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Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays, that is, in the range between 400 nm and 100 nm. Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet light has a huge number of useful applications in modern medicine, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. UV rays are the oldest method humans have used for decontamination; it is used for inactivating viruses, bacteria and fungi. In dental medicine, the diagnostic uses are concerned with the fluorescence of teeth with radiation exposures to small areas and doses no more than 5 J/cm2. A number of dental procedures involve the use of Ultraviolet radiation in the oral cavity.
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Application of ultraviolet light (UV)
in dental medicdine
Vladimir Panov, Tsvetelina Borisova-Papancheva.
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral
Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical
University Varna, Bulgaria;
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light,
but longer than X-rays, that is, in the range between 400 nm and 100 nm. Because of its ability to
cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet light has a huge number
of useful applications in modern medicine, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. UV rays are the
oldest method humans have used for decontamination; it is used for inactivating viruses, bacteria
and fungi.
In dental medicine, the diagnostic uses are concerned with the fluorescence of teeth with radiation
exposures to small areas and doses no more than 5 J/cm2. A number of dental procedures involve
the use of Ultraviolet radiation in the oral cavity.
Keywords: Ultraviolet (UV) light, dental medicine
Introduction
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is defined as a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between x-rays and
visible light. The UV spectrum is divided into Vacuum UV (40-190 nm), Far UV (190-220 nm), UVC (220-
290 nm), UVB (290-320), and UVA (320-400 nm). The sun is a primary natural source of UV radiation.
Artificial sources include curing lamps, tanning booths, germicidal lamps, black lights, halogen lights,
mercury vapor lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, fluorescent and incandescent sources, and some
types of lasers (nitrogen lasers, excimer lasers, third harmonic Nd:YAG lasers).
Some UV exposure is essential for good health. It stimulates vitamin D production in the body. In medical
practice, UV lamps are used for treating psoriasis and for treating jaundice in new born babies. UV
radiation can also be used as phototherapy to suppress pathogenic cutaneous immune responses. UV
radiation induces chemical reactions which are essential for the formation of pre-vitamin D3 from 7-
dehydrocholesterol. Keratinocytes and other cells produce different types of cytokines, such as IL-1β and
DOI: 10.18044/MedInform.201522.194
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TNF-α induced by ultraviolet radiation. UV inactivates the T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells,
which leads to inhabitation of the proliferative responses of lymphoid cells to mitogens and alloantigens.
Acute effects of UVR include erythema (skin redness) and tanning. Delayed effects include skin cancer
induction and skin aging. A section on sunbeds is included that discusses their medical and cosmetic use
and the associated hazards. Other less common uses of UVR in medicine such as photopheresis are
mentioned and the article concludes with information on UVR hazard assessment and protection. UV
radiation is the main factor responsible for skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell
carcinoma and possibly melanoma.
Although ultraviolet light is usually invisible, under some conditions children and young adults can see
ultraviolet light down to wavelengths of about 310 nm. Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions
and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet light has a huge number of useful applications in modern
medicine (Table 1).
Table 1. UV applications in medicine
wavelength
Applications
230–400 nm:
Optical sensors, various instrumentation
240–280 nm:
Disinfection, decontamination of surfaces and water (DNA absorption
has a peak at 260 nm)
200–400 nm:
Forensic analysis, drug detection
270–360 nm:
Protein analysis, DNA sequencing, drug discovery
280–400 nm:
Medical imaging of cells
300–320 nm:
Light therapy in medicine, effective long-term treatment for many skin
conditions like psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema
300–365 nm:
Curing of polymers
Aim
The aim of this study is to find different application of Ultraviolet (UV) light in dental medicine.
Results
It may be difficult to recognize composite resin restorations that are correctly shade-matched and well-
placed by visual and tactile inspection, which can make the replacement of an existing resin restoration
challenging. Many composite resins fluoresce under UV LED light, which can help dentists to detect
resin material. The optimal excitation wavelength is 385-395 nm. There are three types of resin: highly
fluorescent, moderately fluorescent, and weakly fluorescent. In each instance, the UV light revealed
the presence of resin after all resin was believed to have been removed. The use of UV illumination
can be a useful technique for determining whether composite resin has been removed completely (1).
Optical measurements were obtained for the determination of the wavelength emission and intensity
for 15 modern resins using a spectrophotometer. Resin brands fluoresce at different wavelengths and
with varying intensities. The practical use and comparison of the flashlights revealed that the most
useful excitation wavelengths for resin detection were in the UVA range (365 and 380 nm). Porcelain
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restorations and composite resin fillings exhibited different responses to these two wavelengths and
thus use of both is recommended for forensic dental inspection (2).
A study was designed to test the application of ultraviolet light to root canal walls, as a means of
complementary immediate disinfection after the use of sodium hypochlorite. Root canals were infected
ex vivo by Metzger Z. in 2007 with Enterococcus faecalis for 48 hours. Non-attached bacteria were
washed away, and the remaining attached bacteria were subjected to disinfection, with 5% sodium
hypochlorite alone or followed by exposure to ultraviolet light (254 nm, 300 mJ/cm2). Root canals were
then tested for remaining viable bacteria. Canals were obturated and tested again after 14 days.
Sodium hypochlorite alone achieved negative cultures in only 47% of the cases, but 96% was achieved
with sodium hypochlorite followed by ultraviolet light. This status was also maintained after 14 days.
Illumination of root canals with ultraviolet light may be an effective supplementary means to achieve
immediate disinfection of infected root canals (3).
Bacteria of dental caries produce metabolic products (porphyrins) as part of their normal life cycle.
Upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, these porphyrins fluoresce in a typical bright red color. „Caries
Detector“ provides local, selective illumination with concentrated ultraviolet light only of the study area.
There aren’t glares, which significantly increases the resolution of visual perception. Red fluorescent
porphyries can be clearly seen, if available (4).
There are many methods for the disinfection of impression material; but these conventional strategies
present several disadvantages. Mohammad T. et al introduced in 2013 the UV and blue light as
effective savable methods for the disinfection of the impression (alginate and silicon). The culture
showed that all the silicone impressions gave a positive result after treatment with blue light and UV
light except for a group that was treated with UV light for 20 minutes, which showed significant
reduction in the bacterial growth. All the alginate impressions give positive culture after treatment with
UV and blue light after 10 and 20 minutes. The silicon impression can be sterilized with UV light when
treated for 20 minutes (5).
In another study of Larsen T. et al in 2000, alginate, in addition to silicone rubber and red wax
contaminated by Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum and five other bacteria in different
suspension media were radiated for up to 18 min, and the number of colony forming units was
compared to non-radiated controls. The effect of ultraviolet radiation differed among bacterial species
and depended on the organic content in the suspension. Generally, the bacterial reduction after
ultraviolet radiation was below 4 log steps and thus insufficient for disinfection of dental impressions (6,
7).
Dental restorations were examined in 2004 by A. Gatti in order to investigate their color stability. The
change in color was achieved by an accelerated aging test with ultraviolet rays and evaluated, for each
material, with the measurement of reflectance. Such a measurement was obtained by means of a
video display computer working as a computerized photometer. The results show two different types of
behavior: some materials turn slightly yellow, while others bleach (8).
Ultraviolet radiation is used to control airborne microorganisms and environmental surface
decontamination. It will destroy and inactivate airborne microorganisms (Table 2) on exposed surfaces
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or in the presence of products of unstable composition that cannot be treated by conventional means.
UV radiation appears to be an effective disinfection method for some surgical tools. However, using
this method is not recommended for tools that have overlapping parts, such as needle holders, or other
structures that cannot be exposed directly to UV radiation.
Table 2. Inactivation of airborne microorganisms - % destruction and dose
Microorganisms
dose Ws/m
Desired % destruction
50%
90%
S.enteritidis
12.1
40
Escherichia coli
9
30
Micrococcus
sphaeroides
30
100
Streptococcus viridans
6
20
Saccharomyces spp.
24
80
Aspergillus glaucus
180
600
Germicidal lamps (UVGI / UV-C) are mainly used in specialized sterilization processes. UV-C gives off
light at the short end of the wavelength band that is harmful to microorganisms 253.7nm. UV-C lamps
are used in air, water purification and some etching processes. Testing two of the ACs showed that no
additional air cleaning was provided with the operation of an internal UV-C lamp; the internal UV-C
lamps, however, inactivated 75% of fungal spores and 97% of bacteria cells captured in the air filter
medium within 60 min (9). Research on UV air disinfection continues today. However, that evidence is
accumulating, along with data on maintenance and safety in a wide variety of applications. It is now
clearly understood, for example, that occupant motion and position within rooms greatly reduce the
possibility of harmful overexposures to UV-C radiation in lower rooms. Interest and investment by
major lighting fixture companies is badly needed to stimulate further development; however, the cost
of applying upper-room UVGI is an important factor in poor countries, where UVGI is most critically
needed to reduce transmission of TB, pandemic influenza, and other major airborne infectious threats
(10).
Studies demonstrate that UV sanitizers effectively kill bacteria, germs and microorganisms up to 99%
in toothbrushes (430-450 nm). Many studies demonstrate that while they certainly reduce the amount
of microscopic life, UV lights designed for toothbrushes seldom eliminate it entirely. UV light
significantly decreased the number of bacteria compared to the control reduction in the number of S.
mutans (11). In another study, the results showed that after the sanitization procedure, there was a
significant reduction (P<0.001) in microbial contamination in both microwave and UV group
toothbrushes compared to control group toothbrushes, whereas the microbial count in the microwave
group was significantly less compared to the UV group (12).
UV exposure induces the production of vitamin D in the skin. A majority of positive health effects are
related to this vitamin. It has regulatory roles in calcium metabolism (for normal functioning of the
nervous system, for bone growth and bone density), immunity, cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and
blood pressure.
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Different proposed mechanisms causing a beneficial effect for the oral cavity include: 1.Vitamin D
beneficially affects calcium metabolism, and 2. Vitamin D induces cathelicidin, an antimicrobial
peptide, which attacks oral bacteria linked to dental caries. However, it is not proven that taking
vitamin D will help treat dental caries or reduce the risk of developing dental caries. People with lower
vitamin D levels had more attachment loss than those with higher levels.
The sensitivity of oral bacteria to UV light was tested by subjecting plates streaked with bacteria to
254 nm UV. Direct exposure to relatively low doses of UV light (2-7 mJ cm2) effectively eliminated all
bacterial strains tested. Furthermore, an Enterococcus faecalis strain, partially resistant to a 24 h
exposure, was effectively eliminated within several seconds of exposure. UV was absorbed by a
multilayer of bacteria. When 4 bacterial cells microm were present in the light path, the UV light dose
had to be increased by a factor to achieve 100% elimination of the bacteria. The conclusion is that the
application of UV light to eliminate endodontic pathogens may be possible. Nevertheless, its
absorbance by outer layers of bacteria should be considered and the UV light dose adapted
accordingly (13).
UV-A and UV-C light induced hydrophilization of dental implants. The wettability of implant surfaces
can be improved by UV irradiation. The efficiency of UV-A and UV-C irradiation to lower the CA by
photocatalysis or photolysis, however, is strongly dependent on the specific material and surface.
Thus, attempts to photofunctionalize these surfaces by irradiation is expected to result in a different
pattern of bioresponses (14).
The purpose of the study was to perform a preliminary in vitro test on the possible use of two different
laser wavelengths, 405 and 532 nm, to improve dental bleaching results. When hydrogen peroxide
was present, only UVA irradiation was able to produce significant results, whereas when the photo-
Fenton reaction occurred, all the three wavelengths used were able to produce a significant
degradation of rhodamine B. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the light of the two laser
devices, even remaining less effective than UV activation, showed its ability to improve the
performance of bleaching agents based on Fenton photocatalysis (15).
Conclusions
The application of UV in dentistry may have various effects and leads to benefits in different areas of
dental practice. It is widely used both for diagnosis and therapy, which proves its significance.
References
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resin removal: an in vitro study. Gen Dent. 2010 Sep-Oct; 58 (5): 214–218.
2. Hermanson AS, Bush MA, Miller RG, et al. Ultraviolet illumination as an adjunctive aid in dental
inspection. J Forensic Sci. 2008 Mar; 53 (2): 408–411.
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3. Metzger Z, Better H, Abramovitz I. Immediate root canal disinfection with ultraviolet light: an ex
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Corresponding author
Vladimir Panov
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical
University-Varna
84, Tzar Osvoboditel, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
E-mail: vl_panov@abv.bg
... In dentistry, ultraviolet radiation is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultraviolet light is an invisible light, with few exceptions, the cases where fluorescence occurs, one of the properties for which it is used intensively in modern medicine, as can be observed in figure 1 [11]. At an initial search, in six different databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, de Gruyter, Springer and Google Scholar), after the keywords "ultraviolet radiation in dental medicine", the results were extremely varied, as can be seen in the figure below (figure 2). ...
... Therefore, the use of flashlight-type devices revealed that the most useful excitation wavelengths, for the detection of composite resin, are in the range of type A ultraviolet radiation (365 and 380 nm) [12,15]. Thus, restorations (for example those made of porcelain) and fillings (based on composite resin) can show different responses to the mentioned wavelengths, thus the use of both is recommended, especially in the forensic field [11]. ...
... And in the case of bacteria that produce tooth decay, ultraviolet light finds its applicability. These bacteria, following metabolic processes, generate porphyrins which, following ultraviolet light irradiation, emit a specific red fluorescence [11]. ...
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... As another contribution of UV radiation, UVR is capable of initiating a chemical reaction that resulted in pre-vitamin D3 being produced by 7-dehydrocholesterol [35]. Furthermore, UVR has also been found to be useful in the field of dental medicine, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes [36]. According to a study conducted in the United States, ultraviolet radiation has the potential to increase the risk of cancer in not only the skin but in other tissues, as well, and has been associated with oral, pharyngeal, and cervical cancers, among others [2]. ...
... Previous studies examined UVB's effects on a variety of cell lines, including myeloid leukemia, T-lymphoblastoid Molt-4, skin-derived primary fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human tissues reconstructed from skin, gingiva, and oral tissues [37][38][39][40]. Moreover, UVB has been commonly used for diagnostic and treatment purposes in dental practices at a maximum intensity of 5 J/cm 2 [36]. Therefore, in this study, the doses of the UVB exposure on the selected cell lines were based on the evidence presented in the literature. ...
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As chemical disinfection of dental impressions may cause adverse effects on materials and the dental personnel this study examined disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. Alginate, addition silicone rubber and red wax contaminated by Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum and five other bacteria in different suspension media were radiated for up to 18 min, and the number of colony forming units was compared to non-radiated controls. The effect of ultraviolet radiation differed among bacterial species and depended on the organic content in the suspension. Generally, the bacterial reduction after ultraviolet radiation was below 4 log steps and thus insufficient for disinfection of dental impressions.