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Effects of calcium and boron foliar application on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit quality, yield, and seasonal changes of leaf mineral nutrition
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In this study, the effects of calcium and boron foliar sprays on yield, fruit quality and seasonal changes of leaf mineral nutrition were studied during 2011 in Mugla, one of the main pomegranate producing regions in Turkey. Calcium (calcium nitrate 2 and 4%), boron (boric acid 1.5 and 3%) were applied on two occasions (firstly, in full blossoming; secondly, one month post full blossoming). Yield (total yield per tree, total number of fruits, cracking fruit ratio, average fruit weight, average fruit size) and fruit quality (fruit juice pH value, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C) were measured. The maximum yield (38.338 kg/tree) was recorded with the application of 2% calcium nitrate, while minimum yield was recorded under 1.5% boron application (20.764 kg/tree). All treatments resulted in increased fruit size, fruit length, fruit weight and fruit juice ascorbic acid content as compared to control.
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... So was the case with the content of phosphorus and manganese. [1] , Korkmaz and Askın (2015) [2] in pomegranate, Nutrients like boron, zinc, calcium, copper, molybdenum manganese and potash are involve in physiological processes during fruit growth period, and theirs deficiencies cause cracking in Maurer, M. and Truman, J., (1999) [4] . Zinc (Zn) is an essential microelement for plant growth in all kinds of soils. ...
... So was the case with the content of phosphorus and manganese. [1] , Korkmaz and Askın (2015) [2] in pomegranate, Nutrients like boron, zinc, calcium, copper, molybdenum manganese and potash are involve in physiological processes during fruit growth period, and theirs deficiencies cause cracking in Maurer, M. and Truman, J., (1999) [4] . Zinc (Zn) is an essential microelement for plant growth in all kinds of soils. ...
... As for the positive role of calcium spray in increasing the moisture content of the fruit peel, it may be attributed to its role in enhancing the permeability of cell walls, allowing water and nutrients to move from leaves to fruits. Additionally, calcium plays an important role in improving fruit growth and maintaining a balance of moisture between the fruit peel and its internal tissues, while also preserving cell wall elasticity [27]. ...
... As for the positive role of calcium spray in increasing the moisture content of the fruit peel, it may be attributed to its role in enhancing the permeability of cell walls, allowing water and nutrients to move from leaves to fruits. Additionally, calcium plays an important role in improving fruit growth and maintaining a balance of moisture between the fruit peel and its internal tissues, while also preserving cell wall elasticity [27]. ...
A study was conducted in the district of Rawah, which is located 224 km away from the city of Ramadi, on the pomegranate trees of the seedless Rawa cv. The study investigated the effect of fruit bagging and calcium spray on some fruit traits and percentage of cracking in fruits. Two factors were studied during the research: the first factor involved using different types of bags to cover the fruits, including (untreated control, double gauze cloth, Saran, and white paper bags). The second factor included calcium spraying at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 gL ⁻¹ . The findings showed that fruit bagging treatments significantly impacted every study subject characteristics except for the number of fruits and peel thickness, Saran bagging helped achieve the greatest outcomes for traits (fruit volume (cm3), percentage of fruit peel, percentage of peel moisture, and yield) at (214.40 cm ³ , 40.00%, 60.23%, and 23.27 kg tree ⁻¹ ) respectively. Furthermore, the above treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of cracked fruits at 13.43%. Conversely, the treatment of bagging with white paper bags attained the greatest value for the fruit firmness characteristic at 2.43 kg cm ⁻² . As for the calcium spray, It had a noteworthy impact on every subject examined. characteristics. The high concentration (2 g liter ⁻¹ ) achieved the best values for fruit volume, number of fruits, peel thickness, percentage of fruit peel, percentage of peel moisture, and yield, at 211.08 cm ³ , 58.21 fruits tree ⁻¹ , 4.36 mm, 40.91%, 61.25%, and 24.03 kg tree ⁻¹ ) respectively. Additionally, the above treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of cracked fruits at 15.24%.
... Hence, considering our findings, the TSS concentrations could be a result of the simultaneous application of calcium oxide and boron. The potential of calcium and boron to enhance fruit sugar content has been previously documented in pomegranate (Korkmaz and Aşkın, 2015), though these differences were not statistically significant. ...
Sweet cherry production represents a competitive sector with important economic prospects but faces many challenges. Rain-induced cracking stands out as a particular issue, as it has been linked to yield losses of up to 90%. To address this concern and meet consumer demand, foliar treatments, involving a mixture of commercial products rich in calcium and potassium salts, have been tested in sweet cherry commercial orchards. This study was a randomized block experiment consisting of three blocks (ten plants each), five of which were treated and five were controls. The treatments were applied in addition to the standard cultivation practice throughout the season. Observations were made on the SPAD index and shoot elongation, and in post-harvest, cherries were analyzed for qualitative characteristics (skin color, caliber, firmness, total soluble content, titratable acidity and cracking index) and nutraceutical parameters (total anthocyanin content, total phenols content and antioxidant activity). Results indicate that foliar salt application can facilitate the maturation process, indicated by a higher soluble solid content (TSS), softening, and darker pigmentation in treated fruits. The applied formulations also provided increased shoot growth and enhanced SPAD index. Furthermore, the treated fruits exhibited a significantly lower incidence of cracking compared to the control treatment and showed improved nutraceutical properties
... Ramezanian et al., (2009) stated that foliar sprays of CaCl 2 increased soluble solid contents. On the other hand Korkmaz and Aşkın, (2015) observed that TSS not influenced by foliar Ca (NO 3 ) 2 treatments. ...
THIS study was done to investigate the effect of foliar application with different sources
of calcium namely, calciven (liquid calcium product by central laboratory of organic
agriculture), calcium carbonate and calcium chloride on yield and fruit quality of Manfalouty
pomegranate cultivar during 2020 and 2021 seasons at the Experimental Orchard, Assiut
Agriculture research station. Foliar sprays were applied three times: in April at full bloom, in
June two months after fruit set and at one month later (July). Results indicated that, all treatments
significantly increased total yield compared to the control, however all experimental treatments
reduced the fruit cracking and sunburn percentages, this decrements were significantly, the
lowest fruit cracking was recorded due to calciven followed by calcium chloride. In addition
all treatments significantly increased weight, length, diameter of fruit, and juice percentage
compared to the control. In addition, calcium chloride and calciven were superior to calcium
carbonate for improved most of the fruit chemical and physical properties,
It could be recommended that spraying Manfalouty pomegranate trees with different sources
of calcium was necessary to reduce the fruit cracking and sunburn percentages, increasing total
yield, marketable yield and improve fruit quality.
Keywords: Calciven, Manfalouty pomegranate, Cracking, Calcium, Sunburn.
... Soil application of watery nitrogen enhances vegetative growth, fruit size, and yield; in addition, foliar application of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and microelements improves both yield and growth of pomegranate [4,8]. Among foliar treatments, calcium application is the most significant; it induces physiological resistance and stabilization of the cell membrane, preventing low-quality production and supporting postharvest storage [9]; in addition, if applied at the blooming stage and 1 month later, it prevents fruit cracking [10]. Indeed, nitrogen and calcium are key chemical elements for disease prevention; also pruning practices may influence disorder and disease development. ...
Due to well-known nutraceutical properties, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivation is recently increasing in various areas of the world including Italy. Fungal diseases are the major causes of postharvest yield and economic losses. Most of the fungi infect pomegranates in the field during the blooming stage remaining latent until fruit ripening, others infect fruit during harvest and postharvest handling through rind injuries. Main postharvest fungal diseases of pomegranates are gray and blue molds caused by Botrytis spp. and Penicillium spp., respectively, black heart and black spot due to Alternaria spp., anthracnose related to species ascribable to Colletotrichum genus, and Coniella rot, due to Coniella granati. Few fungicides are allowed for pre- and postharvest treatments, making it extremely difficult to control fungal infections. In this scenario, especially in organic fruit production, alternative control means may be a desirable solution to reduce pomegranate losses during the production chain. This chapter focuses on the most important postharvest diseases of pomegranates and possible strategies and means to reduce spoilage.
... Rani and Brahmachari (2001) found the same results on litchi. In addition, Korkmaz and Askn (2015) proved that both calcium and boron foliar application on pomegranate resulted in increased fruit size and length. ...
... These results agreed with those obtained by (Ramezanian et al., 2009). (Korkmaz et al., 2015) who found that foliar micronutrient increased TSS (Brix) in pomegranate. (Hasani et al., 2012) conducted an experiment on effects of foliar sprays of zinc on the fruit yield and quality in pomegranate. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response to the foliar application of micro nutrient viz. iron, zinc and boron in single or in different combination on pomegranate in randomized block design with nine treatments and four replications during the mrig bhahar season kharif (June–July flowering time, 2016, 2017 and 2018) at Agriculture Research sub–Station Gonera Kotputli, Jaipur. Rajasthan, India. A perusal pooled data indicated that the different treatments of micronutrients application in pomegranate had significant effect on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate. The micronutrients spraying resulted in higher yield due to increased growth, better flowering and higher fruit set. The early initiation of flowering (44.8 Days), highest fruit set (52.66%), highest number of fruits plant-1 (87.37 fruit plant-1), yield of fruit (20.37 kg plant-1), B:C ratio (2.99), less fruit cracking (3.82%), high TSS (14.83%), low acidity (0.91 %), high TSS/ acid ratio (16.39) and low fruit drop (0.56 %) were observed under spray of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5%+zinc sulphate @ 0.5%+borax @ 0.4% (T8). Whereas control condition T1 late initiation of flowering (49 days), lowest fruit set (42.61%), lowest number of fruits plant-1 (69.75 fruit plant-1), yield of fruit (14.33 kg plant-1), B:C ratio (2.13), high fruit cracking (15.36 %), low TSS (13.45 %), higher acidity (1.48 %), low TSS/ acid ratio (9.09) and higher fruit drop (2.04 %) was recorded.
... Wang et al. [13] showed that foliar supplementation of Kangpo Gaimei (calcium fertilizer) treatment can significantly improve fruit hardness, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content, single fruit weight, and other indicators of Fuji apples. Askin et al. [14] found that the yield of pomegranate under foliar application of calcium fertilizer was higher than in the foliar application of boron fertilizer. However, most studies have focused on fresh fruit production and there are few studies on the effect of foliar calcium application on fruit growth and berry quality in wine grapes. ...
... Also, due to the soil limitations, foliar fertilizers should be applied during the period of highest nutrient demand under the premise that soil supply and root uptake may be inadequate to meet demands even with adequate soil-applied fertilizer (Fern andez et al., 2013). Foliar application of Ca and Mg can play a positive role in increasing the yield of these orchards (Korkmaz & Aşkın 2013;Hamouda et al., 2015). Also, in dry conditions, access to young tissues and reproductive meristems to retransferred leaf immobile nutritions such as Ca and B is decreased (Souza et al., 2019;Wimmer et al., 2020;Impa et al., 2020). ...
To establish the multivariate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) standards, and the nutrient sufficiency range in ‘Rabab’ cultivar pomegranate, the leaf nutrient concentrations and yields of 196 commercial orchards were determined. The orchard’s nutritional status was calculated and evaluated through the CND method and their compatible principal component analysis (PCA). The CND references norms were calculated as V*N = 2.587 ± 0.103, V*P = 0.124 ± 0.206, V*K = 2.232 ± 0.105, V*Ca = 3.086 ± 0.165, V*Mg = 1.367 ± 0.108, V*S = 1.357 ± 0.137, V*Fe = −1.410 ± 0.324, V*Mn = −3.165 ± 0.221, V*Zn = −4.499 ± 0.192, V*Cu = −5.265 ± 0.225, V*B = −2.884 ± 0.100, V*Rd = 6.470 ± 0.075. The corresponding optimum concentration values of nutrients were N = 1.888 ± 0.210, P = 0.164 ± 0.032, K = 1.322 ± 0.163, Ca = 3.511 ± 0.230, Mg = 0.630 ± 0.115, S = 0.649 ± 0.051 in percent and Fe = 333.588 ± 87.009, Mn = 62.647 ± 14.413, Zn = 15.471 ± 3.105, Cu = 8.118 ± 2.288, B = 89.529 ± 5.125 in mg kg⁻¹. According to PCA analysis S, B, Fe and Cu, in the high yielding subpopulation and Ca, B, S and Mg in the low yielding subpopulation had the highest influence on the increment of fruit yield in ‘Rabab’ pomegranate orchards especially under saline and calcareous soil condition.
This study was carried out in 2006-2007 years and Kösk district of Aydın province to determinate of plant nutrient status and the most suitable time to take leaf samples of chestnut three trees from each orchard were selected. The samples were taken from the twenty-five years old Karaası chestnut local variety from the beginning of vegetation to the harvest. At the same time, soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm soil depth at the beginning of the vegetation period.
Leaf retention, uptake kinetics, total uptake (per unit leaf area), export kinetics, and the total export of foliage-applied, labeled B ( ]0 B-enriched boric acid) were determined for apple (Malus domestics Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), prune (Prunus domestics L.), and sweet cherry (P. avium L.). Foliar uptake of labeled B by shoot leaves was 88% to 96% complete within 24 hours of application. More than 50% of the B retained on shoot leaf surfaces following application was absorbed and exported within 6 hours of application. Genotypic differences in shoot leaf surface characteristics among the species tested greatly influenced the amount of solution retained per unit leaf area. Leaf retention capacity was the primary determinant of the quantity of B absorbed by and exported from shoot leaves following foliar application. On average, apple shoot leaves retained, absorbed, and exported at least twice as much labeled B per unit leaf area as prune and pear shoot leaves and three to four times as much as sweet cherry shoot leaves. The sink demand of nearby, mature apples did not affect the export of labeled B when applied to adjacent spur leaves, but the fruit imported 16% of their total B from the applied solution during a 10-day period. Despite extensive documentation for the immobility of B accumulated by leaves naturally (e.g., from the soil), the B accumulated by leaves following foliage application was highly mobile in all four species tested.
Table grape quality and firmness are key parameters for Chile's export, given distances from the main markets. As a consequence, calcium (Ca) fertilization has become a standard practice in the country, although its effects have not been fully evaluated. The objectives in this study were to investigate the effects of calcium fertilization on table grape nutrition and quality. A two-year field trial was conducted in central Chile, using grapevines (Vitis vinifera) cv. ‘Thompson seedless’, grown on an overhead trellis system. Calcium (CaCl2) application treatments included foliar, soil, foliar plus soil, and a control without Ca fertilization. Calcium and other nutrients concentration were determined afterwards in soil, leaves, and berries. Also, yield and some fruit quality parameters were evaluated. Calcium application method did not have an effect on soil, leaf or fruit Ca content, neither on yield and berry sugar concentration, with levels being similar to the control treatment. Additionally, in treatments where CaCl2 was applied to soil, chlorides concentration in soil, leaves, and berries were higher. Also, berries were larger, more turgent, with lower dry matter and larger cells. In the second season, in these same treatments, berry firmness at harvest was higher, but this effect disappeared after the storage simulation period. These results question the validity that Ca applications might improve table grape postharvest quality for growing conditions similar to the ones in this experiment. The temporal changes in berry quality parameters were attributed to higher Cl soil content and the associated plant osmoregulatory mechanisms.
The objective of the present research was to study the effects of boron (B) and potassium chloride (KCl) induced salinity on growth, nutritional status, and chlorophyll content of the cherry rootstocks CAB 6P (Prunus cerasus L.) and Gisela 5 (Prunus cerasus L. × Prunus canescens L.). Plants produced the longest shoots, more leaves, and the greatest fresh weights of shoots and leaves when treated with 0.025 mM B combined with the lower level of salinity (0.75 dS m). CAB 6P plants retained most of their leaves until the end of the experiment, whereas Gisela 5 plants showed higher leaf shedding. Irrigation of plants with solutions containing 0.2 mM B and electrical conductivities (EC) of 4 dS m resulted in lower leaf chlorophyll contents (SPAD units) when compared with all other treatments. Nitrogen (N) concentrations of leaves from both rootstocks decreased as the EC of the nutrient solution increased from 0.75 to 4 mM. Potassium (K) concentrations of leaves from both rootstocks increased as salinity levels increased.
The effect of glucose and calcium infusion on texture characteristics and ultrastructure of melon was studied using an Instron Universal Testing Machine and optical and transmission electron microscopy. Resistance to puncture was significantly greater when treatment was performed under vacuum or when Ca2+ was present during atmospheric and vacuum glucose infusion. Atmospheric treatment produced a smaller resistance to puncture than the one shown by raw fruit. Processing reduced residual relaxation force and relaxation time, showing, the high internal fracture suffered by the fruit during treatment. There was a good correlation between textural changes detected through instrumental measurement and structural alterations of flesh tissues. Vacuum-treated samples showed cell walls with good optical density and a middle lamella still visible. Atmospheric impregnation caused very much reduced staining and disruption of cell walls as well as rupture of membranes. Addition of Ca2+ during both infusion procedures resulted in more electron-dense cell walls as compared with those impregnated without Ca2+.
Publisher Summary The deficiency of Boron (B) in crops is more widespread than that for any other micronutrient in many regions of the world. Under deficiency conditions, B applications result in increased crop yields, as well as in improved quality of many vegetable crops. This chapter reviews recent information on the B nutrition of agricultural crops in the light of factors such as availability of soil B to plants and factors affecting it, B-containing fertilizers and methods of application, symptoms and levels of B deficiency and toxicity in plants, and the physiological role of B in plants. A considerable amount of progress has been made on the methods of determining B in plants and soils. With the advent of the azomethine-H color method, the use of the reagents carmine, quinalizarin, and curcumin requiring concentrated acids has been eliminated. Because of the automation made possible by the use of azomethine-H as the color-developing reagent and development of a simplified method of extraction of available B from soils, the determination of B in soil and plants can now be performed satisfactorily with greater rapidity.
A field study was designed to determine if foliar boron (B) sprays could increase fruit set and yield of 'Parent Washington' navel oranges (Citrus sinensis). Treatments consisted of two application timings (prebloom and postbloom) and five application rates 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm B as Solubor. Leaf B levels had a significant response to both application timing and rate in 1998, but there were no significant differences in 1999. There were no significant difference in fruit quality or yield in either year.
In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’
In view of the possibility that senescence may be a consequence of the deterioration of cell walls and membrane compartments, calcium was studied as a possible agent which might defer senescence. Calcium treatment delayed leaf senescence in corn leaf discs. The effect of calcium on senescencse was additive to the cytokinin deferral of senescence. An increase in hydraulic permeability to [H] water during senescence was demonstrataed and this increase was deferred by calcium; calcium plus benzyladenine was even more effective. Analysis of inorganic ions in the pericarp of nonripening rin mutant tomajç fruits and isogenic Rutgers revealed higher levels of bound Ca in rin at advanced stages of maturity. In the normal fruits, bound Ca decreased about 3‐fold during maturity. In rin fruits, no change in polygalacturonase (PG) activity was detected, whereas in Rutgers, an increase in PG activity was observed at advanced stages of maturity. Each of the measured changes associated with senescence (pigment changes, protein decrease, hydraulic permeability increase, and an increase in cell wall enzyme activity) was suppressed by calcium, and the interpretation is offered that the effects are a consequence of the calcium function in maintaining cell wall structure and membrane integrity.