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Traffic Network Design for Disaster Evacuation by Cellular Automata Simulation
Abstract
When the earthquake occurs, many people have to leave the coast as soon as possible for avoiding Tsunami. The traffic network is not designed well for such situation. The traffic network design is performed by using the traffic simulation based on the cellular automata model. Tobishima pier at the port of Nagoya is considered as the object under consideration. The maximization of the traffic amount and the minimization of the mean traveling time are considered as the design objectives. The profile of optimized traffic network depends on the design objective. In case of the first design objective, the traffic amount increases by 1.3%. In case of the second design objective, the mean traveling time decreases by 29%. Therefore, it is concluded that the present algorithm can determine the improved profile of the traffic network.
... Besides the usage of a CA in a single road environment, it is also used for city networks. For example, in a paper written by Kita et al. [30], the authors analyse evacuation of a Nagoya port in Japan, which is often endangered by earthquakes and Tsunami. Researchers wanted to increase traffic throughput during an emergency and succeeded, using simulation, to improve travel time by almost 29% by traffic network optimisation (i.e. ...
Over the past few decades, the increasing number of vehicles and imperfect road traffic management have been sources of congestion in cities and reasons for deteriorating health of its inhabitants. With the help of computer simulations, transport engineers optimise and improve the capacity of city streets. However, with an enormous number of possible simulation types, it is difficult to grasp valuable, innovative solutions which are of the greatest value to city citizens. In this work, the authors expose various problems within this area having reviewed and analysed over 130 papers selected out of 1200 works in the field of urban simulations. The study describes the selection process of important papers and highlights characteristics of microsimulations, macrosimulations, computation optimisations and other approaches found in the literature which are especially useful and should be further built on in the future. They present and compare results provided in reviewed works in terms of throughput improvement, queue, waiting and travel time reduction, vehicle speed increase, speed‐ups as well as assumed simulation parameters. Finally, they focus on research gaps, such as a small number of works considering crisis simulations, few real‐world scale simulations as well as on software architectural changes and low‐level optimizations.
... Real data of how individuals travel has been used, drawing upon survey data to model evacuee movements (Arce, Onuki, Esteban, & Shibayama, 2017). Kita, Hara, and Ye (2014) used a cellular automaton, a model that simulates flows between small areas (cells), to simulate people's movements and model evacuation behaviour. A review by Zheng, Zhong, & Liu (2009) on crowd evacuation models summarised the seven methodological approaches as follows: cellular automata models, lattice gas models, social force models, fluid-dynamic models, agent-based models, game theoretic models, and approaches based on experiments with animals. ...
In the time since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, an increasing number of studies have focused on developing agent-based simulations of citizen evacuation behaviours. The application of simulation to practice (i.e. evacuation planning, community disaster risk reduction strategy), however, is limited. This research aims to explore the effective application of agent-based evacuation simulation to better inform community evacuation planning through a collaborative process. The study developed an evacuation modelling tool focusing on the storm surge and flood evacuation behaviours of residents living in Takamatsu, Japan. The city of Takamatsu borders the Seto Inland Sea, an area where the risks from water-related disasters are increasing. The tidal flow of the Seto Inland Sea and storm surge flooding are simulated based on data from the 2004 typhoons, which seriously flooded the study area. An agent-based model exploring the relative vulnerability of residents as a function of location, demographic attributes including age, and previous experience is developed based on a questionnaire survey of residents which gathered information on their stated preference of evacuation. A visualisation of the simulation was shared with residents through workshops held in five neighbourhoods. It was also shared with government officials. The feedback from residents and governments officials on the effective applications to community evacuation planning are discussed and plans for future research are outlined.
The electric vehicle (EV) market has significantly expanded because EVs have lower operational costs while leaving less environmental footprint than internal combustion engine vehicles. However, EVs also come with drawbacks, including long charging time and short operational ranges. With these drawbacks and limited charging facilities, efficient long-distance EV evacuation management is challenging and has not been properly addressed. Without an efficient evacuation plan, serious congestion could happen at charging facilities, the evacuation process would be excessively long, and thus human lives may be put at risk. This study is motivated to investigate the optimal mass evacuation planning for EVs considering limited charging facilities. A three-stage method is proposed to efficiently approach this problem. A case study of Florida hurricane evacuation is conducted. The method's effectiveness is verified by comparing it with a benchmark. Management insights and policy indications are drawn through sensitivity analysis of key parameters.
This article addresses the practicability of introducing various traffic congestion alleviation schemes. Previous policies to counter traffic congestion have proved to be either unpopular, expensive or ineffective. The authors illustrate, by ways of economic and transport models, the current paradoxes of increased road provision leading to counter-productive effects of increased and localised congestion. The authors suggest alternative solutions by means of the standard pricing tools of economics, citing automobile commuter survey approval of toll-road mechanisms as a way forward. It is suggested the revenues from such schemes are to be redirected into transportation and development projects, whilst the introduction of tolling is seen as having a prohibitive effect on road travel. The level of political and social acceptability of road tolling is assessed, as are the possible methods of implementation. Examples of electronic tolling schemes from Oklahoma (US) and Hong Kong are given. -I.C.White
It is very important to adaptively control the vehicle velocity in order to accurately simulate the traffic phenomenon. Therefore, several mathematical models for velocity representation have been presented by some researchers. In the previous study, the authors presented "stochastic velocity model" for simulating the traffic flow on the high-way. In this paper, the cellular automata simulation based on the stochastic, velocity model is applied to the simulation of the traffic flow in the urban city. The simulated results are compared with the real traffic data in order to confirm the validity of the present model.
This paper describes traffic simulation by using cellular automata. First existing models for traffic simulation are introduced and, the model proposed in this paper are compared with them in order to discuss the features. FInally, traffic simulation on single-lane road is considered as a numerical example.
We present the Optimal Velocity (OV) model for traffic flow, which shows spontaneous formation of a jam cluster. We investigate the phase diagram and the general bound of induced time delay which plays an essential role in the jam flow solution.
Fr die Straenverkehrsplanung mchte man den Verkehrsflu auf den einzelnen Straen des Netzes abschtzen, wenn die Zahl der Fahrzeuge bekannt ist, die zwischen den einzelnen Punkten des Straennetzes verkehren. Welche Wege am gnstigsten sind, hngt nun nicht nur von der Beschaffenheit der Strae ab, sondern auch von der Verkehrsdichte. Es ergeben sich nicht immer optimale Fahrzeiten, wenn jeder Fahrer nur fr sich den gnstigsten Weg heraussucht. In einigen Fllen kann sich durch Erweiterung des Netzes der Verkehrsflu sogar so umlagern, da grere Fahrzeiten erforderlich werden.For each point of a road network let be given the number of cars starting from it, and the destination of the cars. Under these conditions one wishes to estimate the distribution of the traffic flow. Whether a street is preferable to another one depends not only upon the quality of the road but also upon the density of the flow. If every driver takes that path which looks most favorable to him, the resultant running times need not be minimal. Furthermore it is indicated by an example that an extension of the road network may cause a redistribution of the traffic which results in longer individual running times.
We present a dynamical model of traffic congestion based on the equation of motion of each vehicle. In this model, the legal velocity function is introduced, which is a function of the headway of the preceding vehicle. We investigate this model with both analytic and numerical methods. The stability of traffic flow is analyzed, and the evolution of traffic congestion is observed with the development of time.