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Mindful Parenting and Parents’ Emotion Expression: Effects on Adolescent Risk Behaviors
Abstract
Mindful parenting is associated with greater adjustment and fewer behavior problems in children and adolescents. However, the mechanisms by which mindful parenting functions to mitigate risk in adolescence are not well understood. This study investigated parent emotional expression as a potential mechanism in the relationship between low mindful parenting and adolescent risk behaviors. A sample of 157 12–14-year-old adolescents (49 % female) and their primary caregivers (99 % female) participated in an emotionally arousing conflict interaction. Parents reported on their mindful parenting practices, and parents’ emotion expressions during the conflict interaction were coded including negative emotion, positive emotion, and shared parent-youth positive emotion. Adolescent substance use and sex behaviors were assessed through self-report, interview, and physical toxicology screens. Results indicated that mindful parenting was associated with less parental negative emotion and greater shared positive emotion during the parent-adolescent conflict. Further, results revealed a significant indirect effect of mindful parenting on youth’s substance use through shared parent-adolescent positive emotion. Findings highlight the relevance of emotional functioning in the context of stressful parenting situations in mindful parenting.
... The roles of mindful parenting on parents. Previous studies have found that mindful parenting is negatively associated with parents' depression and anxiety symptoms (Beer et al., 2013;de Bruin et al., 2014;Corthorn & Milicic, 2016;Duncan, 2007;Geurtzen et al., 2015;Medeiros et al., 2016;Moreira & Canavarro, 2017;Pan et al., 2019;Tak et al., 2015), parenting stress (Beer et al., 2013;Corthorn & Milicic, 2016;Lo et al., 2018;Moreira & Canavarro, 2017;, life stress (Moreira & Canavarro, 2017), critical ruminative thinking , and insecure attachment , whereas mindful parenting is found to be positively associated with parents' optimistic trait (de Bruin et al., 2014), mindfulness (Corthorn & Milicic, 2016;Duncan, 2007;Laurent et al., 2017;Lo et al., 2018;Pan et al., 2019;Parent et al., 2016), mental health (de Bruin et al., 2014;Duncan, 2007), selfcompassion (Moreira & Canavarro, 2017), emotional expression (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016), and social relations (de Bruin et al., 2014). For example, in Laurent et al. (2017)'s longitudinal study with 73 mother-infant dyads, researchers using a combination method of a questionnaire survey, behavioral observation, and physiological analysis have found that mindful parenting reported by the mothers at infants' 3 months of age predicted mothers' higher cortisol recovery slopes and lower infant cortisol levels at infants' 6 months of age. ...
... Mindful parenting has been found to be positively correlated with positive parenting styles (e.g., support, warmth, consistency, autonomy, positive response, and authoritative parenting) Geurtzen et al., 2015;Han et al., 2021;McCaffrey et al., 2017;Pan et al., 2019;Parent et al., 2015Parent et al., , 2016Wang et al., 2018) and negatively correlated with negative parenting styles (e.g., lax control, psychological control, hostility, and authoritarian parenting) (de Bruin et al., 2014;Duncan, 2007;Duncan et al., 2015;McCaffrey et al., 2017;Pan et al., 2019;Parent et al., 2015Parent et al., , 2016. In addition, mindful parenting has also been found to be positively correlated with high-quality parent-child relationships, such as parent-child positive emotions (Chen et al., 2018;Duncan, 2007;Lippold et al., 2015;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016) and positive parent-child interactions Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). For example, Parent et al. (2015) found that mindful parenting was negatively associated with negative parenting practices across families with children at different developmental stages, that is, preschool children, school-aged children, and adolescents. ...
... Mindful parenting has been found to be positively correlated with positive parenting styles (e.g., support, warmth, consistency, autonomy, positive response, and authoritative parenting) Geurtzen et al., 2015;Han et al., 2021;McCaffrey et al., 2017;Pan et al., 2019;Parent et al., 2015Parent et al., , 2016Wang et al., 2018) and negatively correlated with negative parenting styles (e.g., lax control, psychological control, hostility, and authoritarian parenting) (de Bruin et al., 2014;Duncan, 2007;Duncan et al., 2015;McCaffrey et al., 2017;Pan et al., 2019;Parent et al., 2015Parent et al., , 2016. In addition, mindful parenting has also been found to be positively correlated with high-quality parent-child relationships, such as parent-child positive emotions (Chen et al., 2018;Duncan, 2007;Lippold et al., 2015;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016) and positive parent-child interactions Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). For example, Parent et al. (2015) found that mindful parenting was negatively associated with negative parenting practices across families with children at different developmental stages, that is, preschool children, school-aged children, and adolescents. ...
The benefits of mindfulness are widely recognized, and it has received increasing research attention. Recently, researchers have extended the concept and practice of mindfulness to the parent–child relationship and proposed the construct of mindful parenting, that is, parenting with mindfulness. However, mindful parenting is a relatively new concept in the field of family studies, and the contents, psychometrically robust measures, outcomes, and cultivation methods of mindful parenting warrant in-depth exploration. This article presents a systematic review of mindful parenting. We first conceptualized mindful parenting by consolidating the existence of this construct. Then, we summarized various measurements to assess this construct, and reviewed theoretical models and empirical research on the roles of mindful parenting. We also illustrated the ways to enhance mindful parenting and provided current evidence regarding these methods. Further, we discussed the limitations in this field and proposed future research directions.
... Parents are one of the most important determinants in children's growth and development, serve as the role models to children in terms of the value of life, attitude and lifestyle and are the overarching resource that comes into contact with children (Sylvester, 2014;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). The definition of parenting attitude varies across scholars. ...
... In addition, parents' attitudes have been found to be an important factor in predicting health risk behaviours such as adolescent misconduct and sexual behaviour (Lee et al., 2015;Sylvester, 2014). In particular, parents' attachment or positive parenting attitudes may contribute to reducing the possibility of adolescents developing health risk behaviour (Harris et al., 2013;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). ...
... It was confirmed in this study, however, that the influences of peer relationships on health risk behaviour are reduced by having parents with positive attitudes and being conscious of one's career goals. The behaviour of the parents is one of the major factors influencing adolescents' health risk behaviour (Kwon & Wickrama, 2014), and adolescents with high levels of parental involvement in their lives are less likely to start drinking or smoking (Bae, 2016;Lee et al., 2015) and partake in sexual behaviours (Harris et al., 2013;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). The results of this study, considering the developmental model of antisocial behaviour by Patterson et al. (1989), are consistent with the findings that such influence may be indirect rather than direct, leading to other maladaptation problems (Lee & Paik, 2013). ...
Aim
This study aimed to determine whether the peer attachment of adolescents, mediated by career-related self-efficacy and having parents with positive attitudes, influences health risk behaviours.
Design
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey.
Methods
This study adopted the secondary data analysis method, using the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). The 7th-wave panel data of 1,932 first graders in high schools were analysed using structural equation modelling.
Results
The final model provided a good fit for the data. Having a close relationship with peers had a direct effect on adolescents’ health risk behaviours. High peer attachment also had an indirect effect on health risk behaviours, mediated by career-related self-efficacy and having parents with positive attitudes. Though adolescents with broad and intimate peer relationships may be exposed to more temptations towards health risk behaviours and tend to make riskier decisions, these influences are reduced by being exposed to positive parenting attitudes and having clear, conscious career goals.
... Young children often challenge their parents' authority by pushing boundaries and "acting out" by way of tantrums, and in response, parents are expected to find a balance between encouraging autonomy, maintaining boundaries and not undermining expressed emotions (Medeiros et al., 2016). The quality of the parent-adolescent relationship is also widely recognised as a protective factor in the positive development of adolescents (Benton et al., 2019;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). ...
... Furthermore, research has shown that when adolescents transition from childhood, there is a decrease in their mood state and an increase in risk-taking behaviour (Geurtzen et al., 2015). Adolescents become skilled abstract thinkers, and demand more autonomy; often spending less time with their parents and more time with their peers (Coatsworth et al., 2010;Duncan et al., 2009;Lippold et al., 2015;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). These developmental changes are reported to increase conflict in parent-adolescent interactions, potentially leading to disengagement and increased levels of familial stress (Coatsworth et al., 2010;Duncan et al., 2009). ...
... Furthermore, the relationship between mindful parenting and adolescent disclosure and parent solicitation was mediated by increases in positive affection from mothers, lower levels of parental over-control and less negative reactions to information shared by adolescents. Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) investigated parental emotional expression as a potential mechanism influencing adolescent risk behaviour through mindful parenting. Adolescents (n = 157) aged 12-14 and their mothers took part in an emotionally arousing conflict interaction. ...
Mindful parenting teaches parents to focus awareness on their thoughts, feelings and behaviours, as well as pay attention to their children in an intentional, present-centered and non-judgmental manner. Mindfulness appears to improve the quality of parenting and the parent–child relationship, as well as enhance children’s and parents' levels of resilience and psychological functioning. However, an understanding of the processes and techniques underpinning effective mindful parenting remains constrained due to methodological limitations. These limitations include an over reliance on non-experimental designs, uncontrolled studies, self-report assessments, small sample sizes mostly comprising mothers, and uncertainty with regards to the definitions and meanings of certain concepts and protocols for mindful parenting interventions. In order to examine the effectiveness of mindful parenting interventions, standards need to be established which define the meaning of mindful parenting and identify the correlates, determinants and mechanisms of change in mindful parenting over time, in order to determine modifiable factors so that interventions can be appropriately targeted to vulnerable populations. This paper discusses some of the latest research developments in mindful parenting, provides recommendations for effective mindfulness practice from a parenting context and discusses key future challenges affecting this area of mindfulness research and practice.
... Parents with higher mindful parenting displayed more positive interactions, greater warmth, and more consistent (and less harsh) discipline. Following on from this, Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) observed parents' behaviour when discussing an on-going household conflict with their 12-14-year-old adolescent. Adolescent substance use was measured as an indicator of mental health. ...
... Of the two existing studies using observational data, Duncan et al. (2009) adopted a zoomed-out approach and rated parent-youth interactions across the whole interaction for warmth, discipline, and the positive nature of interactions. Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) adopted a zoomed-in approach to identify instances of expressed shared positive affect. A zoomed-in, instancebased approach to coding the verbal content of parent-youth interactions may be ideally placed to answer further questions about the association of mindfulness and observable parenting behaviours. ...
... Our findings add to a small body of research suggesting that parent mindfulness is related to conflict discussions that support the child's internal experiences and are framed more positively. Our findings are in line with Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) who found that parent mindfulness was associated with more positive and less negative expressed emotion. Our study however examined associations of parent mindfulness with the observed, "zoomed-in" verbal content of interactions. ...
Objectives
Parental mindfulness predicts more positive and supportive parent-child interactions. However, very few studies have tested this association using independent observations of interactions or considered a link with child outcomes. The aims of the current study were to understand (1) how parental mindfulness relates to independent observation of parent-child conflict resolution discussions and (2) how parental mindfulness and conflict resolution relate to children’s symptoms of anxiety and depression.Methods
Fifty-seven parents and their 8–12-year-old children were recruited from both clinical and community settings. Dyads engaged in a conflict discussion task from which content and resolution quality were coded. Parents self-reported on their dispositional mindfulness, and children self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression.ResultsParents who rated themselves as higher in the acting with awareness facet of dispositional mindfulness were more likely to refer to their child’s positive emotions, make more positive (e.g. “you were great”) and less negative (e.g., “it was awful”) evaluations, and made fewer oppositional statements when resolving conflict. Parents who rated themselves as higher in the non-judging facet of mindfulness used more validation during conflict discussions. Mediation bootstrapping models showed support for an indirect path of acting with awareness and observing mindfulness relating to children’s symptoms of anxiety and depression, through positive evaluations. There was also support for an indirect path of observing and describing mindfulness relating to internalizing symptoms through reduced use of oppositional strategies.Conclusions
Parent dispositional mindfulness was associated with more positive and supportive conflict resolution discussions. The current findings also provide preliminary support for conflict resolution mediating a relationship between parent dispositional mindfulness and child symptoms of anxiety and depression.
... Hence, incorporating mindfulness-based approaches to parenting is an innovative application of mindfulness to address mental and physical health-related problems and parenting stress, as well as enhance the quality of Parent-Child interactions Chaplin et al., 2018;Coatsworth et al., 2015;Duncan & Shaddix, 2015;Singh et al., 2010;Tomlinson et al., 2018;Townshend et al., 2016;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Similar studies asserted that parenting training for parents of preschool children significantly reduced parenting stress and inappropriate emotional behaviors by controlling and regulating parental emotions (Havighurst et al., 2010;Wilson et al., 2012). ...
... This was an important finding since awareness and acceptance of emotions can create an opportunity to improve interpersonal and mother-child interactions and prevent weak and incompatible emotional responses caused by automatic reactions in parents. Similarly, the present results confirm previous findings on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in emotional control and parental emotion regulation (Havighurst et al., 2013;Townshend et al., 2016;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). On the other hand, it has been claimed that mindfulness-based techniques may enhance the development of parenting skills by eliminating maladaptive strategies (particularly rumination) and modifying cognitive emotion regulation strategies (especially positive reappraisal, acceptance, and putting into perspective) (Flook et al., 2010;Garland et al., 2011;Malinowski, 2013). ...
s
A growing body of evidence that supports the efficacy of mindful parenting as a suitable intervention technique to foster parenting skills and reduce the risk of parental stress. However, most of the progress has been limited to parents with children with disabilities, and there is little evidence about the effect of mindful parenting intervention involving non-clinical populations. This study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week Mindful Parenting Training (MPT) on parenting stress, Parent–Child interactions, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among mothers of typically developing preschool children. Forty mothers with high-stress levels according to Parenting Stress Index (PSI) were randomly assigned to a Mindful Parenting Training (MPT) group (n = 20) and a sham control group (n = 20). Questionnaires were administered at pretest, posttest, and eight weeks follow-up. A significant improvement was seen in parental stress, Parent–Child interactions, as well as adaptive cognitive regulation strategies in the MPT group compared with the sham control condition with large effect sizes. Moreover, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and conflicts associated with mother-child interactions decreased. All changes were maintained up to 2 months after the intervention. The results provide strong evidence that mindful parenting training is a valuable intervention for mothers referred to mental health care because of parenting stress, problems in Parent–Child interaction, and maladaptive cognitive-emotion regulation strategies.
... One of the most known and researched interpersonal applications of mindfulness is mindful parenting, which refers to the ability to bring nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness to parent-child interactions and the experiences of parenting (Duncan et al., 2009). Numerous studies found that training in mindful parenting improves the quality of parenting behaviors (Gannon et al., 2017) and reduces parental stress (see Anand et al., 2021 for a review) as well as improves parent-adolescent relationship quality, social skills and quality of life of children, and decreases children psychopathology symptoms and problem behaviors including aggressive behaviors (Bögels et al., 2014;Coatsworth et al., 2015;Dehkordian et al., 2017;Meppelink et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2006Singh et al., , 2007Singh et al., , 2010Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). In a recent study, mindful parenting training with mothers and their babies showed positive effects on both the mothers and babies (Potharst et al., 2017; for a review/meta-analysis, see Townshend et al., 2016). ...
... Similar to the self-awareness of one's internal states (second skill), Attention to and Awareness of the Other Person's states and changes in these states is crucial to accurately understand the other person's preferences and needs and therefore to adjust one's behaviors to meet others' preferences and needs. Results from mindful parenting training, which aims at increasing the parents' attunement to the child's needs (Duncan et al., 2009), have shown improvement in the quality of parenting behaviors (Gannon et al., 2017), decrease in child psychopathology and problem behaviors, and increase in their social skills (Bögels et al., 2014;Coatsworth et al., 2015;Dehkordian et al., 2017;Meppelink et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2006Singh et al., , 2007Singh et al., , 2010Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). A recent study of 2237 parents found that trait mindfulness of the parents was negatively associated with internalizing and externalizing problems in their children and that these associations were mediated by positive parenting practices (Han et al., 2019). ...
Objectives Previously developed mindfulness measures focused on its intrapersonal dimensions and did not measure the
interpersonal aspects of mindfulness. Furthermore, recently developed interpersonal mindfulness measures were either
specific to a certain context (e.g., parenting, conjugal, teaching) or omitted/minimized the role of the body in the interpersonal
dynamic. The proposed Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire (IMQ) aims to operationalize the theoretical notion
of embodied and embedded mindfulness by grounding it into four dimensions, each representing a set of skills that can be
cultivated through training and practice: (1) Detachment from the Mind, (2) Body-Anchored Presence, (3) Attention to and
Awareness of the Other Person, and (4) Mindful Responding.
Methods The IMQ subscales were developed through consultations with a panel of eight graduate students and ten experts
in the field. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the construct, internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, and
utility of the IMQ.
Results Findings from the three studies supported the proposed four subscales of IMQ and suggested that these four subscales
are independent and supported by convergent evidence. In addition, results suggested that IMQ subscales’ scores are
sensitive to meditation experience and are associated with better intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes.
Conclusions IMQ subscales are valid and are consistent with the proposed embodied and embedded conception of interpersonal
mindfulness. IMQ subscales are associated with intrapersonal mindfulness, but not strongly enough to be conceived
as the same phenomenon. Limitations, as well as theoretical and practical implications of IMQ subscales, are thoroughly
discussed.
... Außer in vier Fällen (Coatsworth et al., 2018;McKee et al., 2018;Park et al., 2019;Tak et al., 2015) handelt es sich um querschnittliche Erhebungen. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen (Medeiros et al., 2016;Moreira et al., 2018;Park et al., 2019;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016;Wang et al., 2018) arbeiten diese Studien ausschließlich mit Fragebogendaten der Eltern, erforschen aber die Wirkung achtsamer Erziehung im Hinblick auf Eltern-und Kindvariablen. ...
... B. mütterliches Engagement, Konsequenz sowie Selbstvertrauen in der Erziehung. Die einzige experimentelle Studie (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016) zeigte bezogen auf die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion, dass achtsame Erziehung mit weniger negativem Emotionsausdruck bei den Eltern in einer Konfl iktinteraktion mit ihren Kindern (N = 157, Alter 12-14 Jahre) einherging. Außerdem zeigte sich bei Eltern mit höherer Achtsamkeit in der Erziehung mehr gemeinsamer positiver Aff ekt in der Interaktionssituation. ...
Zusammenfassung. Elterliche Selbstregulation ist von großer Bedeutung für die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion und die Entwicklung des Kindes. Achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen zielen grundsätzlich auf die Verbesserung dieser Fähigkeit, indem sie neurokognitive Funktionen positiv beeinflussen. Das neuere Konzept des „Mindful Parenting“ betont vor allem Aspekte der Achtsamkeit in der Gestaltung der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung. In den letzten Jahren wurden erstmals achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen speziell für Eltern entwickelt und evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für einen positiven Effekt solcher Programme auf Eltern und Kinder. Diese können aufgrund methodischer Einschränkungen zwar nur als vorläufig gelten, lassen aber weitere Forschungsbemühungen als lohnend erscheinen.
... Arrows reflect associations described in one or more of the three models. Only bolded paths are tested in the present meta-analysis 2021; Moreira et al., 2018), and to positive child adjustment outcomes, including fewer internalizing problems (e.g., Geurtzen et al., 2015), fewer externalizing problems (e.g., Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016), positive self-evaluations such as self-esteem and self-compassion (Liu et al., 2019;Moreira et al., 2018), better social skills or social adjustment (Wong et al., 2019), better emotion regulation (Evans et al., 2020;Moreira & Canavarro, 2020;Zhang et al., 2019), and overall well-being (Medeiros et al., 2016;Moreira et al., 2018). ...
... It must be emphasized again that this analysis is exploratory and must be interpreted with caution. In fact, the lack of association between mindful parenting and children's internalizing outcomes is contrary to a wealth of literature on the topic (e.g., Geurtzen et al., 2015;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). As a key limitation to these analyses, including studies that had reported even solely on the correlation between mindful parenting and child outcomes would have been helpful in realizing a stronger conclusion. ...
Objectives
There has been increasing interest in recent years on the links between parents’ mindfulness and their parenting. The present meta-analysis systematically synthesized the research on the associations between mindfulness and mindful, positive, and negative parenting. The mediating role of mindful parenting in the indirect link between mindfulness and child outcomes was also explored using meta-structural equation modeling (meta-SEM).MethodsA systematic search was conducted for relevant literature published up to August 2020 in five databases. A total of 30 studies were identified and data were extracted. Random-effects models were used to investigate the pooled correlations. Validity of pooled correlations was analyzed by examining outliers, publication bias with trim-and-fill analyses, between-study heterogeneity, and subgroup analyses.ResultsPooled correlations were significantly positive between mindfulness and both mindful parenting (rp = .468) and positive parenting (rp = .237), and significantly negative for negative parenting (rp = − .167). Exploratory meta-SEM results indicated positive, moderate effects between mindfulness and mindful parenting, and negative, small effects between mindfulness and children’s internalizing and externalizing difficulties. However, mindful parenting did not significantly mediate the link between mindfulness and children’s difficulties.Conclusions
Given the increasing attention on mindfulness in family settings, we discuss the results in relation to existing models of mindful parenting. Directions for future research are presented, including the use of observational or child-reported parenting measures and father samples.Meta-analysis Pre-registrationosf.io/dut8a
... Recent cross-sectional work has shown that higher levels of caregiver dispositional mindfulness appear to be indirectly related to lower levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems (e.g., Geurtzen et al. 2015;Parent et al. 2010;Parent et al. 2016a, b;Han et al. 2021). Potential mechanisms explaining this link, examined cross-sectionally, are parents' emotional functioning within the parent-child relationship (Turpyn and Chaplin 2016), maternal and youth physiological stress response (Laurent et al. 2017), changes in brain regions responsible for empathy and emotion processing (May et al. 2016), positive (Han et al. 2021) and negative parenting practices (e.g., Duncan et al. 2015;Parent et al. 2010;Parent et al., 2016;Siu et al. 2016), coparenting relationship quality (Parent et al. 2014(Parent et al. , 2016b, and attachment (Medeiros et al. 2016;Siu et al. 2016). ...
... Like previous cross-sectional findings (Parent et al. 2016a), the positive cascading effect of caregiver dispositional mindful attention on youth well-being functioned primarily through reductions in negative parenting behaviors, including lower levels of hostility (e.g., yelling, intrusiveness), lax control (e.g., permissiveness, inconsistency), and physical discipline. Although mindful parenting was related to positive parenting practices including warmth and positive reinforcement, there was no support for the link between positive parenting and youth mental health, which is surprising given support in prior crosssectional studies for observed positive parenting (Parent et al. 2010;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016) as a fundamental mechanism linking parent mindfulness to youth problem behavior. Future longitudinal studies should utilize multiple methods of assessment, including observations of parenting, and multiple reporters, as well as explore indicators of youth well-being, such as prosocial behavior, as outcomes to understand the role of positive parenting better. ...
Objectives
Although much research examining youth psychopathology from an ecological family systems theoretical framework has highlighted negative or pathological parental characteristics, it is important to identify and explore beneficial parent characteristics, such as mindful attention and awareness, that may be related to youth mental health. Dispositional mindfulness has been related, in cross-sectional research, to higher levels of mindful parenting, which impacts positive and negative parenting and, in turn, offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The current study expands this work by examining associations among caregiver dispositional mindful attention, mindful parenting, parenting behaviors, and youth psychopathology in a short-term longitudinal model and by testing potential moderators.
Methods
A sample of 564 parents (60% mothers) of children between the ages of 3 and 17 reported on their dispositional mindful attention, mindful parenting, positive and negative parenting practices, and their youth’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 4 time points over a 12-month period.
Results
The structural equation model indicated that higher levels of baseline caregiver dispositional mindful attention were related to higher levels of mindful parenting at 4 months. Higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with higher levels of positive parenting and lower levels of negative parenting practices at 8 months. Finally, lower levels of negative parenting practices were related to lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 12 months. Moderator analyses suggested that all prospective associations in the model were equivalent for mothers and fathers, boys and girls, and children and adolescents.
Conclusions
Findings shed light on the importance of considering caregiver dispositional mindful attention as it relates to parenting behaviors and youth mental health.
... Due to the importance of validating IM-P with more objective parenting and parent-child interactions, some studies have employed observational measures (Duncan et al. 2015;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016). In a study by Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) in a community sample of 157 primary caregivers and their 12-to 14-year-old adolescents, the 10-item version of the IM-P was completed by the parents, and the Parent-Adolescent Interaction Task was used to measure observed parent's positive and negative emotions, and the parent-child dyad's shared positive emotion during a conflict situation between the parent and the adolescent. ...
... Due to the importance of validating IM-P with more objective parenting and parent-child interactions, some studies have employed observational measures (Duncan et al. 2015;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016). In a study by Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) in a community sample of 157 primary caregivers and their 12-to 14-year-old adolescents, the 10-item version of the IM-P was completed by the parents, and the Parent-Adolescent Interaction Task was used to measure observed parent's positive and negative emotions, and the parent-child dyad's shared positive emotion during a conflict situation between the parent and the adolescent. The IM-P was negatively associated with parents' observed negative emotion and positively associated with shared positive emotion. ...
Objectives
Growing academic interest in mindful parenting (MP) requires a reliable and valid measure for use in research and clinical setting. Because MP concerns the way parents relate to, and nurture, their children, it is important to evaluate the associations between self-reported MP and observed parenting and parent-child interaction measures.
Methods
Seventy-three mothers who experience difficulties with their young children aged 0–48 months admitted for a Mindful with your baby/toddler training (63% in a mental health care and 27% in a preventative context) were included. Mothers completed the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IM-P) and video-observations of parent-child interactions were coded for maternal sensitivity, acceptance, mind-mindedness, and emotional communication (EC).
Results
The IM-P total score was positively associated only with mothers’ gaze to the child (EC). IM-P subscale Listening with Full Attention negatively predicted non-attuned mind-mindedness, Compassion with the Child positively predicted maternal sensitivity and positive facial expression (EC), and Emotional Awareness of Self positively predicted mothers’ gaze to the child (EC) and dyadic synchrony of positive affect (EC).
Conclusions
The current study provides support for the hypothesis that the IM-P total score is predictive of maternal actual attention for the child during a face-to-face interaction. When the IM-P is administered with the aim to gain understanding of different aspects of parenting behavior and the parent-child interaction, it is important not only to employ the IM-P total score but also to incorporate the individual IM-P subscales, as meaningful associations between IM-P subscales and observed parenting and parent-child interactions were found.
... Recent cross-sectional work has shown that higher levels of parent dispositional mindfulness appear to be indirectly related to lower levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems (e.g., Geurtzen, Scholte, Engels, Tak, & van Zundert, 2015;Parent et al., 2010;Parent, McKee, Rough, & Forehand, 2016). Potential mechanisms explaining this link, examined cross-sectionally, are parents' emotional functioning within the parent-child relationship (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016), maternal and youth physiological stress response (Laurent, Duncan, Lightcap, & Khan, 2017), changes in brain regions responsible for empathy and emotion processing (May et al., 2016), positive and negative parenting practices (e.g., Duncan, Coatsworth, Gayles, Geier, & Greenberg, 2015;Parent et al., 2010;Parent, McKee, Rough et al., 2016;Siu, Ma, & Chui, 2016), coparenting relationship quality (Parent et al., 2014;Parent, McKee, Anton, Gonzalez, Jones, & Forehand, 2016), and attachment (Medeiros, Gouveia, Canavarro, & Moreira, 2016;Siu et al., 2016). ...
... Similar to previous cross-sectional findings (Parent, McKee, Rough et al., 2016), the positive cascading effect of parental mindfulness on youth well-being functioned primarily through reductions in negative parenting behaviors, including lower levels of hostility (e.g., yelling, intrusiveness), lax control (e.g., permissiveness, inconsistency), and physical discipline. Although mindful parenting impacted positive parenting practices including warmth and positive reinforcement, there was no support for the link between positive parenting and youth mental health, which is surprising given support in prior cross-section studies for observed positive parenting (Parent et al., 2010;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016) as a fundamental mechanism linking parent mindfulness to youth problem behavior. Future longitudinal studies should utilize multiple methods of assessment, including observations of parenting, as well as explore indicators of youth wellbeing, such as prosocial behavior, as outcomes to understand the role of positive parenting better. ...
Although much research examining youth psychopathology from an ecological family systems theoretical framework has highlighted negative or pathological parental characteristics, it is important to identify and explore positive parent characteristics, such as mindfulness, that may impact youth mental health. Dispositional mindfulness has been related, in cross-sectional research, to higher levels of mindful parenting, which impacts positive and negative parenting and, in turn, offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The current study expands this work by examining associations among these variables in a short-term longitudinal model and by testing potential moderators (i.e., parent and youth gender and youth developmental stage). A sample of 564 parents (60% mothers) of children between the ages of 3 and 17 reported on their mindfulness, mindful parenting, positive and negative parenting practices, and their youth’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 4 time points over a 12 month period. The structural equation model indicated that higher levels of baseline parent disposition mindfulness were related to higher levels of mindful parenting at 4 months. Higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with higher levels of positive parenting and lower levels of negative parenting practices at 8 months. Finally, lower levels of negative parenting practices were related to lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 12 months. Moderator analyses suggested that all prospective associations in the model were equivalent for mothers and fathers, boys and girls, and children and adolescents. Findings shed light on the importance of parent mindfulness as it relates to parenting behaviors and youth mental health.
... The second finding of the current study indicated that there were significant positive relationships between the individual, social, and cultural-moral dimensions and high-risk behaviors; therefore, it can be concluded that social-virtual networks provide the basis for increasing high-risk behaviors. This result is consistent with the results of a number of previous studies (8,(17)(18)(19). In a study conducted on 157 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years, Turpyn and Chaplin (17) found out that there was a significant correlation between mindfulness and high-risk behaviors. ...
... This result is consistent with the results of a number of previous studies (8,(17)(18)(19). In a study conducted on 157 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years, Turpyn and Chaplin (17) found out that there was a significant correlation between mindfulness and high-risk behaviors. Valente et al. (18), in a study on adolescents, showed that the existence of interactive networks, including social networks, had harmful effects on health and increased adoles- cents' tendency to high-risk behaviors. ...
... For example, a study of 2,237 parents found that trait mindfulness of the parents was negatively associated with internalizing and externalizing problems in their children and that these associations were mediated by supportive parenting practices (Han et al., 2019). Similarly, studies found positive effects among children whose parents received a MBP (Singh et al., 2006(Singh et al., , 2010Duncan et al., 2009;Bögels et al., 2014;Coatsworth et al., 2015;Turpyn and Chaplin, 2016). In a recent dyadic study with romantic partners, one member of each dyad was randomly assigned to meditate daily for 15 min; the other member did not meditate. ...
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, over 14% of the US population practice mindfulness meditation. The effects of mindfulness training on physical and mental health have been consistently documented, but its effects on interpersonal relationships are not yet fully understood or investigated. Interpersonal relationships play a crucial role in the wellbeing of individuals and society, and therefore, warrants further study. The aim of this paper is to present a tri-process theoretical model of interpersonal mindfulness and a study protocol to validate the proposed model. Specifically, according to the proposed model, mindfulness meditation training increases the self-awareness, self-regulation, and prosociality of those receiving the training, which ameliorates the quality of interpersonal interactions and the socioemotional support provided to other individuals. Finally, better socioemotional support increases the support receiver's ability to regulate their emotions. Using a multiphasic longitudinal design involving 640 participants randomized into 480 dyads, the proposed protocol aims to validate the tri-process model and to investigate its mechanisms of actions. The proposed study has important theoretical and social implications and will allow devising new and more effective interpersonal mindfulness programs with applications in multiple fields.
... The two original versions-brief and extended-have been widely used, proving to be suitable for assessing mindful parenting in different cultural contexts (Coatsworth et al., 2010Parent et al., 2010;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Other research has studied the psychometric properties of the scale when adapting it to other languages, such as Dutch (de Bruin et al., 2014), Portuguese (Moreira & Canavarro, 2017), Chinese (Lo et al., 2018;Pan et al., 2019), or Korean (Kim et al., 2019). ...
Objectives
The Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses mindful parenting. The scale has a brief version of 8 items and an extended version of 31 items. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Spanish versions of the IM-P.
Method
A back-translation of the IM-P was performed by two bilingual experts in the field. A factor analysis of the instrument’s brief and extended versions was conducted, and their criterion validity was examined. Two samples were used to conduct the study (Sample 1, n = 385; Sample 2, n = 303). The factorial structure of the Spanish version of the IM-P was compared to the original version and other factor structures validated in different languages.
Results
Both versions of the scale showed psychometric robustness, as well as a 4-factor factor structure. The results showed adequate validity and reliability of the short version of the scale compared to that of the original version. The extended version did not adequately fit the original factor structure, so we compared it to different factor structures. The results confirmed the 4-factor structure obtained by a study in Hong Kong, similar to that of the brief version. In addition, the different factors were correlated significantly in the expected direction with measures of mindfulness, parental affection, and parental stress.
Conclusions
Both versions of the scale showed the instrument’s adequate validity and reliability. Although further studies are needed, both the brief and extended versions of the Spanish adaptation of the IM-P seem suitable for understanding mindful parenting.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
... Important research has documented the role of emotional behaviors in adolescent-parent interactions (Allen et al., 2010;Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007;Lougheed et al., 2016;Schwartz et al., 2012;Sheeber et al., 2012). This research has demonstrated that adolescents' as well as parents' emotional behaviors during interactions play an important role in predicting adolescents' emotions, mental health symptoms, and overall well-being (Lougheed et al., 2016;Schwartz et al., 2012;Sheeber et al., 2012;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016; see also Eisenberg et al., 1998). A smaller set of studies has also demonstrated the reverse, such that adolescents' emotional behaviors can predict their parents' mental health symptoms and overall functioning (e.g., Allen et al., 2010;De Mol & Buysse, 2008). ...
Parent-child relationships are hotbeds of emotion and play a key role in mental health. The present proof-of-concept study examined facial expressions of emotion during adolescent-parent interactions and links with internalizing mental health symptoms. Neutral, negative, and positive facial expressions were objectively measured in 28 parent-adolescent dyads during three 10-min dyadic interactions. Internalizing mental health symptoms were measured using anxiety and depressive symptom questionnaires. Data were analyzed using actor-partner interdependence modeling. Results revealed that higher levels of (a) adolescents' neutral facial expressions as well as (b) parents' negative facial expressions were associated with higher levels of adolescents' mental health symptoms. Findings did not support a robust link between (c) positive expressions and mental health symptoms. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of facial expressions of emotion during parent-child interactions as behavioral correlates of adolescents' internalizing mental health symptoms, highlight the need for replication with larger samples, and suggest directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Chaplin, 2016). Moreover, although findings are somewhat mixed, mindful parenting interventions have shown promising effects on both parents' and children's psychological outcomes (for a meta-analysis, see Burgdorf et al., 2019).Most studies examining mindful parenting rely on parents' self-report. ...
Objectives
Mindful parenting and its association with children’s socio-emotional development has garnered increasing research interest in recent years, but child perspectives are little understood. Here, we introduce the development and initial validation of parallel parent- and child-reported inventories—the Mindful Parenting Inventories for Parents (MPIP) and Children (MPIC)—that aim to measure parent and child perspectives of mindful parenting, respectively.
Method
The inventories consist of 18 items comprising 4 mindful parenting subscales (Self-Regulation in Parenting, Acceptance and Compassion towards Child, Being in the Moment with Child, Awareness of Child). Following initial feasibility work, 135 mothers (Mage = 44.50 years, SDage = 5.49 years) and 90 typically developing children (Mage = 13.09 years, SDage = 1.66 years) formed a validation sample in the UK. Partial measurement invariance was supported across reporters.
Results
There were medium-to-large correlations between MPIP and MPIC total scores and subscales, and both demonstrated excellent convergent validity (associations with mothers’ dispositional mindfulness and “traditional” parenting constructs) and concurrent validity (associations with children’s internalising, externalising and prosocial behaviours and mothers’ psychological distress). Furthermore, incremental validity—predictions from MPIP/MPIC to children’s behaviours over and above maternal dispositional mindfulness and traditional parenting—was apparent.
Conclusions
The parallel MPIP and MPIC show promise for assessing mindful parenting from both parent and child perspectives.
... On the other hand, Creswell (2017) and Semple et al. (2017) noted the relationship of kindness and mindfulness. Haydicky et al. (2015) realized that mindfulness was connected to parental stress and improvement in parent child relations (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). ...
... That is, negative expression that upsets family members is regarded as an indicator of expressiveness in the FES-CV. Evidence demonstrates that such negative expression over time can lead to an inability to regulate and express negative emotions and in turn, can result in a higher possibility of delinquency (Bariola et al., 2011;Ramsden & Hubbard, 2002;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Our findings suggest that adolescents, especially those who suffer from anger issue, may benefit from emotional management programmes and social-emotional learning courses offered by schools and local communities. ...
We examined the association between perceived family environment and delinquent behaviours among Chinese adolescents. A sample of 176 middle school students (M = 13.7, SD = 0.86) completed the Chinese version of the Youth Self-Report and the Chinese version of the Family Environment Scale during their school time. Multiple regression was performed to assess the association between family environment and adolescent delinquency. Results demonstrated that a stronger family relationship was conducive to positive adolescent development. Exploratory analysis revealed that the expressiveness, conflict, independence, and control subscales were positively, and the cohesion and organization subscales were negatively associated with adolescent delinquency. Results underscore the significance of positive relationships in adolescents’ delinquent trajectory. Findings have important implications for addressing adolescent delinquency, supporting the need for a family-centred approach that includes parents, schools, and social workers.
... Ayrıca, çocuklarıyla etkileşimlerinde ortaya çıkabilecek duyguları daha iyi düzenleyebilmekte ve ebeveynlik stresiyle daha iyi başa çıkabilmektedirler (Bögels vd., 2014;Bögels & Restifo, 2014). Ebeveynlikte bilinçli farkındalığını uygulayan ebeveynler, olumlu disiplin yöntemlerini uyguladıkları çocuklarından daha olumlu bir tepki alarak duygularını etkili bir şekilde düzenlemeyi öğrenirler (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2015). ...
... Mindful parenting has been linked to positive parent outcomes, parenting behaviors, and child outcomes (for reviews see Lippold and Duncan 2018;Townshend et al. 2016b). For example, mindful parenting is associated with lower parental anxiety, stress, and self-blame for parenting challenges (Bazzano et al. 2015;Beer et al. 2013;Bögels et al. 2014;Bögels et al. 2008;Coatsworth et al. 2010;Gouveia et al. 2018Gouveia et al. , 2019Lippold et al. 2021;Minor et al. 2006;Vieten and Astin 2008) and higher levels of positive parenting strategies, including greater parental involvement, warmth, self-control, and anger management in parenting interactions (Bögels et al. 2008;Coatsworth et al. 2010;Duncan et al. 2009;Lippold et al. 2015;MacDonald and Hastings 2010;Medeiros et al. 2016;Parent et al. 2016;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016;Singh et al. 2007; Van der Oord et al. 2012;Yang et al. 2021). Mindful parenting has been associated with positive child outcomes including a lower risk for child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Bögels et al. 2014;Van der Oord et al. 2012;Parent et al. 2016;Singh et al. 2006;Van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. 2012), unhealthy eating behavior (Gouveia et al. , 2019, and child attention difficulties (Bögels et al. 2008;Van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. 2012) as well as greater child emotional regulation (Moreira et al. 2021), life satisfaction, and subjective well-being (Liu et al. 2021;Ljubetić and Ercegovac 2020). ...
Popular media attention and scientific research in both mindful parenting and technology use in the context of parenting has expanded in the 21st century; however, these two streams of research have largely evolved separately from one another. Thus, in this conceptual paper, we integrate the research on mindful parenting with that on parents’ technology use and parenting to examine how parent technology use may impact or be linked with aspects of mindful parenting. Mindful parenting theory outlines five key components: listening with full attention, self-regulation in the parent–child relationship, emotional awareness of self and child, nonjudgmental acceptance of self and child, and compassion for self and child. Parent technology use, in particular the use of mobile devices, has the potential to impact all five elements of mindful parenting. However, the relationship between mindful parenting and technology is complex, and there can be both positive and negative implications of parent technology use on mindful parenting. On the positive side, technology use might help parents regulate their emotions; access support; and develop more empathy, acceptance, and compassion for themselves and their children. Yet, parent technology use also has the potential to create distractions and disrupt parent–child interactions, which may make it more difficult for parents to listen with full attention, maintain awareness of their own and their child’s emotions, and calmly respond to child behaviors with intentionality. Technology use may also create more opportunities for social comparisons and judgement, making it more difficult for parents to accept their children nonjudgmentally and have compassion for their children as they are. Future research is needed to understand the conditions under which technology use can hinder or promote mindful parenting and how interventions can promote mindful parenting skills and a positive uses of technology.
... These findings are consistent with a growing literature on the relation between mindfulness and parental burnout [26,[52][53][54]. Indeed, mindfulness has been associated with lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among parents [43,55], with higher levels of emotion regulation [56], more effective conflict management [57], and, more generally, with better family relationships [58,59]. Furthermore, in accordance with our second hypothesis, mindfulness was shown to increase self-compassion [60] and decrease dysfunctional ruminations [61]. ...
The COVID-19 lockdown increased the day-to-day challenges faced by parents, and thereby may have increased parental burnout risk. Therefore, identifying parental burnout protection factors is essential. This study aimed to assess the protective role of the following factors which can be increased through mindfulness practice: trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and concrete vs. abstract ruminations. A total of 459 parents (Mage = 40; 98.7% female) completed self-reported questionnaires at two-time points to assess the predictive role of mindfulness on parental burnout, self-compassion and rumination type, and the mediating role of self-compassion and rumination type in the relation between mindfulness and parental burnout. Results showed that trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination type at Time 1 predicted levels of parental burnout at Time 2. Self-compassion (indirect effects: b = − 22, 95% CI = [−38, −05], p < 0.01), concrete ruminations (indirect effects: b = −20, 95% CI = [−32, −09], p < 0.001), and abstract ruminations (indirect effects: b = −0.54, 95% CI = [−71, −37], p < 0.001) partially mediated the relation between trait-mindfulness and parental burnout. These findings showed that trait mindfulness, self-compassion, and concrete (vs. abstract) ruminations may help prevent parental burnout in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results contribute to the field of research on parental burnout prevention and will allow for the development of effective approaches to mental health promotion in parents.
... Gender .23* Non-reactivity −.17* Namely, previous research has shown that mindful parenting is associated with better psychological adjustment, emotional regulation, and less risky and problematic behaviours in children and adolescents (Moreira and Canavarro 2020;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016;Geurtzen et al. 2014). For this paper, and concerning the second research question, a separate relationship between mindful parenting of fathers and mothers in relation to self-reported risky behaviours of their children was observed, since some research speaks of differences among them (Parent et al. 2016;Medeiros et al. 2016). ...
This research aimed to explore the role of parental characteristics and mindful parenting in risk behaviour of adolescents. A total of 604 participants took part in the study, out of which N = 361 were adolescents aged 13 to 18, N = 158 were their mothers, and N = 85 fathers. To achieve the aim of the research, the following questionnaires were used: The General Data Questionnaire for Adolescents and Parents, The Adolescent Risk Behaviour Questionnaire, The Family Satisfaction Scale, and The Mindful Parenting Questionnaire. The results indicated that male adolescents report more often on violent behaviour, while girls report symptoms of eating disorders and they are less satisfied with their life. Related to age, older adolescents report lower life and family satisfaction and more often normative undesirable behaviour. The family satisfaction of adolescents, as well as mindful parenting, are negatively associated with risk behaviour, while the focus of attention on the child, self-efficacy, and empathy is positively related to the satisfaction of adolescents. The results support existing knowledge in this field and have strong practical implications for prevention and treatment interventions targeting family context.
... Van der Oord and colleagues (2012) note that such parents respond more calmly to negative diabetes-related situations because they behave less automatically. Also, the results of a study by Turpyn and Chaplin (2015) revealed that careful parenting reduces negative parental emotions (e.g., crying, anger) and encourages the sharing of positive reactions (e.g., laughter) as a result of diabetes conflict. Authorative parenting style has been associated not only with better interactions between children and parents, but also with better glycaemic control, quality of life for children (Serkel-Schrama et al., 2016). ...
Background. Parent-child relationship and parenting style are very important for the child’s mental and physical health. This study was focused on investigating the association between mothers’ parenting style (PS) and their children’s with type I diabetes (T1DM) disease management. We hypothesized that mothers’ PS interact with their children’s T1DM outcomes.
Methods. One hundred thirty-one mothers, the main caregivers of their diabetic children, filled in the parenting style and demographic questionnaires. The indicator of diabetes management was Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) – the main form of glycosylated haemoglobin. PS scales and subscales were associated with glycaemic management indices. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied for the assessment of the association between mothers’ PS and their children’s with T1DM disease management.
Results. While logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate statistically significant interaction of T1DM management and mothers’ PS scales and subscales, cluster analysis showed that in the confrontation with T1DM, the relationships between children and parents were dominated by negative elements of PS: lack of emotional warmth, support, reasoning and especially democratic participation.
Conclusion. Children’s T1DM management and their mothers’ PS scales and subscales did not demonstrate statistically significant interaction. PS negative elements dominate in mothers’ upbringing: lack of emotional warmth, support, reasoning and especially democratic participation.
Keywords: type 1 diabetes, parenting skills, parenting style, diabetes management.
... Cultivating mindfulness and compassion in daily parenting activities may inhibit parenting reactions based on strong negative emotions, enabling parents to choose behaviors consistent with their intentions (Bögels & Restifo, 2014). Evidence shows that parents who score higher in mindful parenting adopt more positive parenting practices, which include better parent-child communication (Lippold et al., 2015), more authoritative parenting rather than authoritarian parenting (Gouveia et al., 2016), and more positive emotions during parent-child conflicts (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Parents who score high in mindful parenting also have fewer psychopathological symptoms and less parental stress (Moreira & Canavarro, 2018). ...
Objectives
The present study is aimed at investigating the effects and mechanisms of the Mindful Parenting Program (MPP) on the stress of Chinese parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods
A total of 113 Chinese parents of children with ADHD were randomly assigned to the MPP group (n = 58) or the treatment as usual (TAU) waitlist-control group (n = 55). The following parameters were assessed at baseline and posttreatment: parental stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as general mindfulness, mindful parenting, and self-compassion. Each child’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral/emotional symptoms were also measured.
Results
The MPP group showed significantly greater amelioration of parental stress (F = 8.79, p = .004, effect size d =0.44) compared with that of the TAU waitlist-control group after eight weeks. The MPP group also showed greater improvements in parental general mindfulness (F = 11.40, p < .001, effect size d = 0.56) and self-compassion (F = 17.83, p < .001, effect size d = 0.62), but not mindful parenting (F = 2.32, p = 0.131), compared to those of the TAU group. Improvements in general mindfulness and parental self-compassion mediated the effect of the Mindful Parenting Program on parental stress at posttreatment, with effect sizes of 0.46 and 0.46, respectively. For the MPP completers, improvements in general parental mindfulness, parental self-compassion, and mindful parenting correlated with improvements in their children’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral symptoms. Correlation between the total practice times and outcome improvements was nonsignificant.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the Mindful Parenting Program may be effective for ameliorating parental stress among Chinese parents of children with ADHD.
Trial Registration
Clinical Trial Registration: https:// www.chictr.org.cn; ChiCTR1800019215
... Third, mindfulness training can help parents become less judgmental of and more compassionate towards their adolescent, and towards themselves as parents, which may improve parenting and parent-adolescent relationship quality and, through this, may prevent adolescent SU and psychopathology symptoms. Consistent with this, higher levels of self-reported dispositional mindful parenting (e.g., low reactivity, high compassion in parenting) are correlated with more positive emotion in parenting and less negative parenting behavior (de Bruin et al., 2014;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016) and lower externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children (e.g., Geurtzen et al., 2015;Parent et al., 2016). ...
Substance use and psychopathology symptoms increase in adolescence. One key risk factor for these is high parent stress. Mindfulness interventions reduce stress in adults and may be useful to reduce parent stress and prevent substance use (SU) and psychopathology in adolescents. This study tested the feasibility and effects of a mindfulness intervention for parents on adolescent SU and psychopathology symptoms. Ninety-six mothers of 11–17 year olds were randomly assigned to a mindfulness intervention for parents (the Parenting Mindfully [PM] intervention) or a brief parent education [PE] control group. At pre-intervention, post-intervention, 6-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up, adolescents reported on SU and mothers and adolescents reported on adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Primary intent to treat analyses found that the PM intervention prevented increases in adolescent SU over time, relative to the PE control group. The PM intervention also prevented increases in mother-reported externalizing symptoms over time relative to the PE control group. However, PM did not have a significant effect on internalizing symptoms. PM had an indirect effect on adolescent-reported externalizing symptoms through greater mother mindfulness levels at post-intervention, suggesting mother mindfulness as a potential intervention mechanism. Notably, while mothers reported high satisfaction with PM, intervention attendance was low (31% of mothers attended zero sessions). Secondary analyses with mothers who attended > = 50% of the interventions (n = 48) found significant PM effects on externalizing symptoms, but not SU. Overall, findings support mindfulness training for parents as a promising intervention and future studies should work to promote accessibility for stressed parents.Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT02038231; Date of Registration: January 13, 2014
... Adaptive parenting is not only related to less expressed negative emotions (Niehaus et al., 2019;Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016), but also to more positive emotions (Hajal et al., 2019;Julian et al., 2018). Unfortunately, negative and positive emotions rarely are studied in tandem, nor always with parenting context in mind. ...
Parenting skills consistently relate to positive adaptation in research on children experiencing homelessness. Emerging evidence suggests that emotional reactivity, expression, and regulation play a critical role in adaptive parenting behaviors. Studies of emotional reactivity in parents utilize different methods, including self-report, observations, and physiological measures. However, these methods are rarely evaluated together, particularly among disadvantaged families. The present study examined how subjective (i.e., self-report), observed, and physiological measures of parent emotional reactivity relate to each other and to observed parenting behaviors in parent-child interaction tasks comprised of problem-solving and teaching tasks. Participants included fifty 4- to 7-year-old children and their caregivers staying in an emergency homeless shelter. Observed and subjective emotional reactivity were largely uncorrelated, except in the case of positive emotions during problem-solving tasks. Adaptive parenting behavior was predicted by lower subjective and observed negative emotions and higher observed positive emotions during the problem-solving tasks, as well as higher observed positive emotions during the teaching tasks. Physiological reactivity did not relate to parenting behaviors across all tasks. Results suggest differential associations of varying indicators of emotional reactivity with parenting skills in different ways, depending on the type of parent-child interaction. Findings also suggest that positive emotional expression supports adaptive parenting behaviors in an emergency shelter setting.
... Emotion dysregulation in children with and without ADHD is associated with increased anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and risk taking behaviors such as alcohol and substance use in adolescence (Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009). Our findings extend previous research demonstrating an association between MP and reduced risk taking behaviors in teens (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Together, the findings indicate that the relationship between MP and children's self-regulation may emerge in childhood, translating into risky health behaviors later in adolescence. ...
Objective:
Mindfulness is defined as paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally and these behaviors can be applied to parenting. Thus far, it is not understood whether mindful parenting (MP) differs in parents of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and how MP relates to other parenting practices and children's self-regulation.
Methods:
This study examined the relationships between MP, parenting behaviors and children's self-regulation in 120 families with child ADHD (85% male; mean age = 11.93) and 105 control families (62% male; mean age = 11.98). Parents completed measures of MP (Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale), parenting behaviors (parenting warmth, consistency, and anger assessed with the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children measures), psychological distress (Kessler 6), and children's self-regulation (Social Skills Improvement System-self-control subscale).
Results:
When compared with controls, parents of children with ADHD reported significantly lower MP. Higher MP was associated with lower levels of parent psychological distress, higher levels of parenting warmth and consistency, lower levels of parenting anger, and higher child emotion self-regulation in both groups. In mediation analyses, MP was indirectly associated with child emotion self-regulation through lower parenting anger, with the model accounting for 55% of the variance in child self-regulation.
Conclusions:
MP is a useful construct for understanding parent behaviors, and children's emotion self-regulation.
... However, in an all parent-reported study, mindful parenting was negatively correlated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of children and adolescents (Parent et al. 2016). Parent-reported mindful parenting has also been crosssectionally related to adolescent-reported substance use and sexual risk behaviors (Turpyn and Chaplin 2016). ...
Objectives
Mindful parenting has been proposed as a contributing factor for reducing psychological problems in children. However, mixed results regarding the association between mindful parenting and child psychological problems suggest that the benefits could be moderated by children’s characteristics. This study, based on differential susceptibility to parenting models, aims to examine whether child dispositional mindfulness profiles can moderate the impact of mindful parenting, so that children with a poorer dispositional mindfulness profile benefit more when their parents present a mindful parenting style.
Method
A total of 348 parents and their adolescent children participated in a two-wave longitudinal study with a 1-year interval. Parents answered measures of mindful parenting (mindful discipline and being in the moment with the child), and children answered measures of dispositional mindfulness, depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, and peer victimization. The adolescents were classified according to their dispositional mindfulness profiles.
Results
Mindful discipline predicted reduced depressive symptoms, aggression, and victimization after 1 year, whereas, being with the child only predicted reduced depressive symptoms. The results showed an interaction effect, according to which adolescents with poor dispositional mindfulness (i.e., high scores in observing and low scores in nonjudging and acting with awareness) benefited more from mindful parenting.
Conclusions
Adolescents with a poor dispositional mindfulness profile benefit the most from mindful parenting. Adolescents with an adequate mindfulness profile tend to show lower levels of aggression and depressive symptoms, regardless of whether their parents exhibit a mindful parenting style.
... For example, Geurtzen, Scholte, Engels, Tak, and van Zundert (2015) found that, at a correlational level, adolescents' depressive and anxiety symptoms were negatively related to mindful parenting dimensions, and Parent et al. (2016) found that mindful parenting was negatively correlated both to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of children and adolescents. Mindful parenting has also been related to adolescent health-related risk behaviors, including substance use and sexual risk behaviors (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). Similarly, mindful parenting was also positively cross-sectionally related to children's well-being (Medeiros et al., 2016;Moreira et al., 2018;Tak, Van Zundert, Kleinjan, & Engels, 2015). ...
Background:
The Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) is a self-report instrument to measure how much parents practice mindful parenting. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MIPQ.
Method:
A total of 271 parents of adolescents completed the MIPQ along with questionnaires about their mindfulness trait, parenting style, and their children´s resilience and symptoms of depression. Their adolescent children completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms, their perception of their parents´ parenting style, and their perceived stress.
Results:
Factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline. Moreover, the MIPQ showed good internal consistency and was related to parent´s dispositional mindfulness and positive parenting as well as to adolescents’ resilience and (negatively) to their depressive symptoms.
Conclusion:
The Spanish version of the MIPQ exhibits good psychometric properties and is an easily applicable test for the assessment of mindful parenting.
... For instance, McKee et al. (2017) found that higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with more supportive emotion socialization practices (i.e., greater encouragement of children's emotional expression, more emotion-focused responses, such as comforting the child, and more problem-focused responses, such as helping the child solve a problem) and fewer nonsupportive practices (i.e., minimization of child distress, punitive reactions, and experience of distress) when the child expressed negative emotions. In addition, Turpyn and Chaplin (2016) showed that higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with less parental negative emotion and greater shared positive emotion with the adolescent in a parent-adolescent interaction task that consisted of an emotionally arousing conflict discussion, which suggests that mindful parents are better able to regulate their emotions and behaviors in stressful parenting situations. ...
The acquisition and mastery of emotion regulation is one of the most important developmental tasks of adolescence. Difficulties in regulating emotions are one of the most robust risk factors for the development of difficulties and psychopathology. This study investigates whether a mindful parenting style is associated with adolescent’s difficulties in emotion regulation and whether adolescents’ self-compassion and psychological inflexibility mediate this association. This study also explores gender and age differences in study variables and the moderating role of adolescents’ gender and stage of adolescence in the mediation model. A total of 375 mother-adolescent dyads participated in the study. The adolescents had a mean age of 14.19 years (SD = 1.67; range = 12–19 years) and 59.5% were girls. The mindful parenting dimensions of compassion for the child and nonjudgmental acceptance of parental functioning were indirectly associated with difficulties in emotion regulation through self-compassion, whereas the mindful parenting dimension of listening with full attention was indirectly associated with difficulties in emotion regulation through psychological inflexibility. Some associations were only significant for girls. These findings suggest that mindful parenting is a possible vehicle to foster adaptive emotion regulation in adolescents by facilitating their self-compassion and psychological flexibility.
... In recent years, there has been growing interest in understanding how the third generation of cognitive-behavioral approaches, particularly mindfulness-and acceptance-based approaches, can contribute to the design of more efficacious parenting interventions (Bögels et al., 2014;Coatsworth et al., 2014;Kirby, 2016;Whittingham and Coyne, 2019) and to a better understanding of parenting behaviors and the parent-child relationship (Brassell et al., 2016;Parent et al., 2016). For instance, it has been proposed that bringing mindful attention to parent-child interactions may improve the quality of parenting Potharst et al., 2018), foster a more positive parentchild relationship (Medeiros et al., 2016;Chaplin et al., 2018), and promote better psychological functioning in children and their parents (Meppelink et al., 2016;Parent et al., 2016;Turpyn and Chaplin, 2016). Other psychological processes, such as (self-)compassion and acceptance, have also shown to play an important role in the way parents think and feel about parenting and in the way they interact with and relate to their children (Moreira et al., 2015;Brassell et al., 2016;Kirby, 2016;. ...
... This model builds on prior descriptions of mindful parenting by highlighting the importance of compassion towards the self and the child and acceptance of perceived failures in communication (Duncan et al. 2009). Practicing mindfulness may improve parents' awareness of their children's needs and create an atmosphere that is conducive to positive and satisfying family interactions (Coatsworth et al. 2014;Duncan et al. 2009), which may lead to reductions in problem behavior and psychopathology for youth (Parent et al. 2016;Turpyn and Chaplin 2016). Research has shown that mindfulness training for parents has an impact on children's behavior, leading to reductions in aggression and increases in compliance among children with autism, developmental disabilities, and ADHD (Singh et al. 2006(Singh et al. , 2007(Singh et al. , 2010(Singh et al. , 2019. ...
Objectives
Major components of mindfulness, such as the development of empathy and compassion and the sharing of experience between people, necessitate a consideration of interpersonal relationships. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on interpersonal mindfulness to-date and present a new way to conceptualize and measure mindfulness as it is cultivated and developed in interpersonal relationships.
Methods
We reviewed empirical literature on mindfulness in relationships and current conceptualizations and measures of mindfulness. Specifically, we focused attention on mindfulness in parenting and how cultivation of mindfulness impacts the parent–child interactions.
Results
Empirical investigations of mindfulness have largely centered on the intrapersonal and have rarely involved both intra- and interpersonal components of human experience. Further, although mindfulness is thought to involve the moment-to-moment awareness of human experience as it unfolds over time, empirical studies rarely measure mindfulness as a dynamic construct.
Conclusions
We suggest that dynamic systems theory can provide a useful framework in understanding how mindfulness both organizes and is organized by interpersonal interactions. We discuss several ways in which dynamic systems theory can inform the conceptualization of mindfulness as a process that takes place both within and between individuals. Finally, we present examples of how fine-grained and time-varying methods rooted in dynamic systems theory and currently utilized in human development research can be applied to understanding how mindfulness is manifested within close interpersonal relationships.
... For example, The mindful parenting program (Altmaier and Maloney 2007) helps reduce parental reactivity and increase intentional actions that increase awareness and connectedness, while mindfulness-enhanced strengthening families program (Coatsworth et al. 2010) improve parents' ability to pay attention and actively listen to their children. There is evidence that mindful parenting can reduce parents' expression of negative emotion during negative interactions and depressive symptoms (Turpyn and Chaplin 2016) and are related to more positive parenting practices (Parent et al. 2016b). Indirectly, there is evidence that mindful parenting may help to improve parent-child communication (Lippold et al. 2015) and may be related to parents' perceptions of their child's behavior (Williams and Wahler 2010). ...
Objective
Nearly 2.5 million service members have served on a deployment with a child at home since 2001. While deployment and reintegration (i.e., when the service member returns home) can negatively impact parenting practices, mindfulness strategies offer a new approach for coping with the stress and uncertainty associated with the deployment cycle. The objective of this paper is to further expand professionals’ understanding of how mindfulness can assist military parents. This paper explores the link between mindfulness practices and positive parenting outcomes, and uses the military reintegration period as a context for suggestions as to how professionals can incorporate mindfulness in their work with military families.
Methods
This comprehensive literature review outlines the research supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness techniques as they apply to parenting.
Results
This literature review offered key practices of mindful parenting (i.e., listening with full attention, nonjudgmental acceptance of self and child, compassion for self and others, self-regulation in the parenting relationship, and emotional awareness of self and child). This information was then applied within the context of three challenges military parents’ encounter during reintegration: renegotiating family roles and responsibilities, reconnecting with children, and managing changes in mental health.
Conclusion
Military families live both on and off bases throughout the USA and internationally. It is critical that those professionals who work with these families understand the unique contexts that these families encounter and continue to incorporate new tools and resources (e.g., mindfulness) that best serve each of these families.
... There is some evidence that mindful parenting is associated with less parenting stress (Beer et al., 2013;Bögels and Restifo, 2014;Gouveia et al., 2016;, more positive parenting styles and practices (Williams and Wahler, 2010;de Bruin et al., 2014;Gouveia et al., 2016;Parent et al., 2016b;Moreira and Canavarro, 2017), and a more secure attachment relationship between the parents and the child (Medeiros et al., 2016;. Mindful parenting was also shown to be associated with several positive outcomes for children and adolescents, such as lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems (Geurtzen et al., 2015;Parent et al., 2016b), greater psychosocial wellbeing (Medeiros et al., 2016), and a lower likelihood of substance use (Turpyn and Chaplin, 2016). In addition, interventions aimed at promoting the development of mindful parenting skills (e.g., Bögels and Restifo, 2014) proved to be highly effective in reducing parenting stress and promoting positive parenting practices and the psychological adjustment of parents and children in different groups of parents (e.g., Singh et al., 2006Singh et al., , 2007van der Oord et al., 2012;Potharst et al., 2017). ...
Aims: The aims of the current study are to examine whether parents’ work-family conflict, emotional distress (anxiety/depressive symptoms and parenting stress) and mindful parenting vary according to the type of employment (full-time, part-time, and occasional), the type of work schedule (fixed, flexible, and shift), and the number of working hours per week and to explore whether parental emotional distress mediates the association between work-family conflict and mindful parenting dimensions.
Methods: A sample of 335 employed parents (86.3% mothers) of children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 19 years old completed a sociodemographic form and measures of work-family conflict, anxiety/depression symptoms, parenting stress, and mindful parenting. The differences in study variables among types of employment, work schedules and number of weekly working hours were analyzed. A path model was tested through structural equation modeling in AMOS to explore the indirect effect of work-family conflict on mindful parenting dimensions through anxiety, depression and parenting stress. The invariance of the path model across children’s age groups (toddlers, preschool and grade school children, and adolescents) and parents’ gender was also examined.
Results: Parents with a shift work schedule, working full-time and 40 h or more per week, presented significantly higher levels of work-family conflict than those with a fixed or flexible schedule, working part-time and less than 40 h per week, respectively. Parents with a flexible work schedule presented significantly higher levels of self-regulation in parenting and of non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning than parents with a shift work schedule. Higher levels of work-family conflict were associated with lower levels of mindful parenting dimensions through higher levels of anxiety/depression symptoms and parenting stress. The model was invariant across children’s age groups and parents’ gender.
Discussion: Work-family conflict is associated with poorer parental mental health and with less mindful parenting. Workplaces should implement family-friendly policies (e.g., flexible work arrangements) that help parents successfully balance the competing responsibilities and demands of their work and family roles. These policies could have a critical impact on the mental health of parents and, consequently, on their parental practices.
... Mindful parenting was found to be positively related to children's well-being ( Medeiros et al. 2016) and negatively correlated with their symptomatology, which includes internalizing and externalizing problems (Geurtzen et al. 2015;Parent et al. 2016b) and risk behaviors (Turpyn and Chaplin 2016). Intervention programs integrating mindfulness with parenting can decrease children's psychopathology ( Bögels et al. 2014;Coatsworth et al. 2010). ...
Objectives
The Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale is a 31-item self-report measure to assess mindful parenting, and has been revised into a Dutch, Portuguese, and Hong Kong version. The aim of this research was to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IM-P-C) in Mainland China.
Methods
The Chinese version was translated from the original English version in the preliminary study. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance analysis across gender, test-retest reliability were examined consecutively in study 1 (n = 183), 2 (n = 294), and 3 (n = 48). In study 4, its factor structure was examined in a clinical sample (n = 288).
Results
A four-factor structure was found in study 1 and the scale scores showed adequate internal consistency. The four-factor structure was confirmed with a new sample in study 2. Measurement invariance analysis across gender suggested that both fathers and mothers interpreted the IM-P-C in a similar manner. Significant correlations were found between the IM-P-C and measures of over-reactivity, parental warmth, anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, and dispositional mindfulness. In study 3, results exhibited temporal stability over a period of 2 weeks. In study 4, the IM-P-C was validated in parents of children with autism.
Conclusions
The present research demonstrated that mindful parenting in a Chinese population can be measured through the assessment of four dimensions (Interacting with Full Attention, Compassion and Acceptance, Self-regulation in Parenting, Emotional Awareness of Child) and confirmed that the Chinese version is an adequate measure for the studies of mindful parenting in Mainland China.
... Parents also help reduce their children's risk for substance use when they communicate specifically about the risks of adolescent substance use (Miller-Day & Kam, 2010). Messages with less confrontation and criticism are more likely to be received (Turpyn & Chaplin, 2016). ...
The primary goal of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of family-based prevention science. We adopt a developmental perspective, highlighting aspects of basic, family, and applied developmental sciences from birth through adolescence. We illustrate distinct family and parenting practices at different developmental stages and focus our attention on family processes associated with substance use and interventions designed to alter them. Our aims are to (1) review aspects of family functioning and parenting practices that serve as risk or protective processes for healthy youth development and as targets for family-based preventive interventions, (2) review evidence supporting the efficacy of family-based prevention programs for reducing substance use, (3) briefly illustrate exemplary family-based interventions, and (4) highlight some key challenges to effective implementation or testing of these programs and provide some directions for future research.
Parenthood is one of the most significant and gratifying life experiences, but it is also one of the most challenging and demanding tasks. High levels of parenting stress are increasingly prevalent in modern society, and almost all parents experience some degree of parenting stress at some point in their lives. Parenting stress has a profoundly negative impact on parental behaviors and, consequently, can seriously affect children’s emotional, social, and cognitive development. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify and better understand modifiable protective factors that can help parents better cope with the demands and challenges of parenting and experience lower levels of parenting stress. Self-compassion is an important modifiable psychological resource that can help parents feel less stress in their relationships with their children and better deal with negative emotions in this context. Self-compassion can also promote more mindful and compassionate parenting, which is known to be associated with more positive parenting behavior and better adjustment of the child at various levels. In this chapter, we will review the empirical evidence that supports the role of self-compassion in parenting. Next, we propose a conceptual model that describes how incorporating self-compassion and mindfulness into the parent–child relationship can help parents adopt more positive parenting behaviors and experience less parental stress. We further propose that this approach contributes to a child’s secure attachment and the development of important internal resources (e.g., self-compassion, emotional regulation) and, consequently, to a better child’s mental health. The empirical evidence that supports the links established in the model is thoroughly discussed.KeywordsParentingSelf-compassionMindfulnessParentsChildren
The chapter focuses on bringing mindfulness into the parent-child relationship. The concept of mindfulness is discussed and its dimensions are examined as having an impact on effective parenting and a harmonious relationship between the parent and child. A model of mindful parenting emphasizing on the social context of parent-child relationship is described. The chapter highlights the significance of mindful parenting which includes being mindful to one's self as well as being mindful of the relationship between the parent and child, indicating a shift from doing mode to being mode. Thus, mindful parenting requires the parent to be mindful of the parent-child relationship itself rather than considering parenting as a task to be carried out and just doing or acting in this relationship. Infusing mindfulness into the dynamics of the parent-child relationship will usher in the well-being of both child and parent.
In this article, we highlight the important ideas that have emerged from research on parenting and adolescent development over the past decade. Beginning with research on authoritative parenting, we examine key elements of this parenting style and its influence across diverse contexts and populations. We turn our attention to four topics that have generated much research in the past decade: (1) how parenting contributes to adolescent peer and romantic relationships; (2) the impact of parenting on adolescent brain development; (3) gene-environment interactions in parenting research; and (4) parents’ involvement in adolescents’ social media use. We discuss contemporary challenges and ways parents can promote healthy development. We consider the integration of research, practice, and policy that best supports parents and adolescents.
Parents are key protective systems in the lives of children experiencing homelessness. Evidence suggests that parent emotional reactivity, expression, and regulation play a critical role in promoting adaptive parenting behaviors. Studies of emotional reactivity in parents utilize different methods, including self-report, observations, and physiological measures. However, these methods are rarely evaluated together, particularly among disadvantaged families. The present study examined how subjective (i.e., self-report), observed, and physiological measures of parent emotional reactivity relate to each other and to observed parenting behaviors in problem-solving and teaching parent-child interaction tasks. Participants included fifty 4- to 7-year-old children and their caregivers staying in an emergency homeless shelter. Observed and subjective emotional reactivity were largely uncorrelated, except for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks. Adaptive parenting behavior was related to lower scores on measures of subjective and observed negative emotions and higher observed scores for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks, as well as higher observed scores of positive emotions during teaching tasks. Physiological reactivity was not related to parenting behaviors. Results suggest that associations of emotional reactivity with parenting behavior depend on the context of the parent-child interaction and how emotional reactivity is measured. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Based on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, the data of 114 employees of a commercial bank and their spouses were collected by experience sampling methodology. The results showed that, at the within-person level, employee mindfulness was positively related to their spouse family satisfaction and work engagement the next morning via employee strategic emotional connecting display. Spouse family negative emotional expression at the between-person level moderated the relationship between employee mindfulness and employee strategic emotional connecting display, and the mediating effect of employee strategic emotional connecting display; that is, the higher level the spouse family negative emotional expression, the weaker the effects of employee mindfulness on employee strategic emotional connecting display and the mediating effect of employee strategic emotional connecting display.
A growing body of research supports the importance of ACT's therapeutic targets (i.e., dimensions of psychological flexibility and inflexibility) for promoting individual wellbeing. The current systematic review and meta-analysis extended that work by examining how specific dimensions of psychological flexibility and inflexibility are linked to family and romantic relationship functioning. Drawing from the ACT, mindfulness, and emotion regulation literatures, 5006 records were initially identified via PsychInfo, Web of Science, and Google Scholar searches, resulting in a final set of 174 papers representing 203 distinct samples (95 romantic relationship samples, 101 family samples, and 7 samples evaluating both romantic relationship and family functioning), yielding a combined sample of 43,952 total subjects. Although the review was unable to identify sufficient numbers of studies to meta-analyze the relationship and family correlates of a subset of flexibility dimensions (contact with values, committed action, experiential avoidance, fusion, lack of contact with values, inaction), the review identified sufficient studies to meta-analyze the correlates of: acceptance, present moment awareness/mindfulness, cognitive defusion, self-as-context, global flexibility, lack of present moment awareness, self-as-content, and global inflexibility. Correspondingly, a total of 840 effects were extracted from the original studies, ultimately yielding 137 meta-analytic effects (using random effects models) that show a range of effect sizes (−0.51 to 0.61). Within families, higher levels of various forms of parental flexibility were linked to: (1) greater use of adaptive parenting strategies, (2) lower use of lax, (3) harsh, and (4) negative parenting strategies, (5) lower parenting stress/burden, (6) greater corresponding family cohesion, and (7) lower child internalizing and (8) externalizing symptoms. Within romantic relationships, higher levels of various forms of psychological inflexibility were linked to: (1) lower relationship satisfaction for themselves and (2) their partners, (3) lower sexual satisfaction and (4) emotional supportiveness, as well as (5) higher negative conflict, (6) physical aggression, (7) attachment anxiety, and (8) attachment avoidance. Taken as a set, these results suggest that psychological flexibility and inflexibility may play key roles both in couples and families to shape how individuals interact with the people closest to them.
Menjadi orang tua memiliki tanggung jawab yang cukup besar dalam mendidik anak. Usia orang tua milenial, rata-rata berkisar usia 36 tahun kebawah. Sebagai orang tua di zaman ini, banyak masih mengacu terhadap nilai-nilai yang diajarkan oleh orang tuanya dahulu, akan tetapi berbeda dalam penerapannya. Namun, dalam penerapannya belum tentu semudah dibayangkan, terlebih dua orang yang memberikan pengasuhan yaitu ayah dan ibu yang belum sama dalam penerapannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan pengasuhan berkesadaran antara ayah dan ibu era milineal. Metode penelitian dengan kuantitatif, dengan teknik sampling perposive sampling dengan jumlah subjek sebanyak 100 orang, karakteristik sampling ialah, orang tua (ayah atau ibu) memiliki anak usia (0-11 tahun), usia kelahiran sekitar tahun 1982 hingga 2000. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah skala pengasuhan berkesadaran menurut Duncan, Coatsworth, dan Greenberg (2009) mendengarkan dengan penuh perhatian, penerimaan diri anak tanpa menghakimi, kesadaran emosi terhdap anak, pengaturan diri dalam pengasuhan, kasih sayang terhadap diri dan anak. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunadakan teknik uji beda (t-test) dengan bantuan program statisitik SPSS. Hasil dari penelitan ini menunjukkan nilai t = -0.843, dengan taraf signifikansi penelitian bernilai 0.075 (p > .05), yang artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan pengasuhan berkesadaran antara ayah dan ibu milenial.
Résumé
L’angoisse excessive ou pathologique de l’enfant représente un objet courant de consultation pédopsychiatrique, qu’il soit initié par les membres de l’entourage familial ou par les professionnels de l’enfance. Il n’est guère toujours aisé de distinguer l’angoisse existentielle que tout enfant appréhende au cours de son développement de celle qui prend un accent délétère, dommageable à son épanouissement. L’article propose de se pencher sur les troubles anxieux chez l’enfant en rappelant quelques définitions et manifestations cliniques avant d’ouvrir la question de la place de la pleine conscience dans l’abord thérapeutique. La pleine conscience en tant qu’approche non invasive nous apparaît intéressante dans les troubles anxieux chez l’enfant et ce dans une triple finalité. Elle permet d’abord de mettre le jeune patient en confiance dans la perspective de l’établissement d’un lien transférentiel. Par ailleurs, cette technique contient en soi un effet anxiolytique non négligeable dont les répercussions positives dépassent la seule personne de l’enfant concerné. Enfin, comme cette première approche thérapeutique s’avère à la fois surprenante, attrayante, engageante, l’enfant accepte plus volontiers de poursuivre la démarche de traitement.
Mengasuh anak yang mengalami retardasi mental berhubungan dengan munculnya permasalahan fisik dan psikologis pada ibu. Hal ini meningkatkan munculnya afek negatif yang tinggi. Intervensi dengan berbasis mindfulness terbukti dapat membantu untuk meningkatkan kebahagiaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh program “Mindful Parenting” untuk menurunkan afek negatif pada ibu yang memiliki anak retardasi mental. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain one-group pretest-posttest design. Pengukuran afek negatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan skala afek negatif. Program “Mindful Parenting” diikuti oleh sepuluh ibu yang memiliki anak retardasi mental. Partisipan mengikuti mengikuti delapan sesi program “Mindful parenting” dalam empat kali pertemuan. Analisis dengan menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan (Z= -2,312, p = 0,01). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa program “Mindful Parenting” dalam penelitian ini terbukti dapat menurunkan afek negatif pada ibu yang memiliki anak dengan retardasi mental..
Monitoring sexual activity and contraceptive use among U.S. adolescents is important for understanding differences in their risk of pregnancy. In 2013, the U.S. birth rate for teenagers aged 15-19 dropped 57% from its peak in 1991 (1), paralleling a decline in the teen pregnancy rate (1-2). But these rates are still higher than those in other developed countries (3-4). Using data from the 1988 to 2011-2013 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this report provides trends and recent national estimates of sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing among teenagers aged 15-19.
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.
The primary purpose of the current study was to test a model examining the process by which parent dispositional mindfulness relates to youth psychopathology through mindful parenting and parenting practices. The universality of the model across youth at three developmental stages was examined: young childhood (3-7 years; n = 210), middle childhood (8-12 years; n = 200), and adolescence (13-17 years; n = 205). Overall, participants were 615 parents (55 % female) and one of their 3-to-17 year old children (45 % female). Parents reported on their dispositional mindfulness, mindful parenting, positive and negative parenting practices and their child's or adolescent's internalizing and externalizing problems. Consistent findings across all three developmental stages indicated that higher levels of parent dispositional mindfulness were indirectly related to lower levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems through higher levels of mindful parenting and lower levels of negative parenting practices. Replication of these findings across families with children at different developmental stages lends support to the generalizability of the model.
Previous studies have showed that traditional parenting dimensions (e.g., responsiveness, behavioral control, psychological control, and autonomy support) are related to adolescents’ internalizing problems. The current study examined mindful parenting, a new approach to parenting based on the principles of mindfulness. Mindful parenting as operationalized in the present study consisted of six dimensions: listening with full attention, compassion for the child, non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning, emotional non-reactivity in parenting, emotional awareness of the child, and emotional awareness of self. These six mindful parenting dimensions were assumed to be associated with adolescents’ symptoms of depression and anxiety while controlling for traditional parenting dimensions and parental symptoms of depression and anxiety. The sample consisted of 901 adolescents (46.8 % girls, M
age = 13.4 years) and their parents (94.2 % biological mothers, M
age = 45.2 years). Results showed that of the six mindful parenting dimensions, only the dimension non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning was significantly associated with adolescents’ internalizing problems. This means that children of parents who reported higher levels of non-judgmental acceptance of their own functioning as a parent reported fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety. These findings indicate that in future parenting research and practices, it is relevant to take parental thoughts, feelings, and attitudes with regard to their own role as a parent into account when studying the association between parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems.
We evaluated the efficacy of a mindful parenting program for changing parents' mindfulness, child management practices, and relationships with their early adolescent youth and tested whether changes in parents' mindfulness mediated changes in other domains. We conducted a pilot randomized trial with 65 families and tested an adapted version of the Strengthening Families Program: For Parent and Youth 10-14 that infused mindfulness principles and practices against the original program and a delayed intervention control group. Results of pre-post analyses of mother and youth-report data showed that the mindful parenting program generally demonstrated comparable effects to the original program on measures of child management practices and stronger effects on measures of mindful parenting and parent-youth relationship qualities. Moreover, mediation analyses indicated that the mindful parenting program operated indirectly on the quality of parent-youth relationships through changes in mindful parenting. Overall, the findings suggest that infusing mindful parenting activities into existing empirically validated parenting programs can enhance their effects on family risk and protection during the transition to adolescence.
Parent—child transactions provide an important social context for the development of adaptive and problem behaviors in young children with autism.Teaching parents to develop alternative transactional pathways often leads to positive behavioral patterns in their children.We taught three parents the philosophy and practice of mindfulness in a 12-week course and assessed the outcome of the training on their children's behavior. In addition, the mothers rated satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children. Results showed that the mothers' mindful parenting decreased their children's aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury and increased the mothers' satisfaction with their parenting skills and interactions with their children.We speculated on the possible reasons for the efficacy of mindful parenting in decreasing the children's problem behaviors without the application of specific, programmed contingencies for the children's behavior.
This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between
parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring,
psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance
in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency
type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples. Although both dimensions
of warmth and support seem to be important, surprisingly very few studies focused on parenting styles. Furthermore, fewer
than 20% of the studies focused on parenting behavior of fathers, despite the fact that the effect of poor support by fathers
was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons. Implications for theory and parenting are discussed.
This paper introduces a model of “mindful parenting” as a framework whereby parents intentionally bring moment-to-moment awareness
to the parent–child relationship. This is done by developing the qualities of listening with full attention when interacting
with their children, cultivating emotional awareness and self-regulation in parenting, and bringing compassion and nonjudgmental
acceptance to their parenting interactions. First, we briefly outline the theoretical and empirical literature on mindfulness
and mindfulness-based interventions. Next, we present an operational definition of mindful parenting as an extension of mindfulness
to the social context of parent–child relationships. We discuss the implications of mindful parenting for the quality of parent–child
relationships, particularly across the transition to adolescence, and we review the literature on the application of mindfulness
in parenting interventions. We close with a synopsis of our own efforts to integrate mindfulness-based intervention techniques
and mindful parenting into a well-established, evidence-based family prevention program and our recommendations for future
research on mindful parenting interventions.
Cultivation of mindfulness, the nonjudgmental awareness of experiences in the present moment, produces beneficial effects on well-being and ameliorates psychiatric and stress-related symptoms. Mindfulness meditation has therefore increasingly been incorporated into psychotherapeutic interventions. Although the number of publications in the field has sharply increased over the last two decades, there is a paucity of theoretical reviews that integrate the existing literature into a comprehensive theoretical framework. In this article, we explore several components through which mindfulness meditation exerts its effects: (a) attention regulation, (b) body awareness, (c) emotion regulation (including reappraisal and exposure, extinction, and reconsolidation), and (d) change in perspective on the self. Recent empirical research, including practitioners' self-reports and experimental data, provides evidence supporting these mechanisms. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies have begun to explore the neuroscientific processes underlying these components. Evidence suggests that mindfulness practice is associated with neuroplastic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporo-parietal junction, fronto-limbic network, and default mode network structures. The authors suggest that the mechanisms described here work synergistically, establishing a process of enhanced self-regulation. Differentiating between these components seems useful to guide future basic research and to specifically target areas of development in the treatment of psychological disorders.
© Association for Psychological Science 2011.
Research on the effectiveness and mechanisms of mindfulness training applied in psychotherapy is still in its infancy (Erisman & Roemer, 2010). For instance, little is known about the extent and processes through which mindfulness practice improves emotion regulation. This experience sampling study assessed the relationship between mindfulness, emotion differentiation, emotion lability, and emotional difficulties. Young adult participants reported their current emotional experiences 6 times per day during 1 week on a PalmPilot device. Based on these reports of emotions, indices of emotional differentiation and emotion lability were composed for negative and positive emotions. Mindfulness was associated with greater emotion differentiation and less emotional difficulties (i.e., emotion lability and self-reported emotion dysregulation). Mediational models indicated that the relationship between mindfulness and emotion lability was mediated by emotion differentiation. Furthermore, emotion regulation mediated the relationship between mindfulness and both negative emotion lability and positive emotion differentiation. This experience sampling study indicates that self-reported levels of mindfulness are related to higher levels of differentiation of one's discrete emotional experiences in a manner reflective of effective emotion regulation.
The purpose of this study was to examine pathways in a model which proposed associations among parent mindfulness, parent depressive symptoms, two types of parenting, and child problem behavior. Participants' data were from the baseline assessment of a NIMH-sponsored Family-Group Cognitive-Behavioral intervention program (FGCB) for the prevention of child and adolescent depression (Compas et al., 2009). Participants consisted of 145 mothers and 17 fathers (mean age = 41.89 yrs, SD = 7.73) with a history of depression and 211 children (106 males) (mean age = 11.49 yrs, SD = 2.00). Analyses showed that (a) positive parenting appears to play a significant role in helping explain how parent depressive symptoms relate to child externalizing problems and (b) mindfulness is related to child internalizing and externalizing problems; however, the intervening constructs examined did not appear to help explain the mindfulness-child problem behavior associations. Suggestions for future research on parent mindfulness and child problem outcome are described.
This paper reviews current literature relating to parent and child emotional functioning, specifically their emotion regulatory skills and emotional expression. Included are considerations regarding theoretical, methodological, and sampling strengths and weaknesses of existing literature. On the basis of the review, several directions for future research are proposed. First, it is argued that consistency in the measurement of emotion regulation is necessary, including assessment of more refined theoretical conceptualizations of regulatory types, skills, or strategies. Second, it is argued that emotion regulation developmental research examining the post-early childhood period is necessary in order to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of youths' emotion regulation. Finally, it is argued that greater examination of paternal influences on child emotional functioning, in addition to maternal influences, is required. Consideration of these issues in future emotion regulation research will ideally contribute to a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in child and adolescent development of optimal regulatory capacities.
Despite encouraging preliminary findings regarding the efficacy of mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments for a range of psychological presentations, we have yet to elucidate mechanisms of action within these treatments. One mechanism through which mindfulness may reduce psychological symptoms and promote functioning is enhancing emotional responding and regulation. In this study, we used multimodal assessment to examine the effects of a brief mindfulness intervention in a laboratory setting on emotional experiences and regulation in response to distressing, positive, and affectively mixed film clips. Although there were no condition (mindfulness vs. control) effects on reports of emotional response or difficulties in regulation after the distressing film clip, participants in the mindfulness condition reported significantly greater positive affect in response to the positive film. Additionally, participants in the mindfulness condition reported more adaptive regulation (approaching significance, medium to large effect size) in response to the affectively mixed clip and significantly less negative affect immediately after this clip, although not after a recovery period. No significant differences emerged between conditions on physiological measures (skin conductance and heart rate) throughout the study.
This review aims to integrate the constructs of mindfulness and emotion regulation. Research into both of these areas is relatively new, and while several reviews have emerged for each area independently, none has directly proposed a conceptual integration. The current review explores how key axioms and assumptions of traditional psychological models of emotion regulation and the psychological interventions that are derived from them (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy) differ fundamentally from mindfulness-based approaches in terms of the underlying processes they address. Accordingly, mindfulness and emotion regulation are each reviewed, followed by a conceptual integration. Fundamental difficulties arising from the attempt to integrate the two domains are highlighted, especially as to the "reality" of thoughts, the relationship between thoughts and emotions, and the need to move beyond a valence model of emotion. Finally, a model is proposed outlining the likely critical processes and mechanisms that underlie "mindful emotion regulation."
The current study examines associations between emotional competence (i.e., awareness, regulation, comfort with expression) and adolescent risky behavior. Children from a longitudinal study participated at age 9 and 16 (N=88). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with children about their emotional experiences and coded for areas of emotional competence. Associations were examined for the emotions of sadness and anger concurrently during adolescence, and longitudinally from middle childhood to adolescence. Results suggested that children with poor emotional awareness and regulation had a higher likelihood of using hard drugs. Difficulty regulating emotions was associated with having more sexual partners, and both emotion regulation and expression difficulties were associated with greater behavioral adjustment problems. Results were consistent across the concurrent and longitudinal findings and pointed to anger as an important emotion. Findings suggest that children's emotional competence may serve as a useful point of intervention to decrease risky behavior in adolescence.
A battery of measures was used to assess conflict between mothers and young adolescents (females and males, 11 to 15 years of age). Two groups of families, one composed of a distressed clinical sample (N = 38), the other a nondistressed normative sample (N = 40), participated. The assessment battery included retrospective judgments, frequency estimates, self-monitored home recording, and tape-recorded discussion of a home problem. Content of assessment measures tapped aspects of parental control, decision-making, self-reported interaction behavior, arguments, interaction behavior rated by independent "blind" observers, frequency and anger-intensity of specific problematic issues, and perceptions of positive and negative behaviors of the other family member. Based on univariate analyses, 21 of the 26 defined variables discriminated significantly in the predicted direction. Maternal and adolescent reports of behavior and independent ratings of tape-recorded interaction emerged as strong and consistent discriminators. Stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis provided successful classification of 100% of the families based on the inclusion of nine variables. In a cross-validation sample, 84% of the families were correctly classified. Implications for systematic outcome research as well as clinical application are discussed.
The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
Praise for the First Edition of Statistical Analysis with Missing Data “An important contribution to the applied statistics literature.... I give the book high marks for unifying and making accessible much of the past and current work in this important area.”—William E. Strawderman, Rutgers University “This book...provide[s] interesting real-life examples, stimulating end-of-chapter exercises, and up-to-date references. It should be on every applied statistician’s bookshelf.”—The Statistician “The book should be studied in the statistical methods department in every statistical agency.”—Journal of Official Statistics Statistical analysis of data sets with missing values is a pervasive problem for which standard methods are of limited value. The first edition of Statistical Analysis with Missing Data has been a standard reference on missing-data methods. Now, reflecting extensive developments in Bayesian methods for simulating posterior distributions, this Second Edition by two acknowledged experts on the subject offers a thoroughly up-to-date, reorganized survey of current methodology for handling missing-data problems. Blending theory and application, authors Roderick Little and Donald Rubin review historical approaches to the subject and describe rigorous yet simple methods for multivariate analysis with missing values. They then provide a coherent theory for analysis of problems based on likelihoods derived from statistical models for the data and the missing-data mechanism and apply the theory to a wide range of important missing-data problems. The new edition now enlarges its coverage to include: Expanded coverage of Bayesian methodology, both theoretical and computational, and of multiple imputation Analysis of data with missing values where inferences are based on likelihoods derived from formal statistical models for the data-generating and missing-data mechanisms Applications of the approach in a variety of contexts including regression, factor analysis, contingency table analysis, time series, and sample survey inference Extensive references, examples, and exercises Amstat News asked three review editors to rate their top five favorite books in the September 2003 issue. Statistical Analysis With Missing Data was among those chosen.
No aspect of adolescent development has received more attention from the public and from researchers than the topic of this chapter. Much of the research indicates that despite altered patterns of interaction, parent-child relationships remain important social and emotional resources well beyond the childhood years (for recent reviews, see Grotevant, 1998; Steinberg, 2001; Steinberg & Silk, 2002). The aim of this chapter is to specify the processes of relationships that sustain the centrality of familial relationships amid the extensive changes of adolescence. Like Grotevant (1998), this chapter espouses the view that the content and quality of relationships, rather than the actions of either parent or adolescent alone, determine the nature and extent of parental influences on development in and beyond adolescence.
Research on mindful parenting, an extension of mindfulness to the interpersonal domain of parent-child relationships, has been limited by its reliance on self-report assessment. The current study is the first to examine whether observational indices of parent-youth interactions differentiate between high and low levels of self-reported mindful parenting. The Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) were used to code interactions between mothers and their 7th grade youth. Mothers drawn from the top and bottom quartiles (n = 375) of a larger distribution of self-reported interpersonal mindfulness in parenting (N = 804) represented clearly defined high- and low-mindful parenting groups. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to analyze how well 6 composite IFIRS observational rating variables (e.g., parental warmth, consistent discipline) discriminated between high and low self-reports of mindful parenting. DFA results were cross-validated, with statistically significant canonical correlations found for both subsamples (p < .05). Subsequent independent samples t tests revealed that group means were significantly different on all 6 IFIRS composite ratings. Confirmation of the relations between self-report mindful parenting and the observational ratings was also provided through hierarchical regression analyses conducted with a continuous predictor of mindful parenting using the full sample. Thus, the present study provides preliminary evidence for a link between self-reported mindful parenting and observed interactions between parents and youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
Although it has been shown that toddlers express distress when personal or physical events violate their expectations, there has been little detailed examination of their emotional reactions to such events. In this study, 45 2-year-olds were observed during 2 mishaps: a doll breaking and juice spilling. Their emotional reactions and their attempts to fix the mishap were coded. 2 components to their reactions to mishaps were found: one of tension and frustration, and another of concerned reparation. Mishaps elicited more negative emotions in toddlers than free play, and most toddlers attempted to correct the mishap. Children's styles of emotional response to mishaps may be related to maternal mental health. Symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers were related to a suppression of tension and frustration in their offspring. Maternal acting out symptoms were not related to toddlers' reactions to mishaps. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of emotion in the formation of individual differences in sociomoral functioning and factors contributing to early differences.
This study extends current research on the relationship of parenting processes to adolescent sexual behavior by asking what parenting behaviors are related to sexual risk taking among sexually active adolescent males and females. Parenting behaviors considered were communication about sexual issues, support, and psychological and behavioral controls. Sexual risk taking was assessed by using a composite measure of the number of sexual partners, the consistency of contraceptive use, and the effectiveness of contraceptive method. The sample of 350 primarily White ninth- to 12th-grade students was drawn from a population of 2,257 junior and high school students who were surveyed as part of a larger study. Logistic regression analysis revealed gender differences in the effect of parents' behaviors on the sexual risk taking of their sons and daughters. An interaction effect was observed between parental communication about sexual issues and perceived parental support for males only. For females, parental psychological control increased the odds that a sexually active daughter would take more sexual risks. In addition, parental monitoring significantly decreased the odds that sexually active male and female adolescents would be high risk takers.
There is growing support for the efficacy of mindfulness training with parents as an intervention technique to improve parenting skills and reduce risk for youth problem behaviors. The evidence, however, has been limited to small scale studies, many with methodological shortcomings. This study sought to integrate mindfulness training with parents into the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14), an empirically-validated family-based preventive intervention. It used a randomized-controlled comparative effectiveness study design (N = 432 families, 31% racial/ethnic minority) to test the efficacy of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program (MSFP), compared to standard SFP 10-14 and a minimal-treatment home study control condition. Results indicated that, in general, MSFP was as effective as SFP 10-14 in improving multiple dimensions of parenting, including interpersonal mindfulness in parenting, parent-youth relationship quality, youth behavior management, and parent well-being, according to both parent and youth reports at both postintervention and 1-year follow-up. This study also found that in some areas MSFP boosted and better sustained the effects of SFP 10-14, especially for fathers. Although the pattern of effects was not as uniform as hypothesized, this study provides intriguing evidence for the unique contribution of mindfulness activities to standard parent training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
This article considers the relation of family factors to adolescent substance use, with a focus on the specific pathways by which family factors have their effects. We review findings on four types of variables (family substance use, parental support and monitoring, parent-child conflict, and family life events) and discuss theoretical models of how family risk and protective factors are related to adolescents' outcomes. The evidence favors a transactional model in which family factors have largely mediated effects on adolescent substance use through relations to adolescents' self-control, life events, and peer affiliations; interactions between variables are also prominent. We discuss the implications of mediated effects for theoretical models of human development and consider how the transactional approach opens avenues for preventive intervention.
This study evaluated the acceptability and effects of a Mindful Parenting course in mental health care. Parents (n = 86) referred to secondary mental health care because of their children’s and/or their own psychopathology, or parent–child relationship problems, followed a Mindful Parenting course in a group format (10 groups). Assessments took place just before the course (pre-test), immediately after the nine-week course (post-test), and at 8-week follow-up. A waitlist assessment took place only for those parents who had to wait for a course (n = 23). Measures concerned parent report of psychopathology symptoms of their target child, as well as their own psychopathology symptoms, parental stress, parenting behaviors, coparenting, and marital functioning. Only one parent dropped out and parents evaluated the program as valuable and effective in many areas of family functioning. No improvement was reported during waitlist, except for an improvement in parental externalizing symptoms. Improvements after the course occurred in the target child’s internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms, parents’ own internalizing symptoms and further improvement on their externalizing symptoms. Also, improvements occurred on parental stress, parenting, and coparenting, but not on marital functioning. Improvements were generally maintained at follow-up. In conclusion, the very low dropout rate as well as the positive evaluations, suggest that Mindful Parenting is an acceptable and feasible intervention in mental health care. Mindful Parenting appears a promising new intervention for parents in mental health care, as it seems effective on a broad range of child, parent, and family variables. Studies comparing Mindful Parenting to other effective interventions, such as Parent Management training, are needed to gain more knowledge about its relative and differential effectiveness.
Bases for a developmental approach to the nature and functions of mother-child and father-child relationships are considered in connection with research findings from studies of middle-childhood and adolescent subjects and their parents. The framework for the review was derived from two sources: (1) recent conceptualizations of close relationships and (2) implications in general theories of socialization regarding different contributions of mothers and fathers to development during middle childhood and adolescence. Relationships between offspring and their mothers were found to contrast with father-offspring relationships in both middle childhood and adolescence, and differences appear to become more pronounced in some areas as a function of maturational changes associated with the transition to adolescence. The analysis points to the inadvisability of considering relationships with parents to be monolithic and a-developmental. In addition, it makes clear the need for a developmental theory of relationships to serve as a guide to further research on the linkages between ontogenetic change in individuals and the relationships of which they are a part.
Presents a 3-component model of parenting that places emotion at the heart of parental competence. The model emphasizes (a) child, parent, and contextual factors that activate parents' emotions; (b) orienting, organizing, and motivating effects that emotions have on parenting once aroused; and (c) processes parents use to understand and control emotions. Emotions are vital to effective parenting. When invested in the interests of children, emotions organize sensitive, responsive parenting. Emotions undermine parenting, however, when they are too weak, too strong, or poorly matched to childrearing tasks. In harmonious relationships, emotions are, on average, positive because parents manage interactions so that children's and parents' concerns are promoted. In distressed relationships, chronic negative emotion is both a cause and a consequence of interactions that undermine parents' concerns and children's development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.