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A sociological approach to the measurement of poverty: A reply to professor Peter Townsend
Abstract
I AM grateful to Professor Peter Townsend for writing such a forceful rejoinder to my paper, "Poor, Relatively Speaking". He has confined his attention mainly to the relationship between my paper and his own work, and from his presentation, the reader might get the impression that my paper was primarily devoted to taking "issue with part of my [Townsend's] work on poverty" (p. 659). In fact, that paper was mostly concerned with other-more general-questions about the concept of poverty, though it did inter alia refer to Townsend's work, along with the works of several other contributors to the literature on poverty. I am very happy to respond to Townsend's points, but I believe it is necessary to state first the thrust of my paper, so that Townsend's specific comments can be assessed in that general perspective. Peter Townsend clearly is a truly "complete" sociologist. Not only does he examine my reasoning, which he finds "very confused" and "theoretically naive", he also provides a sociological explanation of my taking on a task in which I have evidently failed so badly. He points out that my "expertise is rooted in third world economies, especially that of India" (p. 663), and while I have, it appears, tried "gradually" to extend my work "to include comparisons with highly industrialized societies", I have been "stung by different theoretical approaches developed in other work published at about the same time" (p. 663). Thus it is that I have had to enter "the fray more openly"-the hard world of "theoretical approaches", and seem to have produced all this "very confused stuff". Townsend combines his explanation of my predicament, related to my third-worldly roots, with an offer of assistance, and I must acknowledge that there is something of the kindness of the U.K. Immigrants Advisory Service in his generous offer to
... Further, the need to raise awareness among NGOs is critical. In particular, awareness about the salient features of laws such as the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 andthe Social Security Act, 1935 Our basic argument, through a critical review of literature, is that the capability (functioning, or more specifically, refined functioning) approach (Sen 1985(Sen , 1999Baujard & Gilardone, 2017) is a better framework thanthe utility framework of Krantan and Akerlof (2000 and Akerlof (1997) for an analytical study of this phenomenon. In Section 1, we discuss some descriptive literature on the relation between group-based social identity (based on ethnicity, caste, gender, and race) and the group differential in terms of their achievement or deprivation. ...
... In Section 2, we discuss incorporating the role of social/group identity in the decision making of utility maximizing individuals (Kranton and Akerlof, 2000;Akerlof, 1997) to explain the relation above between group identity and group differential. In Section 3, the possible incorporation of social identity as one of the determinants of functioningsor refined functionings (Sen 1985(Sen , 1999 is discussed in the realm of the capability approach (Tamayo & Moreno, 2017). ...
... This article is mainly concerned with the phenomenon of perpetuation of socio-educational backwardness/deprivation among historically and sociologically discriminated groups even after the transition to a new system in which rupturing from the history of social disadvantage/exclusion faced by some atleast formal equality of all individuals is Constitutionally guaranteed. Our basic argument through critical review of literature is that Capability (Functionings or more specifically Refined Functionings) approach (Sen 1985(Sen , 1999Baujard & Gilardone, 2017) is a better framework compared to Utility framework of Krantan and Akerlof (2000 and Akerlof(1997), for any analyt ical study of t his phenomenon. However, it is worth mentioning here that the role of social identity (group-based) in the decision making of individuals, though peripherally discussed before, has been formally introduced in mainstream economic analysis by Kranton and Akerl of(2000. ...
Abstract
The paper examines the strategies for poverty and
inequality goals in the post-2015 development agenda. The
questions of poverty eradication and inequality in the post-
2015 development goals are yet to be critically addressed. As
the population increases, poverty and inequality gap increases
correspondingly. The old strategy that was designed regarding
the MDG (Millennium Development Goals) had not properly
achieved its objectives, owing to certain challenges like the
inadequate implementation of policies intended to address
poverty and inequality. However, with all these challenges
encountered by different nations during the period of the MDG
regarding poverty eradication and efforts to bridge the gap of
inequality, there is a need to intensify efforts to learn from the
experience of the past so as to address post-2015
development challenges in poverty and inequality. The objective
of the study was to investigate the post-2015 strategies
proposed on inequality and poverty; to examine the challenges
of the post-2015 proposed strategies on inequality and
poverty; to analyze and provide possible suggestions to
improve the strategies proposed for inequality and poverty in
post-2015 development. In all, 50 respondents were used to
gather the information for the study. The recommendations
emphasize that addressing the strategies of inequality is a
prerequisite for effectively eradicating extreme poverty and
ensuring sustainable socio-economic development.
... Consequently, a new concept of poverty was developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative which depends on the capability or the non-welfarist approach to poverty (Alkire et al., 2015). The capability approach defines poverty as a lack of capability to function in society (Sen, 1985). Specifically, the non-monetarist approach to poverty quantifies poverty using multiple indicators and a person is considered multidimensionally poor if he or she is deprived in at least one-third of the weighted multidimensional poverty indicators or if his or her weighted deprivation score is equal to or higher than the poverty cutoff of 33.33% (Alkire & Foster, 2007). ...
... On the other hand, the capability or the non-welfarist approach defines poverty using multiple dimensions and indicators. This approach defines poverty as the failure of a person to achieve basic capabilities to adequately fulfill certain crucial functions at a minimal level (Sen, 1985). The capability approach views monetary resources as means to enhance the well-being of households and considers monetary resources as necessary but not sufficient conditions to prevent poverty (Sen, 1985). ...
... This approach defines poverty as the failure of a person to achieve basic capabilities to adequately fulfill certain crucial functions at a minimal level (Sen, 1985). The capability approach views monetary resources as means to enhance the well-being of households and considers monetary resources as necessary but not sufficient conditions to prevent poverty (Sen, 1985). ...
Some studies have quantified the extent and examined the determinants of the global multidimensional poverty index (G-MPI) which contains only three dimensions of welfare. But studies on the extent and determinants of rural multidimensional poverty index (R-MPI) which contains rural livelihood as one dimension of welfare are scarce. Hence, this study quantified the extent and examined the determinants of rural multidimensional poverty index using the Alkire–Foster method and the ordered logistic regression model, respectively. Data were gathered from 415 random sample households in southern Ethiopia. The incidence, intensity, and adjusted headcount ratio of rural multidimensional poverty are 72.3%, 57.3%, and 41.4% respectively. Besides, 7.47%, 20.24%, 30.60%, and 41.69% of households are non-poor, vulnerable, poor, and extremely poor, respectively. The living standard and rural livelihood dimensions jointly contributed 60% to rural multidimensional poverty. Fuel for cooking, electricity, and housing are the primary contributors to rural poverty from the living standard dimension, while land ownership, off-farm activity, and tropical livestock units are the leading contributors from the rural livelihood dimension to rural deprivation. Regression results showed that education, land size, tropical livestock unit, off-farm participation, and saving are negatively and significantly related to rural poverty, while dependency ratio, distance from market, distance from the road, and sickness of family members are positively and significantly related to rural poverty. Female-headed households were more deprived than male-headed households. Hence, promoting access to land, non-farm employment, markets, electricity, drinking water, and a road network would reduce rural multidimensional poverty in southern Ethiopia.
... However, the mismatch between the lack of feasible ability caused by unbalanced and inadequate development and needs for a better life will lead to the ability deprivation of vulnerable groups. Sen (1985) believed that poverty was essentially the deprivation of people's feasible ability, while feasible ability was the substantial freedom to realize various possible combinations of functional activities [3]. The capability approach transferred poverty identification from resource space to functional space and conceptualized poverty as capacity deprivation. ...
... However, the mismatch between the lack of feasible ability caused by unbalanced and inadequate development and needs for a better life will lead to the ability deprivation of vulnerable groups. Sen (1985) believed that poverty was essentially the deprivation of people's feasible ability, while feasible ability was the substantial freedom to realize various possible combinations of functional activities [3]. The capability approach transferred poverty identification from resource space to functional space and conceptualized poverty as capacity deprivation. ...
... In addition to the lack of controllable resources of the family, the causes of deprivation also included the loss of human rights and the lack of capacity. In the same vein, Sen (1985) proposed the Capability Approach (CA), arguing that poverty is manifested as low quality of life which is rooted in the insufficient ability to transform resources into activities and states [3]. The capability method emphasized the capacity of different individuals and groups in society to depend on each other and provided a theoretical basis for the understanding ability, social exclusion and relative poverty between concepts [20]. ...
Background:
The capability approach conceptualizes poverty as capability deprivation. Given that functionings and opportunities as key factors are diverse, the combination of a varied lack of functionings and opportunities will lead to different deprivation patterns. Therefore, we sought to investigate the association between the category of capacity deprivation and the subjective acquisition of rural households.
Methods:
Data were collected from the micro survey of 892 households in six provinces. The overall sense of acquisition was measured by self-assessment of life satisfaction and the relative sense of gain was measured by self-assessment of social status and communication confidence. Capability deprivation was assessed through evaluation functionings and opportunities for a better life, such as education, social security, medical and health services, living conditions and spiritual and cultural activities. The factor mixture models were used to investigate the group categories of capability deprivation and ordered probit regression was used to estimate the associations between the categories of capability deprivation and sense of gain.
Results:
There were mild, moderate and severe differences among the deprivation items reflecting functionings and opportunities. In addition, capability deprivation was grouped into four classes: double deprivation of functionings and opportunities, severe deprivation of opportunities, functionings deprivation and non-poverty. There was a significant negative relationship between deprivation classes and the subjective sense of gain.
Conclusion:
The deprivation from some social participation functions and services led to a reduced sense of acquisition. However, serious deprivations from educational opportunities and social participation opportunities were the main reason for the lower sense of gain. Eliminating the unequal educational opportunities and social participation opportunities for people is imperative to improving the subjective sense of gain.
... However, an important criticism of both types of poverty definition is that they are purely concerned with income and consumption (Sachs, 2005;Ravallion et al., 2009). A related critique is provided by Sen (1985) who understands economic growth and individual income "as means to expanding freedoms" of members of society and defines development as a "process of expanding real freedoms" of individuals as an end in itself. According to Sen, freedom includes "capabilities" such as "avoiding starvation, premature mortality and freedoms associated with being literate, being able to participate in political and social life." ...
... A common feature of this and many similar initiatives is the adoption of all-round approaches addressing the whole human being with dignity and respect and within the context of transparent justice and the rule of law. According to Novogratz (2016) "The opposite of poverty is not income, it is dignity", thereby echoing the critiques of mainstream poverty measurement approaches made, for example, by Sen (1985) and Özgün and Dolcerocca (2023) outlined in the social innovation and ending poverty in all its forms everywhere section. ...
Tackling the rapid rise in global poverty is one of the most pressing challenges the world faces today, especially in this new age of turbulence. On top of the ongoing environmental crisis, the last fifteen years has been rocked by the financial crisis of 2007-8, compounded by the 2020 Covid-pandemic and then by the 2022 war in Ukraine, each of which has negatively impacted all aspects of sustainable development. Although in practice many development organizations have been using the methods and processes of social innovation to tackle poverty and vulnerability for many years, it is only recently that they have specifically begun to analyse and codify its contribution to these and other SDGs. Social innovation provides beneficial social outcomes for citizens and other actors, often at local level with the strong bottom-up involvement of civil society and through its cross-actor, cross-sector, cross-disciplinary and cross-cutting strengths. Importantly, it aims to empower those with a social need, particularly when they have little to begin with. It focuses on increasing the beneficiaries' own agency and capability rather than passively only relying on others to act on their behalf. This is done by transforming social relationships and developing new collaborative processes. Amongst a wide range of recent and contemporary sources, this paper analyses a large scale quantitative and qualitative global survey of social innovations that tackle poverty and vulnerability in different global regions. It examines various definitions of poverty, including extreme, absolute and relative measures as well as arguably more useful approaches like the Multidimensional Poverty Index. It proposes how social innovation should be recalibrated to meet the increasing threats of the new age of turbulence, including by deploying the sociological lens of the agency-structure dichotomy to show why the public sector needs to become involved more proactively in social innovation. It also looks at certain myths around poverty and vulnerability, examines why we need to revise our understanding of sustainable development and resilience, and why a new nexus approach is needed that combines SDG1 with other strongly related SDGs.
... De aannames over deze huishoudens, zoals omvang, woonomstandigheden en behoeften, koppelen we aan uitgavencijfers en prijsinformatie om zo een realistische weergave te creëren van hun noodzakelijke gemiddelde (maandelijkse) uitgaven. Minimumvoorbeeldbegrotingen gaan uit van het minimaal noodzakelijke om mee te kunnen doen in de maatschappij (Doyal en Gough 1984;Sen 1985 In Nederland hangt de definitie van het sociaal minimum tot nu toe samen met inkomensdefinities waarin het wettelijk minimumloon en -daarvan afgeleid -de bijstandsuitkering in het kader van de Participatiewet leidend zijn. Door gebruik te maken van de minimumvoorbeeldbegrotingen kiezen we voor een fundamenteel andere benadering van het sociaal minimum. ...
... Oleh karena itu, Laderchi (2006) Dalam penelitian ini kami menggunakan pendekatan kapabilitas yang dikembangkan oleh Amartya Sen (1985Sen ( ,1997Sen ( ,1999 ...
Pengukuran kemiskinan multidimensi dapat memasukkan serangkaian indikator (pendidikan, kesehatan, standar hidup, dll.) yang menangkap kompleksitas fenomena kemiskinan untuk memberikan informasi bagi pemangku kebijakan yang bertujuan mengurangi kemiskinan di suatu negara.
... Feasibility theory holds that low income is an external manifestation of poverty, and the lack of viable ability to obtain income, freedom from disease, access to education and information, and social security is the root cause of poverty (SEN, 1985). Off-farm employment can not only rebuild the feasible ability of farmers, but also alleviated their multidimensional poverty. ...
As an essential way to enhance farmers’ self-development ability, off-farm employment plays an indispensable role in farmers’ multidimensional poverty reduction in many countries. Employing a survey of 1926 farmers in five provinces of the Yellow River Basin in China, this paper examined the multi-dimensional poverty reduction effect of off-farm employment and the heterogeneous influence of different dimensions of off-farm employment (modes, levels, distances and frequency). The results showed that (1) although absolute poverty in the income dimension was largely eliminated in the Yellow River Basin, the poverty in social resources, transportation facilities, employment security were the key bottlenecks restricting farmers’ self-development. (2) The province with the best multidimensional poverty reduction effect for non-farm employment was Shaanxi, with the largest contribution to employment security. (3) Improving off-farm employment level, distance and time can significantly alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers. Therefore, to lessen the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to focus on the governance of multi-dimensional key poverty-stricken areas, such as the middle and upper courses of the Yellow River, adopting multidimensional poverty alleviation strategy of off-farm employment according to local conditions, working on the farmers’ deficiencies in social resources, mobility, employment security, and deepening the effect of off-farm employment on benefiting farmers and helping the poor.
... Apart from income and capability deprivation, people may be considered poor because they are excluded from mainstream political, economic, and cultural activities (Šoltés et al. 2022;Wagle 2002). An individual or a household is classified in multidimensional poverty when their income is insufficient to meet their basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, and shelter; they have inadequate access to social services such as education, healthcare, and security; or they face lack of opportunities and are vulnerable (Sen 1985). Therefore, poverty is a multidimensional concept that can be assessed using multidimensional indicators. ...
Eliminating extreme poverty and reducing poverty levels among marginalized groups are essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite broad national-level studies on multidimensional poverty, there is a lack of specific research focusing on marginalized groups, particularly ethnic minorities. This study aims to identify the multidimensional poverty status and determinants of poverty among ethnic farmers in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam, based on a survey of 283 respondents. The Alkire–Foster method was utilized to measure multidimensional poverty, and a binary logistic regression model was applied to identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty among farmers. The results showed that about 33.57% of households are in multidimensional poverty. The deprivation in the six poverty dimensions was inconsistent, with income at 68.23%, education and health at 9.69%, housing at 7.19%, information access at 3.65%, and living conditions at 1.56%. Nine factors significantly affect the multidimensional poverty of ethnic minority households, including the age of household heads, family size, number of shocks, labor, farm size, tropical livestock units (TLUs), customers, traded input values, and training participation. Diversifying livelihood activities, building the infrastructure system to have closer access to central markets and main roads, and enhancing the capacity of farmers to cope with shocks are necessary solutions to reduce the multidimensional poverty of ethnic minorities in Central Vietnam.
... This stage immediately preceded the rise of the HRBA. Sen's (1985Sen's ( , 1992 and Doyal and Gought's (1994) reviews of economic approaches to poverty led to the proposal of a universal approach that provided a new classification of human needs with which to interpret the concept of human development. ...
... Poverty means deprivation of welfare (Haughton dan Khandker 2012). Sen (1985) stated that poverty is a lost opportunity to gain basic capabilities. Robert Chambers (1983) has another view: poverty is a cluster of unfavorable conditions such as physical weakness, vulnerability to shocks, isolation, powerlessness, and poverty itself, which cause a person to be trapped and difficult to get out of it. ...
The poverty reduction rate in Java was considered very low, thus requiring new strategies and policies, such as the improvement of internet accessibility. This study, using the 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data, aimed to examine the role of internet accessibility to reduce poverty rates in Java through a spatial approach. The results showed that internet accessibility had a significant effect on the reduction of poverty rates in Java. It also found that the poverty rates in an area in Java were influenced by the types of works of household heads in the same location and the poverty rates in neighboring areas (spatial spillover effects). This study recommended that the Government, in reducing poverty rates, focuses on providing internet infrastructure and, more, on spatial aspects.
... Pakistan is not the only country other countries across the globe are also facing this situation where two extremes exist in the same economy. Amartya Sen, an Indian Economist, has made great contribution in the field of development economics, especially on poverty, its dimensions and approaches to address it (Sen, 1979(Sen, , 1985. Economists of the current time are now evolving new approaches regarding poverty based on the theories presented by Sen. They further added ill-health, inadequate health facilities, unavailability of shelter and other basic needs (Chambers, 1995). ...
Poverty is one of the most common and challenging issues in the world, especially for developing economies. The development pace will never be speedier until this issue is resolved beforehand. In the case of Pakistan, poverty is still persistent and increasing due to multifactor. The current study endeavors to investigate the multi-dimensional relation between educational attainment level and its impact on household poverty in South Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose 800 households are selected as a sample. Ordinary Least Square and Binary Logistic methods are used. It transpired from the outcomes that variables that have a positive impact on poverty include the size of the household and family system. On the other hand, age of the head of household, education of the head of household, natural log of assets of the household, employment status of the household head, spouse participation in income generation, area of residence of the household, foreign remittances and unemployment status are adversely affecting. This study is endowed with regional and divisional level comparisons. It emerged from the result that amongst the three, Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan) is the most vulnerable. Family size, family system, and employment status have adversely affected the economic face of this division. It is recommended that an effective family planning regime, along with improved education attainment level and urbanization of the rural areas of this vicinity be strongly focused on a priority basis.
... Despite these differences of focus, the capability approach does not radically break away from the absolute poverty approach since it underscores the "absoluteness of needs" (Sen, 1985), a central point of contention between Sen and Townsend. According to Sen, people's deprivations are to be judged in absolute terms, not in comparison with others in society, an argument founded on individualism and rooted in neoclassical economics. ...
The 1980s saw a shift in the emphasis of discourse on poverty from production relations to consumption relations, with levels of consumption and purchasing power used to define poverty. Based on this concept, much of the research establishes absolute poverty lines or develops relative indicators to distinguish between “poor” and “non-poor.” This paper makes the case that such poverty measurement, while useful for assessing trends over the long term or taking into account relative dynamics, distorts our knowledge of poverty by hiding its root causes and results in overly optimistic interpretations. These discussions also decontextualize poverty from its political and economic context by uncritically accepting and promoting neoliberal regime. Moreover, the article questions the meaning of the “eradication of poverty” and suggests that the nominal rise in PPP income obscures historical capitalist accumulation processes (such as dispossession, proletarianization and depeasantization). As a result, the study suggests to recenter the analysis on the material causes of poverty, which are rooted in the functioning of the capitalist system, its antagonistic character, and the class-based contradictions of production itself.
... The $1.90 limit goes to $2.15, the $3.20 limit for LMICs is $3.65; the limit from $5.50 on UMICs has also been raised to $6.85. (World Bank, 2022) Sen (1985), on the other hand, put forward the concept of entitlement and capability poverty and argued that poverty is not only related to low income. The capacity approach constitutes the theoretical infrastructure of the human development approach, which has been included in the human development reports published by the UN every year since 1990. ...
... On the other hand, as for multidimensional poverty, Sen was the first to propose that "poverty is failing to have certain minimum capabilities," and probed into poverty from people's capability, function, and rights. Sen thought we need to look at why individuals or families are deprived from the capability to enjoy basic human life from a multidimensional perspective (Sen, 1985), which laid a theoretical foundation for studies on multidimensional poverty. After that, Chinese and overseas scholars gradually favored multidimensional poverty, as it is more scientific and precise (Rogan, 2015;Wagle, 2012). ...
Existing studies rarely focus on the quantitative measurement of the multi-dimensional return to poverty in Chinese rural households. Therefore, this paper assessed the dynamic evolution of multidimensional return to poverty in Chinese rural households based on the China family panel studies during 2010–2018, applied methods like artificial neural network and multi-dimensional measurement model. Here are the results: (1) Chinese rural households’ multidimensional return-to-poverty index dropped significantly from 0.0567 in 2012 to 0.0425 in 2018, mainly due to the decreased poverty returning rate. (2) Annual net income per capita was a major contributor to the decrease of multidimensional return to poverty, followed by four indicators in health dimension—adult health, out of pocket healthcare payment, health insurance, and senior and children health. (3) Chinese rural households’ multidimensional return-to-poverty index manifested great spatial heterogeneity—increasing from Eastern China, to Central China, then to Western China. In the end, this paper proposed policy suggestions on preventing poverty returning and promoting common prosperity.
... According to this approach, poverty is the relative deficit of goods and services due to extreme income constraints (Wang et al., 2021). On the other hand, the non-welfarist approach defines and measures poverty using multiple dimensions (Sen, 1985). This approach defines poverty as a lack of capability to function in society (Alkire et al., 2015;Feeny & Mcdonald, 2015). ...
While few studies have quantified the extent and examined the determinants of static multidimensional poverty, studies on the extent and determinants of dynamic rural multidimensional poverty are scarce. This study quantified the extent and examined the determinants of vulnerability to rural multidimensional poverty using the Chaudhri (2002) approach and the generalized ordered logit model respectively. Data were gathered from 415 random rural households in 2021 in southern Ethiopia. The study showed that the levels of rural multidimensional poverty and the vulnerability to rural multidimensional poverty are 72.3 and 84% respectively. This suggests that vulnerability is more widespread compared to current poverty. Besides, 66 (15.90%), 220 (53.10%), and 129 (31.08%) households are non-vulnerable (V<0.50\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V<0.50$$\end{document}), moderately vulnerable, and extremely vulnerable (V≥0.56\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V\ge 0.56$$\end{document}) to future poverty respectively. About 276 (66.51%) and 97(23.37%) households are in chronic, and transitory rural multidimensional poverty. Of 349 vulnerable households, 129 (36.96%) of households are extremely vulnerable to future poverty. Of 173 extremely poor households, 167 (96.53%) households are extremely vulnerable to future deprivation. Female-headed households are more extremely vulnerable compared to male-headed households. Regression results highlighted that land size (β = − 3.07, t = − 4.65, p < 0.001), tropical livestock unit (β = − 0.67, t = − 4.32, p < 0.001), credit (β = -3.93, t = − 3.69, p < 0.001), mobiles per household (β = − 0.58, t = − 4.21, p < 0.001), extension visits (β = − 0.33, t = − 3.81, p < 0.001), death of animals (β = 2.21, t = 3.37, p < 0.001), age of household head (β = − 0.17, t = − 4.84, p < 0.001), being male-headed (β = − 0.88, t = − 2.15, p < 0.01), and crop failure (β = 1.38, t = 3.91, p < 0.001) are significantly affecting vulnerability to rural poverty. Hence, rural poverty reduction strategies need to aim not only to reduce current or ex-post poverty but also to prevent ex-ante or future poverty. The findings underscore the importance of promoting access to rural land, credit, extension services, irrigation, information technology, and education to reduce vulnerability to future deprivation of rural households.
... ial, propone …la característica de ser absoluto no significa constancia en el tiempo, ni invariabilidad entre sociedades, ni concentración únicamente en alimentos y nutrición. Es un enfoque para juzgar la privación de una persona en términos absolutos en vez de términos puramente relativos vis-à-vis los niveles disfrutados por otros en la sociedad.(Sen, 1985) No obstante, la norma absoluta se vincula a la noción de dignidad humana y de la universalidad atribuida a los derechos humanos básicos(Altimir, 1979(Altimir, y 1981. Pero aun estos mínimos absolutos de subsistencia se hallan condicionados por el contexto social y cultural, más aún los mínimos para participar de un cierto estilo de vida ...
This article shows the quality of life in the Third National Population Census of Argentina (1914) from variables related to education, health and housing conditions. The main objective is to elaborate an index of quality of life using the sources of the period of study that allows possible future temporal comparisons with other censuses using the Geographic Information Systems for the cartographic representation. The results showed that the Quality of Life Index had a high degree of disparity in the national territory, although the traditional urban centers showed the highest values while the northern and western parts of the country contained the lowest values.
... ial, propone …la característica de ser absoluto no significa constancia en el tiempo, ni invariabilidad entre sociedades, ni concentración únicamente en alimentos y nutrición. Es un enfoque para juzgar la privación de una persona en términos absolutos en vez de términos puramente relativos vis-à-vis los niveles disfrutados por otros en la sociedad.(Sen, 1985) No obstante, la norma absoluta se vincula a la noción de dignidad humana y de la universalidad atribuida a los derechos humanos básicos(Altimir, 1979(Altimir, y 1981. Pero aun estos mínimos absolutos de subsistencia se hallan condicionados por el contexto social y cultural, más aún los mínimos para participar de un cierto estilo de vida ...
A quality of life index (QLI) is an indicator that seeks to show in summary form a set of socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental variables considered relevant at a given historical moment. In this context, the purpose of this work is to elaborate a QLI from different data sources for the provinces of the Argentine Republic at the time of the National Population Census carried out in 1980. The varied cartography obtained shows important territorial inequalities for the provinces of the country. On the one hand, the places with the best quality of life are the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, some districts in the North of the Metropolitan Area and the province of Buenos Aires plus capitals of provinces located in relatively more developed regions (the Cuyo and Patagonia regions), other Pampean areas (Córdoba and Santa Fe provinces) and their adjacent areas. On the other hand, the lowest values are in structurally poor regions in the Northern portion of the country.
... ial, propone …la característica de ser absoluto no significa constancia en el tiempo, ni invariabilidad entre sociedades, ni concentración únicamente en alimentos y nutrición. Es un enfoque para juzgar la privación de una persona en términos absolutos en vez de términos puramente relativos vis-à-vis los niveles disfrutados por otros en la sociedad.(Sen, 1985) No obstante, la norma absoluta se vincula a la noción de dignidad humana y de la universalidad atribuida a los derechos humanos básicos(Altimir, 1979(Altimir, y 1981. Pero aun estos mínimos absolutos de subsistencia se hallan condicionados por el contexto social y cultural, más aún los mínimos para participar de un cierto estilo de vida ...
The level of disaggregation of territorial analysis is vital for the evaluation of the quality of life of the population from a geographical perspective. Consequently, the use of counties, districts or communes (525 units) has amply demonstrated its usefulness in overcoming the generalization implied by studies at the provincial level (24 units). On the other hand, the adaptation of the county QLI at census radius (52,408 units) scale shows that the counties, although they are useful, have various degrees of fragmentation within them. This must be taken into account in academic research and in the formulation of public policies. Thus, the radius scale allows observing enclaves of high quality of life in the traditionally neglected regions of the country, while in areas with high quality of life, radius with low values are also present. This information would be missing at the county level.
... La pobreza es la peor forma de privación que caracteriza a un ser humano ya que no solo se traduce en necesidades materiales, sino que además limita el desarrollo de las capacidades y el aprovechamiento de oportunidades para mejorar el bienestar de las personas (Lybbert y Wydick, 2018;Banerjee y Duflo, 2011;Anand y Sen, 1997;Sen 1985). El problema es tal que tanto académicos como tomadores de decisiones en el ámbito político han buscado la forma de identificar a las personas en situación de pobreza con el objetivo de implementar medidas para erradicarla (Alkire y Santos, 2013;Alkire y Foster, 2011;Klein, Fontan y Tremblay, 2009;Karnani, 2007;Hagenaars y Klaas, 1988). ...
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de los indicadores de pobreza en hogares receptores de transferencias privadas (remesas internacionales) y en aquellos beneficiados por transferencias públicas (Prospera/ oportunidades) para el periodo 2010-2016 e identificar cuál de estos grupos ha tenido mejor desempeño en esos indicadores para dicho tiempo. Se empleó un análisis estadístico descriptivo con información del MCS-ENIGH. Los resultados muestran una disminución mayor en los índices de pobreza en los hogares que reciben transferencias privadas en comparación con aquellos que reciben beneficios públicos en todos los años de estudio. Asimismo, los hallazgos evidenciaron un comportamiento diferenciado por tipo de transferencias en los índices de pobreza entre los sectores urbano y rural; siendo este último el más beneficiado.
... There is much debate surrounding the definition of poverty, and different measurements of poverty have been considered to capture its alternative dimensions (Atkinson 1987). Despite the different perspectives adopted, there is general agreement that poverty can be defined as the lack of resources necessary to live an acceptable life in a society (Sen 1979(Sen , 1985Townsend 1971Townsend , 1985. There are therefore two main aspects to take into account: the lack of resources and the society in which to apply the measurement. ...
Labour market flexibility is one of the main pillars of the European policy framework, as it is perceived as an instrument to promote growth with positive spillover effects on the workers’ income. The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of competition in the labour market on workers’ living conditions from a macroeconomic perspective. An empirical dynamic panel co-integration technique connecting indicators of workers’ poverty to an index of ‘labour flexibility’ is applied to 15 European Union countries. The results suggest that higher flexibility of the labour market is correlated, in the long run, with a higher number of workers living in poverty, considered in both relative and absolute terms. When examining the population as a whole, these results seem to be amplified, suggesting that the strategy of pressure on the labour market could be detrimental not only for workers but also for general living conditions.
... Considering the human capital indicator, at very earlier [41], offers an incredible structure for evaluating human capital development and environmental quality. After that [42], broaden the hypothesis of human development to explain the requirement for the societal venture in terms of health, education, and improved living lifestyle [43]. explored the effect of urbanization, human capital, and the globalization process on environmental degradation in the Latin and Caribbean American region. ...
This empirical research scrutinizes the nexus between information and communication technologies (ICT), renewable energy, economic complexity, human capital, financial development, and ecological footprint for E-7 and G-7 countries over the period from 1995 to 2018. We use four variables (Mobile cellular subscription, fixed broadband subscription, fixed telephone subscription, Internet consumers) for the ICT index prepared through principal component analysis. For empirical analysis, after testing the cross-sectional dependency, this study performs the second-generation method. From the E-7 countries' perspective, the empirical results reveal that ICT, economic complexity, and human capital increase the pollution level while renewable energy significantly reduces it. The estimated financial development coefficient is established to be statistically insignificant. In G-7 countries, all potential factors significantly improve the environmental quality except financial development. Moreover, ICT and human capital interaction significantly reduce the ecological footprint level in both panel countries. Therefore, we can observe that there is a wide discrepancy exists between these countries. The only common thing is that in these countries, bidirectional causality is discovered between ICT, human capital, and ecological footprint. Based on these empirical findings, several practice policy implications for ICT, renewable energy, economic complexity, human capital, financial development, and ecological footprint are discussed.
... There is much debate surrounding the definition of poverty, and different measurements of poverty have been considered to capture its alternative dimensions (Atkinson, 1987). Despite the different perspectives adopted, there is general agreement that poverty can be defined as the lack of resources necessary to conduct an acceptable life in a society (Townsend, 1971(Townsend, , 1985Sen, 1979Sen, , 1985. There are therefore two main aspects to take into account: the lack of resources and the society in which to apply the measurement. ...
... Geçmişten günümüze tarihin her döneminde önemli bir sorun olarak yerini korumakta olan yoksulluk olgusu, istisnasız olarak tüm toplumları ilgilendirmektedir. Tartışma alanı oldukça eski olan bu olguda herhangi bir kimsenin yoksul olarak nitelendirilmesi, en genel haliyle o kimsenin mal, hizmet ve haklara erişememesi veya erişiminin kısıtlı olması anlamına gelmektedir (Rowntree, 1901;Drewnowski, 1977;Sen, 1985;Rahnema, 1992;Oppenheim, 1993;Lipton, 1997;Işık ve Pınarcıoğlu, 2001). Bu genel tanımlama, yoksulluk kavramının kapsamlı içeriğini yansıtan en genel formdur. ...
Bu çalışmada, yoksulluk ölçümünün geleneksel çerçevesini oluşturan parasal yaklaşım kapsamında kullanılan eşdeğerlik ölçeklerinin, gelir ve yoksulluk değerlerine etkileri incelenmiş ve eşdeğerlik ölçeği seçimine olan duyarlılık, Türkiye ve bölgesel bir perspektifte keşfedilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada yer alan eşdeğerlik ölçekleri ve yoksulluk ölçüm yöntemlerinin belirlenmesinde uluslararası kuruluşların yöntemleri ve uluslararası literatür dikkate alınmış ve belirlenen yoksulluk göstergeleri her bir eşdeğerlik ölçeğine göre, Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması 2017 veri seti temel alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada yoksulluk değerlerinin eşdeğerlik ölçeği seçimine göre değişkenlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiş ve eşdeğerlik bazında yoksulluk hesaplamaları için Oxford eşdeğerlik ölçeklerinin yüksek değerler çıkardığı, başta Fuchs eşdeğerlik ölçeği olmak üzere çalışmada kullanılan diğer eşdeğerlik ölçeklerinin ise düşük değerler ürettiği ve bahsi geçen bu durumun, Türkiye geneli ve düzey 1 bölgeleri için genel formu oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
... We need to look for tangible objectives and to rethink the challenges that the reality of uncertainty creates, in order to propose solutions based on the multiple capacities and resources available to us. 31 ...
... With the deepening of the research on deep poverty, scholars have introduced the axiom system of deep poverty into the existing basic poverty measure to improve it. From the perspective of comprehensive welfare security, the deep poverty status of each region is measured, studied, and compared comprehensively [7]. Some scholars also calculated the degree of rural deep poverty from the perspective of digital inclusive finance based on the constraint conditions of information gap [8]. ...
Based on the sample data from 2005 to 2019, this paper calculates the poverty nature of contiguous destitute areas through FGT index and its decomposition and systematically analyzes the impact of economic growth, inequality, and population change on poverty change. From the decomposition results of poverty change, we can see that, first, economic growth, inequality, and population change have different impacts on poverty change in counties and rural areas, and inequality and population mobility have widened the gap between them; second, population factor has always played a key role in the change of poverty, and the deceleration of population growth has a more significant impact on poverty change; third, the impact of the mobility on the poverty change of the counties is different from that of the rural areas. Accordingly, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as promoting the organic connection between rural revitalization and poverty alleviation, speeding up rural governance, and promoting the process of urbanization.
... BoP micro-entrepreneurship in conflict zones Poverty has multiple perspectives including human, social and political dimensions (Penh 2009). Therefore, few scholars have suggested that for a broader developmental framework, the importance of agency and capabilities of the poor should be emphasized for Decision making choices to improve their well-being and move toward development with freedom (Sen 1979(Sen , 1985. Other scholars have argued that conceptualizations in the BoP contexts should include sociocultural and temporal dimensions too. ...
While studies on micro-entrepreneurship at base of pyramid (BoP) are plenty, however, there is scant research on how conflicts induce entrepreneurial resilience, self-efficacy and help shape the social compact with fragile states in BoP conflict zones. Using the theoretical perspective of fragile states theory, this article uses the research context of ongoing violent conflict amidst terrorist activities in the erstwhile Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). This study uses a qualitative method to address its research objectives. Using data from in-depth interviews of 18 BoP micro-entrepreneurs in Indian state of J&K, three-level coding is done to unravel emergent themes. The findings suggest that conflict zones induce individual-level effects to strengthen entrepreneurial resilience, and self-efficacy, and shape the need for a new social compact with the fragile state. The proposed framework contributes to literature by explicating the transformational role of entrepreneurial resilience and self-efficacy in re-shaping social compact in fragile states. The implications of the study include developing equitable and inclusive marketing systems at BoP conflict-inflicted zones. The study contributes to theory by showing how micro-entrepreneurship at BoP is affected due to impact of conflict, resulting in emergence of entrepreneurial resilience and self-efficacy, that shapes a new social compact.
... A study by Sen (1979) provides a remarkable framework for assessing human development and environmental sustainability. Sen (1985) widened the human development hypothesis to account for the need for social investment in the form of education, health and a higher standard of living, as means of preserving the environment. While much research has been done on the relationship between human development and the environment, the results have been mixed. ...
Africa is currently experiencing both financial and human development challenges. While several continents have advocated for financial development in order to acquire environmentally friendly machinery that produces less emissions and ensures long-term sustainability, Africa is still lagging behind the rest of the world. Similarly, Africa’s human development has remained stagnant, posing a serious threat to climate change if not addressed. Building on the underpinnings of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis on the nexus between economic growth and environmental pollution, this study contributes to empirical research seeking to promote environmental sustainability as follows. First, it investigates the link between financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa. Second, six advanced panel techniques are used, and they include (1) cross-sectional dependency (CD) tests; (2) combined panel unit root tests; (3) combined panel cointegration tests; (4) panel VAR/VEC Granger causality tests; and (5) combined variance decomposition analysis based on Cholesky and generalised weights. Our finding shows that financial and human capital developments are important in reducing CO2 emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in East and Southern Africa.
Poverty is a complex concept and experts debate how to define it. Two key questions inform the debate: What exactly is a poor person lacking? And, is poverty an “absolute” concept or a “relative” one?
This paper presents novel empirical evidence on the welfare impacts of forest protection programs, focusing on both income and material welfare at the household level. Specifically, we conduct a household survey of 1271 households in forestry communities that participate in the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) in China. The survey data are collected from 56 state forest enterprises (SFEs) across three provinces in China. We employ the Alkire–Foster method to calculate and decompose the material deprivation index based on household income levels. Our analysis reveals that forestry communities exhibit a significant proportion of households in low-income welfare states, comprising nearly one-fourth (25.41%) of the sample. Furthermore, we observe that the percentage of households in a low-material welfare state is nearly one-fifth (21.70%), with 7.79% of households experiencing both low-income and low-material welfare. Importantly, we find that welfare disparities persist across population subgroups based on occupation and geography. In addition, we assess the impact of the NFPP on household welfare outcomes and identify an elite group of technicians residing in urban communities down the hill who experience positive welfare effects from the program. These findings provide critical insights beyond a single welfare dimension and contribute to the growing literature on evaluating forest protection policies. Furthermore, the results offer valuable lessons for designing and implementing forest protection programs in other developing countries.
Eradicating poverty in all its forms is one of global society's sustainable development goals. This requires creative and rigorous efforts to measure and reduce multidimensional poverty in a way that ensures no one is left behind. Despite a couple of efforts made to measure multidimensional aspects of welfare at the national level, limited studies have been done in rural parts of the country, where most poverty researches focused in unidimensional poverty. Hence, this study quantified the extent and examined the determinants of rural household multidimensional poverty status using the Alkire-Foster method and the ordered logistic regression model, respectively. Crosssectional data set was collected from 397 randomly selected households using structured questionnaire. Living standards indicators contribute the most to multidimensional poverty, while empowerment contributes the least. The study revealed that multidimensional poverty headcount, intensity, and the index were found to be 80.35 percent, 55.97 percent, and 44.8 percent, respectively. Among the sampled households, 2.2 percent of households were non-poor, 17.8 percent were vulnerable, 52.6 percent were moderately poor, and 27.4 percent were severely poor. According to the ordered logit model, the probability of a household being in multidimensional poverty was determined negatively by sex(male), expenditure, family size, land size, and employment level, while age and distance to the nearest health center are positively influencing it. Hence, promoting family planning, diversifying income sources and viable labor-intensive rural employment opportunities, provision of improved energy sources, electricity, clean water, and a road network would reduce a multifaceted rural poverty. Keywords: Deprivation Score; Konso; Multidimensional Poverty Index; Ordered Logit Model
O empreendedorismo é frequentemente visto como um mecanismo capaz de impulsionar a atividade económica, com vista à convergência e ao desenvolvimento das regiões. A expetativa é a de que a criação de novos negócios ao estimular o desenvolvimento das regiões conduzirá a baixos níveis de pobreza regional. No entanto, a evidência empírica sobre este tópico é escassa, principalmente tendo como objeto de análise regiões de países desenvolvidos. Tendo por base os 278 municípios de Portugal Continental, recorrendo a uma análise estatística descritiva e estimações de regressão multivariáveis, concluímos que as regiões (sobretudo rurais) mais empreendedoras são regiões, em média, mais pobres. Tal resultado lança sérias dúvidas sobre a capacidade e eficácia de políticas recentes no domínio da criação de empresas, nomeadamente nas áreas rurais, para dinamizar economicamente essas regiões e quebrar o ciclo de pobreza que as caracterizam.
This article reviews extant multidisciplinary literature to uncover existing themes and directions in the knowledge of the overlap between natural resource scarcity and illicit supply chain activity. In doing so, the authors present a novel review of this nascent, complex, and multidisciplinary research area. This review has uncovered 127 articles that have not been synthesized or organized in a meaningful way with the supply chain literature. It extracts insights and develops a comprehensive process framework encompassing the following: (a) antecedents associated with natural resource extraction, which foments the opportunity for illicit activity to thrive; (b) resulting economic, social, and environmental outcomes from illicit activity as it relates to natural resource extraction; and (c) potential moderating processes, which either enable or inhibit illicit activity to occur, including firm‐level tactics that businesses can employ to counteract illicit activity throughout the supply chain and to promote sustainable long‐term operations. An extensive agenda is presented suggesting future research paths, methodologies, theories, and potential contributions.
This paper makes an attempt to understand the persisting caste inequalities in India. The Scheduled Caste (Dalits) population in India is suffering from caste discrimination that excludes them from the access to resources, goods, capital and prevents them fully or partially from the participation of main stream activities in the society. The persisting poverty, denial of rights, low human development status are examined in the context of “Social Exclusion” frame work in this paper. The study is based on both published and unpublished literature and data with specific focus on concepts of discrimination and social exclusion in the Indian context.
Con el paso del tiempo la fortuna o el poder adquisitivo de las personas se ha divido, debido a las diferentes oportunidades que se presentan en lo largo de la vida, para unos pueden ser más favorables mientras que para otros son escazas o nulas. Se han tratado de implementar distintas propuestas para la integración del sector de bajos recursos a la cadena de valor. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo, Diseñar y validar un instrumento de medición para encontrar algunos factores críticos que coadyuven al logro de una integración exitosa del sector de bajos recursos en la cadena de valor. El instrumento es una adaptación al español del autor Dr. Mario César Dávila Aguirre, el proceso de validación de contenido se llevo a cabo por expertos. Como resultado en la validación del intrumento se obtuvo que hay ciertas preguntas que requieren ser modificadas para que el grado de validez aumente.
This research is a development of the theory of poverty, this study descriptively analyzes relative poverty and income distribution inequality and examines the causal relationship between relative poverty and income inequality in all provinces in Indonesia by using the Granger causality test analysis tool. Based on the results of the causality test, it shows that there is a unidirectional relationship between relative poverty and income distribution inequality, where it is the inequality of income distribution that causes relative poverty
Currently, biodiversity conservation and the achievement of common prosperity are important challenges. China bid farewell to “absolute poverty” in 2020 but continues to face challenges, such as relative multidimensional poverty, especially in regions of protected areas (PA). The correlation between poverty and the natural environment leads to further research on the distribution and spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of relative poverty regions affected by the restrictive policies of PA. Quantitative research on these regions helps researchers formalize ecological indemnification policies based on the condition of different regions, thereby stabilizing efforts toward poverty alleviation. Through a study on relative poverty areas in 489 county-level administrative regions in China influenced by 477 national nature reserves, this study formulated a multidimensional integrated poverty index model that comprises three systems, namely, natural environment, economy, and society and 13 indicators. Using the comprehensive index, spatial analysis, and cluster analysis to investigate the evolutionary characteristics and driving factors of poverty from 2014 to 2019, the study created a distribution map of relative poverty regions affected by PA. The results indicated the following. (i) Relative poverty regions are mainly concentrated in provinces on the northwest side of the Hu Line with strong spatial correlation between these regions. Among them, the relatively poor areas with persistent deterioration become the keystone to stabilizing poverty alleviation and promoting green development. (ii) Poverty alleviation focuses on the economic dimension, whereas the environmental and social dimensions lack engagement. (iii) Conservation areas overlap with relative poverty regions. However, the increase in PA does not necessarily lead to the aggravation of the poverty in counties. The results offer a valuable reference for decision makers in formulating targeted policies and measures for areas affected by PA to facilitate green development and common prosperity.
This study examined the Influence of Adult Education Programmes on Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprises the four thousand five hundred and thirty-five (4,535) registered small scale industries in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State. The random sampling technique is applied to realize a sample size of 325. The instrument used for data collection is a self-construct questionnaire. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.72. Three research questions were posed and three hypotheses were also formulated for the study. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed with arithmetic mean and standard deviation, while the hypotheses were tested with z-test at 0.5 level of significance. A careful analysis of the data and testing of the hypotheses revealed a significant relationship between adult education programmes and poverty alleviation strategies in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State. To this end, the Researcher recommended amongst others that: the government of Rivers state should endeavour to set up poverty alleviation programmes to further support prospective and practicing Entrepreneurs in the State; Entrepreneurship education should be included in the curriculum of both secondary and tertiary education levels in order to promote self-reliance among the people of Oyigbo Local Government Area in particular and Rivers State in general which is one of the basic principles of Community development.
Throughout history, poverty has been an issue of concern, and different traditions have emerged. There have been important variations in the significance of poverty in different types of society and in different periods. Many of these are present today. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, mainly in the societies that were more advanced in the Industrial Revolution, the appearance of new factors of production led to the loss of means of subsistence and employment and consequently poverty increased massively. In the following decades, economic development in the industrial nations raised the living standards of the working class. But the crisis of the 1930s led to an increase in unemployment. The world's leading capitalist economy resorted for the first time to state intervention. Far from advancing through international cooperation, the countries responded with protectionist measures and economic policies to confront the crisis. After the notable post-war prosperity, the persistence of poor minorities in prosperous societies became more visible, while the process of decolonization in peripheral societies brought awareness of the inequality of poverty. Liberal economists believed that it was possible to eradicate poverty in developing countries with sustained economic growth over time. The persistence of mass poverty, however, demanded a conceptualization of the term. This led to various formulations regarding the problem of poverty. The different definitions incorporate the discretion of the assessments on which they are based. The choice of a particular definition of poverty implies assuming a certain political connotation, as well as certain development strategies to improve the situation of lower income groups.
O presente estudo tem como objetivo mensurar o nível de pobreza multidimensional dos estados nordestinos no período de 2009 a 2015. Como estratégia empírica adota-se a criação do Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional da Região Nordeste – IPMNE dos estados nordestinos. Para tanto, utiliza a metodologia construída por Bourguignon e Chakravarty (2019), adaptada por Silva et al (2016). Para a construção do IPMNE são utilizados os micro-dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) dos respectivos anos. Os resultados das seis dimensões evidenciam uma redução da proporção da pobreza multidimensional da população nordestina. No entanto, três merecem uma atenção maior: (i) Educação; (ii) Comunicação e Informação e (iii) Trabalho e Demografia. No tocante as análises isoladas das regiões metropolitana, urbana e rural, verificou-se que a pobreza foi mais intensa na área rural. Portanto, o presente estudo pode ser utilizado para auxiliar futuras políticas públicas de redistribuição de renda da Região Nordeste.
This open access book offers unique insight into how and where ideas and instruments of quantification have been adopted, and how they have come to matter. Rather than asking what quantification is, New Politics of Numbers explores what quantification does, its manifold consequences in multiple domains. It scrutinizes the power of numbers in terms of the changing relations between numbers and democracy, the politics of evidence, and dreams and schemes of bettering society. The book engages Foucault inspired studies of quantification and the economics of convention in a critical dialogue. In so doing, it provides a rich account of the plurality of possible ways in which numbers have come to govern, highlighting not only their disciplinary effects, but also the collective mobilization capacities quantification can offer. This book will be invaluable reading for academics and graduate students in a wide variety of disciplines, as well as policymakers interested in the opportunities and pitfalls of governance by numbers.
Andrea Mennicken is Associate Professor of Accounting at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, and Co-Director of the Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (LSE), UK.
Robert Salais is Associate Researcher at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, France, and member of the Institutions and Historical Dynamics of the Economy and Society (IDHES) Centre, France.
To pursue the poverty reduction goals, various socio-economic, demographic, human development factors should be linked together for a better quality of life, good macro-economic performance and overall economic development of the developing countries. The present study focuses on the Bahawalpur division, Pakistan. A household survey was conducted to collect data from 353 household heads. i.e., respondents using the Binomial Logit and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression techniques. The findings of the study reveal that human capital is the most influencing factor that positively affects the per capita income of households. Moreover, Human capital negatively affects the household’s poverty.
The historical meaning of inequality as a bond of domination and subjection at the centre of the vertical political architecture of modernity has been replaced by reference to quantitatively expressed distributive differences. This paper examines the role of the poverty threshold in reconfiguring the welfare field and establishing a binary syntax; the spread of spatial artefacts inscribing unequal positions into space through separation; and numbers that provide the language for measuring the distance between positions. Quantification matters in instrumental and expressive terms: together with tools for knowledge and action, it also provides visions. Further, the vision expressed in the quantified distance that frames inequality corresponds to the dream of a domination free from any bond with the dominated, being cognitively and morally indifferent to it.
Global awareness is becoming an indispensable business as production operations, both technically and geographically, are becoming increasingly diverse. This view along with the idea of sustainability has prompted environmental managers to look at the entire life cycle, that is, from the cradle-to-grave of a product or a service. To evaluate and quantify sustainability, different methods have been established. The need for a holistic tool thereby gave rise to life cycle assessment (LCA). But for scientific guidance, its outcome is either too narrow or too broad. So many issues regarding LCA remain unresolved, for example, concerning need or desire for multicriteria decision-analysis and sustainability dimensions definition. The lack of discussion regarding the concepts of sustainability is an underlying problem. The case studies for LCA performed in the community should also be utilized to develop guiding principles. Sustainability and assessment of the life cycle can contribute significantly in the assessment of products and processes, often accompanying early development processes. Such evaluations may define the critical sustainability criteria aspects and allow the determination or future evaluation of product and process performance and its consequences. This can help to support stakeholder communication, policy making, investment decision, and development processes. This chapter particularly deals with the methodical framework and application perspectives of LCA.
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