Article

Impact assessment of industrial effluent on water quality of the receiving Alaro River in Ibadan, Nigeria

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Abstract

Alaro River is receiving industrial effluent as a point source. The water quality of the river upstream and downstream after the point of effluent discharge was assessed with the view of determining the effect of industrial effluent on the water quality of the river. The water samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total solid (TS), chloride, sulphate, phosphate and heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr and Cu). The average levels of the parameters upstream were: pH (7.8 ± 0.5); DO (7.0 ± 1.3 mg/L); alkalinity (405 ± 103 mg CaCO3/L); TS (328.8 ± 106.7 mg/L); chloride (474.8 ± 154.1 mg/L); sulphate (2.3 ± 0.7 mg/L); phosphate (0.175 ± 0.026 mg/L); Pb (0.023 ± 0.001mg/L); Mn (0.169 ± 0.009 mg/L); Ni (0.011 ± 0.003 mg/L); Cd (0.004 ± 0.002 mg/L); Cr (0.003 ± 0.001 mg/L) and Cu (0.005 ± 0.001 mg/L). Much higher average levels of alkalinity (744 ± 80 mg CaCO3/L); total solids (1379 ± 389 mg/L); chloride (1126 ± 83 mg/L); sulphate (16.4 ± 13.9 mg/L); phosphate (4.62 ± 2.07 mg/L); Pb (0.14 ± 0.03 mg/L); Mn (0.456 ± 0.190 mg/L); Ni (0.03 ± 0.03 mg/L); Cd (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/L); Cr (0.021 ± 0.007 mg/L); Cu (0.0923 ± 0.035 mg/L) and lower average levels of pH (6.5 ± 0.5) and DO (0.63 ± 0.93 mg/L) were obtained downstream. The levels of most parameters in the effluent exceeded the effluent guideline for discharge into surface water. River's recovery capacities for the water quality parameters were fairly good and ranged between 36 and 90%.

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... In Nigeria, many researchers constantly undertake work on assessment of physiochemical and microbiological quality of water bodies (Eneji, 2010;Fakayode, 2005) however, in Mkomon District in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State; physico-chemical and bacteriological examination of water for drinking purposes has not been carried out. The probability of ingesting infective dose of disease causing microorganism is very high considering the fact that water borne pathogens generally have low infective dose. ...
... The increasing vulnerability of natural resources and the environment to pollution is one of the great challenges to humanity in recent times. Water, which is essential to all forms of life and makes about 50-97 percent of the weight of all plants and animals, is the most poorly managed resource in the world ( Fakayode, 2005). About 20 percent of the world's population lack access to safe drinking water (UNEP, 2000). ...
... This was consistent with the report of Akpan (2004) for Qua Iboe River. pH range of 5.6 -6.8 reported for Mkomon River could be considered to be within the range considered as normal for unpolluted fresh water (Fakayode, 2005). The slight acidity values of the sampling stations especially during the dry season could be attributed to the fact that Mkomon River drains a catchment area with thick tropical rain forest. ...
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The indiscriminate dumping and release of wastes containing hazardous substances into Rivers might lead to environmental disturbance which could be considered as a potential source of stress to biotic community. River Mkomon which is one of the tributaries of River Benue serve as an excellent disposal agent by some of the communities at the river bank and farmers. The objective of the study was to investigate the seasonal variation in physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of River Mkomon water at four different sampling stations of the River. Analyses of river water quality containing 16 parameters were done during dry and rainy seasons in the year 2015. Results revealed deterioration in water quality with seasonal changes between the sites. The data have been compared with the norms for River water of World Health Organization (WHO), National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and standard organization of Nigeria (SON). The results obtained revealed enhanced level of water temperature (28.8±0.08) o C, turbidity (8.5±0.15) NTU, cadmium (0.087±0.00) mg/L, lead (0.299±0.00) mg/L, chromium (0.521±0.00) mg/L, total coliform (159.1±24.9) CFU and decrease or normal levels in phosphate (3.7±0.05) mg/L, chloride (55.2±1.35) mg/L, electrical conductivity (56.2±0.49) µS/cm, biological oxygen demand (3.3±0.08)mg/L, suspended solid(48.9±0.31) mg/L, pH(6.5±0.07), dissolved oxygen(4.0±0.09) mg/L, total dissolved solids(47.7±0.15) mg/L and total hardness (83.2±1.13) mg/L. Moreover, increase of pollution load during rainy season indicated the increase in organic matter in River water during the season due to increase in anthropogenic interferences of the surrounding areas.
... Water is the most essential requisite that nature provides to sustain life for plants and animals, and also has tremendous role in every mode of human life (Nwankwoala and Nwagbogwu, 2012). Despite its importance, water is the most poorly managed resource in the world (Fakayode, 2005). The existing tendency of industrialization and urbanization may contribute greatly to the poor quality of water through indiscriminate disposal of solid waste, industrial effluents and other toxic wastes which are the major environmental issues posing threats to the existence of human being (Furtado et al., 1998;Chindah et al., 2004;Ugochukwu, 2004;Emongor et al., 2005;Rahman et al., 2008). ...
... The existing tendency of industrialization and urbanization may contribute greatly to the poor quality of water through indiscriminate disposal of solid waste, industrial effluents and other toxic wastes which are the major environmental issues posing threats to the existence of human being (Furtado et al., 1998;Chindah et al., 2004;Ugochukwu, 2004;Emongor et al., 2005;Rahman et al., 2008). The concentrations of chemical parameters of industrial effluent were above the allowable limits and also tended to accumulate at the downstream area (Fakayode, 2005). Generally municipal solid waste is collected and dumped in a mixed form in an unscientific manner on open waste land or low lying areas even near rivers, ponds and other ecological sensitive regions, which resulting in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates (Sahu, 2007). ...
... The TH of the Ethiopian River, which showed a higher value during the dry season, may be due to a higher temperature that increases weathering intensity, which dissolves the associated minerals, as well as reduced water flow during the fraught dry season 69 . Hard water has been associated with alteration of balance in aquatic ecosystems by increasing the pH of water and affecting sensitive species 53 . Hardness of water has also been accused of scaling in water pipes, heating kettles, laundry, and kitchen problems where it challenges lathering with soap or detergent 91 . ...
... High phosphates in water can lead to eutrophication and algal bloom, thereby reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aquatic animals. This can substantially reduce biodiversity for intolerant species 53 . WHO 33 states that the maximum amount of phosphate that can be present in drinking water is less than 1 milligram per liter. ...
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The geochemical and chemical constituents of river water quality could be influenced by human activities and organic processes like water interacting with the lithogenic structure that the river flows through. Evaluating evidence based primary root of the predominant pollutant ions, their interactions as well as the factors controlling their dominance is crucial in studies regarding water environment and hydrology especially as most studies focus on theoretical methods. In order to understand the water cycle, safeguard surface water resources, and preserve the human environment, this study evaluated surface water hydro-chemical facies, quality dynamics, and portability in southern Nigeria using multivariate statistical approaches by analyzing selected hydro-chemical characteristics as indicators of pollution along the river during wet and dry seasons. Twenty water samples were taken, analyzed, and subjected to mathematical statistics: Gibbs plot, trilinear piper analysis, stiff pattern analysis, ionic scatter analysis, correlation, and principal component analysis. Result of surface water recorded mean pH ranges from 4.8 for wet season and 5.3 for dry season, above the WHO, and during dry season TDS, Mg2+, Pb, and Cd were above the WHO limits, respectively. Abundance of cation and anion in surface water was in a decreasing trend of: HCO3 > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cl⁻ > Na⁺ > SO4²⁻ > K + > NO3⁻. Trilinear plot, stiff pattern, and Gibbs ratio indicated hydrochemical facie of water dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) water type. From plots and ionic ratio, the major hydrochemical process of water chemistry during wet and dry seasons was rock-water interaction arising majorly from weathering processes. Ionic ratios of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺¹, Ca²⁺ and HCO²⁻ [1:2], Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ and HCO³⁻ + SO4²⁻ [1:1], revealed dissolution of dolomite as their common origin, with total cations in wet and dry seasons ranging between 43 and 57% and total anions: 37.3–62.7, with dry season dominance. The overall WQI of the river seemed good quality due to rapid flow and self-purification of the river but may be harmful in the future. It was recommended that constant surveillance and monitoring of human activities along waterways be enforced in order to ensure that undesirable pollution levels don’t occur in the river.
... The observed values could be attributed to the high levels of conducting elements such as aluminum, fluoride and phosphate. Fakayode [27], reported also that conducting elements contributed to the high electrical conductivity in a studied dumpsite. ...
... The high level of phosphate in the water samples could be due to the leaching of fertilizer residues from agricultural farm lands along the pathways and water bodies, as well as soap and detergent used for washing by slaughterhouse people. This is in line with Fakayode [27], Kumar [28] who recorded other sources of phosphate to include detergents used by the abattoir workers to wash roasted slaughtered animals, and laundry activities of surrounding residents which run-off into the river. ...
... It is indispensable for agriculture, manufacturing, transportation and many other human activities. Despite these importance water is one of the most poorly managed resources in the world (Fakayode, 2005). It has become an essential commodity for the development of industry and agriculture (Kudesia, 1990). ...
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The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of the Bansai River water that collected from five sampling stations (Gorail, Bansai, Ferangi, Hatimtown and Hatubanga ghat) during the rainy season (June-October) in 2013 and then taken to the laboratory for analysis. The analysis was done for the parameters like pH, transparency, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to know the present status of river water quality. The pH of the Bansai River water was in permissible limit. The average values of transparency were 12.7, 12.0, 11.05, 11.05, 11.96 and 11.35cm, respectively in five sampling stations which were within the standard level. The average temperatures of five sampling station were 31.5, 31.1, 31.2, 30.8 and 31˚C, respectively indicating the slight depletion of water quality. The average values of EC and TDS showed the satisfactory level due to monsoon rainfall and upstream flow of river water. Although the average DO concentrations were nearly matches with permissible limit set by DoE, it was not satisfactory enough for aquatic ecosystem throughout the year. The average concentrations of BOD were 2.5, 2.7, 2.5, 2.6 and 2.6 ppm at five stations, respectively that could be harmful for aquatic organisms. The Bansai river is the dumping ground of industrial waste effluents, commercial and household wastes from surrounding areas but in rainy season, the study demonstrated that the river water quality was in satisfactory level due to dilution of wastes by monsoon rainfall and upstream flow of river water. Regular monitoring of water quality, public awareness and implementing rules and regulations for managing wastes are the prior need in this respect.
... Figure 2 shows the pH range pertaining to the samples of two locations. The pH value reflects on the hydrogen ions concentration of the water, wherein the pH of any aquatic body shows impact on the chemical reaction in the water quality, therefore, considered as a driving factor of aquatic ecosystems [22], [23]. The results obtained in the study indicate that for the Mudirajupalem samples, the pH value was in the range of 8.5-10, whereas for the Madalavarigudem samples, the pH value was in the range of 6.5-9.0, which is outside the range of permissible limit as per the BIS standards (Fig. 2). ...
Article
The study of variations in the quality of groundwater due to subsequent changes in society is a ‎matter of unease as groundwater is regarded as a vital water supply source among all the water ‎sources available. Water quality assessment via monitoring paves the source for arbitrating the ‎appropriateness of quality of water for various purposes including management of water quality. ‎This study was mainly focused on monitoring and assessing the quality of groundwater collected ‎from Madalvarigudem and Mudirajupalem, both from Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. ‎Standard methods were used for analyzing the collected samples for five parameters that include ‎alkalinity, acidity, pH, total hardness (TH) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The groundwater ‎quality parameter analysis indicate high values of pH and TDS, especially in the Mudirajupalem ‎samples as it is located near to agricultural fields. Further, the water quality index (WQI) values ‎supported that groundwater collected from Mudirajupalem is unfit for drinking purpose. This ‎study employed random forest, decision tree and gradient boosted tree techniques for predicting ‎the WQI values and, a hierarchical reconciliation algorithm proved favorable in foretelling water ‎quality parameters. The predicted WQI values meticulously complemented with the obtained ‎experimental results, further endorsing that Mudirajupalem groundwater is not apt for public ‎consumption. Further, this study proposes implementing simple rainwater harvesting systems, which ‎would eventually result in improving the groundwater recharge and maintain groundwater balance ‎so as to making it as a viable source of life‎.
... Owing to this fact, the standards formulated to standardize the water quality determined that a pH in the range of 6.5 and 8.5 should be maintained in the water to eliminate the buildup of scale deposits from water or dissolved contaminants concentration from acidic waters (American GroundWater Trust, 2003). Variation of the pH values in the samples during the monitoring period in the study area is shown in Figure 4. Hydrogen ions concentration present in the water is represented by pH, wherein, even minor changes in pH values imposes impact on the water quality due to chemical reactions, therefore, pH value is detrimental to the aquatic ecosystems (Wang et al., 2002;Fakayode, 2005). From the results for the monitoring period of 35 days, it is apparent that the pH value was in the range of 8.5-10 for the Mudirajupalem samples, whereas pH value in the range between 6.5-8.0 was obtained in the LIMAT campus samples, which is outside the range of permissible limit in the former context in line with the BIS standards (Fig. 4). ...
Article
Groundwater quality variation due to consequent changes in the standard of living of a community is of great unease owing to the fact that the groundwater is regarded as one of the significant water supply sources available. For the sustainable use of water resources and water quality management, monitoring and assessment of water quality acts a catalyst for an appropriate judgment on the water quality. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from Lingayas Institute of Management and Technology (LIMAT), Vijayawada campus and Mudirajupalem, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India for monitoring and assessing the water quality for alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, acidity and total hardness (TH) using standard methods. Very high values of pH and TDS were obtained in the groundwater collected from Mudirajupalem, which is within the vicinity of agricultural fields. Added to this, Student’s t test analysis of TDS values signposted a noteworthy P value (<0.001) for which the mean difference was substantial statistically. The groundwater collected from Mudirajupalem further affirmed that the water is unfit for drinking, which is evident from water quality index (WQI) values. This study emphasizes on implementing various locale specific rainwater garnering schemes, which is one of the solution for augmenting the groundwater recharge and maintaining the groundwater balance.
... En effet, les ETMs font partie des polluants majeurs de l'environnement tant par leur caractère ubiquiste, leur présence au sein de la biosphère que par leur toxicité et leur bioaccumulation potentielle dans plusieurs espèces aquatiques, induisant des effets dévastateurs sur la balance écologique (Katemo et al., 2010). Les ETMs peuvent être très dangereux pour la santé de l'Homme et pour les autres êtres vivants lorsqu'ils sont présents dans l'environnement à des concentrations élevées (Fakayode, 2005). ...
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In recent decades, numerous studies have focused on the level of contamination of aquatic environments, and there has been growing interest in the consumption of fish resources in relation to health risks. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of contamination of water, sediment and two fish species (Marcusenius stanleyanus Boulanger, 1897 and Protopterus dolloi Boulanger, 1900) by trace metals (Aluminium, Copper, Cadmium and Lead) at the Kingabwa fishing station in the Malebo Pool (Congo River). Samples were collected between July and November 2023. Metal Trace Element (TMEs) levels were determined using an ED- XRF Xepos X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results revealed high levels of TMEs in the water, with values of 0.26±0.00 mg/L (Al), 2.53±0.03 mg/L (Cu), 0.18±0.17 mg/L (Cd) and 0.15±0.00 mg/L (Pb), above the WHO standard. The levels recorded in the sediment are below the sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Toxicological analysis of fish samples showed high overall Cd and Pb levels, compared with the tolerable limits set by the WHO (Cd: 0.05 mg/kg; Pb: 0.2 mg/kg). This study recommends that particular attention be paid to monitoring the physical, chemical and biological quality of aquatic ecosystems and their resources, to avoid exposing consumers of fish resources to health risks.
... The pH indicates the hydrogen activity in water and is a vital environmental factor as it expresses the concentration of the acid and alkaline state of the water [5]. It is very essential to check the pH of effluent to maintain the water quality since it affects other chemical reactions such as solubility and metal toxicity [19]. The higher pH indicates the alkaline nature of effluent. ...
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The study aimed to assess the contamination levels of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in textile wastewater and evaluate their potential environmental and health risks. Twenty-six wastewater samples were collected from various textile mills using plastic bottles. The samples were preserved in iceboxes to maintain their characteristics and analyzed in the laboratory for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). The analysis revealed that all samples had elevated pH, EC, and BOD levels, with reduced DO levels. Heavy metals Cr and Cu were present at concentrations exceeding permissible limits, while Cd remained within acceptable levels. The highest Cr concentration (1.72 mg L−1) was recorded in effluent from the Dawood Textile Industry, which also showed higher values for other pollutants. Textile effluents contain significant levels of pollutants, including heavy metals, posing threats to environmental, human, and ecological health. Proper treatment of wastewater before disposal is crucial to minimize these adverse impacts.
... Having a good and clean source of water is a major problem in the underdeveloped countries. Though water is important to life, it is one of the most ill-managed resources in the world (Fakayode, 2005). Numerous studies in Nigeria recognised anthropogenic activities as an easy source of water pollution (Akintola, Nyamah, 1978;Ayoade, 1988;Ayoade, Oyebande, 1983;Obasi, Balogun, 2001;Ovrawah, Hymore, 2001). ...
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The scarcity of clean water in rural Nigerian communities leads to dependence on streams and rivers which are often polluted by domestic and industrial activities distorting the quality of water. Freshwater ecosystems, which are important for global biodiversity, are constantly burdened with threats from environmental changes as well as human misuse. This study was aimed at investigating the spatial and temporal variations of physico-chemical parameters and the water quality index (WQI) of the Okhuaihe River in Ikpe, Edo state, Nigeria, used for different domestic activities. The study assessed parameters like air and water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, flow rate, total dissolved solids, phosphate, chloride, iron, zinc, and manganese at four stations over a six-month period. Samples such as air and water temperature and pH were collected and measured in situ, while others were collected using polyethylene bottles and a 250 ml amber bottle for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results indicated that while some physico-chemical parameters like the width, the flow rate, and phosphate showed considerable differences, most did not differ significantly. Temporally, there were significant seasonal variations in air temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, iron, zinc, and manganese. The WQI calculations showed that the water quality at all stations was within safe limits for human consumption and supported aquatic life. Despite some fluctuations due to seasonal changes and anthropogenic activities, the overall quality remained suitable for domestic use. This underscores the importance of constant monitoring and management of water resources to allay pollution and ensure sustainable water supply in rural communities.
... But due to increased human population, industrialization, agriculture and other activities carried out by humans, it has become highly polluted (Patil et al., 2012).The United Nation's report on "Water for people, water for life" the first ever UN system wide evaluation on global water resources-2003 has put India on a poor position of 120 th for water quality among 122 nations covered during the analysis. In India less than 50% of the urban population has access to sewage disposal system (Maruthi et al., 2012) for People, Water for Life" (the first ever UN system wide evaluation on global water resources-According to WHO estimate about 80% of water pollution in developing countries, like India is carried by domestic waste and industrial effluents (Kulkarni, 1997) Almost 70% of the water in India has become polluted due to the discharge of domestic sewage and industrial effluents into natural water bodies, such as rivers, streams and lakes (Fakayode, 2005;Sangu and Sharma, 1987). About 95% of rural population living in India depends on ground water for domestic use (Moharir et al., 2002). ...
Article
In the present study twelve samples were collected from industrial effluent from drains in Doaba Region of Punjab. Some physico-chemical characteristics namely pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, sulphates, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS were analyzed using standard procedures. The results indicate that the drains are carrying heavily loaded water which needs to be checked to combat the rising crisis of environmental pollution.
... The DO is consumed by the water's physical, chemical, and biochemical activities [32]. The DO has been widely used as a limnological parameter to estimate organic pollutants, the degree of freshness, and delineate water quality in the river water [37,38]. The DO was 1.22 ± 0.17 mg/L in the Bagmati River and that was a minimum and a very low in the Bishnumati (0.45 ± 0.18 mg/L) and it was a maximum of 7.99 ± 0.54 mg/L in the Balkhukhola ( Table 4a). ...
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The water quality of the geographically and culturally important Bagmati River is deteriorating due to the mixing of highly polluted tributaries and untreated domestic and industrial waste. Real-time physicochemical data was collected from the tributaries and mostly polluted sites along the Bagmati River in the Kathmandu Valley. The results showed that as compared to the tributaries, the Bagmati River was less polluted before the confluence. The oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen were recorded high up to the middle of the observation domain and reduced to extremely low adapting to hypoxic region downstream sites. The water quality index (WQI) of Bagmati River was determined using the assigned weighted value (model A) and the weight arithmetic index of water quality parameters (model B). It was as high as 400 (model A) and 130 (model B) downstream in the Bagmati River. The WQI value showed that all the rivers inside the Kathmandu Valley were highly polluted and unfit for human use. Human activities such as the direct discharge of domestic effluent, disposal of solid waste at the bank of the river, and the mixing of highly polluted tributary excessively loaded contaminants, turned the Bagmati River into a biologically dead river downstream.
... plants and impacting the entire food web (Fakayode, 2005). Elevated salinity can adversely affect freshwater organisms, disrupting osmoregulation and potentially leading to mortality. ...
Article
The textile industry is one of the largest water polluters worldwide. The coloured and bad odour effluent discharged from such industries pollutes not only the water bodies but also affects groundwater quality. In the present study, thirty-five water samples were collected from different dyeing units of the Bagru textile area (Rajasthan, India) famous for using natural dyes for textile processing. The physico-chemical analysis of these water samples shows that all parameters exceeded the permitted range recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and World Health Organization (WHO). The analysis revealed the use of synthetic dyes in Bagru's textile industry for dyeing and printing. Based on the estimated characteristics, these textile effluents must be properly treated before releasing into the environment as the discharge of untreated effluents into local water bodies leads to significant water pollution, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, contaminants can permeate the soil, compromising agricultural productivity and food safety. The air quality is also compromised due to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the dyeing process, posing respiratory risks to nearby communities. This research underscores the urgent need for improved waste management practices and regulatory measures to mitigate the adverse environmental effects associated with synthetic dyes in Bagru's textile industry.
... These pollutants are typically released into bodies of water without treatment, and the cumulative detrimental impacts on the ecosystem have garnered much attention. Some of the wastes, especially heavy metals present in this wastewater, are carcinogenic, while others are poisonous to the aquatic ecosystem [27,28]. According to Begum [29], cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) are heavy metals that have been found in Indian's Cauvery River as a result of the industrial, anthropogenic and agricultural activities near the river. ...
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In this review, we describe recent developments and strategies involved in the utilization of solid supports for the management of wastewater by means of biological treatments. The origin of wastewater determines whether it is considered natural or industrial waste, and the source(s) singly or collectively contribute to increase water pollution. Pollution is a threat to aquatic and humans; thus, before the discharge of treated waters back into the environment, wastewater is put through a number of treatment processes to ensure its safety for human use. Biological treatment or bioremediation has become increasingly popular due to its positive impact on the ecosystem, high level of productivity, and process application cost-effectiveness. Bioremediation involving the use of microbial cell immobilization has demonstrated enhanced effectiveness compared to free cells. This constitutes a significant departure from traditional bioremediation practices (entrapment, adsorption, encapsulation), in addition to its ability to engage in covalent bonding and cross-linking. Thus, we took a comparative look at the existing and emerging immobilization methods and the related challenges, focusing on the future. Furthermore, our work stands out by highlighting emerging state-of-the-art tools that are bioinspired [enzymes, reactive permeable barriers linked to electrokinetic, magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), bio-coated films, microbiocenosis], as well as the use of nanosized biochar and engineered cells or their bioproducts targeted at enhancing the removal efficiency of metals, carbonates, organic matter, and other toxicants and pollutants. The potential integration of 'omics' technologies for enhancing and revealing new insights into bioremediation via cell immobilization is also discussed.
... The most affected are bodies of water, particularly, freshwater reservoirs. This has frequently made these natural resources inappropriate for use in both primary and secondary applications (Fakayode, 2005). The contamination of natural water bodies by industrial wastewater has become a serious problem in emerging, highly populated nations like Nigeria. ...
Article
The ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems, particularly those supporting vital species like catfish, is increasingly threatened by industrial effluents. This study assessed the toxicological effects of industrial effluents on the catfish ecosystem in Ilorin metropolis. The objectives were to determine the physico-chemical properties of water from a natural fish pond on industrial land-use; compare the physicochemical properties of the water with the standards of WHO and FEPA; examine the growth indicator of catfish in the study area; and assess the relationship between the physico-chemical properties of the water and the growth of the catfish in the study area. Primary and secondary data were gathered and the sampling involved taking 1% of catfish from three natural ponds on industrial land, each with earthen ponds of 50 by 70 meters with a capacity of up to 5000. Water samples were collected from the river and the natural fish pond over a six-week period, divided into three phases corresponding to different developmental stages of the fish. These water and fish samples were subjected to laboratory analysis. Descriptive and inferential methods used in the study were percentages, graphs, charts, the chi-squared test, and a correlation matrix for data analysis. This study revealed that industrial effluents raised the level of parameters such as iron, copper, lead, and electrical conductivity in the water sampled beyond the recommended levels of WHO and FEPA Standard’s guidelines, with mean values of 7.843, 0.23, 1.01, and 260.667 mg/l, respectively. Chemical parameters such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, and I in the water had no significant effect on fish growth as their p-values (0.472, 0.493, 0.180, 0.672, 0.328, and 0.511, respectively) were higher than the 0.05 level of significance. The physical parameters such as pH (0.918), temperature (0.367), nitrate level (0.292), total solids (0.495), and total soluble solids (0.502) did not show any impact on the growth of catfish. The study concluded that fish growth is affected by the availability of zinc in the fish pond, the increase in electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids in the water. It is recommended that water quality monitoring be conducted to ensure the good functioning of the aquatic ecosystem for increased fish productivity.
... Water is fundamental to the existence of all living creatures just as clean ambient air [1,2], because about 70 % of average human body weight and 50-97 % of plant and animal are made up of water [3], but unfortunately, it is the most poorly managed natural resource on the earth [4]. The quality of natural water resources is gradually becoming unfit for use due to improper waste disposal to the water body while many farmers in areas near to both industrial and illegal mining localities are even obliged to use wastewater to irrigate their crops, due to absence of better water sources [3,[5][6][7][8]. ...
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Water is fundamental to all living creatures but unfortunately, it is the most poorly managed resource on the earth. Refinery discharges are parts of ways water sources are contaminated and prominent water contaminants include phenol which are more often discharged without treatment. Phenol is considered to be a very toxic pollutant in refinery wastewater which poses danger to man and its environment. In the present study, the goal was to establish the effectiveness of phenol removal using chitosan and nano-chitosan obtained from crab shells. The experiments were conducted at various conditions for both chitosan, nano-chitosan to achieve basic polysaccharide of low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) and low molecular weight nano-chitosan (LMWNC) for removal of phenol from the refinery wastewater. Various techniques were used to characterize both chitosan, nano-chitosan and refinery wastewater, such as Double beam UV-spectrophotometer, Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Shaking Water Bath and Viscometer. The characterization of obtained chitosan and nano-chitosan absorbents showed good surface area, high pore sizes, effective size reduction yield of over 80 %, effective demineralization with good content of macro elements and good molecular weight and viscosity relationships. The values of calcium were 6.6972, 5.6422 for CTS and NCTS respectively. The results of interaction revealed at factors of 35 % sodium hydroxide, 3 h and 75 o C gives the degree of deacetylation (DD) to be 81.75 %. Phenol removal was compared with both chitosan and nano-chitosan respectively. The modified chitosan known as nano-chitosan enhancesthe adsorption capacity due to higher surface areas.
... Since pH influences chemical processes like solubility and metal toxicity, it is crucial to measure when analyzing the quality of water [14]. The pH regulates chemical treatment processes, plant development, aquatic animal survival, and the activity of beneficial microbes. ...
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Textile Industry waste water contain huge amounts of toxic chemiclas which poses health risks to the aquatic ecology and the local populace when it is dumped directly into surface waters, which also inhibits sunlight from penetrating the water. There is a lot of interest in effective methods for removing very harmful chemical molecules from water. Due to the ease of the procedure and reduced cost compared to other processes, adsorption is a well-established technique for pollutant removal from wastewater. In this work, groundnut shell has been employed as a cost-effective, recyclable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent to cleanse the wastewater from the textile industry. The carbonaceous, fibrous solid agricultural waste known as groundnut shells may be used to create inexpensive adsorbents. The treatment time, pH, adsorbent dose, starting organic load, and temperature were revealed to be factors in the adsorption of the organic contaminants onto groundnut shell. Under controlled experimental settings, an orbital shaker device was used for the batch adsorption treatment. Standard techniques were used to measure the content of hazardous organics (COD and color) present in the waste water before and after the adsorption treatment. According to this study, groundnut shell works well as a cheap adsorbent to remove contaminants from wastewater produced by the textile industry.
... When discussing the amount of free, non-compound O 2 in water or other liquids, DO is used because of its impact on the aquatic life and it is a crucial factor in determining the quality of water 13 . Highest DO ranged from 3.94 mg/L to 12.23 mg/L in S-I. ...
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The present study deals with an aim to observe how the plentiful growth of filamentous algal species and few diatoms which has an ability to absorb/adsorb dissolved metals in Acid Mine Drainage impacted water bodies. The findings indicated low pH, high conductivity, low DO, and higher levels of hazardous metals (measured above BIS/WHO standards). Despite the fact of high acidic and traces of dissolved toxic metals, mat of green filamentous algae was found abundantly growing in all the sites which increases a huge biomass. The water and algal mat was collected from three different sites (i.e. Site-I, Site-II & Site-III) of Simsang River near coal mining areas. Important Physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, DO, conductivity, acidity were done following the standard methods prescribed by APHA (2005) and sequestration of metals such as Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni & Mn by both water and algae were done by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A few resistant species proliferated quickly while damaged streams increased their biomass, which was mostly observed in Site-II. Significant seasonal fluctuations were seen in the metal concentration of the algal mat and water samples taken during the research. As per observation, metals present in the water were sequestrated effectively by dominant algae.
... As indicated by Fakayode (2005), the pH of a water body is significant in the assurance of water quality since it influences other compound responses, for example, dissolvability and metal harmfulness. pH of groundwater has no immediate wellbeing suggestion on people however marginally acidic PH worth can disintegrate overwhelming metals from well siphons and pipes framework (Anudu et al, 2011). ...
Article
Water quality is inherently linked with human health, poverty reduction, gender equality, food security, livelihoods and the preservation of ecosystems, as well as economic growth and social development of our societies. Hence, this research work focuses on Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Panteka Market Tudun Nupawa, Kaduna, Nigeria. Ten (10) hand dug wells were sample from the study area. The microbial and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in the laboratory and the data analysis was conducted using SPSS. The results of physiochemical revealed that; Total hardness (TD) ranged between 175-348, Total dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged between 225-645mg/L, Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged between 451-1,292, Salinity ranged between 29-409. For heavy metals, Lead was higher than the limits given by WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) in 8 sampled wells, and the remaining 2 wells were found 'not detected'. The physicochemical parameters of the samples examined when compared with the WHO standard indicate that some of the parameters are slightly below the WHO standard while others were within the permissible limits of WHO standard for drinking water. The study concluded that water in all the sampled hand-dug wells are not fit for consumption without treatment, because of the deteriorating state of the groundwater in respect to microbiological conditions found. It also recommend that Government should encourage and finance groundwater research by water chemist and scientists to detect areas that can easily pollute groundwater.
... This is a current issue that affects all areas concerned with maintaining their coastal heritage at a high level of quality (Ben Bouih et al., 2005). In fact, when present in high concentrations in the environment, several heavy metals can pose serious risks to both human health and other living things (Fakayode, 2005). ...
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The aim of this study is to identify the main pollutants and evaluate the mechanisms of sediment transport from land to sea. This goal is justified by environmental pollution in the area associated with dredging and port activi- ties. The objective is planned to be achieved by investigating the geochemical behavior of major and trace ele- ments in fourteen surface sediment samples collected along the Moroccan Atlantic coast, from the mouth of the Lukkous River to the coast between the cities of Larache and Moulay Bousselam. k0-standardization method of neutron activation analysis using neutrons of the Moroccan Triga Mark II research reactor at the National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology, has been used for analysis of collected sediment samples. The enrich- ment factor analysis revealed high levels of arsenic and chlorine, along with significant calcium enrichment, were found along the Atlantic coast. The enrichment factors (FE) for arsenic and chlorine are in the range of 20 < FE < 40, and for calcium, the FE is in the range of 5 < FE < 20. Conversely, some elements exhibited little to no enrich- ment, suggesting a crustal origin. PCA helped in synthesizing these findings, providing a clearer understanding of the spatial variations in sediment composition based on their multi-elemental signatures. The research examines surface sediments along the Moroccan Atlantic coast, revealing current contamination levels and geochemical behavior. These findings, applicable to similar coastal environments, are crucial for monitoring and managing sediment quality, especially in areas affected by erosion. Additionally, dredging and port activities in this region significantly disturb the sediments, resuspending contaminants and altering sediment composition, which further exacerbates pollution issues. This study offers a comprehensive geochemical characterization of coastal sediments in Morocco, enhancing understanding of sediment contamination and geochemical processes, with implications for environmental protection and sustainable marine resource management. Keywords: neutron activation analysis, geochemical, major and trace elements, sediments, Loukous River, Atlan- tic Coast, Triga Mark II.
... The water conductivity values measured for the non-farming season were higher than the farming season. This may be attributed to excessive evaporation of water from the river during dry season, which might have consequently increased the concentration of the dissolved salts, also when compared to the work of (Fakayode, 2005) who studied Alaro River in Ibadan; values obtained in the studied River were lower in wet season. The values of EC obtained in the study are within the range of 28-68µs/cm reported for Siluko river (Ekhoto et al., 2011), Uto River (42.5-59.7µs/cm) ...
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Pollution from Agricultural activities has continued to affect the environment in Nigeria. The study looked at the effects of farming activities on the water quality of Obinna River watershed. Surface water and sediments were sampled during farming and non-farming seasons and these samples were analyzed for hardness, ammonia, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, nitrates, phosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD); and for some heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zc and Ni). The result showed that most of the parameters for water were within the permissible limit except dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrogen, turbidity and phosphate with highest mean value of 9.72mg/l, 13.57mg/l, 6.33mg/l and 9.42NTU respectively which exceeded the WHO permissible limit of 6mg/l, 0.2mg/l, 5mg/l and 5NTU respectively. Sand was predominant (69.03%) in sediments with highest mean particle size distribution, followed by silt (11.70%) and clay (15.76%) across the two seasons. The highest mean concentration of heavy metals in water from Obinna River across the two seasons was Cd (0.09), Cr (0.06), Cu (0.04), Fe (0.37), Pb (0.14) and Zn (0.08) while the sediment values were Cd (0.85), Cr (0.40), Cu (2.83), Fe (4.08), Pb (0.15), Zn (0.22), and Ni (0.35) mg/kg. A farming range of 300-400m from the river in a frequency of 234 at 59.5% was observed. The surface water was free of algae cover although scanty colonies were found downstream. Natural origins, fertilizer application and domestic waste were identified as the major sources of heavy metals in soils. Monitoring to manage this watershed was recommended.
... The study on physico-chemical parameters of industrial waste water helps to find out whether the water is suitable for agriculture, industrial and domestic use and also to find out whether these effluent contain harmful toxic pollutants which may hazardous to aquatic life. Various authors studied the physico-chemical parameters for water samples from various sources like river [2]- [4] effluent from industries [5]- [7], surface and ground water [8]- [9] to check the water quality. ...
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The present investigation deals with the studies on seasonal variations of physico�chemical parameters of industrial waste water from Thane-Belapur MIDC area of Maharashtra State India. The physico-chemical parameters of the industrial wastewater from five stations in three different seasons viz post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons were assessed. The physico-chemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chlorides (Cl- ), Sulphates (SO4 2- ), Phosphates (PO4 2- ) and Nitrates (NO3 - ) in industrial waste water were determined by using various standard methods. From the results it showed that the wastewater from the five sites are highly polluted and requires necessary measures to control the pollution. Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, seasonal variations, industrial waste water, pollution, Thane�Belapur MIDC area
... Under oxidizing circumstances, selenium gets mobilized in groundwater (Levanon et al., 2013;Russak et al., 2016). Nitrate from fertilizer overuse may be a contributing factor or source of methemoglobinemia in bottle-fed children under the age of one year (Fakayode, 2005). Many factors influence the mobility and toxicity of redox-sensitive elements. ...
Article
Toxic compounds such as redox-sensitive metals usually contaminate the soil. They are implicated in the causation of oxidative stress, a precursor of human diseases and ecological extinction. Having uncontaminated soil serves as the link between plant and animal health quality, and a sustainable ecosystem. Geological accumulation and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in agricultural land can significantly hinder soil fertility, ecological health, food safety, and food security. This study used the soil samples from farmlands near the Lafarge industrial area at Mfamosing, Akamkpa local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, to assess eight redox-sensitive metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Arsenic, Cobalt, and Zinc), their spatial distribution, and geo-accumulation. The redox-sensitive metals were screened with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer connected with mass spectroscopy. A geographic information system (GIS) and ArcMap version 10:8:2 was used to infer the risk of the industrial area regarding geo-accumulation, and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in the farmlands. The result shows Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Zn have different concentrations among the samples. Three samples - MS2, MS3, and MS8, had the highest arsenic concentration, while samples Ms1, Ms2, Ms5, and Ms8, had the second-highest concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium, respectively. The polluted area was moderately contaminated and distributed with other metals - Cu, Ni, and Co, respectively. Comparing these results with those of non-industrial areas, one can infer that the Lafarge industrial area is more contaminated with redox-sensitive metal. To advance this investigation, some microorganisms within the area can be used to verify a metal-hazard impact on the ecosystem and monitor the rise in redox-sensitive metals to predict the risk.
... Water is a basic amenity to humanity on the planet Earth. However, Fakayode (2005) observed that water is managed poorly in many parts of the world despite it being important for life. Water is a good solvent, and due to this characteristic, it will always dissolve and contain mineral constituents and other substances that it leaches out on contact. ...
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This study evaluates the effect of trace metals and nutrient loads on the inhabitants of Aleto using Aleto rivers in Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria. Aleto River serves as the point of industrial effluent discharge while Agbonchia River was used as the control point. Physico-chemical properties were analyzed in the samples such as pH, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride and dissolved oxygen (DO). The trace metal components were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The physicochemical characteristics revealed range value of chloride, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen were above World Health Organization permissible limits for upstream and downstream points, while temperature, electrical conductivity, phosphate, sulphate, and nitrate were within the maximum allowable limit of World Health Organization. The result shows the presence of all the heavy metals (lead, manganese and cadmium) in the river except nickel. The pH values ranged from 6.30-9.00 showing a result on the upstream to be alkaline while the downstream to be slightly acidic. This indicates that the river is unfit for both human and aquatic species thereby affecting the socio-cultural heritage of the people within the locality. The findings highlight the urgent need for government regulations to ensure clean water and sanitation in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 6.
... An aqueous solution's pH value indicates how acidic or alkaline it is (Abowei, 2010). Since pH has an impact on other chemical processes like solubility and metal toxicity, it is crucial to consider it when determining the quality of a body of water (Fakayode, 2005). Samples taken in May at Station 3 with pH values ranging from 7.4 to 9.62 did not fall within the ideal range. ...
Article
The study was conducted for three months (May to July 2020), focusing on the physicochemical parameters and zooplankton composition in the Ogbogoro region of the New Calabar River in Nigeria. This investigation was carried out at three distinct monitoring stations. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard ecological analytic procedures. PAST and SPSS were used for the statistical analysis. The temperature ranged between 26.5 and 33 ºC, salinity (1.23 to 1.86 %), pH (7.4 to 9.62), Total Dissolved Solids (2419 to 5,817 mg/L), conductivity (223.83 to 7,328 μS/cm), turbidity (3.415 to 15.05 NTU) and Dissolved Oxygen (3.8 to 6.8 mg/L). The conductivity was observed to be above the recommended values by WHO (2006). Zooplankton are very important in assessing pollution in water bodies by indicating changes in quality. The percentage frequency distribution of zooplankton from May to July was; Protozoa (48 %), Copepoda (29 %), Nematoda (14 %), Rotifera (9 %) and Porifera (0.3 %). A total number of 288 Individuals were recorded during the sample period. Protozoa recorded the highest number of species (10) with a total number of 138 individuals while Porifera recorded the lowest number of species (3) with a total number of 26 individuals. The highest number of taxa (27) was recorded in station 1 while the lowest (24) was observed in station 2 during the sampling periods. The physicochemical parameters showed a polluted hydrological environment with degraded water conditions and the presence of a high impact on the distribution, abundance and diversity of zooplankton at the station adjacent to the dredging site. Hence there is a need to conserve the conditions of the creek because of its uniqueness and significance generally in the life history of many aquatic organisms.
... The quality of the water was within the acidic-neutral level. This reveals a good quality of water as reported by Fakayode (2005). Similar findings have also been reported by Martin et al. (1998), Izonfuo and Bariweni (2001); . ...
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The water ecosystem has been acclaimed to be polluted with various chemicals that may pose possible risks to the biota therein and affect the end consumers who ingest them via the food chain system. This study evaluates the water characteristics, bioaccumulation and non-carcinogenic risk potentials in the ingestion of toxic metals like (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and Pb) in Chromidotilapia guntheri from Ada River. Samples were collected for six months (3 months dry and wet correspondingly) to cover the hydrological season. Chromidotilapia guntheri was collected by local fishermen with a local trap. No ethical considerations were needed for this study. Standard methods were used in the determination of the water characteristics. The findings from the study showed that all the parameters were significant (p>0.05) across all the stations studied. The seasonal assessment of the water parameters was highly significant (p<0.001) for DO, BOD5, Ca, Mg, NO3, PO4, Cl, Cu, Pb and Mn. For water temperature, air temperature, pH, EC, TDS, Alkalinity, SO4, hardness, Fe and Zn correspondingly, they were significant (p<0.05) across all the stations studied. Similarly, the seasonal variations of the heavy metals in the fish tissues showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in Cu for both the wet and dry periods. However, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn showed no significant difference (p>0.05) for both seasons. The average concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and Cu in the muscles of Chromidotilapia guntheri were 0.355±0.062, 0.824±0.803, 6.825±3.730, 0.163±0.053 and 0.779±0.522 mg/kg individually. The results obtained from this study show that the analyzed metals have Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs) >1 which was also greater than the concentrations in water. This shows that the organism accumulated more metals in its muscles than what is found in its water environment. This may cause non-carcinogenic health issues like foodborne sickness, diarrhea and food intoxication. The results of the Hazard Index (HI) 0.127 of Chromidotilapia guntheri show that all the metals were less than the threshold value of 1. The results of the THQ (Target Hazard Quotient) showed the variations of the metals as Cu (0.040)> Mn (0.014)> Pb (0.002)> Fe (0.000)> Zn (0.000) correspondingly. More so, the results of the EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) showed the following rank pattern Fe>Mn> Cu> Zn > Pb. The low values (<1) observed for the HI, THQ and EDI, indicate that the species of fish is good for human ingestion at this period of study without any non-carcinogenic health risks. We recommend continuous monitoring of the Ada River to ascertain the trend of water Tunde Ohiokhioya Thaddeus Imoobe et al. 437 characteristics and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the water to regulate the possible activities causing this effect. There has not been any study on the bioaccumulation and health risks of this species. So, this stands as the research gap of this study.
... Waste created by industrial activity is referred to as industrial effluents, and the types of effluents produced vary based on the human activities that generate them. [1] The production of these wastes is a necessary component of industrial activities, but sadly, our inability to foresee or predict the types and magnitude of unintended consequences of the unrestricted release of effluents in our environment, combined with the expansion of industrialization, have led to massive and destructive operations in our ecosystems. [2] Industrial operations are desirable, but there are issues with how to manage and dispose of the massive amounts of waste that are produced by various industries. ...
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This research was conducted at the Botanical Garden, Bauchi Road Main Campus, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria from June to November 2022, to investigate the impact of industrial effluent on the growth and anatomical structures on chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates. The treatments comprised 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% industrial effluent concentrations, applied as irrigation water. The growth parameters were collected and data evaluated. The post-harvest pot soils were analyzed for heavy metals. The plants showed a significant reduction in plant height, leaf length, leaf width, fruit weight, plant weight, root length, number of flowers, and fruits with increased effluent concentrations. The morphological response of the plants to the effluent concentrations contributed to the reduction in the anatomical characters studied. Stem tissues such as cortical layer, vessel number, pith thickness, collenchyma, and parenchyma cell thickness decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased effluent concentrations. The root characters also showed similar trend. The application of higher concentrations of the effluent caused increase in the heavy metal toxicity in the soils, resulting in the reduction in the growth and yield of C. annuum as well as the anatomical structures. It is therefore important to educate farmers on the toxic effects of detergent effluents on plants especially at a high concentration.
... Surface water serves as sink for the disposal of waste, especially effluents, from industries that are near them and agricultural discharges. Most of these water bodies receive untreated industrial effluent discharge from nearby industries and other solid wastes, which may lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems, aesthetic view, heightened temperature of the water body, eutrophication, and pose a significant health risk to the water bodies and the environment [9][10][11]. The quality of water can be assessed by studying its physical and chemical properties [1,3,6,12,13]. ...
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Surface water monitoring is essential, especially when the water is normally used for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. The study determined the physicochemical properties of the River Otamiri using the American Public Health Association standard methods for water analysis. In this study, river water samples were collected five times during the dry season from four sampling points (WSP-1, WSP-2, WSP-3 and WSP-4) along the watercourse of the river in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State. The levels of the selected physicochemical parameters were compared with the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) guidelines. The findings showed that the pH (4.99±0.11-6.30±0.08), dissolved oxygen (4.16±0.01-6.45±0.03), total hardness (17.10±1.78-27.80±2.54), chloride (68.30±0.58-91.90±0.64), and sulphate (39.55±3.32-51.21±2.11) were below the acceptable limit of the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). However, electrical conductivity (1116±29.75-1419±28.54), turbidity (18.90±2.81-31.70±8.13) and nitrate (45.50±3.06-69.90±2.11, except in water sample point-4) were above the recommended limit according to the NSDWQ guideline, while temperature levels (26.90±0.04-28.40±0.02) were within the acceptable limit. The study concludes that the River Otamiri is contaminated. It is therefore advisable to purify water from the river before use for domestic and industrial purposes.
... Water being the paramount resource, appallingly contrived, and polluted by humans and their activities. [1][2][3] Proliferating urbanization, overpopulation, and perpetuating industrialization are some of the major aggravating factors which contribute to increasing pollution. The newfangled tactics of industrialization, urbanization and agriculture comprehends the accelerated usage of chemicals and pesticides in aquatic environment. ...
Article
The unregulated expulsion of untreated or partially treated industrial effluents poses serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, in the present study fish Channa punctata were exposed to untreated and microbially treated equalization tank effluent of textile industry and toxicity studies were carried out for 45 days. The study was planned to analyze the toxicity proffered by textile effluents through haematological, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural analysis in blood, liver and gill tissues of fish. While comparing untreated and microbially treated effluent exposed groups haematological parameters were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less in the untreated effluent exposed group whereas White blood cell count was highly escalated. However, in the microbially treated groups, the alterations were less severe. Increased malondialdehyde content indicating oxidative stress, reduced Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity showing a weakened antioxidant defence system and increased glutathione activity was also perceived in untreated effluent exposed groups in comparison to microbially treated groups. Histopathological alterations in gill (telangiectasia, lamellae fusion, breakage, vacuolization and bending of lamellae) and liver (sinusoid dilations, fusion, necrosis and congestion) were more pronounced and severe in the untreated effluent exposed group as compared to microbially treated group. The results observed in histopathology were further reaffirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The study clearly highlights less alterations and deformities in microbially treated effluent groups in comparison to untreated effluent groups. These findings, therefore, necessitate the search for more effective microbial inocula for the better treatment of effluents in order to protect the aquatic life as well as human beings. Highlights
... This may explain the high level of COD in wastewater samples and may have grave implications for the survival of aquatic organisms that require a DO range of 5.40-8.50 mgL −1 for survival (Fakayode, 2005). Furthermore, acidic pH coupled with low DO may have a negative impact on the ability of fish to feed resulting in starvation and subsequent weight loss in parent fish. ...
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This study was prompted by an earlier study that revealed the absence of gonads in all fish species caught around the Itoku tributary of the Ogun River, an area known for active textile activities. Thus, this study investigated the effect of textile wastewater on reproduction biomarkers in African catfish broodstock. Male and female broodstock were exposed to varying pre-determined concentrations (0ppb-T0, 0.5ppb-T1, 0.35ppb-T2, 2ppb-T3) of the textile wastewater for a period of 96 hours. Water quality parameters, seminal/ovarian hormones, metabolites, ions, oxidative, enzymes, and sperm viability were assayed. The water quality parameters of the wastewater indicated varying degrees of physical and chemical pollution. The values of hormones were significantly different (p<0.05) although a trend was not observed. Prolactin, however, showed a marked difference statistically across the treatments in the male broodstock while a reverse trend was observed in the female broodstock. The values recorded for seminal metabolites increased significantly compared to the control except for T3 for cholesterol and T1 glucose which were significantly lower than the control. In the female broodstock, the values for glucose and creatinine significantly increased compared to the control. Seminal ions evaluated showed significant differences across treatments. Except for T1, there was a significant reduction observed in the values of sodium, chloride, and calcium compared to the control. For ovarian ions, a significant increase was recorded across the treatments compared to the control. However, sodium recorded a significant decrease compared to the control except for T3 where the value was higher than the control. In the male broodstock, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values were significantly lower compared to control while an opposite trend was observed in the female broodstock. The concentration of sperm and life- to-death ratio significantly reduced across treatments compared to the control. These results indicate that the textile wastewater altered the reproduction biomarkers in the male and female broodstock. The implication of this is that reproduction in fish might become a challenge in textile wastewater polluted Itoku tributary of the Ogun River.
... Water resources are under pressure due to the rapid growth of industries and their resulting increased demand for water. One of the world's least well-managed resources is water [1]. Currently, industrial wastewater generation is estimated to produce 83 million m per day, and over the next 20 years, this amount is predicted to double. ...
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The worldwide industrialization and the utilization of natural resources for metal mining and industry have an enormous adverse impact on the environment. The poisoning of air, land, and water by heavy metals is one of the most damaging repercussions that the modern world faces. The primary causes of this problem are believed to be the rapid industrialization or urbanization, shifts in land usage, and industrialization, particularly in non-mechanized countries with large populations like India. Since the financial globalization and mechanical revolt, the range of common toxins has greatly increased, seemingly with infinite anthropological resources. As a result, multiple and growing challenges related to food security have gained widespread attention, particularly given their proximity to clinical issues pertaining to humans. This paper highlights the detrimental effects of wastewater, including the function it plays in the transportation of heavy metals, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, and the toxicological effects these metals have on human health and microorganisms.
... Turbidity value for all the sites in every season exceeds the standard limit laid down by BIS/WHO. pH is an important factor which determines the water quality since it affects other chemical reactions such as solubility and metal toxicity (Fakayode, et al. 2005). The pH of the river was varied between the ranges of 6.80 to 7.14 during monsoon, 6.90 to 7.80 during post monsoon, 7.15 to 7.75 during winter and 7.25 to 7.95 during premonsoon season. ...
... This leads to ecological imbalance, health issues, and bioaccumulation in aquatic creatures. The standard of living is intimately related to human health (Fakayode 2005). ...
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The improper discharge of chemical compounds from laboratory activities into the natural environment can lead to the pollution of water resources and risks to human health. Physical, chemical, heavy metals, and microbial analyses of wastewater from selected Bowen University Laboratories were carried out to ascertain the magnitude of the effects of its pollution on entire students, staff, and the environment. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard laboratory procedures. Concentrations of metals were determined utilizing a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Quality assurance techniques involved blank determination, recovery analyses, and calibration of standards were applied. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data interpretations which indicated significant differences at a 95% level. The contents range of metals were: 0.345 – 7.651, 3.644 – 9.296, 54.986 – 84.749, 0.012 – 10.222, 8.032 – 12.031, and 1.001 – 23.265 µg/ml for Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Zn respectively, while Cd was not detected at all in the samples. Their increase in mean concentration was in this order: Fe > Zn >Mn >Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd. Microbial analysis methods were also done where gram stain reaction, biochemical tests, and fermentation tests were used to identify the pure isolate in the sample. The work has shown that almost all physicochemical parameters monitored were either within or below the limit set by the Federal Ministry of Environmental for industrial effluent. From microbial studies, t he most occurring bacteria was Protues miraculous while Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus sp, and Salmonella sp are the least occurring organism that has the potential to become pathogens and cause a wide range of diseases. It is therefore recommended that periodic assessment of both physicochemical, metals, and microbial analysis of the wastewater in the laboratories should be carried out, as this would be helpful in the early detection of any future degradation.
... Environmental pollution has become one of the most important problems of the world (Chandran et al., 2005). Improper management, inadequate treatment alongside its flow of vast amount of wastes generated by various anthropogenic activities (Fakayode, 2005). Nigeria alone isn't confined with this problem as this is also a major problem in most countries that are undergoing the process of development, Wastes from these salons have therefore become a very common source of pollution to the aquatic environment especially in Sub-Saharan Africa; where there is little or no prohibition for violators (Chude and Ekpo, 2010) and who do not treat waste water management as a priority on their list.. Interestingly, an average hair beauty salon generates wastewater each day. ...
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The toxicity of hair dressing salon effluent on Clarias gariepinus juveniles was studied using static bioassay method. This study investigated haematological, histopathological and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The fish samples were distributed randomly into T1 (800 ml/L), T2 (600 ml/L), T3 (400 ml/L), T4 (200 ml/L), and T5 control (water alone). All samples were studied in three replicates, in a completely randomized experiment. Mortality increased with increased effluent concentrations; 250.96 ml/L was recorded as LC50 for 96 h. Various behavioural changes observed in fishes before death include: odd swimming patterns, jerk movements, bottom resting and loss of appetite. Histopathological changes were observed in treated fishes while the livers and gills of the control fishes showed normal histological appearance. It was concluded that hair dressing salon effluents had some negative effect on histopathology and behavioural responses of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Therefore, it is recommended that the effluent should be properly treated before being discharged into the environment.
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Production of biodiesel as a renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly fuel for use in diesel engines. It can overwhelm the problems related to fossil fuels such as their non-renewability, poisoning nature, and its global policy which is a matter of distress to many nations. The biodiesel was produced from the baobab (Adansonia digitate tata) seed oil removed using Soxhlet setup with methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 (v/v), using CaO/Al-MCM-41 mesoporous structure as a synthesized solidly based catalyst which was confirmed by X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis were the basicity of the catalyst was found to be increasing due to addition of CaO nano-particles, the reaction was optimized at 1 g catalyst amount at 90 min and 55 ℃ reaction condition, the results obtained show high biodiesel yield of 74 %. It was clear that the produced biodiesel formed was confirmed by the GC-MS analysis. In this research, in the transesterification reaction, the acid value was found to drop less than 1% and the oil conversion using a solid base-catalyzed reaction reveals that CaO/Al-MCM-41 such a catalyst shows a catalytic performance. Abundantly underutilized available seed oils have been explored to produce biodiesel. The baobab seed examined in this work has been shown to contain oil in reasonable amounts from the work conducted, the produced biodiesel can be used for many required purposes
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