Eileen Boris, associate professor of history at Howard University, is spending the 1993/94 year as co-holder of the Bicentennial Chair in American Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland. She is the author of the forthcoming Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States.
1. For the most recent use of maternalism to structure an argument about women reformers in the Progressive Era, see Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); see also, Sonya Michel and Seth Koven, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State in France, Great Britain and the United States, 1880-1920," American Historical Review, 95 (October 1990): 1076-1108; for examples of alternative perspectives, Sybil Lipshultz, "Social Feminism and Legal Discourse, 1908-1923," Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 2 (Fall 1989): 131-160; Diane Kirkby, Alice Henry: The Power of Pen and Voice, The Life of an Australian-American Labor Reformer (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 2. For a powerful critique of the consequences of maternalist thought, see Mary Frances Berry, The Politics of Parenthood: Child Care, Women's Rights, and the Myth of the Good Mother (New York: Viking, 1993).
2. One exception is Skocpol and Ritter, "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Spring 1991): 36-83, but they argue that the failure of class legislation, as seen in the Lochner decision of 1905, left only policies for women available for state policy. Ann Shola Orloff, "Gender in Early U.S. Social Policy," Journal of Policy History 3 (Fall 1991):249-281; Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990).
3. For classic statements, see essays in Zillah Eisenstein, ed., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979); and Karen V. Hansen and Ilene J. Philipson, Women, Class, and the Feminist Imagination: A Socialist-Feminist Reader (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990). For a critique of duality, see Joan Kelly, "The Double Vision of Feminist Theory," in Women, History and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
4. Eileen Boris, "Regulating Industrial Homework: The Triumph of 'Sacred Motherhood'" Journal of American History 71 (March 1985): 745-763; Eileen Boris, Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 1994).
5. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and Women's Political Culture: "Doing the Nation's Work" (New Haven: Yale University Press, forthcoming 1994); for social democrat, see Wendy Sarvasy, "Beyond the Difference Versus Equality Policy Debate: Post-Suffrage Feminism, Citizenship, and the Quest for a Feminist Welfare State," Signs 17 (Winter 1992): 329-362; for another interpretation of women like Kelley, see Nancy Cott, "What's in a Name? The Limits of 'Social Feminism'; or, Expanding the Vocabulary of Women's History," Journal of American History, 76 (December 1989): 809-829.
6. Rose Schneiderman, "Women in Industry Under The National Recovery Administration," c. 1935, Papers of the Women's Trade Union League, Reel 114, frames 463, 468, Library of Congress; "Lace Manufacturing Industry," July 28, 1933, 112, NRA Hearing Transcript, 244-01, RG9, National Archives; "Brief prepared by Women's Bureau for Miss Schneiderman's Use at Hearing," 5, Homework Committee Records, RG9, Box 8384; Lucy Mason, "Hearing on Regulations for Home Work System for the Code of Fair Competition for the Knitted Outerwear Industry," Oct. 8, 1934, 227, NRA Hearing Transcript, 243-1-02; Frieda Miller comments in Proceedings, Conference of State Industrial Homework Law Administrators, 1937, 20, Women's Bureau Survey Materials, 1930-50, Folder, "Homework," RG86, National Archives.
7. "Rough Notes for the Dramatization of 'Women Workers and What They Do,'" RG86, Box 11, folder "Texas State Survey: 1932."
8. Survey material relating to Women's Bureau Bulletin n. 126, Mary Loretta Sullivan and Bertha Blair, "Women in Texas Industries: Hours, Wages, Working Conditions, and Home Work," (Washington: GPO, 1936): survey n. 62, 76, 88, 93, 4, RG86; New York State...