... The 4DTs guidance system requires approaches that can produce an efficient route, schedule, and precise speed profile to guide the control procedure. Therefore, numerous studies have attempted to optimize the speed profile (Chen et al., 2015a,b;Zhang et al., 2015Zhang et al., , 2018Zhang et al., , 2019 or solve the coupled optimization problem of taxi routing, scheduling, and speed profile (Ravizza et al., 2013(Ravizza et al., , 2012Chen et al., 2016;Evertse and Visser, 2017;Obajemu et al., 2021;Weiszer et al., 2014Weiszer et al., , 2015bWeiszer et al., , 2020Zhang et al., 2022b). In this stream, reducing fuel consumption was a general objective function, and the multi-objective optimization model aiming to enhance efficiency and mitigate environmental hazards simultaneously was the mainstream (Chen et al., 2015b,a;Zhang et al., 2019;Ravizza et al., 2013Ravizza et al., , 2012Chen et al., 2016;Evertse and Visser, 2017;Weiszer et al., 2014Weiszer et al., , 2015bWeiszer et al., , 2020Zhang et al., 2022b). ...