villarrica (Löffler 1961); Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W), Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W), Pichilafquén

lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 12' W) (Zufliga & Dominguez 1977; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Araucanía to Lakes districts

(39° 48' S–54° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This is a cosmopolitan

species group (Sinev 1997), South American populations could belong to A. ossiani Sinev, 1998 or related taxa

(Sinev 2013).

(51) Alona altiplana Kotov, Sinev & Berrios, 2010. Chungará lake (18° 15' S; 69° 10' W), Salar de Lagunillas (19°

59' S; 68° 54' W), Salar de Huasco (20° 18' S; 68° 50' W), Laguna Lejía (23° 30' S; 67° 42' W) (Kotov et al. 2010).

An endemic taxon of Andean high mountains (Kotov et al. 2010).

(52) Alona cambouei Guerne and Richard, 1893. “Environs de Concepción” (36° 50' S; 73° 03' W) (Richard 1897);

Laguna de los Indios (33° 40' S; 70° 08' W) (Brehm 1936); Chungará lake (Domínguez 1973); Plateado reservoir

(33° 04' S; 71° 39' W), Orozco reservoir (33° 19' S; 71° 25´W), Peral reservoir (33° 30' S; 71° 35' W), Rapel

reservoir (34° 10' S; 71° 39' W), Lleu-Lleu (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Chungará lake (18°

14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez, 1973); "Arica & Parinacota to Valparaiso districts (18° 28' S–34° 10' S)" (Berrios &

Sielfeld 2000). This taxon belong to the pulchella-group, which South American populations need to be specially

revised (Sinev, 2001). It could be also mis-identified A. glabra (Van Damme et al. 2010).

Alona cambouei patagonica Ekman, 1900. Southern Patagonia, Quellén (= Quellón?, 43° 06' S; 73° 06' W)

(Ekman 1900). The taxon needs to be revised, it could be a valid species.

(53) Alona costata Sars, 1862 s.lat. Pellaifa (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W) (Löffler 1961). Cosmopolitan species group.

Chilean populations need to be revised.

(54) Alona glabra Sars, 1901. Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W), Salar de Huasco (20° 18' S; 68° 50' W)

(Kotov et al. 2010). A Neotropical taxon (Van Damme et al. 2010), but it needs to be re-studied, because it contains

at least two different phylogroups (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008).

(55) Alona guttata Sars, 1862 s.lat. Valdivia (39° 49' S; 73° 15' W) (Vávra 1900); Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71°

32' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); Valparaiso (33° 03' S) and Lakes región (45° 48' S)

(Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). A cosmopolitan taxon needs to be revised.

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(56) Alona intermedia (Sars, 1862) s.lat. Picton island (55° 04' S; 66° 52' W) (Brehm 1936; Ruiz & Bahamonde

1979; Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Puaucho pools (38° 57' S; 73° 19' W); Los Patos pool (39°10' S; 71° 42' W) (De los

Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). A complex of closely related species (Van

Damme et al. 2010).

(57) Alona nigra Smirnov, 1996. Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W), Salar de Huasco (20° 18' S; 68° 50' W)

(Kotov et al. 2010). This taxon is an endemic of Andean highlands (Kotov et al. 2010).

(58) Alona pulchella (King, 1953). Valparaiso (33° 03' S) and Lakes región (45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000);

Villarrica lake (39° 16' S; 72° 07' W), Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W),

Todos los Santos lake (41° 46' S; 73° 15' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); Venus lagoon (46°

12' S; 72° 09' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). See A. cambouei.

(59) Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776) s.lat. (described as Lynceus quadrangularis O.F. Müller, 1776).

Puyehue lake (40° 39' S; 72° 30' W) (Löffler 1961; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); (River and Lakes districts) (Berrios

& Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Most probably, the populations from Andean highlands

belong to A. boliviana Sinev & Coronel, 2006 (Van Damme et al. 2008b), but populations from lowlands need to

be accurately revised.

(60) Alona virago Brehm, 1935. Isla Eberhard (51° 36' S; 72° 36' W) (Brehm, 1935). It is an endemic of southern

South America.

(61) Camptocercus australis Sars, 1896. Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This taxon is regarded as distributed

in "Australia, South America, Jamaica" (Smirnov 1998), South American populations need to be revised.

Camptocercus naticochensis Delachaux, 1919. Chungará lake (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1989; Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Species inquirenda, but it could

be an endemic of South America.

(62) Camptocercus rectirostris (Schödler, 1862) s.lat. Margarita island (41° 06' S; 72° 17' W), Llanquihue lake (41°

07' S; 72° 50' W), Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W) (Löffler 1961); Del Inca lagoon (32° 49' S; 70° 09' W),

Pichilafquén lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 12' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985); Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W),

Orozco reservoir (33° 14' S; 71° 25' W), El Peral (33° 30' S; 71° 35' W), Rapel reservoir (34° 10'S; 71° 29' W),

Lanalhue lake (37° 55' S; 73° 19' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Valparaiso (33° 03' S) and

Lakes región (45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This species complex

needs to be revised. Taking into consideration that Camptocercus aloniceps Ekman, 1900 was described from

Southern Patagonia, Argentina, we believe that some of aforementioned records concern the latter taxon instead of

the rectirostris-group.

(63) Coronatella cf. circumfimbriata (Megard, 1967) s.lat. Salar de Lagunillas (19°59' S; 68° 54' W) (Kotov et al.

2010). "With a high probability, the studied population belongs to a new species" (Kotov et al. 2010).

(64) Coronatella poppei (Richard, 1897). "près de Concepción (36° 50' S; 73° 03' W) et à Lunache" (= Limache,

32° 59' S; 71° 17' W) (Richard 1897; Löffler 1961); Villarrica lake (39° 16' S; 72° 07' W), Valparaiso (33° 03' S)

and Lakes región (45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). A Neotropical taxon

(Van Damme & Dumont 2008a; Van Damme et al. 2010).

(65) Geoffreya fryeri Kotov, Sinev & Berrios, 2010. Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W) (Kotov et al. 2010).

It is a micro-endemic known from a single locality (Kotov et al. 2010).

(66) Karualona karua (King, 1853) s.lat. (described as Alona karua King, 1853, syn. Alonella karua). Lunache (=

Limache, 32° 59' S; 71° 17' W) (Sars 1901; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1989); Valparaiso district (33° 03' S–34° 10' W)

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A CHECKLIST OF BRANCHIOPODA

(Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Sars (1901) was the first investigator pointing out

the presence of this taxon (as Alonella karua) in Chile. He had no original samples from Chile, but he marked that

Richard's (1897) specimens of "Alona mülleri" belong to Alonella karua. In reality, Karualona mülleri is a separate

Neotropical species (Sinev & Hollwedel 2005), see below. But even after a series of recent revisions (Dumont &

Silva-Briano 2000; Van Damme et al. 2013), the status of karua-like populations in South America still must be re-

evaluated.

(67) Karualona muelleri (Richard, 1897) (described as Alona mülleri Richard, 1897). "près de Concepción (36° 50'

S; 73° 03' W) a Lunache (= Limache, 32° 59' S; 71° 17' W)" (Richard 1897; Kotov & Ferrari 2010). This taxon is

present in Neotropics (Sinev & Hollwedel 2005; Van Damme et al. 2013).

(68) Leberis diaphanus (King, 1853) s.lat. (described as Alona diaphana King, 1853). Huechun (33° 02' S; 70° 47'

W) (Löffler 1961). L. diaphanus s.str. is absent in South America, but there are at least two species: L. davidi

(Richard, 1895) (see Sinev et al. 2005) and one more taxon (Kotov & Fuentes-Reines 2015).

(69) Leydigia leydigi (Schödler, 1863) s. lat. (described as Alona leydigi Schödler, 1863; syn. Leydigia

quadrangularis Kurz, 1875). Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Domínguez & Zúñiga 1976); Peñuelas

lagoon (33° 09' S; 71° 32' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Ruiz & Bahamonde

1979); Valparaiso and Lakes district (33° 03' S–45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Tamango lagoon (46°11' S;

72°08' W), lagoon close to General Carrera lake (46°11' S; 72°07'W), Laparent lagoon (46°14' S; 72°14' W), Venus

lagoon (46°12' S; 72° 09'W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). J. Paggi

(personal communication) concluded that Patagonian populations from Argentina belong to a separate species,

undescribed yet, just this taxon could present in Chile.

(70) Leydigia louisi louisi Jenkin, 1934. A small stream, Parinacota Region (18° 10' S; 69° 15' W), Salar de Huasco

(20° 18' S; 68° 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). African-Neotropical taxon (Kotov 2009).

(71) Ovalona weinecki (Studer, 1878) (described as Alona weinecki Studer, 1878). Isla de Pascua (27° 07' S; 109°

21' W) (Dumont & Martens 1996). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This is an endemic of islands close to

South American continents in Subantarctic zone, but populations from different islands could belong to different

species (Van Damme et al. 2010).

Subfamily Chydorinae Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967

(72) Alonella clathratula Sars, 1896. Chungará lake (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973); Llanquihue lake

(41° 07' S; 72° 50' W) (Löffler 1961; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); "I y X Regiones", (Arica and Parinacota to Lakes

district 18°18' - 45°-54' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Widely distributed in

Australian, African and Neotropical regions and needs to be revised worldwide (Smirnov 1996).

(73) Alonella excisa (Fisher, 1854) (described as Lynceus excisus Fisher, 1854). Todos los Santos lake (41° 46' S;

73° 15' W) (Löffler 1961; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); River and Lakes district (39° 48' S–45° 54' S) (Berrios &

Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Widely distributed and needs to be revised worldwide

(Smirnov 1996).

(74) Chydorus patagonicus Ekman, 1900. Many localities in Patagonia (Ekman 1900). Listed for Chile by Ruiz &

Bahamonde (1979) and Villalobos (2006). Valid species distributed in southern South America (Smirnov 1996).

(75) Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1785) s.lat. (described as Lynceus sphaericus O.F. Müller, 1785). Peña

Blanca, Quilpué (33° 07' S; 71° 14' W), Punta Arenas (53° 09' S; 70° 55' W) (Vávra 1900); Aculeo lagoon (33° 50'

S; 70° 55' W), Ranco lake (40° 12' S; 72° 22' W) (Brehm 1936); Pichilafquén lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 12' W),

Calafquén lake (39° 31' S; 72° 08' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72° 50' W) (Löffler, 1961); Yeso reservoir (33°

DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE & KOTOV

378

39' S; 70° 07' W) (Pezzani-Hernández 1970); Chungará lake (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973); Plateado

reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Domínguez & Zúñiga 1976); Riñihue lake (39° 49' S; 72° 19' W) (Zúñiga &

Domínguez, 1978); Rapel reservoir (34° 10' S; 71° 29' W) (Zúñiga & Araya 1982), Peñuelas lagoon (33° 09' S; 71°

32' W), El Peral lagoon (33° 30' S; 71° 35' W), Negra lagoon (33° 39' S; 70° 08' W) (Araya & Zúñiga 1985);

Valparaiso and Lakes district (33° 03' S - 45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000); Del Inca lagoon (32° 49' S; 70° 09'

W) (Löffler 1961); Natri lake (42°47' S; 73°50' W), Tarahuin lake (42°43' S; 73° 45' W) (Villalobos et al. 2003b);

Salado river (20°20' S; 68° 39' W) (De los Ríos et al. 2010); Pools at Cañi Park (39°15' S; 71° 42' W) (De los Ríos-

Escalante et al. 2010); Salar de Huasco (20º 18' S; 68º 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010); Balmaceda pools (45° 53' S; 71°

44' W), Verde I lagoon (45° 58' S; 71° 52 'W), Chiguay lagoon (45° 59'; 71° 52' W), Lagoons close to General

Carrera lake (46° 10' S; 72° 10' W and 46° 11' S; 72° 09' W), De los Sapos lagoon (45° 32' S; 72° 02' W), Tamango

lagoon (46° 11' S; 72° 08' W), lagoon close to General Carrera lake (46° 11' S; 72° 07' W), Laparent lagoon (46° 14'

S; 72° 14' W), Venus lagoon (46°12' S; 72° 09' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2014); Quetro lagoon and adjacent

wetland at Tagua Tagua park (41° 44' S; 72° 12' W), Alerces lagoon (41° 43' S; 72° 10' W) (De los Ríos-Escalante

& Acevedo 2014). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). The Chydorus sphaericus species group is cosmopolitan,

with many undescribed taxa revealed by genetical methods (Belyaeva & Taylor 2009). Most probably, C.

sphaericus s.str. is absent in Chile, or its presence could be a result of antropogenic invasion, as in case of some

Australian populations (Sharma & Kotov 2015).

Chydorus sphaericus plumatus Löffler, 1961. Laguna del Inca (32° 49' S; 70° 09' W) (Löffler 1961; Ruiz &

Bahamonde 1979; Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Species inquirenda, its real

differences from C. cf. sphaericus are unknown.

(76) Dunhevedia odontoplax Sars, 1901. Valparaíso district (33° 03' S–34° 10' W) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed

for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Neotropical taxon (Smirnov 1996).

Dunhevedia setigera (Birge, 1879). Lunache (= Limache, 32° 59' S; 71° 17' W) (Richard 1897); Valdivia (39° 49'

S; 73° 15' W) (Vávra 1900). Species inqurienda (Smirnov 1996).

(77) Ephemeroporus poppei (Richard, 1897) (described as Chydorus poppei Richard 1897). "près de Concepción

(36° 50' S; 73° 03' W) et à Lunache (= Limache, 32° 59'S ; 71° 17' W)" (Richard 1897; Kotov & Ferrari 2010);

Peña Blanca, Quilpué (33° 07' S; 71° 14' W) (Vávra 1900); Valparaíso district (33° 03' S–34° 10' S) (Berrios &

Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Neotropical taxon (Smirnov 1996).

(78) Paralona pigra (Sars, 1862) (described as Chydorus pigra Sars, 1862). Del Inca lagoon (32° 49' S; 70° 09' W),

Pichilafquén lagoon (39° 13' S; 72° 12' W), Margarita island (41° 06' S; 72° 17' W), Llanquihue lake (41° 07' S; 72°

50' W) (Löffler 1961); Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W), Todos los Santos lake (41° 46' S; 73° 15' W) (Zúñiga &

Domínguez 1977; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This is a cosmopolitan taxon

(Smirnov 1996) needs to be revised worldwide.

(79) Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) s.lat. (described as Monoculus aduncus Jurine, 1820). Vicinities of

Concepcion (36° 50' S; 73° 03' W) (Richard 1897); Plateado reservoir (33° 04' S; 71° 39' W) (Domínguez &

Zúñiga 1976; Löffler 1961); Pellaifa lake (39° 30' S; 71° 57' W) (Zúñiga & Domínguez 1977); Llanquihue lake

(41° 07' S; 72° 50' W) (Thomasson 1963, fide Ruiz and Bahamonde 1989); Valparaiso and Lakes district (33° 03'

S–45° 48' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Several revisions demonstrated

absence of P. aduncus s.str. in South America (Frey 1993; Smirnov et al. 2006; Kotov et al. 2010). Most

populations from this group there belong to P. scopuliferus, P. varidentatus, P. hardingi or P. fryeri. Still more new

taxa could be found or validity of some previously described species could be re-established.

(80) Pleuroxus caca Harding, 1955. Chungará lake (18° 14' S; 69° 09' W) (Domínguez 1973); Arica & Parinacota

to Tarapacá districts (18° 18' S–23° 38' S) (Berrios & Sielfeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006).

Endemic of the Andean highlands (Smirnov 1996).

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(81) Pleuroxus fryeri Kotov, Sinev & Berrios, 2010. Crater lake at Licancabur volcano (23°29' S; 67° 41' W), Lejía

lagoon (23° 30' S; 67° 42' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). This taxon is known from two localities in the Andean highlands

(Kotov et al. 2010).

(82) Pleuroxus hardingi Smirnov, Kotov & Coronel, 2006. Salar de Lagunillas (19° 59' S; 68° 54' W), Salar de

Huasco (20° 18' S; 68° 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). This taxon is probably endemic of the Andean highlands (Kotov

et al. 2010).

(83) Pleuroxus scopuliferus (Ekman, 1900). Unknown water body near Morro Chico, km. 146 of the 9, Punta

Arenas-Puerto Natales (approximately 52° 05' S; 71° 22' W) (Ekman 1900; Kotov & Gololobova 2005); Yeso

reservoir (33° 39' S; 70° 07' W) (Pezzani-Hernández 1970; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979; Berrios & Sieldeld 2000).

Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). Endemic of South America present in the Andean highlands and Patagonia.

Pleuroxus ternispinosus Ekman, 1900. "Eberhardt's locality" (Ekman 1900). It is not clear, is this locality in Chile

or in Argentina? Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). This taxon needs to be revised (Smirnov 1996).

(84) Pleuroxus variadentantus Frey, 1993. Salar de Huasco (20° 18' S; 68° 50' W) (Kotov et al. 2010). Neotropical

taxon (Frey 1993; Smirnov 1996; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2006, 2008; Kotov et al. 2010).

(85) Picripleuroxus similis (Vávra, 1900) (described as Pleuroxus similis Vávra, 1900). Valdivia (39° 49' S; 73° 15'

W) (Vávra 1900; Ruiz & Bahamonde 1979); Former Lakes district (current River and Lakes districts: 39° 48' S–

45° 48' W) (Berrios & Sieldeld 2000). Listed for Chile by Villalobos (2006). A species distributed on several

continents (Smirnov 1996); it needs to be revised.

Discussion

Our checklist contains 85 taxa, among which nine anostracans and 76 cladocerans. Number of cladocerans

revealed above is significantly fewer as compared with those from recently published checklists of South Africa

(112), India (137), South Korea (85) or China (199) (Smirnov 2008; Chatterjee et al. 2013; Jeong et al. 2014;

Xiang et al. 2015; Ji et al. 2015), although some of these authors counted also few marine taxa. No doubts that such

"low" biodiversity of Chile is a reflection of insufficient sampling efforts instead of natural factors. At least,

country size is significantly larger and environmental conditions are much more diverse in Chile as compared with

South Korea or South Africa. At this moment, any attempts of a global analysis of distributional patterns of the

cladocerans in Chile (like, as for example, which was made by Oyanedel et al. 2008) seem to be premature due to

limitations of adequate information on the topic. The number of Anostracans in Chile also seems to be

underestimated as compared with some well-studied territories in other regions of the World (Rogers & Hill 2013).

Chile is a country where a significant portion of water bodies has relatively hard conditions for the hydrobionts due

to (1) a cold climate (like in Tierra del Fuego and southernmost Patagonia), (2) plus strong UV radiation in

highlands of the Andes and (3) a moderate and high salinity in many lakes in different climatic zones. As

worldwide, the anostracan species prefer such marginal waterbodies (temporary, salty, with a strong UV radiation),

because they are normally fishless (Brendonck et al. 2008). In general, representatives of the Anostraca are

relatively frequent just in the southernmost portion of South America (Brték & Mura 2000).

In contrast, cladocerans are known from water bodies of all possible types, but their diversity is strongly

varying in water bodies of different types. Some cladoceran taxa are widespread in Chilean inland waters, such as

Daphnia ambigua, D. obtusa s.lat., D. pulex s.lat., A. guttata s.lat., A. pulchella s.lat., Chydorus sphaericus s.lat.,

and others (Araya & Zúñiga 1985; Villalobos 1994; 2006; De los Ríos & Soto 2007; Crease et al. 2012). In

contrast, other taxa are restricted to certain areas (or to a single area, or even to a single water body) such as

Daphnia chilensis (see Hann 1986; Valdivia & Burger 1989; Bayly 1993) or D. dadayana (see De los Ríos 2005,

2008). Similar combination of biogeographical patterns was already reported for Argentinean cladocerans (Paggi

1995).

DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE & KOTOV

380

Due to the strong latitudinal extention of Chile, different biogeographical zones with the consequent

differences in their biotic composition could be found there (Luebert and Pliscoff 2006; De los Ríos-Escalante et

al. 2013). It is necessary to remember that in Chile there are some areas with a humid subtropical and a

Medirranean-type climate (Castri & Hajek 1976). Paradoxically, such regions are specially poorly studied even as

compared with regions with extreme climate (South Patagonia and Andean highlands). We believe that several

genera, never recorded from Chile before but common in the "true" Neotropical lowlands (see for example Sars

1901; Paggi 1976, 1995; Elmoor-Loureiro 1998; Sinev & Elmoor-Loureiro 2010; Van Damme & Dumont 2010),

could be found there, i.e., belonging to the families Macrothricidae, Eurycercidae and Chydoridae.

In general, in tropical regions, high altitude lakes have lower biodiversity than water bodies from lowlands

(Green 1995). Also it is accepted recently that the northern Chile have lower diversity of the cladocerans due to

high to a moderate salinity of majority of water bodies (Bayly 1993; De los Ríos & Crespo 2004; De los Ríos

2005), but such conclusion could be a result of insufficient attention of the cladoceran taxonomists to this region.

For example, recently Kotov et al. (2010) studied a limited number of water boodies in the Andes, but significantly

improved the knowledge on the fauna of this region, i.e., several new taxa were described. Also these authors

demonstrated a high endemism of the Andean fauna and concluded that these endemics are possible relicts,

remains of some groups widely distributed in the Mesozoic, following the ideas on the cladocerans as a very old

group (Frey 1987; Colbourne & Hebert 1996; Kotov & Taylor 2011). Indeed, the diversity in each water body

could be lower in the Andean highlands as compared with lowlands, but a total number of mountain species could

be high due to their strong endemism and very local distribution in the "sky islands" of "Löffler Islands"—" high-

altitude, cold-water habitats in the tropics, which act as climatic islands for extratropical freshwater faunas" (Van

Damme & Eggermont 2011).

It is accepted that the species diversity is lower on west side of the Andean highlands (Araya & Zúñiga 1985;

De los Ríos & Soto 2007) as compared with the east side, belonging mainly to Bolivia and Argentina (Olivier

1962). But such conclusion is also a quite preliminary one. Of course, the Andes are an important physical barrier

for a dispersion in longitudinal direction, nevertheless, the migratory aquatic birds could cover long distances and

cross the Andean ridges (De los Ríos & Zúñiga 2000), which can explain biogeographical patterns in widespread

and endemic cladocerans (Havel & Medley 2006; Adamowicz et al. 2002; 2009; Aguilera et al. 2007; Mergay et

al., 2008).

We can expect that a geographical zone of about 33° S shares species that are distributed for northern and

southern Chile, and probably it would have a transition zone between fauna of northern and southern Chilean

inland waters, as it happens in Argentine plains (Echaniz et al., 2006; Vignatti et al. 2007). This zone could be

specially rich in species number and needs especial studies.

Shallow permanent or ephemeral pools in the southern extremity of Chile have a relatively high species

number (De los Ríos-Escalante 2010; De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2010). In addition, they contain some endemic

species (Soto & De los Ríos 2006; De los Ríos et al. 2008; De los Ríos 2008) which need to be tolerant to a strong

UV radiation (Marinone et al. 2006; Hylander et al. 2012) and the pressure from large-sized copepods, like

Parabroteas sarsi Mrázek, 1901 (Balseiro & Vega 1994). This kind of zooplankton assemblage and trophic

interactions is similar to that described for water bodies in Sub-Antarctic islands and Antarctica (Paggi 1994, 1996;

Pugh et al. 2002; Dartnall 2005). At the same time, it is regarded that large and deep lakes in this region have a

species composition similar to northern (39–41° S) and central (41–48° S) Patagonian water bodies (De los Ríos &

Soto 2006; De los Ríos 2008; De los Ríos-Escalante et al. 2013), but such ideas need to be re-checked after a

comprehensive studies of species composition in different regions of Chile.

General conclusion

A relatively low number of the branchiopods in some Chilean localities and regions could be explained mainly by

insufficient level of their study. More faunistic, taxonomic and biogeographical studies of Chilean branchiopods

are necessary, specially in areas with subtropical climate, Atacama desert, Southern Patagonia, and central Chilean

ephemeral pools. According to recent requirements, such studies could be and must be reinforced by genetic

investigations aiming to confirm accurately a genetic isolation between populations from different regions.

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Acknowlegdements

Inventory of literature and ecological notes were made by PDLE and supported by Projects TIDES FOUNDATION

Grant TRF13 03011 and MECESUP 0804 and the Research Direction of the Catholic University of Temuco and we

express the gratitude to M.I for her valuable support; all taxonomic conclusions were made by AAK who is

supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-14-00778).

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A review of zooplankton research in Chile

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A review of zooplankton research in Chile

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Apr 2023
LIMNOLOGICA

Nuil models for understand crustaceans communities in inland waters in San Pedro de Atacama and Salar de Atacama basin, Antofagasta region, Chile

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Mar 2023

The inland waters in the Andes Mountains in the extreme north of Chile are in a zone with a marked arid climate in the called Atacama Desert (23° S, Antofagasta region, Chile) that has sporadic rains mainly in January or February (summer rains/Altiplano winter), many of these water bodies have high mineral contents due high mineral contents, and low species diversity (mainly crustacea and insecta). The present study aims to do a comparative analysis of inland water crustaceans in different kinds of water bodies in the surroundings of San Pedro de Atacama and Salar de Atacama in the north of Chile using co-occurrence null model analysis. The results revealed a scarce species richness and random species associations due to the lack of a structured pattern and many recurring species in the studied sites. Species reported, and species associations agree with literature descriptions. Nevertheless, more ecological studies would be necessary to understand the community patterns in these water bodies.

José de Paggi, S. B. J., Marinone, M. C., Küppers, G. C., Claps, M. C., & Paggi, J. C. (2022). Taxonomic Diversity of the Freshwater Zooplankton in Argentina: A Review. Limnologica 100: 126029.

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Susana Beatriz José de Paggi

Notes on the occurrence of Camptocercus dadayi Stingelin, 1913 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) in Brazil and Chile

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ZOOTAXA

South! Phylogeography of the Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini and its closest Patagonian congener Branchinecta granulosa reveals a long-term association of freshwater fauna with the southern continent

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Oct 2024

Branchinecta gaini Daday, 1910 is the southernmost extant Anostracan species occurring in various localities across Maritime Antarctica. Since this region was almost completely glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum, the identification of potential glacial refugia and the colonization sequence of freshwater habitats within Maritime Antarctica remains primary biogeographic objective for understanding the evolution of the Antarctic environment. To evaluate the history of B. gaini in Maritime Antarctica, we performed phylogeographic analyses of B. gaini and its closest Patagonian congener Branchinecta granulosa Daday, 1902. We sampled 47 populations from all three Antarctic bioregions where B. gaini occurs – South Orkney Islands, North-west and North-east Antarctic Peninsula. B. granulosa was represented by 8 populations from Patagonia. Molecular analyses of two mitochondrial (16S, COI) and one nuclear (ITS2) marker showed low overall mitochondrial variability and the ambiguous nature of ITS2 variability. The species assessment revealed insufficient genetic differentiation between B. gaini and B. granulosa to consider them two separate species. Therefore, the widely accepted idea that there is a species of Branchinecta endemic to Antarctica and sub-Antarctic islands should be omitted, and B. gaini should be synonymized with B. granulosa . Molecular clock analysis of COI for two substitution rates dated the separation of B. gaini from B. granulosa to the Pleistocene (170 – 502 ka BP and 17 – 50 ka BP, respectively). Therefore, Antarctic populations of B. gaini separated from Patagonian B. granulosa before or during the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating an older association with the southern continent than previously anticipated. The geographic distribution of haplotypes further suggests that B. gaini most likely survived at least the last glacial period in an as-yet unknown refugium in Antarctica.

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Nikolai Korovchinsky

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Nov 2022

Abstract Our knowledge of cladoceran species composition and distribution of Neotropical taxa is incomplete, therefore misleading the basic understanding of biodiversity processes and biogeographical patterns of this ecologically relevant group. We present new records and an updated checklist of the cladocerans of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) based on a critical review of their known distribution throughout the different freshwater ecoregions. Nine marine species were recorded, and 80 non-marine cladocerans were counted from two of the four ecoregions of Rio de Janeiro State. We estimate species richness applying the interpolation and extrapolation method, using iNEXT function. With this approach we compute diversity estimates for rarefied and extrapolated samples up to double the reference sample size (number of studies). Four new records of rare species were included from surveys in the Paraiba do Sul ecoregion. The Fluminense ecoregion shows a higher richness with a more asymptotic curve and thus a lower expected richness in comparison to the Paraiba do Sul ecoregion. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1886 was the most frequently found species whilst Moina macrocopa Straus, 1820 was the only non-native species encountered. Our study can contribute to developing a biogeographical understanding of this diverse group in a heterogeneous territory in terms of inland waters. Future studies are suggested to prioritize novel ecoregions and unexplored habitats e.g. littoral zones with high macrophyte and periphyton coverage, brackish waters, saline and high-altitude lakes, as more diverse and heterogeneous habitats will undoubtedly reveal additional records.

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Nov 2022
ANIM BIOL

The Chilean north Patagonian lakes are characterized by their marked oligotrophic or oligome-sotrophic status and low abundance of zooplankton species; many of the lakes with oligomesotrophic status are associated with human intervention due to towns on their shores. The aim of the present study was to determine the relations between spectral properties (LANDSAT OLI), chlorophyll and plankton abundances in two north Patagonian lakes: Villarrica, which has two towns on its shores, and Lake Caburgua, which has native forest on its shores. The results revealed that Lake Villarrica has high reflectance in the near infrared, red and green bands, high concentrations of chlorophyll a, the absence of mixotrophic protozoa, and a high abundance of bacterial and plankton, mainly phy-toplankton (Chlophyceae and diatoms) and zooplankton. Lake Caburgua, on the other hand, has low reflectance in the same bands, and low chlorophyll concentrations, low bacterial and zooplankton abundances, with the exception of high mixotrophic ciliates and small phytoplankton, and Volvox colonies. The obtained results agree with limnological observations on both lakes, and observations agrees with similar observations of the spectral properties of glacial north Patagonian lakes and of the zooplankton community, and in this scenario, the use of remote-sensing techniques would be a good tool to predict the plankton community in Patagonian lakes.

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Oct 2022
LIMNOLOGICA

This study is a review of the zooplankton studies in Paraguay, where two of South America’s large hydrographic basins are found those of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. After exhaustive searches, twenty-two published studies were found, with three of them being developed by national researchers, while all the others were carried out by foreign researchers or with their collaboration. The first studies were done between 1905 and 1936, involving field studies with taxonomy and ecological data and an experimental study testing the influence of temperature and dissolved oxygen on zooplankton. The studies resumed in 1960, presenting mainly data for rotifers, cladocerans and copepods in the plankton community, including taxonomic inventory, richness and species diversity, community composition, beta diversity, abundance and dominance. Most of the studies were carried out in the Paraguay River basin and in the limnetic region of lakes and reservoirs. Some copepod species were typical of lentic or lotic environments and low or high trophic conditions, Overall, 154 zooplankton species were registered (70 rotifers, 51 cladocerans and 33 copepods), with high diversity for Brachionidae and Lecanidae (rotifers), Chydoridae (cladocerans) and Cyclopidae (copepods). The zooplankton richness recorded in Paraguayan territory is lower than in larger and more explored South American countries such as Argentina and Brazil, but similar to found in other countries of a similar size. Moreover, there are few scientific centers and there is low funding for research, which are important factors for the development of scientific knowledge. Planktonic protozoan communities, functional diversity or molecular analyses of zooplankton were the main gaps in the zooplankton studies. Few studies for the zooplankton were published from Paraguay country and more are necessary, close to the main channels of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers, in the Itaipu reservoir and far from these rivers, inside the country, where few or none studies were made.

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Full-text available

Jan 2006

Different surveys in the Campechano–Petenense biogeographical province, including a part of Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, and North of Guatemala (Departments of Peten and Alta Verapaz), produced a list of 56 species of the Cladocera. Studied water bodies included small temporary pools, sinkholes (named cenotes), permanent lagoons, wetlands, and Peten Lake. We increase the number of known cladoceran species from Mexico by adding eight new records, and provide the first published species list for Belize, as well as for the Mayan Mountains and intermittent rivers from Guatemala. Interesting taxa found are Diaphanosoma bergamini Paggi & da Rocha, 1999; Macrothrix spinosa King, 1853; M. elegans Sars, 1901; Grimaldina brazzai Richard, 1892; Picripleuroxus quasidenticulatus Smirnov, 1996; Ephemeroporus tridentatus (Bergamin, 1939); Graptoleberis sp.; Alona cf. ossiani Sinev, 1998; Oxyurella ciliata Bergamin, 1939, and O. longicaudis (Birge, 1910). The majority of these species are Neotropical representatives, and the Mexican records are the northernmost. Few other taxa, such as the recently described Leydigia louisi mexicana Kotov, Elías-Gutiérrez & Nieto, 2003, are related to African species or widely distributed, like Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882. Some species, as E. tridentatus (Bergamin) and O. ciliata Bergamin were rare in the samples.

Null models for explaining inland water crustacean zooplankton communities in Chile

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2018

Inland water crustaceans in Chile are characterized by their low species number and marked endemism; this is due to the marked oligotrophy of water bodies and the geographical properties of Chilean territory, which consists of mountains and glaciers. The aim of the present study is to typify the inland water crustaceans in the northern Aysen region (44-46°S), which is branded by the presence of mountains, ice fields and inland seas, with different kinds of water bodies such as large lakes, permanent and ephemeral pools, rivers and streams. The results revealed low species numbers, but the species associations are random, because in many sites the same species frequently reoccur. Nevertheless, there are marked differences in species associations. The present results tend to agree with similar results for the Magallanes region in southern Patagonia and Argentinean Patagonia.

Separation of Alona cambouei Guerne & Richard, 1893 from Alona pulchella King, 1853 (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda, Chydoridae).

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2001

Artem Sinev

Review of the affinis-group of Alona Baird, 1843, with the description of a new species from Australia (Anomopoda Chydoridae).

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1997

Artem Sinev

Translocation of Alona muelleri Richard, 1897 into the genus Karualona Dumont & Silva-Briano, 2000 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2005

A new species of Branchinecta (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from the Argentinian Tierra del Fuego

Article

Sep 2008

Rosa Graciela Cohen

Branchinecta fueguina, a new species of fairy shrimp, was found together with B. granulosa in a temporary pond beside Laguna de los Cisnes, 53°47'12''S, 67°46'55''W, Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province (Argentina). The male second antennal basal article has a proximal, anteriomedial auriculate welt, covered with sensory setae and a hanging posteriomedial ornamented apophysis bending abruptly anteriorly with a rounded apex. Distally, the basal article has a longitudinal medial crest, proximally produced into a blunt posteriomedially directed point. The distal article is strongly rotated, articulating almost perpendicular to the basal article. The anterior surface of the article is triangular, from its proximal joint to the broadly explanate apex. Distally, the broadened article bends anteriorly forming a complex three-lobed apex. The peculiar joint with the basal article and the distal article shape are unique in the genus.

Krebstiere, Crustacea. Kiemen‐und Blattfüsser, Branchiopoda. Fischläuse, Branchiura

Article

Jan 1972

D. Flössner

Cladocera: The Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the world

Article

Jan 1996

N.N. Smirnov

Depth-selection patterns and diel vertical migration of Daphnia ambigua (Crustacea : Cladocera) in lake El Plateado

Article

Sep 2001

Eutrophic temperate and sub-tropical lakes often exhibit a marked vertical structure during the warm season that involves important spatial differences of physical, chemical and biological variables. Therefore, zooplankton is exposed to a highly heterogeneous environment in the vertical dimension. In this work, We analyze the depth-distribution of the cladoceran Daphnia ambigua in the eutrophic, monomictic lake El Plateado at midday and midnight, along with its relationship with the vertical distribution of water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. We also attempt to define whether or not this population exhibits a diel vertical migration. The results show significant changes in the day/night vertical distribution of D. ambigua during its growing season, with the exception of the last date. Also, the data revealed that average depth selected by D. ambigua becomes shallower with time, and the amplitude of the vertical migration decreases throughout the season. During the period of lake stratification, temperature appears positively correlated, and oxygen negatively correlated to the frequency of D. ambigua. It is suggested that oxygen concentration plays a crucial role in modulating the vertical migration behavior of D. ambigua in lake El Plateado, which has important consequences for understanding the atypical pattern of population dynamics exhibited by this species.

Limnological studies in lake Sarmiento, a subsaline lake from Chilean Patagonia

Article

Jan 1994

A checklist of Branchiopoda (Anostraca and Cladocera) of Chilean continental waters

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