Article

Cortes y parlamentarismo en la Península Ibérica durante la Baja Edad Media

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.

Article
Full-text available
Los cuadernos de peticiones de las Cortes de la Corona de Castilla recogen las quejas y solicitudes de los procuradores, así como la respuesta que estos obtenían del monarca. En ellos se reiteran distintos asuntos vinculados a la administración, la justicia, etc., que reflejan las demandas de las ciudades del reino, por lo que son una fuente muy valiosa para conocer las relaciones sociopolíticas medievales. En este trabajo nos centraremos en los cuadernos de las Cortes del reinado de Juan II. Analizaremos qué tipo de desórdenes y violencias urbanos se denunciaban en ellos y en qué contextos —no aparecen en todas las convocatorias de Cortes—, qué objetivos se perseguían y qué respuesta se obtenía por parte del monarca. Aunque deban tenerse en cuenta los intereses detrás de estas peticiones y la ambigüedad de algunas fórmulas, se quiere reivindicar el interés de estas fuentes para estudiar la institucionalización de la comunicación política.
Article
Full-text available
El presente artículo estudia la evolución de las Cortes castellanas durante la minoría de Juan II. Nos fijamos en la situación por la que atravesaban esas asambleas en los demás reinos cristianos peninsulares, así como en los problemas que plantea su estudio en Castilla, como el número de reuniones o la diferente denominación que reciben. Nos centramos en las fases, funcionamiento y lugares de reunión. Ampliamos los motivos por los que se convocan y estudiamos los distintos aspectos de los que se ocuparon, destacando las reivindicaciones ciudadanas, entre otras las peticiones de carácter particular y las relaciones de las Cortes con otras instituciones de gobierno de la monarquía. El último apartado se dedica a estudiar la importancia que las Cortes tuvieron para la monarquía y para los estamentos en ellas representados.The present study analyses the evolution of the Castilian Cortes during the minority of Juan II. We will examine the situation of parliamentary assemblies in the other Iberian Christian kingdoms, as well as the problems involved with its study in Castile, such as the number of meetings held or the different names given to each of them. We will focus on the phases, its operation and the places of assembly. We will explore the reasons why the Cortes were convened and study the various issues dealt in them, particularly the demands of the citizens, such as specific requests and the relations between the parliament and other government institutions of the Crown. The last section is dedicated to studying the importance the Cortes had for the monarchy and the estates represented in them.
Article
Full-text available
O Autor apresenta e edita os capítulos especiais do Clero apresentados nas Cortes de Lisboa de Março de 1455. Textos relativamente raros no conjunto das fontes portuguesas disponíveis para o estudo histórico da Igreja e dos seus agentes em tempos medievais, os capítulos de Cortes, em geral, e os que agora se editam em especial, permitem, pela sua originalidade discursiva e riqueza lexical, conhecer mais aprofundadamente o universo clerical, as suas ideias e preocupações no contexto político de uma intensa modernização do poder da Coroa real, como era aquele que se verificava em Portugal na segunda metade de Quatrocentos.
Article
Full-text available
in Estudos em Homenagem ao Professor Doutor Raul Ventura, vol. 1, Coimbra Editora, Coimbra, 2003, pp. 807-911
Article
Full-text available
Invitado a participar en el Homenaje que el Departamento de Historia Medieval y Moderna de la UNED ha proyectado en honor de uno de sus miembros, el Prof. Eloy Benito Ruano, debo confesar que pocas cosas me pueden resultar más gratas en este momento. Catedrático de Historia Medieval, Profesor Emérito y Académico de la Real Academia de la Historia, son títulos que ennoblecen cualquier trayectoria profesional. Pero por encima de todo, me interesa resaltarlo, está la excepcional calidad humana del Prof. Eloy Benito Ruano, su trato siempre afectivo y su talante conciliador, que hacen de él un auténtico abanderado entre la no muy numerosa, si se me permite la expresión «caballería de historiadores».
Article
Full-text available
La presencia de Vitoria, y en general de las poblaciones del País Vasco, en las Cortes del antiguo Reino de Castilla
Article
Full-text available
La convocatoria para asistir a Cortes le suponía a la ciudad de Valencia toda una serie de gastos que recaían sobre su hacienda municipal y que son reflejados por el clavario en los libros de cuentas (salarios, copia de documentos, gratificaciones, etc.). A partir de éstos y de los acuerdos tomados por el Consell podemos conocer cuáles fueron dichos gastos y como desde las Cortes de 1428 algunos de ellos son asumidos por la Diputación del General.
Article
Full-text available
This article studies the role of the General Bailia of Valencia—the office for the management of the royal domain resources of the kingdom of Valencia- in the political and military projects of Alfonso V the Magnanimous in the Mediterranean. In this way its also analysed the role of the Parliament, a class representation of the kingdom, and the city of Valencia, main urban centre The incomes from the royal domain, the donations from the Parliaments as a representative assemblies, and the loans provided by the city of Valencia contributed in a decisive way to the guarantee of the economic viability of Alfonso Vs military expansion. It is right that the main instruments that the king had to apply his aggressive policy was, on the one hand, the centralized and complex organization around the General Treasure of the Crown of Aragon and, later on, to the Treasure of the Kingdom of Naples; on the other hand, to the solid banking infrastructure built around the Mediterranean. Therefore, both of them were based on the confidence and guaranties offered by the powerful ordinary and non ordinary tax structures of the kingdom, and the solid financial support given by the institutions of the kingdom.
Article
Full-text available
Las diversas fuentes narrativas referidas al reinado de Alfonso XI de Castilla permiten hablar, a primera vista, de grandes facilidades para reconstruir ?ste.
Article
Full-text available
By means of this work, we try to analyze how onerous were for the royal town's treasury the expenses derived from their attendance to Assemblies. For this, we are taking, as an example, the royal town of Alcoy in the Cortes of 1443. We have based our study in the Proceso de Cortes and in municipal sources. Mediante este trabajo, pretendemos analizar el peso que tenían en la hacienda de las villas reales los gastos derivados de su asistencia a Cortes. Para ello tomaremos como ejemplo la villa de Alcoy en las Cortes de 1443-1446, basando nuestro análisis en el Proceso de Cortes y en fuentes municipales.
Article
Full-text available
A detailed account of the Abbots who attended the various meetings of the "Cortes" celebrated in Castile and Leon, between 1188 and the end of XVIth century, is given in this work. It was at that time that the heads of monasteries stopped attending these assembly s for ecclesiastical reasons, in order to do it exclusively for discharging the duties of their political and administrative jobs. The traditional sources, like "Cuadernos de Cortes" and royal chronicles have been combined with other sources of less frequent use like documents proceeding from the various monastic communities, or the information afforded by the XVII-XIX century.[fr] Dans le présent travail nous analysons la relation des abbés concourents à les "Cortes" de Castille et de Leon, depuis l'année 1188 jusqu'à la fin du XIVᵉ siècle, quand les titulaires des monastères laissèrent d'assister pour causes exclusivement ecclésiastiques. Pour l'élaboration de cet étude, nous avons combiné des textes traditionnels, comme les "Cuadernos de Cortes" et les chroniques, avec d'autres moins utilisés, comme les documents monastiques inédits.
Article
Full-text available
Edition of the account of 1455 «pedido» in the kingdom of Galicia, with a preliminary introduction of the historical environement, some information about places' names and some economic questions related with the taxes collections, like the episcopal economic organization, etc. Edición de la cuenta del «pedido» de 1455 en Galicia, con una introducción que explica las circunstancias históricas del momento, la información de la toponimia y algunos aspectos económicos relacionados con la recaudación, como la organización de los obispados.
Article
Full-text available
In studying the origin of parliamentary assemblies, historians have tended to overlook the institutional importance of a variety of circumstantial aspects, such as the changing temporal patterns and the calendar, which determined the meeting of royal gatherings in the medieval period. Most studies have concentrated almost exclusively on the constitutional and fiscal developments negotiated between monarchs and the community of nobles, and the political transformation that shaped the institutional path of feudal courts. While acknowledging the importance of those much-studied processes, the following article will instead shed some light on the frequency and temporality of Spanish courts and English councils throughout the twelfth century, and suggest a correspondence between these changing patterns and the advent of the parliamentary phenomenon in Europe. This analysis will concentrate on the rhythm experienced by royal assemblies from the 1150s to the 1180s, thus challenging the traditional dates for so long believed to mark the beginning of parliaments in England and the Christian kingdoms of Spain.
Article
Full-text available
This paper underscores the importance that the local attorney had at the Courts, as a representative of the King's Estate. In spite of the fact that this figure has not been whoolly studied up to now, it furnishes us with a lot of information. Analyzing the Memorials given to these messengers by the government of the city—in this case Lleida—, it is possible to study the relationship between Lleida and the catalan Courts and, especially, what happened into the King's Estate and the arrangements that the city kept up with the Crown. Es ressalta la importància del síndic municipal enviat a les Corts, com a representant del braç reial, una figura poc estudiada fins el moment, malgrat que ens aporta molta informació. A partir de l’estudi deis memorials que la ciutat—en aquest cas Lleida— facilita a aquests missatgers, a l’article s'estudien les relacions d'aquest nucli urbà i les Corts catalanes, fent especial insistència en els assumptes i les relacions que es desencadenen dins del braç reial, com també les negociacions que es mantenen amb la Corona.
Article
Full-text available
Nueva edición y encuadramiento histórico de algunos documentos vinculados a la preparación de la compilación catalana que no llegó a promulgarse mandada hacer en las Cortes de Barcelona de 1412-1413.
Article
Full-text available
Las Cortes de Castilla y León durante los siglos XIV y XV fueron una de las instituciones más importantes del Reino. Fueron un instrumento de mediación y relación entre el rey y la sociedad a través de sus estamentos, básicamente las ciudades. De su funcionamiento se derivaron multitud de documentos que se corresponden con cada una de las fases del proceso parlamentario. Gran parte de los mismos fueron elaborados y expedidos desde la Cancillería Regia y generaron una tipología propia y adecuada a cada circunstancia, que es la que mostraremos en este trabajo. Es el exponente de una diplomática institucional, que no sólo se define por la autoridad o el organismo emisor, sino básicamente por el proceso burocrático que la genera. The Spanish Parliament in Castile and León during the XIVth and XVth century was one of the most important institutions of the Kingdom. They were an instrument of mediation between the king and the society across his estates, basically the cities. From his functioning they derived multitude of documents that correspond with each of the phases of the parliamentary process. Great part of the same ones there were elaborated and sent from the Royal Chancery and generated a typology own and adapted to every circumstance, which is the one that we will show in this work. He is the exponent of an institutional diplomat, who not only is defined by the authority or the issuing organism, but basically for the bureaucratic process that generates it.
Article
Full-text available
Las ediciones de documentos sobre las Cortes de Castilla y León en la Edad Media, desde las grandes colecciones como la de la Academia de la Historia, hasta las que aparecen en las monografíasespecializadas sobre alguna de sus etapas, pueden y deben ser completadas con ediciones obtenidas de los archivos locales. El archivo municipal de Cuenca, que ha sido con frecuencia utilizado para entresacar documentos singulares de gran valor, encierra un conjunto muy ámplio de referencias documentales que ofrecen muchas posibilidades de investigación sobre el curso histórico de las Cortes. Peer reviewed
Article
Full-text available
En el verano de 1430 Castilla lograba. por fin, la paz largamente esperada. La guerra entre la nobleza y los infantes de Aragón se cierra en las treguas de Majano —16 dejulio— y se abre un paréntesis de tranquilidad que dura siete años. Don Alvaro de Luna. principal artifice de la derrota frente a los hijos de don Fernando de Antequera, establece un primer gobierno que comparte de forma colegial con la aristocracia castellana. Se trata de un ensayo temporal, anterior a la instauración del régimen (<personalista » que logra crear en 1445. Son. 1430 y 1445. por tanto, dos años decisivos en la carrera política del condestable. dos momentos victoriosos, pero al mismo tiempo muy diferentes. En 1430. todo el estamento nobiliario se impone sobre los parientes del rey: en 1445. después de la batalla de Olmedo. don Alvaro sitúa su poder por encima de este mismo estamento. En consecuencia, el margen dc poder y autoridad de que dispone en cada una de estas dos ocasiones es muy distinto, al igual que la manera de gobernar Un buen método para estudiar ambas fórmulas consiste en estudiare! papel de las Cortes. Contamos con una gran ventaja: don Alvaro siempre tuvo una especial consideración hacia las Cortes, aunque no siempre uniforme, y gracias a ello siempre las encontramos muy cercanas a los centros de poder. Cualquier variación política repercute casi siempre en este sensible foro. Además, por si fuera poco, los quince años que tratamos de esto diar en esta líneas apenas han sido analizados desde el punto de vista de la historia de las Cortes Peer reviewed
Article
Era a Guarda, em Trezentos, um concelho em plena maturidade. Similar a tantos outros que, sancionados juridicamente em Undecentos, se foram projectando na centúria seguinte, mas único pela sua específica posição e morfologia, que lhe moldava o fácies da ocupação humana do espaço e a rede orgânica da sociedade. A Guarda, que em finais do século XII se vira agraciada por D. Sancho com uma carta de foral e a elevação a sede de bispado, foi-se verdadeiramente corporizando como centro urbano e concelhio em Duzentos 1 . A pequena Povoação fronteiriça, geoestrategicamente alcandorada num planalto e de guarda, a partir de uma qualquer atalaia, à movimentação dos homens que Percorriam os caminhos que nela se cruzavam, vê-se então consolidada 1 Sobre o evoluir da Guarda como centro concelhio, com base nos seus forais e usos e costumes, consulte-se Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho, "Memórias Municipais da Guarda", in Forais e Foros da Guarda, de Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho e Maria do Rosário Morujão, Guarda, Câmara Municipal, 1999, pp. 11-34. Quanto ao desenvolvimento urbano da cidade, desde a sua génese até ao século XV, leia-se a obra de Rita Costa Gomes, A Guarda Medieval. Posição, Morfologia e Sociedade (1200-1500), Lisboa, Sá da Costa, 1987.
Article
This paper deals with the biographical features of the Deputies who acted as representatives of the King’s Estate in the “Diputació del General” of Catalonia, an institution issued from the Parliament (“Corts”) since 1359. A large number of them came from Barcelona and only a few came from Lleida and Perpinyà. They belonged to the upper class. The paper does not include the Deputies belonging to the Ecclesiastical and Noble Estates.
Article
The participation of the towns in the Cortes of Valencia (13th‐17th centuries)The subject under examination is the role of the cities and the royal towns in the Cortes of Valencia in the period of the kingdom's legal autonomy from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century (l'époque forale).Their participation can be traced through the reports or acts of the individual sessions of the Cortes, verified by other essential documentation (charters, grants, grievances), and through the information given in royal (chancellory, chamber, etc.) and municipal sources (royal privileges, minute books, letters, claverías).All that provides us with essential information for establishing the participation of each city and town during the foral period, the form of the summons, the methods of appointment and the representativeness of their syndics, the interests and benefits involved, the meetings, course, function and costs of the Cortes. Furthermore, there are indications of the debates which the city of Valencia conducted parallel with the Cortes, showing the important impact as well as the lesser effects of these discussions on the decisions and conclusions of the Cortes.
Article
The incorporation of cities into the Aragonese Cortes finally completed the representative character of the assembly by including all sections of corporate society. The presence of the fourth estate contributed to the enriching of debates, bringing forth a new set of issues connected with the concerns of the people and the difficulties that the ‘local communities’ had to endure. Their intervention generated other requirements and new solutions. This study analyses this estate's performance in the Cortes during a long period of seven centuries up to the abolition of the Aragonese ordinances in 1711. The purpose of this article is to outline the role played by the cities in the political evolution of the kingdom and their dealings with the monarchy; to observe the mechanisms of representation used in the Cortes by the cities in order to defend their interests; and finally, to put forward some considerations by way of conclusion.
Article
In this article, Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho has examined the role of the Cortes of Portugal, comprising the standard three Estates, and formally established since 1254 at least, during the dynasty of the Avis. Its founder, John I, was elected by the Cortes in 1385 and the Cortes was actively involved in the politics of the period. The article is focused on the regency of Peter from 1439 to 1488. The Regent Peter was notable for being a highly educated and scholarly ruler, who wrote a book on political thought, ‘A Virtuosa Benfeitoria’. Thus it is possible to compare his stated principles of good government with the governmental record of his regency. The article does this with particular reference to the grievances articulated in the Cortes by the third Estate against the misconduct of royal officers and the extortions and abuses of feudal landlords. The conclusion is that although the Regent was genuinely trying to alleviate the grievances expressed in the Cortes, the endemic warfare of the period meant that he had to preside over ever increasing burdens on the third Estate and tolerate the extension of the powers of the ruling elites.
Article
In this article, Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho shows how the pressure put on the Crown by the endemic state of war in later medieval Portugal advanced the regular participation of the Cortes in public affairs. The article establishes the almost unbroken series of wars, external and internal, which arose from dynastic competition with the other Iberian monarchies, the ongoing wars between England and France and the beginnings of Portuguese colonial expansion into Morocco and the Azores. The effects of royal demands for money and manpower on the communities are analysed and their reflection in the agendas of the sessions of the Cortes, where military-financial issues predominated, is noted. These pressures thrust the Third Estate into a leading position, since it represented the ruling oligarchies of the urban communities, which generated much of the revenues and manpower. The analysis of the records of the Cortes shows how a strong royal administration was enabled to function through a continuous process of negotiation with the Estates, which made the urban oligarchies partners in government, and enabled them to protect their group interests, as the price of their support for the ongoing military enterprises of the monarchy.
Article
In this article, which is based on a paper given at a Colloquium of the International Commission held in Florence in 1986, and has been revised to take account of recent work on the subject, Thomas N. Bisson enters the debate over whether the first true Corts of Catalonia was the assembly of 1283. Three aspects of the development of the Corts are examined: its recognition as a territorial assembly of Catalonia, the use of the Corts for formal, ceremonial celebrations of the status of the ruler, and for affirmations of loyalty and the introduction of urban representation alongside that of the prelates, barons and knights. It is argued that meetings officially recorded as ceremonial, and in some cases not officially recorded at all, as early as 1173, were the occasions of fierce political debate between the king and his vassals and have at least some of the defining characteristics of ‘parliamentary’ occasions. The article also produces evidence for the introduction of urban representation before the end of the twelfth century. The article concludes that there are good grounds for ascribing the origins of the Corts of Catalonia as a territorial, representative assembly, with parliamentary characteristics to the period 1173–1214.
Article
Al igual que en el resto de las monarquías occidentales, la hacienda real de Navarra tuvo, desde al menos los primeros decenios del siglo xv, en los impuestos indirectos el principal sostén de sus recursos. Las "buenas villas" del reino, como enclaves urbanos de primer orden, sirvieron de soporte esencial en esa nueva fiscalidad, basada esencialmente en el tráfico de mercancías y en el consumo interno. Un buen ejemplo es el que aquí se ofrece, referido a la capital de la Ribera y en el bienio central del siglo xv. Después de analizar los precedentes de las imposiciones indirectas, se presentan estos singulares materiales de contabilidad financiera, contenidos en el registro 481 del Archivo General de Navarra (AGN) y cuyo detalle númerico se incluye en los seis cuadros del anexo. Cabria destacar, entre otras cuestiones, la madurez alcanzada en el sistema de arrendamientos y en los diversos mecanismo de percepción. Sin olvidar la delicada situación que vive en país, sometido a una especie de esquizofrenia fiscal, dado que las asambleas representativas del reino, las cortes, se veían obligadas a conceder ayudas por separado al rey y a su hijo, el Príncipe de Viana.
Article
Las Cortes de la Edad Media generaron un proceso administrativo salpicado de documentación, gran parte de la cual resulta desconocida. La llamada fase urbana de este proceso en donde los concejos aparecen como los principales implicados se caracteriza por la existencia de la Instrucción de Cortes que se entregaba a los procuradores con el conjunto de demandas que se debían presentar al rey, y que generaban los Memoriales elaborados en una posterior fase cortesana, como preámbulo de los Cuadernos de Cortes. Del estudio de la génesis y proceso de esta documentación, así como de sus características diplomáticas nos ocuparemos a lo largo del presente trabajo.