ArticleLiterature Review

Probiotics in Dermatologic Practice

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Abstract

Objective: Probiotics are live microorganisms that beneficially affect the host when administered in adequate amounts. They have an excellent safety profile. Probiotics have been used as immunomodulators in inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to summarize the available evidence concerning the use of different strains of probiotics in dermatology practice. Methods: We conducted a literature review of English and Spanish publications listed in standard databases (PubMed, Ovid, Google Scholar, Medline, and EBSCO), between 1994 and 2015 using the words "probiotics" and "dermatology." We found ∼70 studies containing these criteria and selected 42 in which probiotics were used for dermatologic purposes. Results: We found enough evidence to recommend the use of probiotics in specific conditions in dermatology practice, especially in children with atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: Further well-designed, large population based trials are needed to validate the use of probiotics in dermatology practice, including innovative therapies to rebuild skin barrier defects, protection against microbial colonization, and restoration of immunologic balance.

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... The complex interplay between the human body and its inhabiting microflora along with dietary habits, hygiene, and other external factors contributes to the pathogenesis of many dermatologic conditions (wound healing, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, body malodor, and others) [21,[78][79][80][81]. Commensals and symbionts along with pathogens on human skin have important roles in the inflammatory response, which highlight several novel strategies to treat non-healing wounds [21]. ...
... Although their mechanism of action is not yet fully elucidated, probiotics and prebiotics target microbiota imbalances and modulate the immune system [79,81,82]. Synbiotics, a combination of pre-and probiotics, have a synergistic effect on the gut microbiota [79,80]. These immune modulators already proved to be efficient in inflammatory skin diseases, but their role in wound healing, as well as other dermatological conditions still requires further investigations [82]. ...
... Probiotics are live microorganisms which provide certain benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts as part of preventative or curative treatments [78][79][80]82,83]. ...
Article
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The pathogenesis of chronic wounds (CW) involves a multifaceted interplay of biochemical, immunological, hematological, and microbiological interactions. Biofilm development is a significant virulence trait which enhances microbial survival and pathogenicity and has various implications on the development and management of CW. Biofilms induce a prolonged suboptimal inflammation in the wound microenvironment, associated with delayed healing. The composition of wound fluid (WF) adds more complexity to the subject, with proven pro-inflammatory properties and an intricate crosstalk among cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs, proteases, growth factors, and ECM components. One approach to achieve information on the mechanisms of disease progression and therapeutic response is the use of multiple high-throughput ‘OMIC’ modalities (genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, metabolomic assays), facilitating the discovery of potential biomarkers for wound healing, which may represent a breakthrough in this field and a major help in addressing delayed wound healing. In this review article, we aim to summarize the current progress achieved in host–microbiome crosstalk in the spectrum of CW healing and highlight future innovative strategies to boost the host immune response against infections, focusing on the interaction between pathogens and their hosts (for instance, by harnessing microorganisms like probiotics), which may serve as the prospective advancement of vaccines and treatments against infections.
... Probiotic are living microorganisms that when consumed in adequate amounts can give a healthy effect on hosts [9]. Probiotic have been extensively investigated because of their effects on the gastrointestinal system and digestive function, but these microbes can be applied more broadly based on evidence of the gut-brain-skin theory which was stated for 80 years ago. ...
... The first report on probiotic originated in 1907 by Elie Metchnikoff which illustrates the relationship of consuming acid producing bacteria in yogurt with longevity [10]. Probiotic acts against pathogenic bacteria, support barrier functions and contribute to the regulation of natural and acquired immune responses [9], [10]. ...
... Probiotic are living microorganism that when consumed in adequate amounts can give a healthy effect on hosts [9]. Probiotic has been extensively investigated because of their effects on the gastrointestinal system and digestive function, but can be applied more broadly based on evidence of the gut-brain-skin theory by John H. Stokes & Donald M. Pillsbury which is the basis of the many studies currently looking for clinical implications of the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract, brain and skin in acne vulgaris [1], [7], [8]. ...
Article
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Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that commonly found in pilosebaceous units which can have an impact on the patient's psychological burden. The relationship between dermatology and mental health is increasingly understood by the evidence shows that functional integrity and microbes in the gastrointestinal tract may play a role in mediating skin inflammation and emotional behaviour. The gut-brain-skin theory was first described in 1930 by Stokes and Pillsbury, became the basis of many current studies that look for clinical implications of the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract, brain and skin in acne vulgaris. Probiotics are live microorganisms which can provide a healthy effect to the hosts when consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of oral probiotic on the interleukin-10 serum levels in acne vulgaris and also to determine the side effect of oral probiotic on acne vulgaris. Methods: This is a pre-experimental clinical study with a pretest-posttest design involving 33 subjects with acne vulgaris. The subjects in this study were measured for IL-10 serum levels before and after oral probiotic was given for 30 days. This research has been approved by the Health Research Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Results: This study found an increase in serum IL-10 levels after oral probiotic in acne vulgaris. The value of serum IL-10 levels before oral probiotic administration was 5.27 ± 1.49 pg/ml, while the value of serum IL-10 levels after oral probiotic administration was 6.19 ± 1.68 pg/ml) with p values obtained through Wilcoxon test was 0,0001 (p < 0.05). The side effect of oral probiotic found in this study is bloating that was found in 2 subjects within the first week using oral probiotic. Conclusion: Oral probiotic trigger elevated IL-10 serum levels of acne vulgaris. This study supports previous studies that suggested oral probiotic can be considered as adjuvant acne vulgaris therapy and its side effect is quite safe and tolerable.
... Hence, there is a growing interest in their possible use in dermatology. As immunomodulators, probiotics have been assessed in different inflammatory skin disorders and results of preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that they can have preventive and therapeutic beneficial effects (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Rather et al., 2016). In fact, there are not many studies of the use of probiotics in dermatology with the exception of atopic dermatitis (AD) in both children and adults (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Meneghin et al., 2012;Rather et al., 2016), and even for that condition their use in clinical practice is controversial, because results of clinical studies were often inconsistent (e.g. ...
... As immunomodulators, probiotics have been assessed in different inflammatory skin disorders and results of preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that they can have preventive and therapeutic beneficial effects (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Rather et al., 2016). In fact, there are not many studies of the use of probiotics in dermatology with the exception of atopic dermatitis (AD) in both children and adults (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Meneghin et al., 2012;Rather et al., 2016), and even for that condition their use in clinical practice is controversial, because results of clinical studies were often inconsistent (e.g. Allen et al., 2014;Cuello-Garcia et al., 2015;Drago et al., 2011;Fölster-Holst et al., 2006;Foolad and Armstrong, 2014;Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Kalliomäki et al., 2001;Lee et al., 2008;Meneghin et al., 2012;Panduru et al., 2015;Peldan et al., 2017;Rather et al., 2016). ...
... In fact, there are not many studies of the use of probiotics in dermatology with the exception of atopic dermatitis (AD) in both children and adults (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Meneghin et al., 2012;Rather et al., 2016), and even for that condition their use in clinical practice is controversial, because results of clinical studies were often inconsistent (e.g. Allen et al., 2014;Cuello-Garcia et al., 2015;Drago et al., 2011;Fölster-Holst et al., 2006;Foolad and Armstrong, 2014;Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Kalliomäki et al., 2001;Lee et al., 2008;Meneghin et al., 2012;Panduru et al., 2015;Peldan et al., 2017;Rather et al., 2016). Currently, evidence for the use of probiotics in prevention of AD is deemed more reliable than for its treatment (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Rather et al., 2016). ...
Article
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Oral probiotics potential for the management of dermatological diseases is vast. However, results of available studies in skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), are inconsistent, partly because probiotic effects are strain specific. Careful selection of probiotic strains is therefore indispensable to ensure efficacy of treatment. In this study, Lactobacillus salivarius LA307, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA305 and Bifidobacterium bifidum PI22, three strains that were previously identified for their interesting immunomodulatory properties in allergy and/or colitis models, were assessed in the prevention of chronic skin inflammation induced by repeated applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in hairless SKH-1 mice. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of skin lesions was performed together with measurements of serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-17, IL-22, IL-10 and IL-4. Daily oral treatment with the three strains at the dose of 1×109 cfu/day for 3 weeks limited the development of chronic skin inflammation, the effects being strain dependent. Indeed the two Lactobacillus strains significantly limited the intensity of skin inflammation both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Macroscopic observations were correlated to the histological observations and the resulting microscopic score. This limitation of the development of AD-like skin lesions involved the modulation of cytokine production. Treatment with the two Lactobacillus strains induced a decrease in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22 and at the opposite an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also of IL-4. Globally, B. bifidum PI22 had lower benefits. These results obtained in mice suggest that L. salivarius LA307 and L. rhamnosus LA305 could be good candidates for preserving skin integrity and homeostasis via the modulation of the gut microbiota and that their use could be beneficial in dermatological conditions such as AD.
... Atopic dermatitis is a chronically relapsing skin disease that occurs most commonly during early infancy and childhood. It is associated with allergen sensitization, recurrent skin infections and abnormalities in skin barriers function [37]. Foolad et al. published a meta-analysis study aimed to find evidence about the effect of probiotics in children with atopic dermatitis [38]. ...
... Probiotic interaction with mucosal immune system is through the same pathways as commensal bacteria. Its effect appears to be more immune regulating than immune activating [37]. ...
... Certain bacterial strains induce the production of Th polarizing key cytokines by DCs, such as IL-10, IL-12 and IL-23 [66,67]. Also, some Lactobacillus strains have been shown to stimulate Th1 cytokine production while others have increased Th2 responses or induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response [37]. An example of this is the use of a combination of L. salivarius LS01 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 in treatment of atopic dermatitis. ...
... This is because bifidobacteria lysates are "universal probiotics", which are composed of a large number of biologically active substances. An important function of bifidobacteria is their ability to raise protective tissue barrier for toxic substances, pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms [7,15,18]. ...
... Because lactobacilli are able to synthesize organic acids (lactic, acetic), polyhydric alcohols, glycosidase enzymes and lipases, bacteriocins, vitamins A, B, C and K, their lysates are used as a component of cosmetic creams for the care of sensitive and problem skin in the external treatment of hyperfunction of sebaceous glands. Lactobacillus lysates are also added to masks and cosmetic creams for the skin to regenerate and restore the skin with weakened immune protection, to improve skin turgor, elasticity and resilience, to recover the stratum corneum and for comprehensive skin care, including nutrition, hydration, prevention of aging [7,10,16,18,19]. ...
Article
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Normal microflora of human skin and the development of its representatives depending on the skin pH are considered in this article. It is shown a possibility of using probiotic microorganisms of genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus and their metabolites for making the cosmetic medical remedies for different skin types. It was revealed that the probiotic microorganisms’ lysates contain a large amount of biologically active substances that contribute to the recovery of the skin epidermis and inhibit the development of pathogenic skin microflora. Keywords: probiotics, cosmeceuticals, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus
... In order to restore microbiomes, probiotics are used, which contain live microorganisms that benefit the health of the host when administered in sufficient quantities [4]. In this development, we selected as a probiotic component standard for many human microbiomes strains of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus -non-pathogenic, non-toxigenic, gram-positive enzymatic microorganisms with the ability to produce lactic acid from carbohydrates and bactericidal and biologically active substances [5]. Probiotic strains of L. plantarum 8P-A3 and L. fermentum 90T-C4 are classic production strains that form the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign probiotics, mainly in the form of lyophilized biomass, used to treat dysbacteriosis of various etiologies in children and adults; are characterized by high antagonistic properties and specific activity and are safe for human use [6]. ...
... According to many researchers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], one of the mechanisms of action of skin probiotics is antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. The study of the antimicrobial action of samples of emulgel "Probioskin" and control samples (control 1 -emulgel of the developed composition without the addition of probiotic component, control 2 -working suspension of the microorganism without samples) was performed on standard test strains of microorganisms, counting only test microorganisms as an inoculant. ...
Article
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The aim. To conduct research on the pharmaceutical development of a complex preparation with probiotic “Probioskin” in the form of an emulgel for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory dermatological diseases. Methods. Uniformity was determined by visual inspection of the test samples using an XSP-128 ULAB biological microscope. The study of the rheological properties of the samples was carried out using a Rheolab QC rheovisosimeter (Anton Paar, Austria) using a system of coaxial cylinders C-CC27 / SS. Microbiological studies and biotesting on a biological model of ciliates were carried out in aseptic conditions of a laminar box (biological safety cabinet AC2-4E1 “Esco”, Indonesia) of the Department of Biotechnology of the National University of Pharmacy (completely). Pharmacological studies (determination of the parameters of acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory properties on the model of acute exudative inflammation of the foot in rats caused by zymosan and carrageenan) were carried out on the basis of the Central Research Laboratory of the NUPh. Results. On the basis of the complex of the carried out studies, the composition of the complex preparation for skin use “Probioskin” was substantiated. The analysis of the microbiological purity of the developed agent during the proposed shelf life of 12 months showed that the drug meets the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia Monograph for cutaneous application in terms of the level of microbial contamination by foreign microflora. The complex of pharmacological studies carried out indicates that the drug “Probioskin” can be attributed to group 6 of class and classified as a “relatively harmless” agent. The study of the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug indicates that the drug exhibits moderate anti-inflammatory properties. Under the condition of zymosan inflammation, which is associated with the activation of leukotrienes as inflammatory mediators, the average antiexudative activity of the drug is 33 %. The drug has a moderate antiexudative effect under the condition of carrageenan edema, which is evidence of its effect on exudation processes mediated by prostaglandins. The mean AEA of the study drug was 24 %. Conclusions. For the development of a soft preparation for skin use for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory dermatological diseases, the following components have been selected: active – lactobacilli, dexpanthenol, lactic acid; auxiliary - propylene glycol, peach oil, polysorbate-80, aristophlex, tocopherol, the concentration of which was substantiated on the basis of a complex of organoleptic, physicochemical, pharmacological, microbiological and biological studies. It has been experimentally established that the “Probioskin” emulgel meets the requirements of the SPhU in terms of the level of microbial contamination by extraneous microflora. Pharmacological studies allow the drug to be classified as “relatively harmless” with anti-inflammatory properties at a level not lower than the reference drug
... Hoy en día, existen muchas aplicaciones sobre el papel de la nutrición en la DA, algunos ejemplos implican la restricción y la suplementación dietética, las intervenciones con suplementos de vitaminas y minerales, así como los probióticos y los ácidos grasos esenciales, desde el periodo prenatal hasta la infancia y la edad adulta (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016). De esta manera, debido a que la microbiota intestinal representa la mayor exposición microbiana a lo largo de la vida, su adquisición temprana es el primer gran desafío microbiano del recién nacido, pues se ha demostrado que su desarrollo desempeña un papel importante en la ordenación inmune y en la inducción y/o el mantenimiento de la tolerancia a los antígenos ambientales En cuanto a las familias probióticas populares como Bifidobacterium y Lactobacillus, se caracterizan por modular el sistema inmunológico estimulando la diferenciación de células T reguladoras y también produciendo citocinas antiinflamatorias (TGF-β e IL-10) (Kwon et al., 2010). ...
... En un estudio de metanálisis publicado recientemente, la mejor evidencia positiva se basa en el uso de probióticos en madres y lactantes para prevenir el desarrollo y reducir la gravedad de DA, específicamente Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) demostró ser eficaz en la prevención a largo plazo (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016). Además, los mismos autores afirman que los probióticos parecen tener un papel protector en la prevención de DA si se administran en el período pre y postnatal tanto en la población general como en la población de riesgo alérgico. ...
Article
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Resumen Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos beneficiosos para la salud cuando se ingieren de manera apropiada. Se ha demostrado que la microbiota intestinal juega un papel vital en la regulación de la función inmune y de la salud física y que por lo tanto una fortalecida microbiota de la piel limita la capacidad de las bacterias patógenas para iniciar y propagar una infección oportunista. Así, diferentes estudios clínicos han demostrado que los probióticos son eficaces contra una amplia gama de enfermedades cutáneas inflamatorias comunes como dermatitis atópica o acné, prometiendo un gran potencial en el área dermatológica.
... Classic therapies for AD include emollients, topical glucocorticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors and adjuvant therapy, for example, UV phototherapy (Rather et al. 2016). Probiotics, on the other hand, used mostly as dietary supplement as well as topical treatment in few cases, has been tested by cohort and randomized controlled studies to manifest its alleviative and preventative effects on AD in prenatal and postnatal stages (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al. 2016;Foolad and Armstrong 2014). ...
... They are also known to take active part in host immunomodulation, reduce inflammation, and regulate insulin levels and triacylglycerol levels, etc. The skin microbiota ferment glycerol to control the growth of commensal bacteria (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al. 2016). Probiotics are known to decrease the production of sebum and colonization of P. acnes in the follicles which also reduces the inflammation. ...
Chapter
The human microbiome includes microorganisms and their cumulative genetic details that reside in the human body. Skin, the body’s most external organ and exposed to the external environment, is an ecosystem with 1.8 m² area. It has a varying epidermal thickness, folds, and appendages in different areas including along with varying moisture and temperature level on the skin surface. Microbial colonization on the skin surface starts from the time of birth. The mode of delivery affects the colonization process to a considerable extent. The group of microbes colonizing the skin surface is determined by physical and chemical features of it, which applies to microbes inhabiting the gut and other ecological niches in the body as well. There is several common important characteristics shared commonly by gut and skin, where both are (1) heavily vascularized, (2) richly perfused, (3) densely innervated, (4) integrated to the immune system, (5) highly associated with the endocrine system, (6) extensively colonized with recognizable microbiota, and (7) both helps our body to communicate with its external environment. It has variously been reported that a close and bidirectional association within the gut and skin in maintaining the homeostasis and allostasis of skin and also gastrointestinal (GI) health. Therefore, numerous intestinal pathologies have been linked to skin comorbidities. It has been found that skin is directly impacted by the various circumstances that principally affect the intestine. Similarly, various gastrointestinal disorders could be linked to distinct dermatological entities. In the same context, a growing body of proof proposes an association of intestinal dysbiosis with many regular inflammatory skin pathologies including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, rosacea, and acne vulgaris. And the realization of this interconnected association between skin and gut has resulted in a new concept of the “Gut-Skin Axis.” An intimate bidirectional engagement between the gut and the skin has been well established by growing research evidence in this domain. Recent reports have indicated that the administration of specific Lactobacilli strains to mice can significantly alter the overall skin phenotype. Despite increasing research efforts in this domain, a systematic investigation of the “Gut-Skin Axis” remains ill explored by both gastroenterology as well as dermatology researchers. And in this context, here we are discussing various aspects of the Gut-Skin Axis and its role in the general well-being of individuals.
... Microorganisms 2019, 7, 709 2 of 23 as well as on human health. In the last decades, many reports have postulated probiotic microorganisms as an adjuvant treatment against gastrointestinal diseases (diarrhea, colon cancer) and skin alterations (photoaging, infections, and cancer) [1,21,22]. ...
... Alternatively, seeds of P. halepensis are used as an aromatic ingredient in ice-cream and candies [25,26]. Secondary metabolites from seeds of P. halepensis are used as cosmetics for preventing skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, candidiasis, and keratosis, both in healthy and immunocompromised individuals [21]. Anecdotal information is available regarding the benefits to gut from consumption of zgougou. ...
Article
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Microorganisms inhabiting fermented foods represent the main link between the consumption of this food and human health. Although some fermented food is a reservoir of potentially probiotic microorganisms, several foods are still unexplored. This study aimed at characterizing the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from zgougou, a fermented matrix consisting of a watery mixture of Aleppo pine′s seeds. In vitro methods were used to characterize the safety, survival ability in typical conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, and adherence capacity to surfaces, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Strains belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum group and Enterococcus faecalis showed no DNase, hemolytic, and gelatinase activities. In addition, their susceptibility to most of the tested antibiotics, satisfied some of the safety prerequisites for their potential use as probiotics. All the strains tolerated low pH, gastrointestinal enzymes, and bile salts. They displayed a good antibacterial activity and antibiofilm formation against 10 reference bacterial pathogens, especially when used as a cell-free supernatant. Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius. Finally, they had good antioxidant activity, although depending on the strain. Overall, the results of this work highlight that zgougou represents an important reservoir of potentially probiotic LAB. Obviously, future studies should be addressed to confirm the health benefits of the LAB strains.
... This definition of probiotics must be interpreted in a very broad way and it hinders the process of functional characterization of probiotics. In fact probiotics use may have effects on different organs as mouth [18], vagina [19] and skin [20] and or body systems as respiratory system or GI and urinary tract. In addition, the efficacy of probiotics may be different if they are used in the treatment or in disease prevention and in healthy or in sick people. ...
... These and many other probiotic strains are available for their conventional use in the GI tract. As previously mentioned, some probiotics have proven to be effective on urinary tract infections [19] other on skin diseases in general [20]. ...
Article
Allergic diseases have substantially increased in all western countries and the cause of this increase would appear to be related to both environmental changes and the western lifestyle. There is a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that can influence the onset of allergic diseases. The activation of the innate immune system, caused by microbial stimulation, seems to have a key role in normal immune maturation. Several studies showed that the activities of intestinal microflora have a metabolic, trophic, and protective function also affecting immune tolerance. Particularly, the probiotics, live microbial food ingredients, are able to confer health benefits on the consumers. The aim of this review is summarized what is known in regard to the critical role of the probiotic on onset of allergic diseases.
... While various therapeutic strategies have been developed, the management of AD remains challenging. Probiotics supplementation has been proposed to modulate the composition of the skin microbiome and be effective in the management of AD in children (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;McLoughlin et al., 2021). Probiotics contribute to regulating allergic hypersensitivity reactions by suppressing the Th2 mediated response that helps in balancing Th1/Th2 immune responses and by increasing Treg-mediated immune responses (Eslami et al., 2020). ...
... Unlike treatment with traditional antibiotics and immunological drugs, which can increase the risk of pathogenic bacteria drug resistance, probiotic therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of skin diseases and wound protection without such risk [23]. Applications in human medicine and animal health have demonstrated that the topical or oral use of probiotics restores skin microbial homeostasis, improves the skin barrier, and promotes the synthesis of antimicrobial short peptides to treat skin inflammation [24]. ...
Article
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The topical application of probiotic metabolites has shown positive effects in the treatment of skin diseases; however, the effectiveness is strain dependent. Comparing the pathogen inhibitory effects of probiotic strains with different genetic backgrounds and analyzing their key metabolites can provide insights about the potential of applying probiotics for skincare. In this study, we investigated the fermentation growth inhibition of 18 commercial probiotic strains on the skin pathogens Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) and Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) in vitro. We found that most Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) strains exhibited strong inhibition of M. furfur and C. acnes, which lasted up to 100 h. The main antibacterial metabolites observed were molecules below 10,000 Da in molecular weight, including peptides and organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). The synergistic effect of organic acid combinations lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The composition of these antimicrobial metabolites varied among strains, which demonstrated the strain-dependent pathogenic inhibitory effects. This study provides insights into the application potential of using probiotic metabolites against seborrheic dermatitis and acne-related pathogenic bacteria.
... These strains include Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus plantarum. These probiotics provide several benefits for skin health, including moisturizing effects, reducing toxic metabolites, enhancing antibody production, restoring immune system balance, and regulating cytokine synthesis [109,110]. In addition, topically applied probiotics can serve as a protective barrier on the skin by competing with and inhibiting the binding of potential pathogens to skin sites. ...
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The skin microbiome is crucial in maintaining skin health, and its disruption is associated with various skin diseases. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers and compounds found in certain foods that promote the activity and growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut or skin. On the other hand, live microorganisms, known as probiotics, benefit in sustaining healthy conditions when consumed in reasonable quantities. They differ from postbiotics, which are by-product compounds from bacteria that release the same effects as their parent bacteria. The human skin microbiome is vital when it comes to maintaining skin health and preventing a variety of dermatological conditions. This review explores novel strategies that use microbiome-targeted treatments to maintain and enhance overall skin health while managing various skin disorders. It is important to understand the dynamic relationship between these beneficial microorganisms and the diverse microbial communities present on the skin to create effective strategies for using probiotics on the skin. This understanding can help optimize formulations and treatment regimens for improved outcomes in skincare, particularly in developing solutions for various skin problems.
... These probiotics stimulate the production of lipids, having a moisturizing effect on the skin. Other benefits include the reduction in toxic metabolites, the increase in antibody production, the restoration of the immune system's homeostasis, and the regulation of cytokine synthesis [81][82][83]. It is also worth noting that topically applied probiotics can also serve as a protective shield by functioning as a competitive inhibitor of binding sites, thereby preventing colonization by other potential pathogens [75]. ...
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The skin microbiome is an essential barrier for preventing the invasion of pathogens and regulating the immune responses. When this barrier is disrupted, several dermatoses, including acne vulgaris, may arise. Most people will experience acne starting at the onset of puberty and continuing into adolescence; a significant percentage of those individuals continue to suffer from it into adulthood. Although common, this dermatosis usually has an enormous impact on the self-esteem and quality of life of individuals who suffer from it. An increase in consumer literacy regarding skincare leads buyers to seek out innovative products containing ingredients with proven benefits for their concerns. Probiotics have proven to be an alternative to the use of antibiotics, often associated with undesirable effects, in the treatment and prevention of dermatological disorders such as acne. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, conventional treatment recommendations and main studies emphasizing innovative topical products for acne-prone skin based on probiotics. In addition, the potential advantages, and limitations/challenges associated with the implementation and manufacturing of these innovative skin products are also highlighted.
... They modulate intestinal microbiota, which also involves the modulation of its immune system, thus improving bowel movement and potentially modulating the IgE response to allergens [82]. Emerging data show benefits of microbiota regulation with probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in various fields of medicine, including dermatology [83]. When an alteration in microbiota components exists (e.g., due to modern lifestyle), probiotic supplementation may counterbalance the Th2 cells activity by promoting Th1 cytokines production and downregulating IgE production via inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 production [84]. ...
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Recent studies have linked gut microorganism composition and chronic urticaria (CU); however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this connection are unknown. Since the human immune system is in homeostasis with microbiota, and the composition of the microbiome regulates the development and function of the immune system, it is likely that an alteration of microbiota components (a dysbiosis) could influence the course of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), including disease severity, patient quality of life and treatment outcome. To date, several studies have identified changes in the gut microbiota composition of patients with CSU, though only a few have exhibited metabolic abnormalities associated with gut dysbiosis. The studies on CSU patients predominantly showed that the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria was decreased (Firmicutes and Bacteroides), while that of opportunistic bacteria was increased (Enterobacteria and Proteobacteria). In addition, serum metabolome analysis revealed that gut microbiota-associated alterations in unsaturated fatty acids and the butanoate metabolism pathway may play a role in CSU. These findings are potentially associated with inflammation mediated by the imbalance of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, which might contribute to CSU pathogenesis. Further research in this field could improve clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to patients with CSU. By applying new knowledge on gut microbial communities and metabolomics, future CSU therapies could modify the microbiota composition using agents such as probiotics or other similar agents, which, in combination with current standard therapies, could hopefully lead to a reduction in symptoms and an improved quality of life for CSU patients.
... Estudos têm demonstrado que a suplementação de probióticos como ação terapêutica alternativa ou conjuntamente com antibióticos podem favorecer a melhora da acne vulgar inflamatória em humanos (Fabbrocini et al., 2016;Fortuna et al., 2016). Assim, é importante destacar que os probióticos são microrganismos vivos que, quando consumidos em quantidades adequadas, podem apresentar efeito positivo com repercussões saudáveis nos pacientes (Fuchs-Tarlovsky, et al., 2016). Além disso, os probióticos têm sido extensivamente investigados devido aos efeitos no sistema gastrointestinal e na função digestiva, mas esses microrganismos podem ser aplicados de forma mais ampla com base nas evidências da teoria intestino-cérebro-pele, que foi declarada há 80 anos (Rahmayani, et al., 2019). ...
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Os probióticos são microrganismos vivos que afetam beneficamente o hospedeiro quando administrados em quantidades adequadas, além de terem um excelente perfil de segurança. Por esse motivo, os probióticos têm sido usados como imunomoduladores em doenças inflamatórias da pele, como a acne inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação terapêutica do probiótico na acne. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Dados quantitativos e qualitativos realizados em meio de cultura e em humanos. As buscas eletrônicas foram realizadas no PubMed/MEDLINE e BIREME, considerando os estudos publicados sem limite de data. A busca ocorreu em Outubro de 2020, utilizando uma combinação dos seguintes termos e correlatos: “probiotic” e “acne”. Foram incluídos dez estudos, sendo quatro estudos in vivo e seis in vitro. Os estudos utilizaram vários probióticos conhecidos na literatura para suplementação, obtendo resultado positivo. Entretanto, ainda são escassos os estudos que utilizam o probiótico como um tratamento para acne como coadjuvante com antibiótico ou sozinho.
... Moreover, probiotics are used to help the host from pathogenic bacteria, and the usage of probiotics for children's diseases is increased 8,9 . The role of probiotics toward atopic dermatitis disease is supported by some researches that showed a variety of results 10 . ...
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Background: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and residual inflammatory skin disease with increased prevalence in every year. The medications that are often given can cause serious side effects if it given in the long-term. The treatment of Lactobacillus plantarum is expected to be safer long-term treatment option for patient with atopic dermatitis.Objective: The objective is to determine the effectiveness treatment of Lactobacillus plantarum in patients with atopic dermatitis.Method: The research design was a Systematic Review with a qualitative approach using meta-synthesis analysis type. The search was conducted on 3 databases: PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Result: Total articles obtained were 239 with 16 duplicate data. 211 articles were included in the exclusion criteria and 5 articles were interventions with combination probiotics. So there are 7 articles included in the research with clinical trials, open trials, pilot studies, and 4 research using the randomized controlled trial Double Blind design. All results showed improvement in symptoms with the SCORAD index or Skindex-16. Several studies also measured IgE, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, the percentage of Th1, Th2, Treg, TGF-β, IFN-γ and obtained different results. Conclusion: Treatment of Lactobacillus plantarum in patients with atopic dermatitis is effective to reducing symptoms and as an immunomodulator.
... These probiotics have a deep moisturising effect, stimulating the production of lipids, and repair processes in the epidermis. The benefits of their use are as follows: the number of unfavourable pathogens is eliminated or reduced, the production of toxic metabolites is reduced, the production of antibodies is increased, the homeostasis of the immune system is restored, and the synthesis of the cytokines is regulated [68][69][70][71]. ...
Article
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Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease characterised by the appearance of eruptions such as whiteheads, blackheads, pustules, papules, and cysts. Among factors that cause acne vulgaris are the abnormal keratinisation of the sebaceous canal, bacterial colonisation (Cutibacterium acnes), increased sebum production, genotypic factors, and hormonal disorders. Treatment is often long and tedious, and can lead to a reduction in quality of life and social isolation. The intestinal microbiota is greatly important in the formation of acne lesions. It is also responsible for the proper immunity of the organism. Acne is a disease that can be related to the condition of the digestive tract and its microbiome. Research shows that the use of probiotics may reduce skin eruptions. The probiotic supplementation and cosmetics markets are very dynamically developing. The use of internal supplementation and probiotic-containing cosmetics gives hope for the improvement of the skin condition of people with acne.
... Probiotics and prebiotics are extensively employed in dermatology. Investigating the application of probiotics in treating atopic dermatitis, acne, eczema, allergies, skin aging, bacterial and fungal infections, and chronic diabetic foot ulcers has yielded promising results (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016). ...
Chapter
Fungal pathogens are affecting the world at an alarming rate, and it keeps rising due to growing numbers of immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, the drugs used in management of fungal infections are so limited and that too some with high toxicity. Moreover, fungal pathogens are developing resistance. Thus there is a dire need for the development of possible solutions to tackle these problems. Probiotics are part of the new movements in medicine world, and their efficacious use as alternative treatments would be a real advantage in human encounter with microorganisms. Clinical studies have reported that probiotics exert health-promoting effects beyond gut well-being, such as antihypertensive effects, lowering blood cholesterol levels, reducing allergic reactions, treating urogenital effects, reducing the risk of cancers, preventing dental caries, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, probiotics exert antifungal along with dermal effects, such as improving atopic eczema and atopic dermatitis along with improving skin’s innate immunity. So, the role of probiotics in management of fungal infections is crucial. In fact, the antimicrobial activity of probiotics has been examined with promising results against microbial pathogens. Thus this chapter comprehensively provides possible role of probiotics in the management of fungal infections and their future prospects as antifungal agents.
... In skin care products, probiotics can help restore the skin's natural balance by ensuring that it is functioning properly and is replenished with the necessary nutrients to stay protected from harmful factors and fight the signs of aging and environmental damage. Probiotics are also an effective anti-inflammatory agent, helping to relieve redness, irritation, and skin diseases, including acne, rosacea and dry skin [4]. ...
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One of the important issues in the pharmaceutical development of a semisolid preparation for dermal use is the scientific and experimental justification for choosing the base-carrier of active substances. The aim of this study was to experimentally substantiate the choice of rational combination of excipients in the development of a semisolid dosage form with a probiotic component for use in dermatology. Materials and methods. Hydrophilic gelling agents were used as excipients in the study: Sepiplus 400, Aristoflex AVC, Carbopol 934, hydroxyethylcellulose HEC, sodium alginate. Physical and chemical, pharmaco-technological and microbiological methods were used to select the optimal basis. Colloidal stability was determined using a laboratory centrifuge at a speed of 6000 rpm for 5 min, an electronic thermometer and a water bath laboratory. Thermostability was determined in the thermostat at (40±2) °C for 24 hours. Investigation of the rheological properties of the samples was performed using a Rheolab QC (Anton Paar, Austria) rheoviscometer using a system of coaxial cylinders C-CC27/SS. The kinetics of water absorption of the samples were studied by dialysis through a semipermeable Cuprophan membrane, Type 150 pm at a temperature of (34±2) °C. The number of viable lactobacilli cells was determined by surface seeding on Petri dishes with dense MRS medium. Research results. The results of the study of the number of viable lactobacilli cells showed that the lowest number of viable cells was in sample based on HEC. Tests for thermostability and colloidal stability showed that for sample No. 5 based on sodium alginate, stratification was observed in the experiment, which indicates its instability. These samples were excluded. Samples on Sepiplus 400 and Aristoflex AVC on a set of rheological features have advantages both consumer and technological; and sample on t Aristoflex AVC has the best indicators of osmotic activity and the viability of cells in the dynamics for this study. Conclusions. As a result of physical and chemical (organoleptic, colloidal and thermostability), pharmaco-technological (osmotic and structural and mechanical properties) and microbiological studies (number of viable lactobacilli cells) studies it was found that further work should be carried out with a sample based on gelling agent Aristoflex AVC, which has the most optimal performance in this development for a semisolid dosage form with a probiotic component for use in dermatology
... Probiotics are viable microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the body when consumed in sufficient quantities and their great feature is that they are safe and secure for the host (20). Nowadays, there are many promising data regarding the benefits of microbiota regulation and use of prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics in various fields of medicine including dermatology (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Whereas modern lifestyles have contributed to changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora, diet supplementation with probiotics may counterbalance the Th-2 activity by promoting Th-1 cytokines production and down regulate IgE production via inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 production (28)(29)(30). ...
Article
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Background. Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common and treatment challenging disorder which may involve about 2% of normal population and in 50% do not respond properly even to the second line therapies. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a synbiotic (prebiotic + probiotic) named as LactoCare in treatment of CSU in the RCT for the first time. Methods. This blinded RCT conducted on 42 patients (21 patients in control antihistamine group and 21 in intervention antihistamine + probiotic group) with CSU during 8 weeks. The efficacy assessed by Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) and quality of life measured by Persian validated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results. Before and after UAS7 score in control group was 35.33 ± 7.81 and 16.86 ± 13.54, respectively. There was 53% score reduction in control group. Before and after UAS7 score in intervention group was 32 ± 7.84 and 11 ± 11.41, respectively. There was 66% score reduction in intervention group. Improvement of DLQI in control and intervention group was 44% and 66%, respectively. At the end, UAS7 score reduction and DLQI improvement in both groups was statistically significant. Conclusions. Probiotics are effective, safe and satisfactory adjuvant therapy for CSU. Combination of probiotic and antihistamines had no statistically significant different efficacy than the antihistamine alone, based on UAS7 score. But Patients with combination therapy may experience higher reduction rate of itch, number of urticaria and total UAS7 score that is clinically of great value and is really practical by itself. Patients with combination therapy experienced more improvement of quality of life (DLQI).
... Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer benefit on the host [9,10]. Besides their known beneficial effects on host health in the context of gastrointestinal diseases [6,11], probiotics may prevent atopic dermatitis and reduce the bacterial load in chronic leg and burn wounds [12,13]. Few studies, however, have evaluated the potential use of probiotics to heal skin wounds [14,15]. ...
Article
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Skin wounds are an important clinical problem which affects millions of people worldwide. The search for new therapeutic approaches to improve wound healing is needed. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the oral treatment with the skin-related probiotics Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 (LJ), L. paracasei ST11 (LP), and L. rhamnosus LPR (LR) in a model of excisional skin wounds in Swiss mice. The animals received daily oral gavage of PBS or 1 × 10⁷ colony-forming units of LJ, LP, or LR, singly, beginning just after the creation of wounds until euthanasia. Blood flow was evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were used to assess the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages, respectively. The wound tissue was also collected for histological analyses (H&E, Toluidine blue, and Picrosirius red staining). The macroscopic wound closure rate was faster only in mice treated with LR, but not with LJ and LP, when compared to mice treated with PBS. Histological evaluations showed that treatment with LR stimulated wound epithelization when compared to PBS. Further analyses showed that wounds from LR-treated mice presented a significant decrease in macrophage (p < 0.001) and mast cell (p < 0.001) infiltration, along with improved angiogenesis (p < 0.001) and blood flow (p < 0.01). Of note, collagen deposition and scarring were reduced in LR-treated mice when compared to PBS-treated mice. In conclusion, our results show that the oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus accelerates skin wound closure and reduces scar, besides to reducing inflammation and fibrogenesis and improving angiogenesis in the wounded skin.
... In recent years, beneficial effects of probiotics in gastrointestinal tract, vagina, urethra, skin, and oral cavity have aroused people's attention [12,13]. Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms that have a beneficial h e a l t h e f f e c t o n t h e h o s t a t a p p r o p r i a t e d o s e . ...
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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated common chronic inflammatory mucosal disease, with limited therapies available for long-term use. Previous study showed that ratio of genus Streptococcus decreased significantly in OLP patients when compared with controls. Buccal cotton swab samples of 43 OLP patients and 48 healthy individuals were collected for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate relative abundance alteration of Streptococcus salivarius in OLP lesions. Bacterial supernatants of S. salivarius ATCC® BAA-2593™ were collected by centrifugation and added to HSC-3 cells, and quantitative analysis of expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the HSC-3 cells was determined by RT-PCR. Then, a randomized, non-blinded, controlled study was conducted. Forty patients with symptomatic OLP were randomly allocated into two groups and received topical treatment of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide dental paste (group A) and S. salivarius K12 lozenge (group B), respectively, for 4 weeks. Sign scores, visual analogue scale (VAS), and adverse reactions were recorded. Relative abundance of S. salivarius in the OLP group was lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). After treated with 0.1% supernatants of S. salivarius ATCC® BAA-2593™, the expression level of IL-6 in the HSC-3 cells significantly reduced (P < 0.001), while IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF- α showed a decreasing tendency (P > 0.05). There was significant reduction in sign scores and VAS scores in both groups after the 4-week treatment, with no significant difference between two groups. No adverse reaction was observed. S. salivarius might maintain local immune balance by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Topical application of Streptococcus salivarius K12 seemed to be effective in treatment of symptomatic OLP, especially with promising potential in long-term use. More detailed clinical studies with long follow-up period and standardized usage/dosage are expected to acquire definite conclusions.
... Probiotics have become more popular over the last twenty years, as research has suggested that they may be beneficial to many aspects of human health such as in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and in the treatment and prevention of infectious diarrhea [169]. The most commonly used bacteria are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria [170]. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients, which are able to benefit the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of bacterial species present in the colon. ...
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Microorganisms inhabit various areas of the body, including the gut and skin, and are important in maintaining homeostasis. Changes to the normal microflora due to genetic or environmental factors can contribute to the development of various disease states. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between the gut and skin microbiome and various dermatological diseases including acne, psoriasis, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis. In addition, we will discuss the impact of treatment on the microbiome and the role of probiotics.
... Other studies conducted in humans confirmed this hypothesis [76][77][78]. Thus, probiotics may be efficient in acne and other inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and potentially psoriasis [79][80][81][82][83]. ...
Article
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Background: Cutibacterium acnes has been identified as one of the main triggers of acne. However, increasing knowledge of the human skin microbiome raises questions about the role of other skin commensals, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, in the physiopathology of this skin disease. Summary: This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the potential role of S. epidermidis in the physiopathology of acne. Recent research indicates that acne might be the result of an unbalanced equilibrium between C. acnes and S. epidermidis,according to dedicated interactions. Current treatments act on C. acnesonly. Other treatment options may be considered, such as probiotics derived from S. epidermidis to restore the naturally balanced microbiota or through targeting the regulation of the host's AMP mediators. Key Messages: Research seems to confirm the beneficial role of S. epidermidis in acne by limiting C. acnes over-colonisation and inflammation.
... These microorganisms may not only restore the balance between beneficial commensal bacteria and pathogenic species but may also prevent development of antimicrobial resistance due to the intensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of nasal diseases [9]. The use of bacteria as a beneficial approach has been a common practice that is already applied in different fields, such as gastroenterology, gynecology, and dermatology for treatment of functional disorders [10,11]. ...
Article
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Changes in bacterial composition of nasal microbiota may alter the host’s susceptibility to several infectious and allergic diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 1-week administration of a probiotic product, composed by a combination of Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a, on the nostril microbiota. Differences in the nasal microbiota composition were investigated by using a next-generation sequencing approach. A strong and significant decrease in Staphylococcus aureus abundance was detected immediately after the bacterial administration. Moreover, comparing the microbial networks of nostril microbiota before and 1 month after the end of treatment, we detected an increase in the total number of both bacterial nodes and microbial correlations, with particular regard to the beneficial ones. Furthermore, a less abundance of microbial genera commonly associated to potential harmful bacteria has been observed. These results suggest a potential ability of S. salivarius 24SMBc and S. oralis 89a to regulate and reorganize the nasal microbiota composition, possibly favoring those microorganisms that may be able to limit the overgrowth of potential pathogens.
... In fact, many people rely on these treatments as their primary approach to relieve their illness or at least to improve the duration and quality of symptomatic relief [10]. The most frequently used CAM modalities are herbal medicine, vitamins, Ayurveda, naturopathy, homeopathy, traditional healing [6], and probiotics [11]. However, current literature, published protocols and systematic reviews have not involved or included all kinds of CAM modalities. ...
Article
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Background: Due to limitations of conventional medicine for atopic eczema (AE), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used as an alternative, maintaining, or simultaneous treatment for AE. We aimed to evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of CAM for children with AE under 14 years old. Methods: We searched for randomized trials on CAM in 12 Chinese and English databases from their inception to May 2018. We included children (< 14 years) diagnosed with AE, who received CAM therapy alone or combined with conventional medicine. We extracted data, and used the Cochrane "Risk of bias" tool to assess methodological quality. Effect was presented as relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using RevMan 5.3. Results: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 2233 children with AE were included. Methodological quality was of unclear or high risk of bias in general. The trials tested 5 different types of CAM therapies, including probiotics, diet, biofilm, borage oil, and swimming. Compared to placebo, probiotics showed improved effect for the SCORAD index (MD 9.01, 95% CI 7.12-10.90; n = 5). For symptoms and signs such as itching, skin lesions, CAM combined with usual care was more effective for symptom relief ≥95% (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.30-1.68; n = 8), and for ≥50% symptoms improvement (RR 1.34, 1.25-1.45; n = 9) compared to usual care. There was no statistic significant difference between CAM and usual care on ≥95% improvement or ≥ 50% improvement of symptoms. However, swimming, diet and biofilm showed improvement of clinical symptoms compared with usual care. At follow-up of 8 weeks to 3 years, CAM alone or combined with usual care showed lower relapse rate (RR 0.38, 0.28-0.51, n = 2; RR 0.31, 0.24-0.40, n = 7; respectively) compared to usual care. Twelve out of 24 trials reported no occurrence of severe adverse events. Conclusions: Low evidence demonstrates that some CAM modalities may improve symptoms of childhood AE and reduce relapse rate. Safety remains unclear due to insufficient reporting. Further well-designed randomized trials are needed to confirm the potential beneficial effect and to establish safety use.
... The gut's commensal bacteria can induce immune responses that ultimately reach T cells in the skin. Probiotics interact with the gastrointestinal mucosal immune system, altering levels of inlammatory cytokines in the blood [23]. For instance, the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are modiied by intestinal bacteria [24,25]. ...
... Probiotics is becoming increasingly attractive as a treatment option for some illnesses in children (Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016). Probiotics (live bacteria or yeasts) are not necessarily harmless, but they help to protect hosts from harmful bacteria (Mizock, 2015). ...
Article
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Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent, burdensome, and psychologically important pediatric concern. Probiotics have been suggested as a treatment for AD. Some reports have explored this topic; however, the utility of probiotics for AD remains to be firmly established. Methods: To assess the effects of probiotics on AD in children, the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library Scopus, and OVID databases were searched for reports published in the English language. Results: Thirteen studies were identified. Significantly higher SCORAD values favoring probiotics over controls were observed (mean difference [MD], −3.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], −6.12 to −0.03; P < 0.001). The reported efficacy of probiotics in children < 1 year old was −1.03 (95%CI, −7.05 to 4.99) and that in children 1–18 years old was −4.50 (95%CI, −7.45 to −1.54; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that in Europe, SCORAD revealed no effect of probiotics, whereas significantly lower SCORAD values were reported in Asia (MD, −5.39; 95%CI, −8.91 to −1.87). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (MD, 3.29; 95%CI, −0.30 to 6.88; P = 0.07) and Lactobacillus plantarum (MD, −0.70; 95%CI, −2.30 to 0.90; P = 0.39) showed no significant effect on SCORAD values in children with AD. However, Lactobacillus fermentum (MD, −11.42; 95%CI, −13.81 to −9.04), Lactobacillus salivarius (MD, −7.21; 95%CI, −9.63 to −4.78), and a mixture of different strains (MD, −3.52; 95%CI, −5.61 to −1.44) showed significant effects on SCORAD values in children with AD. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicated that the research to date has not robustly shown that probiotics are beneficial for children with AD. However, caution is needed when generalizing our results, as the populations evaluated were heterogeneous. Randomized controlled trials with larger samples and greater power are necessary to identify the species, dose, and treatment duration of probiotics that are most efficacious for treating AD in children.
... There is growing evidence that oral probiotics not only influence the GI tract directly, but also have immunomodulatory effects at distant sites, including the urogenital and respiratory tracts, oral cavity/dentition, mammary gland and skin. Although oral probiotics can prevent and/or decrease frequency or severity of diseases outside of the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., an indirect effect) (Alberda et al., 2007;Lappin et al., 2009;Di Nardo et al., 2014;Esposito et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2015;Zuccotti et al., 2015;Fuchs-Tarlovsky et al., 2016;Gruner et al., 2016;Vieira et al., 2016;Zamani et al., 2016), few studies have directly evaluated the appearance of orally administered probiotic species or changes in host microbial communities at distant sites (De Alberti et al., 2015;Mastromarino et al., 2015;Treven et al., 2015). A recent study in pre-menopausal women demonstrated an increase in orally administered probiotic species in vaginal swabs using qPCR analysis, setting the stage for use of oral probiotics to prevent or treat urogenital infections (Mezzasalma et al., 2017). ...
Article
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Probiotics have been advocated as a novel therapeutic approach to respiratory disease, but knowledge of how oral administration of probiotics influences the respiratory microbiota is needed. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of bacterial DNA our objective was to determine whether oral probiotics changed the composition of the upper and lower airway, rectal, and blood microbiota. We hypothesized that oral probiotics would modulate the respiratory microbiota in healthy cats, demonstrated by the detection and/or increased relative abundance of the probiotic bacterial species and altered composition of the microbial population in the respiratory tract. Six healthy young research cats had oropharyngeal (OP), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), rectal, and blood samples collected at baseline and 4 weeks after receiving oral probiotics. 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were sequenced, and coverage, richness, and relative abundance of representative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were determined. Hierarchical and principal component analyses (PCA) demonstrated relatedness of samples. Mean microbial richness significantly increased only in the upper and lower airways. The number of probiotic OTUs (out of 5 total) that significantly increased in relative abundance vs. baseline was 5 in OP, 3 in BAL and 2 in feces. Using hierarchical clustering, BALF and blood samples grouped together after probiotic administration, and PERMANOVA supported that these two sites underwent significant changes in microbial composition. PERMANOVA revealed that OP and rectal samples had microbial population compositions that did not significantly change. These findings were visualized via PCA, which revealed distinct microbiomes in each site; samples clustered more tightly at baseline and had more variation after probiotic administration. This is the first study describing the effect of oral probiotics on the respiratory microbiota via detection of probiotic species in the airways. Finding bacterial species present in the oral probiotics in the upper and lower airways provides pilot data suggesting that oral probiotics could serve as a tool to target dysbiosis occurring in inflammatory airway diseases such as feline asthma, a disease in which cats serve as an important comparative and translational model for humans.
... In recent years, probiotics have become interesting for their beneficial role for the stomach, vaginal mucosa, urinary tract, skin, and oral cavity [1][2][3][4]. Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host [5]. So far, most probiotics to be investigated have been members of intestinal microbiota. ...
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Traditionally, probiotics are linked to the good health of the intestine and most clinical studies focus on that field. Evidence of oral probiotic use for ear and oral cavity disease prevention with impact on human health is limited. This work reviews existing studies and literature on Streptococcus salivarius K12 as an oral probiotic and effects of S. salivarius K12 on human ear and oral cavity human health. The studies were accessed via database searches: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Elsevier. The search included/focused on/encompassed publications from 2003 to 2016 with keywords related to K12 Streptococcus salivarius, bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) K12, probiotic K12 salivarius, and K12 probiotic health effects. Only a small amount of studies was identified: the total of 68 studies was identified, 35 of which were relevant after screening, and 9 were included in the final analysis. Very little literature is available about the association/correlation between/connection/interrelation of S. salivarius K12 with/and human ear and oral cavity health. S. salivarius K12 may have a role in reducing the occurrence and/or severity of secretory otitis media (SOM) and also in prevention of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children. Research highlights that S. salivarius K12 has shown promising results in treatment of halitosis, but data are still deficient. Further studies need to be initiated to improve understanding of the association of oral probiotic S. salivarius K12 with human ear and oral cavity health.
Chapter
Due to its immature immune system, neonates and the young are susceptible to infections. There is interest in the use of probiotics in many diseases in neonates and growing children. Given the increasing number of probiotic strains available in the market and variable or contradictory data associated with the outcomes of the use of probiotics, healthcare providers face uncertainties about the selection and recommendation of probiotics to infants. Studies should emphasize on the strain-specific attributes rather than the probiotics in general for neonatal and children health.
Article
Background: The most common method to combat microorganisms that cause tooth decay is the use of antibiotics. However, despite the benefits of antibiotics, their use has significant disadvantages, such as the increased resistance of microorganisms to these chemicals. Objectives: A promising and safer alternative is the use of probiotics and prebiotics, which can reduce or inhibit the growth of disease-causing oral microorganisms. Streptococcus salivarius is one such probiotic, while inulin and nisin are the prebiotics commonly recommended for this purpose. Methods: Several assays, including agar bilayer interference, agar well penetration, and microdilution, were used to assess the antibacterial activities of S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18 probiotics, as well as those of the prebiotics nisin and inulin. Additionally, bile salt and low pH tolerance assessments were conducted for the probiotics, and the synthesis of bacteriocins by the probiotics was verified using proteolytic and enzymatic activity assays. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay revealed that Streptococcus mutans growth was inhibited by S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18 at a concentration of 75%, and by nisin and inulin at 200 IU/mL. In the well penetration assay, S. salivarius K12 exhibited significantly better results compared to S. salivarius M18. Nisin had significantly greater inhibitory effects on S. mutans compared to inulin. A combination of all four components (S. salivarius K12, S. salivarius M18, nisin, and inulin) resulted in maximum antibacterial activity, indicating a synergistic effect. Based on the agar bilayer assay and the growth inhibition zone diameters, nisin showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans, followed by S. salivarius K12, inulin, and S. salivarius M18. Enzymatic digestion and proteolytic activity assays confirmed the synthesis of bacteriocins by S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18. Both probiotics demonstrated bile salt tolerance at a concentration of 0.3% and surviving rates of 36% and 33%, respectively, at pH 2. Conclusions: The most important finding of the current study is the synergistic effect between the highlighted prebiotics and probiotics, which may offer a novel and effective combination for preventing tooth decay.
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Akne vulgaris merupakan gangguan inflamasi kronis unit kelenjar pilosebasea. Probiotik merupakan mikroorganisme hidup yang dapat menguntungkan tubuh. Teori gut-brain-skin oleh Stokes dan Pilssbury pada tahun 1930 menunjukkan hubungan antara saluran pencernaan, otak, dan kulit. Probiotik berpengaruh baik pada tata laksana akne vulgaris melalui efek anti inflamasinya. Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. Probiotics are live microorganisms with beneficial effects. The gutbrain-skin theory first described by Stokes and Pillsbury in 1930 showed the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract, brain, and skin. Probiotics have a role on acne vulgaris management due to its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Probiotics are known for their positive effects on the gut microbiota. There is growing evidence that the infant gut and skin colonization have a role in the development of the immune system, which may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This systematic review focused on evaluating the effect of single-strain probiotic lactobacilli consumption on treating children’s atopic dermatitis. Seventeen randomized placebo-controlled trials with the primary outcome of the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index were included in the systematic review. Clinical trials using single-strain lactobacilli were included. The search was conducted until October 2022 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane library and manual searches. The Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Meta-analyses and sub meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Due to different methods of reporting the SCORAD index, only 14 clinical trials with 1124 children were included in the meta-analysis (574 in the single-strain probiotic lactobacilli group and 550 in the placebo group) and showed that single-strain probiotic lactobacilli statistically significantly reduced the SCORAD index compared to the placebo in children with atopic dermatitis (mean difference [MD]: −4.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −7.50 to −1.49; Z = 2.93; p = 0.003; heterogeneity I2 = 90%). The subgroup meta-analysis showed that strains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum were significantly more effective than strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. A longer treatment time and younger treatment age statistically significantly reduced symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The result of this systematic review and meta-analysis shows that certain single-strain probiotic lactobacilli are more successful than others in reducing atopic dermatitis severity in children. Therefore, careful consideration to strain selection, treatment time and the age of the treated patients are important factors in enhancing the effectiveness of reducing atopic dermatitis in children when choosing probiotic single-strain lactobacilli.
Chapter
This section intends to outline, synthetically, the primordial aspects of Dermatology over the centuries. For each historical period of the specialty—Primitive, Pre-modern, modern, scientific, and technoscientific—there is information about authors, schools, and the construction of knowledge.KeywordsDermatologyHistorySkin diseasesDermatological surgeryCosmiatryHanseniasisPandemics
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Background During the past decades, several unconventional strategies for controlling chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, have been developed. The use of probiotics has been gaining importance as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of these pathologies. Objectives Evaluate the impact of the use of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic strain in patients diagnosed with common and palmoplantar psoriasis. Methods 35 patients were randomly divided into two groups: 18 using probiotics and 17 using placebo. They were evaluated on days 0 and 60, with photographic records of lesions, IL17 and IL23 quantification and calculations of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) clinical evaluation scores. Results There was significative improvement in the clinical presentation and a reduction in the index of all clinical scores (PASI from 4.53 ± 4.457 to 3.57 ± 3.333, BSA from 5.44 ± 6.451 to 4.94 ± 5.961 and DLQI from 8.83 ± 8.631 to 7 ± 7.814, in the probiotic group.) However, there was no reduction in the quantification of IL23 and IL17. Adverse events related to the use of probiotics were minimal. Conclusions There was a Positive correlation between the use of probiotics and improvement of clinical aspects and clinical scores of disease severity, not associated with reduction in interleukins 17 and 23 blood levels.
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A significant upsurge has been discerned on the utilization of probiotics in the amelioration of skin associated disorders since the commencement of the twenty-first century. An extended therapeutic profile where topical probiotic therapies can be exercised has been discovered, such as inflammation, fungal infections, microbial infection, and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Topical therapy with Lactobacillus, Nitrosomonas, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium has shown to ameliorate skin inflammation by prompting decolonization of pathogens that reside on the skin such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Acne vulgaris, etc. However, none of the probiotics have been approved to be labelled as “drugs” by the US Food and Drug Administration. Even though the emerging therapeutic effects of probiotics potentiate a wider therapeutic usage, it still necessitates a thorough assessment for its safety and efficacy profile. A review on the present-day topical probiotic therapy was formulated, and the scope and challenges associated with the therapy are discussed in the chapter.
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Skin conditions like acne vulgaris have been linked to hormonal imbalance as well as microbiota pertaining to the brain-gut-skin axis. Having acne and distressed skin conditions also have links to cognitive and behavioural indisposition, often due to deficiency of certain nutrients and thereby giving rise to the approaches discussing gut-brain-skin axis. This has been addressed widely by the supplementation of diet with probiotics. This keeps the human skin microbiome in check, thereby eliminating the growth of commensal skin bacteria and maintaining skin microbiome homeostasis. The use of probiotics has proven beneficial in acne conditions facing antibiotic resistance and inhibiting inflammation in severe cases. This has increased the demand for oral probiotics to modulate and treat skin conditions. This section will focus on different approaches in the use of such probiotic supplements for treating acne, various interplaying factors, effects, and advancements.
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Akne vulgaris, pilosebase ünitenin yaygın bir kronik inflamatuar hastalığıdır. Patofizyolojisi, kıl köklerinde Cutibacterium acnes kolonizasyonunun artmasını, foliküler hiperkeratinizasyonu, aşırı sebum üretimini ve immünolojik ve inflamatuar süreçleri içermektedir. C. acnes’in birkaç suşunun aknede rol oynayabileceği bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte akne yaygın olarak mikrobiyal disbiyozisle ilişkilidir. Çalışmalar; probiyotiklerin, mikrobiyal çeşitliliği sağlayarak, C. acnes suşlarının büyümesini kontrol ederek ve sebum ve inflamatuar sitokinlerin üretimini azaltarak akne tedavisinde etkileri olabileceğini göstermektedir. Probiyotiklerin ayrıca, sistemik inflamasyonu, oksidatif stresi, doku lipit içeriğini ve hatta ruh halini etkileme potansiyelinin de, aknede etkileri olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Ancak bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların çoğunluğu in vitro olduğundan, probiyotiklerin gerçek etkinlik ve güvenliğini kanıtlamak için daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, güncel literatür bilgileriyle probiyotiklerin akne vulgaris gelişimi üzerine etkilerine değinilmesi düşünülmektedir.
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Candidiasis (e.g., oral, gastrointestinal, vaginal, urinary tract, systemic) is a worldwide growing problem, since antifungal resistance and immunosuppression states are rising. To address this problem, very few drugs are available for the treatment of Candida spp. infections. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Probiotics have been proposed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections due to their safety record and efficacy, however, little is still known about their potential role regarding fungal infections. The purpose of this review is to present an updated summary of the evidence of the antifungal effects of probiotics along with a discussion of their potential use as an alternative/complementary therapy against Candida spp. infections. Thus, we performed a literature search using appropriate keywords ("Probiotic þ Candida", "Candidiasis treatment", and "Probiotic þ candidiasis") to retrieve relevant studies (both preclinical and clinical) with special emphasis on the works published in the last 5 years. An increasing amount of evidence has shown the potential usefulness of probiotics in the management of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis in recent years. Among other results, we found that, as for bacterial infections, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces are the most studied and effective genus for this purpose. However, in other areas, particularly in skincandidiai-sis, studies are low or lacking. Thus, further investigation is necessary including in vitro and in vivo studies to establish the usefulness of probiotics in the management of candidiasis.
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Acne is known as a chronic inflammatory skin disease with sever adverse effects on quality of life in the patients. The increasing resistance to antibiotics has decreased their effectiveness in treating acne. As viable microbial dietary supplements, probiotics provide health benefits through fighting pathogens and maintaining the homeostasis of the gut and skin microbiome. The present article reviewed the potential of probiotics as beneficial microorganisms for treating acne vulgaris. This review of literature was conducted through a bibliographic search of popular databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo and Medline, using keywords such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, microbiome, and acne vulgaris to determine potential applications of these beneficial microbiomes in treating acne vulgaris. Acne lesions are associated with increases in proportion of Propionibacterium acnes as a skin commensal bacterium. The environmental studies showed inhibitory effects of probiotics on P. acnes, mediating by antibacterial proteins and bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substances, and their immunomodulatory effects onkeratinocytes and epithelial cells. Probiotics were also found to inhibit cytokine IL‐8 in epithelial cells and keratinocytes, suggesting immunomodulatory activities. Moreover, glycerol fermentation by Staphylococcus epidermidis was found to be a natural skin defense against acne and an overgrowth inhibitor of P. acnes. As an antimicrobial agent in lotions and cosmetic formulations, Lactococcus sp. can decrease the inflammatory mediators that are produced by P. acnes and cause vasodilation, edema, mast cell degranulation and TNF‐alpha release. Oral administration of probiotics was found to constitute an adjuvant therapy to conventional modalities for treating mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris.
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Seeds of Pinus halepensis are used for preparing zgougou, a spontaneously fermented matrix giving juice and seeds debris, consumed in many Arabian countries, including Tunisia. In the same way as all the food processes based on spontaneous fermentation, zgougou hides health risks due to eventual pathogenic microorganisms and derived toxins. This study aimed at investigating the effect of the use of autochthonous Lactobacillus paraplantarum A1 and Lactobacillus plantarum A2, as fermentation starters, on the microbiological characteristics, profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOC), antibacterial and antioxidant activities of juice and seeds debris from zgougou. The starter lactobacilli inhibited undesired bacteria (e.g., Enterobacter and Aeromonas) and coccus-shaped lactic acid bacteria, as shown by culture-dependent and-independent methods. The inhibitory effect was more evident in juice than in seeds debris. Some VOC (ethanol, acetoin, phenol,2-methoxy and caryophyllene) were present at higher concentrations in juice and seeds obtained upon spontaneous fermentation, compared to the samples deriving from fermentation with lactobacilli. The latter samples were characterized by higher concentrations of acetic acid, decane, 1-nonanol, bornyl acetate and bornyl formate. In addition, they showed a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity than spontaneously fermented juice and seeds. The use of autochthonous lactobacilli did not relevantly affect the antioxidant activity of zgougou. When juice from lactobacilli-driven fermentation was used to prepare a traditional Tunisian pudding (“Assidat-Zgougou”), it improved color and odor with respect to the pudding containing juice from spontaneous fermentation. This study showed that the use, at laboratory scale, of autochthonous lactobacilli is a feasible biotechnological tool to outgrow undesired bacteria, thus improving the safety of zgougou juice. Future studies should be undertaken to confirm the observed benefits at industrial scale.
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Background Hand dermatitis or hand eczema (HD) is one of the most common dermatologic conditions. Lesions, scaling, pruritus and pain are chronic and relapsing. Improved HD has been reported with the probiotic composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2 (Bio-K+). Purpose Investigation of the therapeutic potential of this probiotic as the sole systemic treatment for adults with nonacute HD. Subjects and methods A single-center study documented clinical ratings and patient-reported outcomes in adults with chronic HD. The probiotic was taken orally for 12 weeks, adjunctive to standard topical treatments and preventative measures. Results Most of the 30 subjects with mild to severe HD were compliant with the probiotic. Around 22 of the 30 subjects were able to complete the study, and of these subjects, an improvement was noted in 19. One required systemic therapy, and one subject was not able to tolerate the probiotic and therefore discontinued the study. 23% of the subjects achieved clear or almost clear hands by the end of 12 weeks. Pruritus, which was a common complaint at baseline, was improved with 59% of symptomatic patients within 2 weeks. Conclusion It is feasible and safe to administer Bio-K+ for HD. Clinicians saw an improvement in most subjects’ hands, and cases of significant improvement in dermatitis were documented. Pruritus was the most rapidly relieved symptom, as reported by patients.
Article
As we gain a greater understanding of acne pathogenesis, both new agents as well as new uses for established drugs are being considered for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Multiple clinical trials assessing new formulations or combinations of established acne treatments have been conducted, and novel uses of antimicrobials such as modified diallyl disulfide oxide and nitric oxide are being assessed in clinical trials. There are also a multitude of new therapies currently being studied that target the inflammatory cascade of acne pathogenesis, including sebosuppressive and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, and small molecule inhibitors targeting sebaceous glands and enzymes, among others. Laser and light therapy is also being modified for the treatment of acne through combination methods with metal nanoshells and vacuum assistance. Probiotics have gained popularity in medicine as greater knowledge of the microbiome and its effects on multiple organ systems is being elucidated. Studies describing the positive effects of certain ammonia-oxidizing bacterial strains in the regulation of the skin's inflammatory response are ongoing. Therapies for acne are constantly evolving and current gold-standard acne therapy may be supplemented with novel treatment modalities in the near future.
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In the presented article, based on the detailed analysis of scientific sources and many years of own experience in production of the probiotic foods, the definition of “probiotics” in cosmetics, as well as the definition of “living” and “probiotic” cosmetics is proposed.The skin is a complex barrier organ that has a symbiotic relationship between microbial communities and host tissue via complex signals provided by the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It is constantly exposed to various endogenous and exogenous factors – physical, chemical, bacterial and fungal, as well as the effects of the hormonal disorders, which affect this balanced system potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions comprising infections, allergies or autoimmune diseases. In opposition to the gut and stool microbiome, which has been studied and described for many years, investigations on the skin or scalp microbiome lasts only for last 10 years. Therefore, the screening of effective means of correcting and/or maintaining the human normoflora for the preservation of healthy skin microbiome today is an urgent task.It is well known that probiotics and prebiotics are helpful for specific disorders in the human body. Skeptics wonder: can the probiotics and prebiotics be scientifically applied in cosmetics? Different clinical studies indicated that they have special effects in cutaneous apparatus directly or indirectly, which can be considered from different aspects. Probiotic bacteriotherapy can have great potential in accelerating wound healing, in preventing and treating the skin diseases including eczema, atopic dermatitis, acne, allergic inflammation or skin hypersensitivity, UV-induced skin damage and cosmetics products. Therefore, some firms are already incorporating bacteria and/or their lysates into skin creams with the promise of «rebalancing» the community of bacteria that live in the human body and delivering healthier, more radiant-looking skin. However, such parameters as the type of probiotic, the form in which it is added to the formulation (living bacteria, lysates, etc.) and the recommended concentrations of these ingredients in cosmetic products that are safe and effective are still not defined. Due to currently widespread use of probiotic cosmetic products in the world beauty industry, the concept of "probiotic" in the cosmetic industry requires a clear definition.
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This study evaluated cutaneous microbial distribution, and microbial co-occurrence at different body sites and skin environments in Chinese women (39.6 ± 11.9 years, N = 100) during the winter season. Microbial distribution (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonadaceae, and Malassezia furfur), association with biomarkers (antimicrobial peptides: LL-37, β-defensins [HBD-2, HBD-3]), and claudin-1) and skin biophysical parameters (transepidermal water loss, pH, skin scaliness and roughness, sebum and hydration levels) were also determined. Skin sites (glabella [GL], hand-back [HB], interdigital web-space [IS], antecubital fossa [AF], volar forearm [VF], back [BA]) were classified as normal, oily or dry based on two-step cluster analysis and exposed or unexposed (uncovered or covered by clothes, respectively) based on seasonal apparel. Pseudomonadaceae and Staphylococcus aureus had the highest and lowest detection rate respectively at all sites. Cluster analysis identified skin sites as 'normal' (HB, BA, AF, VF), 'dry' (IS) and 'oily' (GL). Bacterial alpha diversity was higher in exposed (HB, IS, and GL) compared with unexposed sites (BA, AF and VF). Co-occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus with any of the other five microorganisms was lower in dry and oily skin versus normal skin. Skin exposure, biophysical/barrier profile and biomarkers were found to be associated with bacterial distribution and co-occurrence.
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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by xerosis, pruritus and eczema. The role of probiotics in the prevention and the treatment of AD have been extensively studied in children with controversial results while there are few studies on an adult population. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intake of a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus salivarius LS01) in the treatment of adult patients with AD. A group of 38 patients was treated with probiotics or placebo (maltodextrin) for 16 weeks. The study was performed from January (T0) to May, 2009 (T16). The assessment of efficacy was based on change in SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) improvement, cytokine production by PBMCs and ability to modify faecal microbial flora. No significant adverse events were recorded during the study. Patients treated with probiotics showed a statistically improvement of both clinical parameters (SCORAD p< 0.0001 and DLQI p= 0.021) at the end of treatment (T16) compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, after four months of treatment there was a significant reduction of Th1 cytokines (IL-12+IFNγ) (p= 0.03) and Th1/Th2 ratio (IL-12+IFNγ/IL-4+IL-5) (p= 0.019) only in placebo-treated patients. A statistically relevant decrease of staphylococci in faeces of the probiotic-treated group was also observed at the end of treatment. In our study, the administration of L. salivarius LS01 was well tolerated and was associated with a significant improvement of clinical manifestation and QoL. This probiotic strain could have an important role in modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles and could be considered as an important adjunctive therapy in the treatment of adult AD.
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Human Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103) as part of the dietary therapy has been shown to shorten the duration of acute rotavirus diarrhea and to potentiate the intestinal immune response against the virus. We studied the ability of Lactobacillus GG to survive passage through the gut during rotavirus diarrhea in 29 infants, age range 5.4 to 27.5 months. After oral rehydration, they randomly received either a Lactobacillus GG formula or their normal milk ad libitum. All patients who received Lactobacillus GG became colonized with the strain as measured by fecal Lactobacillus GG counts. This result suggests that Lactobacillus GG may promote the establishment of normal intestinal microflora, even during acute gastroenteritis.
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Probiotics are live microbial food supplements that are beneficial to the host health when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics do have an exciting concept in digestive functions, but these live microbes have wider applicability as evidenced by gut-brain-skin axis theory given 80years back. However, the details regarding use of probiotics for dermatological indications ranging from atopic dermatitis to acne and sexually transmitted infections is dispersed in the literature, herein we have tried to focus all under one heading. Overall, probiotics seem to be promising and safe therapeutic modality, but the evidence as of now, from the available published data is low. This review will stimulate readers to carry out well designed, larger population based trials, so as to validate its use in dermatology practice.
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Objective To evaluate a multistrain, high-dose probiotic in the prevention of eczema. Design A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. Settings Antenatal clinics, research clinic, children at home. Patients Pregnant women and their infants. Interventions Women from 36 weeks gestation and their infants to age 6 months received daily either the probiotic (Lactobacillus salivarius CUL61, Lactobacillus paracasei CUL08, Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CUL34 and Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20; total of 1010 organisms/day) or matching placebo. Main outcome measure Diagnosed eczema at age 2 years. Infants were followed up by questionnaire. Clinical examination and skin prick tests to common allergens were done at 6 months and 2 years. Results The cumulative frequency of diagnosed eczema at 2 years was similar in the probiotic (73/214, 34.1%) and placebo arms (72/222, 32.4%; OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.6). Among the secondary outcomes, the cumulative frequency of skin prick sensitivity at 2 years was reduced in the probiotic (18/171; 10.5%) compared with the placebo arm (32/173; 18.5%; OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.98). The statistically significant differences between the arms were mainly in sensitisation to cow's milk and hen's egg proteins at 6 months. Atopic eczema occurred in 9/171 (5.3%) children in the probiotic arm and 21/173 (12.1%) in the placebo arm (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.91). Conclusions The study did not provide evidence that the probiotic either prevented eczema during the study or reduced its severity. However, the probiotic seemed to prevent atopic sensitisation to common food allergens and so reduce the incidence of atopic eczema in early childhood. Trial registration Number ISRCTN26287422.
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An expert panel was convened in October 2013 by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) to discuss the field of probiotics. It is now 13 years since the definition of probiotics and 12 years after guidelines were published for regulators, scientists and industry by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WHO (FAO/WHO). The FAO/WHO definition of a probiotic-"live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"-was reinforced as relevant and sufficiently accommodating for current and anticipated applications. However, inconsistencies between the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation Report and the FAO/WHO Guidelines were clarified to take into account advances in science and applications. A more precise use of the term 'probiotic' will be useful to guide clinicians and consumers in differentiating the diverse products on the market. This document represents the conclusions of the ISAPP consensus meeting on the appropriate use and scope of the term probiotic.
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Acne vulgaris has long been postulated to feature a gastrointestinal mechanism, dating back 80 years to dermatologists John H. Stokes and Donald M. Pillsbury. They hypothesised that emotional states (e.g. depression and anxiety) could alter normal intestinal microbiota, increase intestinal permeability, and contribute to systemic inflammation. They were also among the first to propose the use of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. In recent years, aspects of this gut-brain-skin theory have been further validated via modern scientific investigations. It is evident that gut microbes and oral probiotics could be linked to the skin, and particularly acne severity, by their ability to influence systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, glycaemic control, tissue lipid content, and even mood. This intricate relationship between gut microbiota and the skin may also be influenced by diet, a current area of intense scrutiny by those who study acne. Here we provide a historical background to the gut-brain-skin theory in acne, followed by a summary of contemporary investigations and clinical implications.
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Serum Her-2/neu is extracted from the extracelluar domain of the Her-2/neu tyrosine kinase to serum. We evaluated the correlation between the Her-2/neu status as determined by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) and the serum Her-2/neu concentration in a population of Korean women with breast cancer.
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: To evaluate cytokine stimulation with 3 strains of Lactobacillus salivarius in vitro and to assess changes in intestinal microflora and clinical improvements in adults with atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by the strain showing the best immunomodulatory features. : AD is a common skin disease in children and adults. It is characterized by chronic inflammation, eczema, and increasing intestinal permeability. Various studies have shown that patients with AD presented some modifications in the intestinal microbiota composition; as a result, intestinal microflora is thought to have a pivotal role in this disease. : Thirty-eight patients aged from 18 to 46 years with moderate/severe AD were recruited. Subjects were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled study to receive active treatment with L. salivarius LS01: probiotic (n=19) or placebo (n=19). Cytokine production was determined by means of specific quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Intestinal bacterial groups were quantified using conventional culture techniques, whereas L. salivarius LS01 was identified using polymerase chain reaction and pulse field gel electrophoresis. : L. salivarius LS01 showed the best immunomodulatory features and it was chosen for the second phase of the study. AD subjects showed a reduction in their SCORAD score after probiotic treatment and a significant decrease in the staphylococci load compared with the placebo group. Moreover, L. salivarius LS01 showed the ability to reduce the production of Th2 cytokines, maintaining the production of Th1 cytokines stable. : Treatment with the L. salivarius LS01 strain seems to positively modify clinical and immunologic status and dermatology life quality in a group of adults affected by moderate/severe AD, leading to a rebalancing of altered intestinal microbiota.
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: It has been suggested that probiotics modulate atopic dermatitis (AD) progression, but no data are actually available on their mechanisms of action and on their ability to act as immunomodulators in this pathology. : The aim of this randomized double-blinded active treatment versus placebo study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of an intake of a combination of 2 probiotics (Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03) for the treatment of adult AD patients. : Forty-eight patients were enrolled in the study (randomization ratio 2:1) and treated with a combination (LS01 and BR03) or placebo (maltodextrin) for 12 weeks. Clinical efficacy was assessed from baseline by changes in the SCORAD index and DLQ index improvement. Analysis on the gut permeability barrier, immunologic parameters, and changes in fecal microbiota and recovery of probiotics were performed at baseline, at the end of therapy, and 2 months later. : Patients receiving probiotics showed a significant improvement in clinical parameters (SCORAD, P<0.0001 and DLQ index, P=0.021) from baseline. The probiotics reduced microbial translocation (P=0.050), immune activation (P<0.001), improved T-helper cell (Th)17/regulatory T cell (Treg) (P=0.029) and Th1/Th2 (P=0.028) ratios. None of these changes were observed in the placebo group. : Our results suggest that this specific mixture of probiotics (LS01 and BR03 strains) may induce beneficial effects for clinical and immunologic alterations in adult AD. This combination could be considered as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of AD in adult patients.
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Atopic dermatitis, a chronic recurrent disease, is frequently encountered in clinical practice. In the last 30 years, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis has rapidly increased due to industrialization. Therefore, there have been attempts in recent years to find new ways of treating and preventing atopic dermatitis. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, a combination of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus salivarius strains were evaluated in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. Forty pediatric patients (23 males and 17 females) aged 1~13 years were enrolled. One eligible individual who was approached declined to participate. The probiotic group was administered a probiotic complex containing B. bifidum, L. acidophilus, L. casei, and L. salivarius for 8 weeks. The placebo group, on the other hand, was administered skim milk powder and dextrose. All of the parameters including serum cytokines, eosinophil cationic protein), SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index, and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured in both the probiotic group and the placebo group at the end of 8 weeks. Probiotic intervention in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients effectively reduced the SCORAD index and serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and total serum IgE levels, but did not reduce levels of serum cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, ECP, or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to the placebo group. Our study found probiotics to be effective in reducing atopic dermatitis patients' SCORAD index, serum IL-5, IL-6, IFN-γ, and total serum IgE levels but not effective in reducing serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, ECP, or TNF-α levels.
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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by xerosis, pruritus and eczema. The role of probiotics in the prevention and the treatment of AD have been extensively studied in children with controversial results while there are few studies on an adult population. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the intake of a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus salivarius LS01) in the treatment of adult patients with AD. A group of 38 patients was treated with probiotics or placebo (maltodextrin) for 16 weeks. The study was performed from January (T0) to May, 2009 (T16). The assessment of efficacy was based on change in SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) improvement, cytokine production by PBMCs and ability to modify faecal microbial flora. No significant adverse events were recorded during the study. Patients treated with probiotics showed a statistically improvement of both clinical parameters (SCORAD p<0.0001 and DLQI p= 0.021) at the end of treatment (T16) compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, after four months of treatment there was a significant reduction of Th1 cytokines (IL-12+IFNgamma) (p= 0.03) and Th1/Th2 ratio (IL-12+IFNgamma/IL-4+IL-5) (p= 0.019) only in placebo-treated patients. A statistically relevant decrease of staphylococci in faeces of the probiotictreated group was also observed at the end of treatment. In our study, the administration of L. salivarius LS01 was well tolerated and was associated with a significant improvement of clinical manifestation and QoL. This probiotic strain could have an important role in modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles and could be considered as an important adjunctive therapy in the treatment of adult AD.
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Over 70 years have passed since dermatologists John H. Stokes and Donald M. Pillsbury first proposed a gastrointestinal mechanism for the overlap between depression, anxiety and skin conditions such as acne. Stokes and Pillsbury hypothesized that emotional states might alter the normal intestinal microflora, increase intestinal permeability and contribute to systemic inflammation. Among the remedies advocated by Stokes and Pillsbury were Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. Many aspects of this gut-brain-skin unifying theory have recently been validated. The ability of the gut microbiota and oral probiotics to influence systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, glycemic control, tissue lipid content and even mood itself, may have important implications in acne. The intestinal microflora may also provide a twist to the developing diet and acne research. Here we provide a historical perspective to the contemporary investigations and clinical implications of the gut-brain-skin connection in acne.
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Probiotics and prebiotics, alone or together (synbiotics), can influence the intestinal microbiota and modulate the immune response. They may therefore be tools that can prevent or alleviate certain pathologies involving the gut immune system, such as allergies for which no treatment is yet available. This review focuses first on the definitions of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics and key cells in the gut immune system. It then discusses their effects on mucosal immune stimulation. Experimental findings suggest that different probiotic species have similar effects on innate immunity by improving the mechanisms of pathogen destruction. On the contrary, their impacts seem to be variable on the adaptive immune system. Prebiotics can also exert an influence on the gut immune system via the stimulation of the autochthonous bacteria metabolism. Finally, this review focuses on the effects of food supplements on allergy. Different studies performed in humans or rodents have supported a potential role for selected probiotics and prebiotics in reducing some allergic parameters. Probiotic effects on allergy treatment are unclear, especially in human studies. However, they are potentially effective at short-term for prevention when they are administered in perinatal conditions. A clinical study performed with an infant cohort revealed a beneficial effect of prebiotics in preventing allergic manifestations at long-term. Further studies are nonetheless essential to confirm these findings. Food supplements offer potential tools for the prevention or treatment of allergy, but insufficient evidence is available at present to recommend their use in clinical practice.
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Background: The role of probiotics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) remains controversial. A recent systematic review of the available evidence called for further clinical trials with new probiotic formulations. Objective: To assess the clinical efficacy and impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1, Bifidobacterium lactis UABLA-12 with fructo-oligosaccharide on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in preschool children with moderate-to-severe AD. Method: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial of 90 children aged 1-3 years with moderate-to-severe AD who were treated with a mixture of L. acidophilus DDS-1, B. lactis UABLA-12 with fructo-oligosaccharide at a dosage of 5 billion colony-forming units twice daily for 8 weeks versus placebo. The primary outcome measure was the percentage change in Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) value. Other outcome measures were changes in Infant Dermatitis Quality Of Life (IDQOL) and Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) scores, frequency and amount of topical corticosteroid used, and lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood measured by laser flow cytometry. Results: At the final visit, the percentage decrease in SCORAD was 33.7% in the probiotic group compared with 19.4% in the placebo group (p = 0.001). Children receiving probiotic showed a greater decrease in the mean [SD] SCORAD score than did children from the placebo group at week 8 (-14.2 [9.9] vs -7.8 [7.7], respectively; p = 0.001). IDQOL and DFI scores decreased significantly from baseline by 33.0% and 35.2% in the probiotic group and by 19.0% and 23.8% in the placebo group, respectively (p = 0.013, p = 0.010). Use of topical corticosteroids during the 8-week trial period averaged 7.7 g less in probiotic patients (p = 0.006). CD3, CD16, and CD22 lymphocyte subsets remained unchanged, whereas the percentage of CD4, and the percentage and absolute count of CD25 decreased, and the percentage and absolute count of CD8 increased in the probiotic group at week 8 (p < 0.007 vs placebo). There was a significant correlation between CD4 percentage, CD25 percentage, CD25 absolute count, and SCORAD values (r = 0.642, r = 0.746, r = 0.733, respectively; p < 0.05) in the probiotic group at week 8. Conclusion: The administration of a probiotic mixture containing L. acidophilus DDS-1, B. lactis UABLA-12, and fructo-oligosaccharide was associated with significant clinical improvement in children with AD, with corresponding lymphocyte subset changes in peripheral blood. The efficacy of probiotic therapy in adults with AD requires further investigation.
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To identify whether nutrient supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, formula, or fatty acids prevents the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) or reduces the severity of AD in newborns to children younger than 3 years. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature) from January 1, 1946, to August 27, 2012, and performed an additional manual search. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining nutritional supplementation in prevention and amelioration of AD among children younger than 3 years. Of 92 articles, 21 met inclusion criteria. In the 21 studies, a total of 6859 participants received supplements, which included infants or mothers who were either pregnant or breastfeeding;4134 infants or mothers served as controls. Nutritional supplementation was shown to be an effective method in preventing AD (11 of 17 studies) or decreasing its severity(5 of 6 studies). The best evidence lies with probiotics supplementation in mothers and infants in preventing development and reducing severity of AD. Specifically, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was effective in long-term prevention of AD development. γ-Linolenic acid reduced severity of AD. Supplementation with prebiotics and black currant seed oil (γ-linolenic acid and ω-3 combination) was effective in reducing the development of AD. Conflicting findings were reported from different research groups that performed supplementation with an amino acid–based formula. Certain types of nutrient supplementation are beneficial in preventing AD development and reducing its severity. Future research elucidating the mechanisms underlying the actions of nutritional supplementation on AD is necessary.
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